Volume 14, Issue 1

The study of hybrid nanofluids is significant in thermal management applications by optimizing heat transfer through pioneering materials, mainly the flow of sodium alginate-based hybrid nanofluids. This work addresses the demand for effective cooling solutions in a variety of industrial processes and uses the unique characteristics of non-Newtonian fluids and their inferences for rheological modeling and heat transform enhancement. Inspired by the progressive properties of the non-Newtonian Casson fluid and its applied significance in the rheological modeling and heat transfer characteristics of different dynamic fluids, there is limited knowledge of their response in the mixed convective flow, particularly when influenced by factors like thermal radiation, joule heating, and thermal relaxation time. The present study aims to investigate the heat transfer enhancement of the mixed convective flow of a sodium alginate-based hybrid nanofluid on an extending sheet concentrating on the interaction of different physical parameters that affect thermal performance. The physical phenomena are modeled in a nonlinear partial differential equation, which is then converted into ordinary differential equations with the help of suitable similarity variables. Tables and figures are constructed to show the behavior of the physical parameters involved in the momentum and temperature equations. Premilinary assumptions applied to the flow are electrically conducting, rotating, dissipative, and thermal boundary conditions. A semi-analytical approach homotopy analysis method is employed to obtain the solution of the problem. The outcome witnessed that the velocity profiles show a diminishing behavior through a magnetic parameter; however, the temperature profile shows an escalating behavior. Similarly, the thermal plot intensifies with the Eckert number and thermal radiation. In addition, the numerical data from the tables portrayed that the skin friction decreases with the Casson parameter and the rotation parameter; however, an improvement behavior is noticed in the Nusselt number through thermal radiation and thermal Biot number. From the numerical data, it is concluded that the hybrid nanofluid has superior heat transfer characteristics compared to nanofluid. The finding of this result has also been compared with available results in the literature through a comparative study.

Here, this study reports the effect of nano-magnetite (nano-Fe 3 O 4 ) on the γ and neutron-radiation shielding properties of mortar using 1–10 wt% additions of nano-Fe 3 O 4 . The results indicate that nano-Fe 3 O 4 additions enhance the radiation-shielding properties of the mortar as a result of pore filling and nucleation effects. The mortar incorporating nano-Fe 3 O 4 exhibited relatively high compressive strength values at 28 and 90 days compared to the control mixture (NFC0). A 5 wt% addition of nano-Fe 3 O 4 provided the best physical (1,847 ± 19.1 kg m −3 ), compressive strength (216.79 ± 6.19 ksc at 28 days), and radiation shielding properties, increasing the photon linear attenuation coefficient to 0.155 cm −1 from 0.144 cm −1 in the material without nano-Fe 3 O 4 . This 5 wt% addition of nano-Fe 3 O 4 also increased fast neutron removal cross-section (Σ R ) of neutrons from 0.1109 cm −1 in the control sample to 0.1192 cm −1 . These results indicate that the addition of nano-Fe 3 O 4 to radiation-shielding mortar can potentially attenuate gamma rays rather than neutrons and lead to the development of materials for shielding radiation from radioactive storage facilities, thereby reducing the impact of this hazardous waste on humans and the environment.

The persistence of global concerns regarding the environmental effects of cement production, particularly its significant contribution to CO 2 emissions, led to the search for different supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs). Hence, this research utilized date palm ash (DPA) as an SCM to produce concrete. Nano eggshell powder (NESP) was also incorporated as an additive to binder materials in the concrete to hasten the pozzolanic reaction in the concrete. DPA was used to replace between 0 and 40% of the cement by volume, and the NESP was added in dosage between 0 and 4% by weight of binders. Multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) technique was adopted by employing different methods that include MOORA and VIKOR to select the optimal mix proportions containing DPA and NESP. Furthermore, multi-variable non-linear regression (MNLR) analysis was used to develop mathematical models for predicting the concrete’s properties using the proportions of DPA and NESP as the variables. The findings from the MCDM showed that Mix M8 consistently ranked highest across both MOORA and VIKOR analyses, demonstrating superior performance due to optimal incorporation of 40% DPA and 2% NESP. The developed MNLR models attained high accuracy in predicting with good-to-excellent R ² values ranging between 0.79 and 0.94 for most properties. Graphical Abstract

Herein, we have introduced a novel and promising optoelectronic device, the Ag 2 S/poly-2-amino-1-mercaptobenzene open-top spherical core–shell nanocomposite (Ag 2 S/P 2 AMB CS-nanocomposite), fabricated using cost-effective and scalable production techniques. This device demonstrates high potential in sensing photons with various energies across a broad spectrum region, ranging from near-IR to UV. The Ag 2 S/P 2 AMB CS-nanocomposite, with its unique bandgap of 1.7 eV, broad optical absorbance, estimated crystalline size of 69 nm, and open spherical nanoparticles, is a significant advancement in the field of optoelectronics. The fabricated thin film device can detect photons with energies from 1.7 to 3.6 eV, corresponding to the near-IR and UV regions. Its sensitivity is measured through parameters such as the produced photocurrent density ( J ph ), photoresponsivity ( R ), and detectivity ( D ). The device can generate a photocurrent of 0.025 mA/cm², based on the difference between J ph and dark current ( J o ) values. As the wavelengths increase from 340 to 730 nm, J ph decreases from 0.039 to 0.028 mA/cm². The responsivity ( R ) ranges from 0.4 to 0.36 mA/W, while the detectivity ( D ) varies from 0.91 × 10 8 to 0.82 × 10 8 Jones at a small bias voltage of 2.0 V. These promising values indicate that the fabricated optoelectronic device is highly sensitive to photons. Its efficient performance, simple preparation, and cost-effective techniques estimate it as a strong recommendation for industrial applications, ensuring its economic viability.

The green synthesis approach has drawn a lot of interest as an environmentally friendly and sustainable acceptable means of producing a diverse range of nanoparticles (NPs). This piece described a rapid approach for synthesizing selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) with grape seed extract. A biologically active composition of selenium-chitosan nanoparticles (Se-chitosan NPs) has been prepared and characterized using, ultraviolet–visible, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and zeta potential and size distribution experiments. To study the anticancer activity of prepared NP cytotoxicity (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay of chitosan nanoparticles (Chito-NPs), SeNPs were tested on two cancer cell lines: A549 and normal cell line (HK-2). In addition to a series of morphological changes, induction of apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and mitochondrial membrane potential. The results showed that the synthesized NPs were spherical with 55.285 and 30.9 nm, for SeNPs and Se-chitosan NPs, respectively. In the A549 cell line, SeNPs and Se-chitosan NPs exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxicity, with an IC 50 for Chito-NPs of 24.09 µg/mL, whereas for SeNPs it was 18.56 µg/mL. Conversely, normal cell lines (MCF-10) were not significantly cytotoxically affected by SeNPs and Se-chitosan NPs. Additionally, SeNP and Se-chitosan NP treatment resulted in increased ROS generation and caused mitochondrial dysfunction. Based on ROS-mediated pathways, the results demonstrated that Chito-NPs, SeNPs, and Se-chitosan NPs cause apoptosis and death in A549 cells. As nanotherapeutics, Chito-NPs, SeNPs, and Se-chitosan NPs appear to offer a great deal of unrealized potential based on these findings. Further investigation is warranted and clinically significant to elucidate the specific therapeutic potential and safety of these NPs when applied in vivo . In this work, we show that exposure to SeNPs, Chito-NPs, and Se-chitosan NPs alters the human lung cancer cell line A549’s ROS route of signaling, thereby causing the induction of apoptosis.

Nanoimprinting is a high-throughput, low-cost, and high-precision nanofabrication technology. In this article, we proposed a method for fabricating PDMS nano-molds by side etching deposition casting. During the fabrication process, we used a wet etching method to obtain the etching width, a nanogap was formed when the deposition process was completed, and finally, the nanochannel was obtained by the lift-off method. Then, the casting method was used to replicate the nanochannel pattern to create the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) nano-mold. The effect of development time on the morphology of photoresist patterns was studied, the relationship between etching time and etching width was analyzed, and the effect of different deposition methods on the formation of nanochannels was studied. We believe that the proposed method can play a certain role in promoting the development of nanotechnology and nanoscience.

The growing field of 4D printing has spurred extensive exploration into applications of stimulus-responsive materials, such as hydrogels for micro-actuators. However, the hydrogel-based micro-actuators fabricated by one-step, single-material printing are typically bilayer, and their actuation capabilities are limited. This study proposes a novel gradient printing strategy via two-photon polymerization (2PP) based 4D printing to enhance the actuation performance of stimulus-responsive hydrogel micro-actuators. The feasibility of this approach was demonstrated by investigating the shrinkage rates and elastic moduli of the poly( N -isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm) hydrogel micro-cuboids printed at different laser doses using the confocal laser scanning microscope and atomic force microscopy based nano-indentation respectively. The 2PP-based gradient printing was used to fabricate bilayer and trilayer PNIPAm hydrogel micro-actuators, with the laser dose programmed to modulate the crosslinking degree of each layer. These micro-actuators were actuated by near-infrared (NIR) light in the gold nanorods (AuNRs) solutions. The effects of the NIR light powers, micro-actuator sizes, and layer thicknesses on the actuation behaviors were systematically investigated. Compared with 12-µm-thickness bilayer micro-actuation, the introduction of the transitional layer into the gradient trilayer one significantly enhanced the actuation amplitude and speed (the bending angle and curvature increased by about 150 and 70%, respectively, and the cycle time of actuation and recovery shortened by 35%). These advancements have significant implications for printing microscale gradient materials and enhancing their applications.

Oil extraction, renewable energy, and biological heat transfer are the major applications of radiative Carreau nanofluid flow in the existence of microorganisms moving around a permeable wedge. This work examines the time-dependent flowing of two-phase Carreau nanofluid containing gyrostatic motile bacteria via permeable oblique wedge in the existence of heat source (sink) and thermal radiation. Magnetoelectric effect and yield stress on the flow motion of Carreau nanofluid are considered, as Carreau nanofluid is most suitable for representing different types of physics problems because it can disclose the rheology of liquids with short-chain suspension molecules and fluid crystals and because of its many uses in detergents and blood mixing, biological and medical operations. Appropriate similarity conversions are used to produce equations characterizing the system in a nondimensional mathematical model, which are subsequently resolved computationally using Runge-Kutta methodology based on the shooting approach. Attendance of yield stress boosts the surface frictional force, upsurges rates of heat and mass transfers of nanofluid, and maintains the density of bacteria significantly. Magnetoelectric effect also diminishes the rates of heat and mass transfers and increases the density of microorganisms in the nanofluid, which is beneficial for its uses. Yield stress is the greatest way to increase heat transfer rates in this nanofluid for industrial cooling. Magnetoelectric action and yield stress maintain microbe density, making it valuable for medicinal and biological procedures using useful bacteria.

Carbon-based sensors utilize materials like graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to achieve high sensitivity and flexibility. They are ideal for detecting various substances, from gases and chemicals to biological molecules. These sensors are increasingly used in diverse applications such as environmental monitoring, medical diagnostics, wearable devices, and industrial safety. Over the years, CNT-based sensors have offered exceptional conductivity and mechanical properties but have been hindered by humidity, affecting the performance of electrical measurements. Consequently, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of various polar functional groups ( e.g. , –OH, –COOH, –F, and –NH 2 ) on the wettability of CNT nanocomposites, employing bacterial cellulose (BC) as a binder. Upon the synthesis of CNT/BC (BXC) and functionalized BXC (BXC-OH, BXC-COOH, BXC-F, and BXC-NH 2 ), their chemical structural and optical properties were studied by UV-Visible, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and Raman spectroscopy. Crucially, the wettability behavior of nanocomposites was evaluated using water by measuring the liquid contact angles with a goniometer. The analysis revealed the influence of polar functional groups on the properties of the functionalized BXC nanocomposites. In addition to color changes during sheet fabrication, defects in the nanocomposite caused diameter changes (Δ D ) ranging from approximately 26 to 60%, affecting the reflectance intensity (Δ I r ) by 32–95%. While different functionalized BXC nanocomposites exhibit varying OH-group characteristics in their FTIR spectra, Raman spectroscopy data demonstrate that BXC-OH has the lowest I D / I G ratio, indicating defect levels around 0.80. Notably, the functionalized BXC nanocomposites exhibited hydrophilic properties and showed a distinct difference in contact angle (45.01°–74.57°) and spreading speed compared to BXC (97.98°) when liquid droplets were introduced. However, BXC-OH exhibited a unique behavior compared to the other functionalized BXC nanocomposites. Its dynamic contact angle (DCA) measurements showed that the adhesion force between the water and the nanocomposite surface remained constant over time. This suggests a weaker interaction, which contrasts with the varying hydrophilic properties observed in the other functionalized BXC materials. Hence, investigating DCA enhances the development of CNT-based sensors by effectively addressing humidity-related issues, thereby improving the performance of application technologies, especially in electrochemical sensors, filtration systems, and water-repellent coatings.

The growing global demand for sustainable and cost-effective methods of nanomaterial production has driven the development of green synthesis techniques, offering a safer alternative to traditional, hazardous approaches. Among the numerous plants utilized for this purpose, Garcinia mangostana L. (mangosteen) stands out due to its high content of bioactive phytochemicals, such as α-mangostin, xanthones, and other secondary metabolites. These compounds serve as natural reducing, capping, and stabilizing agents in the synthesis of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) such as silver, gold, and zinc oxide. In contrast to traditional approaches reliant on toxic chemicals and harsh circumstances, mangosteen extracts facilitate the production of NPs in moderate and sustainable conditions, offering a viable strategy for sustainable nanotechnology. This review article offers a thorough examination of the green synthesis processes utilizing extracts from mangosteen, going over the physicochemical characteristics of the resultant NPs and their numerous uses, such as antimicrobial and anticancer properties, antioxidant therapy, and environmental remediation. It is highlighted that NPs synthesized from mangosteen have the potential to solve environmental and health issues. However, to enable wider industrial and commercial applications, important issues including scalability, repeatability of NP properties, and long-term stability need to be addressed. In addition to providing insights into the creation of sustainable NPs, this study critically evaluates existing research and lays the groundwork for future developments in green nanotechnology.

This study investigates the influence of a magnetic field, activation energy, and heat source on the heat and mass transfer within a cross fluid embedded with mono-, di-, and tri-nanoparticles, considering thermal radiation and Darcy–Forchheimer effects. Utilizing the Cattaneo–Christov theory, non-Fourier heat transfer is modeled for a vertical moving surface. A mathematical model is developed and subsequently converted into a dimensionless form through an appropriate similarity transformation, resulting in a system of first-order ordinary differential equations. The numerical approach to solve the system is BVP4C solver in MATLAB, a tool specifically designed for boundary value problems. Graphical representations have been analyzed for velocity profiles, temperature profiles, and concentration distributions for different values of physical parameters. It is observed that the velocity profiles exhibit an upward trend with an increase in the parameters associated with nonlinear thermal convection and nonlinear concentration convection. Additionally, the analysis of surface shear stress, heat transfer coefficients, and mass transfer coefficients revealed that an increase in the porosity parameter and Forchheimer number results in decreased shear stress. Entropy generation is also investigated to quantify irreversibilities in the system. The analysis showed that increasing the Brinkman number, diffusion parameter, and temperature and concentration difference parameters leads to higher entropy generation, indicating greater irreversibility in the system. A comparative analysis demonstrates that tri-nanoparticles substantially improve flow velocity, thermal conductivity, and solute diffusion compared to di- and mono-nanoparticles, with tri-nanofluids exhibiting the most optimal overall performance.

In the past decade, the use of green synthesis methods to prepare nanoparticles (NPs) has become a promising alternative to traditional chemical and physical methods. The synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using biological resources is not only simple, economical, and fast, but also environmentally friendly, effectively reducing energy consumption and pollution. This study developed an eco-friendly and non-toxic method for the green biosynthesis of AgNPs using Ginkgo biloba seed extract (GBSE), as a reducing and stabilizing agent. This method was optimized through single factor experiments and response surface methodology. The optimal reaction temperature, ratio, and time for GBSE-AgNPs were determined to be 94.725°C, 23.165 (v/v), and 235.890 min, respectively. The synthesized NPs with uniform distribution had a size of 17.95 ± 1.17 nm. The atomic percentage of Ag element is 19.87%, and the mass percentage is 65.53%. It has been proven that the Ag crystal structure of GBSE-AgNPs is face centered cubic, and the silver element is in a zero-valence state. Further research was conducted on the antibacterial properties of GBSE-AgNPs against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli and demonstrated good antibacterial performance. Meanwhile, the GBSE-AgNPs also exhibit excellent inhibitory ability against common pathogenic fungi ( Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus , and Penicillium marneffei ). Compared with GBSE, GBSE-AgNPs possess better antioxidant potential. In addition, it has been also demonstrated that GBSE-AgNPs exhibit excellent inhibitory effects on gastric cancer cell line SGC-7901, causing apoptosis of SGC-7901. Therefore, the green synthesis and eco-friendly GBSE-AgNPs have significant antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer properties, providing new possibilities for the widespread application of GBSE-AgNPs.

This article investigates two-dimensional micropolar flow over an expanding sheet of water-based hybrid nanofluid comprising copper and alumina nanoparticles with the impact of the magnetic field. In addition, the effects of thermal radiation, chemical reaction, Brownian motion, heat source, thermophoresis, Joule heating, viscous dissipation, and activation energy are taken into account. The modeled equations have converted to dimensionless form by means of suitable similarity variables. Using the bvp4c approach, the solution to the examined problem is found computationally. The present study is validated with previously published findings, demonstrating a consistent trend in the current and previous results. Based on the current findings, it can be concluded that a higher magnetic factor increases the skin friction force, but higher micropolar parameters and micro-gyration constraints decrease the skin friction force. The rate of thermal flow is increased by larger values of the heat source, thermal Biot number, magnetic factor, and Eckert number. In comparison to nanofluid flow, the rates of heat transfer and friction force are higher for hybrid nanofluid flow. The micro-rotational velocity profiles decrease with increasing micropolar factor and increase with increasing micro-gyration. The thermal distribution is improved by a larger heat source, thermal Biot number, thermophoresis factor, Eckert number, and Brownian motion factor. Moreover, with growth in thermal Biot number in the range of [0.1, 0.4], there is a growth of 32% in the thermal flow rate which is a better growth in comparison to other parameters. The drag force has also seen a maximum growth of 32% against a surge in a micro-gyration constraint. This idea validates that the use of hybrid nanofluids over traditional nanofluids offers enhanced friction forces and heat transfer rates that provide insights into the optimization of fluid flow systems in engineering applications. This study has practical applications in improving heat exchangers, cooling systems, and industrial processes that require efficient thermal management. By analyzing the heat and mass transfer characteristics of a water-based hybrid nanofluid containing copper and alumina nanoparticles, engineers can optimize fluid compositions for better heat dissipation in electronic cooling, automotive radiators, and energy systems. Additionally, the findings can aid in designing advanced materials for biomedical applications, such as targeted drug delivery and hyperthermia treatments, where precise thermal control is essential.

This study primary focus to analyses the slip flow of electro-magneto-hydrodynamic (EMHD) Carreau nanofluid across a stretching cylinder in the context of Arrhenius activation energy, chemical reactions, and variable thermal conductivity within a porous medium. To observe the effects of Brownian motion and thermophoresis, which are critical in nanofluid dynamics, Buongiorno’s model is employed. Also, the effects of changing EMHD forces on fluid flow dynamics are investigated. Due to the strong Lorentz force that is produced when electric and magnetic fields interact, it is crucial to take into account their combined effects in a variety of industrial applications. By introducing nonsimilarity variables, the partial differential equations are transformed into a system of coupled ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The bvp4c solver, a MATLAB built-in solver, is implemented to compute the solution to the resultant set of ODEs. Graphs demonstrate how various parameters influence the profiles of velocity, microorganisms, concentration, and temperature. It is observed that thermophoresis significantly influences the thermal and concentration boundary layer regions. Skin friction increases as the curvature parameter value is enhanced. The local Nusselt number rises as the Prandtl number value increases. The local Sherwood number increases with the constant thermophoresis and the Schmidt number increases. As the curvature parameter, bioconvection Schmidt number rises and the value of local motile density increases.

The aim of this study is to develop a novel clear aligner coated with electrospun thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and a nano-silver-based antibacterial agent to inhibit Streptococcus mutans ( S. mutans ) growth and biofilm formation, addressing the risk of dental caries and enamel demineralization associated with bacterial accumulation on clear aligners. TPU/Ag-coated aligners were fabricated via electrospinning, incorporating silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) at concentrations of 0, 1, 2, and 5 wt%. The TPU/Ag-coated aligners were characterized for morphology, mechanical properties, adhesion stability, wettability, silver ion release kinetics, antibacterial efficacy, and cytotoxicity using human gingival fibroblasts. The TPU/Ag coatings exhibited uniform fiber morphology with AgNPs dispersed homogeneously. Mechanical tests revealed no significant differences in the modulus of elasticity between coated and uncoated aligners, although the breaking strength and elongation at break decreased slightly at higher AgNP concentrations. The TPU/Ag coating demonstrated good adhesion stability in both dry and wet conditions. Antibacterial assays showed a 5–6 log reduction in free S. mutans and a 44% reduction in biofilm metabolic activity for the 2 wt% group, with acceptable changes in mechanical properties and sustained silver ion release. Cytotoxicity assays confirmed biocompatibility, with cell viability >90% across all groups. The electrospun TPU/Ag-coated aligners with 2 wt% AgNPs effectively inhibit bacterial growth and biofilm metabolic activity without compromising mechanical integrity or biocompatibility. This approach offers a durable, clinically viable solution to mitigate caries risks during clear aligner treatment. Further in vivo studies are warranted to validate long-term safety and efficacy. Graphical abstract

The novel design of gold/polypyrrole-multi-walled carbon nanotubes/titanium dioxide/aluminum oxide/P-type silicon/aluminum (Au/PPy-MWCNTs/TiO 2 /Al 2 O 3 /p-Si/Al) is utilized to fabricate supercapacitors, sensors, diodes, and microelectronic devices. The electrical characteristics of the structure are examined both in the dark and under illumination to evaluate its photosensing performance. The real part of the AC conductivity at all voltages and temperatures is observed to be low at low- and mid-frequencies but significantly increases at high frequencies. The imaginary part of the AC conductivity exhibits three distinct behaviors: it is positive at low frequencies and shows both negative and positive values at high frequencies. At specific temperatures, such as 293, 273, and 253 K, the imaginary component of the AC conductivity ( σ acʺ ) is negative only at high frequencies. In the Cole–Cole diagrams, the symmetrical semicircles increase with temperature for all voltages, except at V = −2 V. The real part of the electric modulus ( M ′) shows positive and negative values; however, at certain temperatures, it is positive. The imaginary part of the modulus ( M″ ) is consistently positive.

Water scarcity is a critical global challenge, underscoring the urgent need for efficient and sustainable desalination technologies with minimal brine disposal. This study introduces a novel solar water desalination approach using photothermal magnetic Janus membranes. The magnetic filler in the membranes serves three main functions: it maintains buoyancy at the air/water interface, captures particles to reduce contamination risks, and alters salt deposition on the membrane. A comprehensive analysis was conducted, including water contact angle measurements, light absorbance testing, and evaporation rates under natural sunlight. Additional characterization techniques, such as atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimeter, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-attenuated total reflection, were applied to both blank and photothermal membranes. Properties like mechanical strength, thickness, porosity, and surface roughness were systematically analyzed. The photothermal membranes were evaluated using a floating solar-driven desalination prototype, thermally analyzed via thermal imaging. The results showed that the iron–nickel alloy filler achieved over 90% light absorption and enhanced evaporation rates by up to 170% compared to blank membranes. Thermal imaging confirmed significant heat retention at the water surface, leading to higher evaporation rates. These findings highlight the potential of photothermal magnetic Janus membranes as a promising solution for sustainable desalination to combat global water scarcity.

Wearing socks or shoes for an extended time can result in the growth of microorganisms and associated foot odor, which affects foot hygiene. Therefore, the development of an antimicrobial cloth layer is needed to prevent these odors. In this work, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are prepared using Ageratum conyzoides leaf extract mixed with hemp-activated carbon (HAC) (AgNPs-HAC) coated on cotton fabric (CF) surfaces. CFs were modified using a plasma technique to improve AgNP adherence (PCFs) (PCFs@HAC-AgNPs). The prepared AgNPs and sheets of PCFs@HAC-AgNPs were evaluated for the formation of AgNPs by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, surface morphology and particle size by transmission electron microscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy, and crystallinity by X-ray diffraction. The result showed that AgNPs had a crystalline structure and uniform distribution on PCFs@HAC-AgNP sheets. The antimicrobial activity of PCFs@HAC-AgNP sheets was tested against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis bacteria that cause foot odor. All sheets showed strong antibacterial activity against both bacteria. Additionally, the sheets were evaluated for antimicrobial durability after washing. Although the sheets underwent numerous washing cycles, their antibacterial performance was retained with low environmental impact. These results indicate that PCFs@HAC-AgNP sheets can be used in the development of odor-reducing materials for shoes that can be laundered and reused.

In recent times, machine learning methods have become powerful tools for solving complex problems, optimizing processes, and extracting insights from large datasets, especially in fluid dynamics. This study examines the effects of thermophoresis, Brownian motion, thermal radiation, and a non-uniform heat source on a dusty nanofluid containing gyrotactic microorganisms as it moves across a three-dimensional porous sheet. Additionally, the influence of activation energy and the Coriolis force on its biomechanics is investigated. MATLAB’s bvp4c solver is used to solve the nonlinear equations governing velocity, temperature, concentration, and microbe density. The study also includes the computation of the skin friction coefficient and the heat transfer rate, with results presented in graphical form. Furthermore, key findings indicate that an augmentation in the fluid-particle interaction parameter results in a 12.5% increase in dust fluid velocity, whereas the fluid velocity diminishes by 9.8%. A 15% augmentation in the thermophoresis parameter improves temperature and concentration profiles by 10 and 8.7%, respectively. Furthermore, Brownian motion effects result in a 7.3% increase in temperature and a 5.2% reduction in concentration. The Nusselt number has a significant association with the thermophoresis parameter, especially at elevated levels, resulting in a 11.4% increase in heat transfer efficiency. Moreover, an increased concentration of dust particles leads to a 6.5% reduction in the temperature profile for both nanofluid and dusty fluid phases. The artificial neural network methodology effectively reduces computational time when solving complex fluid dynamics problems. This theoretical analysis has applications in various fields, including biodiesel and hydrogen synthesis, oil storage, geothermal energy extraction, base fluid mechanics, oil emulsification, food processing, renewable energy, and sewage treatment systems.

Bioconvection within nanofluids originates as microbes associated with nanoparticles (NPs), triggering convective motion. This mechanism holds significance in the development of nanotechnology, biotechnological fields, and ecological engineering. Therefore, this work utilizes numerical simulations to investigate the thermo-bioconvection of a magnetohydrodynamic micropolar hybrid nanofluid (HNF), enriched with motile oxytactic microorganisms, within a lid-driven square enclosure, driving innovation in energy-efficient fluid technologies. The enclosure’s horizontal walls are adiabatic, while its left and right walls are heated ( T h ) and cooled ( T c ), respectively. Moreover, the upper wall moves steadily in the x -direction with velocity u 0 . Also, a uniform magnetic field ( B 0 ) applied along the flow direction. The TiO 2 -GO/H 2 O HNF flow is modeled as a steady, laminar, 2D, incompressible, electrically conducting, and homogeneous viscous fluid neglecting the joule heating and viscous dissipation effects. Numerical simulations utilize finite-difference approach to discretize the ensuing equations and boundary conditions, solving the resulting algebraic system iteratively via successive over-relaxation, under-relaxation, and Gauss–Seidel techniques utilizing in-house MATLAB codes. In addition, a machine learning approach was employed to accurately predict fluid transport properties using a multilayer artificial neural network structured with a feed-forward backpropagation model and optimized using the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm. The results reveal that increasing the Reynolds number amplifies inertial forces, accelerating flow velocity and steepening temperature gradients, ultimately elevating Nu avg by 67.64%, while Sh avg and Nn avg increase by 3.34 and 8.42%, respectively. Moreover, advancing Hartmann number strengthens Lorentz forces and compressing flow and reduces Nu avg by 3.25%. Furthermore, as Richardson number increases from 0.1 to 10, Nu avg increases by 14.03%, while Sh avg and Nn avg decrease by 2.79 and 3.50%, respectively. Thus, the findings are useful for researchers working in nano-bioconvective systems, bio-microsystems, microbial fuel cells, and bioconvection applications.

This study addresses the challenges of low compressive strength and inadequate fracture toughness in conventional cementing materials, aiming to enhance the resistance to extrusion and cracking in cement sheaths for perforation and fracturing operations. Comprehensive research and testing were conducted on NT composite cement, emphasizing the significant effects of nano-titanium dioxide’s crystal phase, particle size, dosage, and curing age. The findings indicate that a curing age of 28 days, coupled with a particle size of 10 nm and a dosage of 2.32%, results in the most notable improvement in compressive strength, achieving a maximum increase of 22.5% in cement stone strength. Additionally, rutile phase NT composite cement featuring a particle size of 500 nm and a dosage of 3.88% demonstrates an enhancement in compressive strength by 12%. In terms of fracture toughness, optimal improvements are observed at a curing age of 3 days, with NT composite cement exhibiting a particle size of 10 nm and a dosage of 2.32% resulting in an impressive 65.4% increase. Moreover, rutile phase NT composite cement with a particle size of 500 nm and a dosage of 2.32% exhibits a remarkable improvement in fracture toughness of 76%. These results underscore the potential of nano-titanium dioxide for advancing the performance characteristics of cementing materials.

The aim of this study is to examine a numerical analysis of nanofluid (NF) containing silver (Ag) nanoparticles using water (H 2 O) as a host fluid through an unsteady stretching sheet with stability analysis. The thermal performance of the NF is also examined in the present study, which has a significant role in aerodynamics and space sciences. A mathematical framework is created for the Ag nanofluids in terms of partial differential equations (PDEs). Through resemblance variables, the system of PDEs is made dimensionalized in terms of ordinary differential equations and then computed by a boundary-value problem fourth-order algorithm. The impacts of the physical aspects on the flow features are reported via graphs and tables. The findings show that multiple branches occur due to suction and injection. For the confirmation of the stable solution, stability examination is executed and confirms that the first branch is stable. It is reported that both NFs have high thermal efficiency; however, Ag–H 2 O represents significant thermal efficiencies. The present study is compared with available analyses to confirm the analysis under limited assumptions.

Magnetoactive polymer composites (MAPCs) are promising smart materials owing to their shape-changing behaviour in response to magnetic fields. MAPCs find promising niches in several applications, including soft robotics, sensors, biomedical implants, smart prosthetics, and flexible electronics. Although several works have reported the synthesis of magnetic-responsive polymer composites, this work utilizes highly magnetic nanoparticles ( i.e. cobalt iron oxide) to produce extremely soft MAPCs. Novel MAPCs were developed using room-temperature vulcanizing (RTV) silicone rubber as the base matrix, incorporating cobalt iron oxide (CoFe 2 O 4 , referred to as CIO) nanoparticles as the magnetic filler. Varying concentrations of CIO nanoparticles (0.25, 0.5, 1, and 3%) were used to synthesize isotropic and anisotropic MAPCs. Silicone/CIO MAPCs were characterized for their microstructural, thermal, mechanical, and magnetic properties. An increase in the CIO nanoparticle concentration within the silicone matrix resulted in an improved mechanical performance, where a compressive modulus of 0.199 MPa for silicone/0.25% CIO improved to 0.340 MPa for silicone/3% CIO. Likewise, an improved tensile strength was observed due to particle alignment, resulting in an increase from 1.25 MPa (for isotropic samples) to 1.356 MPa (for anisotropic samples) in silicone/1% CIO MAPCs. Silicone/CIO MAPCs also revealed a higher failure strain than pure silicone samples. Finally, an improvement in the magnetic properties of MAPCs was observed with increasing CIO concentrations, where increased saturation magnetization from 0.087 to 1.057 EMU/g and remanence from 0.054 to 0.625 EMU/g were recorded with an increase in CIO content from 0.25 to 3% in the silicone matrix. The silicone/CIO composites exhibited suitable magnetic responsiveness and mechanical characteristics that make them promising materials for applications in remote actuation and sensing.

Metal particle-reinforced polymer resin scaffolds are becoming increasingly prominent in biomedical applications due to their potential to support tissue regeneration and healing. These scaffolds are designed to serve as temporary frameworks that support affected tissues and gradually degrade during healing. The primary focus of these research efforts has been on determining the optimal materials and methods for creating these scaffolds, ensuring that they are biocompatible, capable of withstanding structural strains, and can support cellular proliferation, tissue growth, and vascularization. Despite the growing interest in polymers and their metal composites, a notable gap exists in leveraging the benefits of fabricating these composites through additive manufacturing techniques, particularly stereolithography (SLA). Magnesium (Mg), in particular, is a biocompatible and osteoconductive material known for its remarkable mechanical properties and biodegradability, making it highly suitable for bone implants. Additionally, Mg can potentially regenerate skin tissues and inhibit bacterial infections. Mg ions are crucial for wound healing because they repair the skin barrier and facilitate blood coagulation. This research focuses on finding optimal conditions for manufacturing magnesium-induced poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) resin scaffolds using SLA. To evaluate their printability and the effect of different material compositions on the 3D-printed structures, PMMA resin was mixed with high-weight percentages (wt%) of Mg alloy WE43. This mixture was then used to 3D-print test coupons and scaffolds via SLA. The impact of Mg incorporation on the scaffold’s structural integrity, thermal degradation, and biological response was assessed through physicochemical and thermal characterization and biocompatibility experiments. Notably, pure PMMA exhibited the highest tensile strength, 26.23 ± 0.14 MPa and an elastic modulus of 707.81 MPa, while PMMA resin/1% Mg showed the lowest strength (19.46 ± 0.25 MPa) and modulus (392.88 MPa), indicating a decrease in mechanical integrity with higher Mg content. However, the thermal stability was enhanced with the addition of Mg as the thermal degradation onset improved from ∼310 to 335°C. The challenges encountered in manufacturing PMMA resin/Mg composites and their potential applications were discussed, highlighting the future directions and promising avenues for further research and development.

Accurate prediction of thermophysical properties of hybrid nanofluids (HNFs) is a major challenge in thermodynamic applications. This research provides a computational framework to solve the complexity of heat transfer and flow physics in Al 2 O 3 –Cu/water HNFs. A reconstruction of the statistical microstructure of the fluid is constructed by the Karhunen–Loève expansion. The physical processes are modeled with a system of partial differential equations that model the interactions between the base fluid and dispersed nanoparticles. In the context of flow variables and entropy generation with sharp gradients, a Bayesian inference extension of the physics-informed neural network (PINN) is developed to improve prediction accuracy. Bayesian inference PINN (BIPINN) is the extension that infers posterior distributions of hidden thermal flow states, conditioned on prior physical laws. The framework is validated through many physical problems such as convective flow, thermal conduction, and fluctuation control. BIPINN shows improved accuracy over the finite element method while also showing improved generalization under sparse data while illustrating robustness of the framework while modeling complex thermal-fluid systems.

Non-Newtonian hybrid nanofluids (NNHNFs) have a wide range of applications. Examples include optimized conveyance of heat, cooling, and maintenance in mechanically operated drug delivery, improved efficacy in microfluidic gadgets, advanced substance manufacturing, and energy-related uses such as energy storage and solar collector systems. For this purpose, the flow of NNHNFs past a porous Riga surface is examined. Two different types of NNHNFs known as SG (second-grade) and Walter’s B (WB) fluids have been considered. Molybdenum dioxide (MoS 2 ) and single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT)-nanoparticles (NPs) are used in the base fluid sodium alginate (SA; C 6 H 9 NaO 7 ) to prepare the hybrid nanofluid (HNF). The NNHNF flow is designed in the form of a non-linear system of partial differential equations, which are simplified to the dimensionless form of ordinary differential equations by using similarity transformation and then numerically handled through the BVP4C package. The numerical outcomes of the proposed model are compared with the published literature for validity purpose. The present results reveal higher similarity to the existing study. A stability analysis has also been performed to see which solution is stable in practice. From the graphical outcomes, it can be determined that the fluid temperature declines with the effect of MoS 2 and SWCNT-NPs. Furthermore, with the increase of MoS 2 and SWCNTs NPs in the SA-based HNF, the energy transfer rate enhances from 3.79 to 8.25% (in the case of SG hybrid nanoliquid), whereas in the case of WB HNF the energy transfer rate enhances from 3.88 to 9.86%.

This study investigates the in situ synthesis and formation of zinc oxide (ZnO), silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ), and titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) particles within the wood structure to modify the wood surface, aiming to improve the hydrophobicity, UV resistance, and antifungal properties of Scots pine and Norway spruce wood. The formation of particles in the modified wood and untreated wood surfaces was characterised using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) to study the microstructure and chemical composition, X-ray diffraction (XRD) to determine the type of crystallisation, and attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy to analyse the bonding forces. Results indicated that TiO 2 and SiO 2 treatments significantly improved both wood species’ surface hydrophobicity and UV resistance properties compared to ZnO-treated wood. On the other hand, ZnO treatment enhanced antifungal properties, offering effective protection against fungal decay in both wood species, while TiO 2 and SiO 2 showed less pronounced effects. This study showcases the potential of ZnO, SiO 2 , and TiO 2 particle treatments to enhance the surface properties of natural wood, paving the way for the effective and environmentally friendly development of hybrid wood for various applications in the wood industry and beyond. Graphical abstract

This study reports the synthesis of a nanohybrid material composed of poly(2-methylaniline) (P(2MA)) and iron oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ) as electrodes for supercapacitors using a simple and cost-effective method. Various characterization techniques were employed to analyze the samples. The results revealed that the Fe 2 O 3 /P(2MA) nanohybrid exhibits nanofiber structures, while pure P(2MA) displays a porous hollow sphere morphology. Furthermore, the analysis confirmed the effective dispersion of Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles within the polymer matrix. The electrochemical properties of the Fe 2 O 3 /P(2MA) nanohybrid were found to surpass those of pure P(2MA) in both NaCl and HCl electrolytes. Notably, the nanohybrid demonstrated longer discharge times and higher oxidation/reduction currents in HCl than NaCl. The gravimetric and areal capacitances were measured at 998.4 F g −1 and 1497.6 mF cm −2 in 0.5 M HCl at a current density of 0.6 A g −1 . Furthermore, the nanohybrid retained 99.9% of its initial specific capacitance after 2,000 cycles. These findings underscore the significant potential of the Fe 2 O 3 /P(2MA) nanohybrid as a high-performance supercapacitor electrode for energy storage applications.

This work investigates the influences of double stratification on a thermally radiative third-grade nanofluid flow. The fluid flowed on a stretching cylinder. It is considered that the homogeneous reaction occurs at ambient flow, while the heterogeneous reaction occurs at the wall of the cylinder. The modeled equations were solved using an artificial neural network (ANN) approach. The outcomes of this work revealed that the maximum performance of the modeled problem was obtained at epochs 295, 1,000, 687, and 117 by using an ANN design. The velocity characteristics of the fluid decreased with an increase in the magnetic and curvature factors and increased with an increase in the third-grade dimensionless factor. The temperature distribution diminished with an increase in the curvature factor of the cylinder and thermal stratification factor, and increased with an increase in the radiation factor. The heat transfer field weakened with an increase in the Schmidt number and quotient of the diffusion coefficients and augmented with an increase in the homogeneous/heterogeneous reaction strength factors. The absolute errors are evaluated for all the four scenarios that fall within the range of 10 −3 –10 −8 and are associated with the corresponding ANN configuration that demonstrates a fine degree of accuracy.

In pursuit of sustainable nanomaterials, this study presents a green synthesis approach for producing copper oxide (Cu 4 O 3 ) nanoparticles (NPs) using pumpkin seed extract, a plant-based resource rich in bioactive compounds. Unlike conventional chemical methods, this eco-friendly route enables rapid, cost-effective NP production with minimal environmental impact. Notably, pumpkin seed extract serves a dual function as both a reducing and stabilizing agent during NP formation. The synthesized Cu 4 O 3 NPs were comprehensively characterized using X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and UV–visible spectrophotometry. The NPs displayed sizes ranging from 8.92 to 55.84 nm, and the UV–Vis spectrum exhibited a characteristic peak at 332 nm, confirming Cu 4 O 3 formation. A maximum predicted yield of 89.87% was achieved under optimized conditions (7.0 mM CuSO 4 , 16.26 mL pumpkin seed extract, and 105.71°C), as determined using a Box–Behnken design. Furthermore, the biogenic Cu 4 O 3 NPs demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis , with an inhibition zone diameter of 2.8 cm at a concentration of 4 ppm, and moderate cytotoxic effects against A549 (lung adenocarcinoma) and HCT-116 (colon cancer) cell lines, as shown by MTT assays. Computational studies employing density functional theory elucidated the electronic structure and reactivity of the synthesized Cu 4 O 3 NPs, revealing a moderate HOMO–LUMO energy gap (1.23 eV), indicative of potential interactions with biological systems, which may contribute to their observed antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities. These findings underscore the potential biomedical applications of pumpkin seed-mediated Cu 4 O 3 NPs and provide a foundation for future research in green nanotechnology.

This work reports the influence of cationic charge on the magnetic response of hydrotalcites combined with magnetite nanoparticles. Fe 3 O 4 particles were synthesized by the co-precipitation method, and the resulting magnetic particles were dispersed. A mixture of Mg, Me (Ni, Co, Sr), and Al nitrates with stoichiometric Me 2+ /Me 3+ molar ratios of 2 and 3 was added. X-ray diffraction patterns revealed the presence of Fe 3 O 4 and hydrotalcite main phases and some secondary phases in the Sr 2+ -modified sample. The FTIR spectra provided information on the chemical structure of the materials and confirmed the presence of representative vibrational bands for the composite structure. N 2 adsorption–desorption isotherms analyzed by the BET method indicated remarkable porous properties for the synthesized samples, and higher surface areas of 160 and 145 m 2 /g were obtained for Fe 3 O 4 MgCoAl x = 3 and Fe 3 O 4 MgNiAl x = 3, respectively, with an increasing modifying cation ratio. The morphological characterization through SEM showed that a higher content of divalent cations favors the formation of larger particles, reaching a particle size of 786 nm for the sample with Ni 2+ addition. The magnetic measurements showed marked ferromagnetic behavior with variations in saturation and remanent magnetizations due to the influence of modifying cations. The analysis revealed a correlation between the cationic charge and the magnetic and structural properties of the hydrotalcites, suggesting effective control over the magnetic properties by manipulating the cationic charge in these composite materials.

Martial arts have several advantages in self-defence and enhancing mental well-being and physical fitness. Due to the high rate of collisions and resulting injuries in traditional martial arts training, it is important to develop effective buffer protectors to guarantee the well-being of martial arts trainers and minimize the likelihood of or severity of injury to their trainees. Hence, this article suggests the conjugated polymer nanocomposite material-assisted smart combat protection clothing for improving the physical fitness of soldiers using pressure sensors for injury-free combat sports. The data are taken from the biosensor Kaggle dataset using smartphone data. Wearable pressure sensors have a high potential for applications in soldiers’ rehabilitation, touch interfaces, and electronic skin. Research techniques for assessing the durability of textiles and composites for protection in smart clothing are discussed in the context of illustrative cases. Carbon nanotubes, graphene-based composite nanomaterials, and other fibres are potential options for constructing externally protective layers of interactive clothing. It is suggested to embed intelligent sensors inside the clothing’s inner to assess impact forces and types on the fabric at different spots in the structure and to report the influence force near breaking forces with a colour or sound indication.

The aim of this study is to analyze the heat transfer rate under inclined buoyancy force for nano and dusty fluids by incorporating key parameters such as the Prandtl number, volume fraction, fluid interaction parameter for temperature, and fluid-particle interaction parameter for velocity in the presence of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) effects. The investigation focuses on understanding how these parameters influence velocity and heat transfer behavior in a porous medium. Nano and dusty fluids are crucial for thermal systems, environmental regulation, and materials processing. Unlike previous studies, this work examines their combined effects and employs response surface methodology (RSM) for optimization. The governing nonlinear ordinary differential equations are derived via similarity transformations and solved using bvp4c in MATLAB. RSM is employed to analyze parametric effects and determine optimal conditions for heat transfer enhancement. Higher Local Grashof number increases flow rate but decreases heat transfer rate. MHD and porosity effects significantly impact velocity and temperature. Dust-fluid interactions affect boundary layer behavior and heat transfer rates. Dusty fluid interactions influence boundary layer thickness and heat transfer. Findings are applicable in heat exchangers, electronics cooling, and industrial furnaces. The study offers a foundation for hybrid nanofluids, time-dependent flows, and fractional modeling in future research.

This article offers an in-depth overview of hybrid plasmonic waveguides (HPWs), a burgeoning area poised to transform optical communication, data processing, biosensing, and nanophotonics. HPWs address the inherent trade-off between propagation loss and confinement by merging dielectric and plasmonic waveguide advantages, enabling nanoscale light confinement beyond the diffraction limit. The review begins with a foundational look at plasmonics, covering the theoretical underpinnings and history of HPWs, followed by a detailed analysis of various HPW structures like dielectric-loaded, metal–dielectric–metal, and metal–insulator–metal waveguides. It examines their unique benefits, fabrication complexities, and limitations, offering a comprehensive perspective on their performance. The article also surveys the significant applications of HPWs and their impact on different fields, and discusses the fabrication, measurement challenges, and material constraints. Highlighting areas needing further exploration, the conclusion points toward future advancements aimed at expanding HPW applications. This review aims to ignite further innovation in the promising area of plasmonics.

In recent years, nanotechnology has had a profound impact on low-temperature preservation, offering advanced solutions that significantly improve the storage of biological samples. Low-temperature preservation is crucial for numerous fields, such as medicine, agriculture, and biological research, where maintaining the viability and integrity of cells, tissues, and organs over extended periods is essential. Integration of nanotechnology into low-temperature preservation protocols represents significant advancement, enabling more effective, safer, and efficient storage of biological specimens. Moreover, it affords effective strategies for solving one of the most pressing challenges in transplantology and cryobiology today – cryopreservation of whole organs. This not only enhances the viability of cryopreserved materials but also broadens the scope of their applications in science and medicine. This article is a traditional review that summarizes the limitations of methods for the low-temperature storage of biological systems of animal origin and the current advances in nano-assisted technologies aimed at overcoming them. We have made every effort to accurately detail the role of inorganic nanoparticles in enhancing the field of cryobiology, paying special attention to their application in various methods of low-temperature preservation, specifically in hypothermic storage, slow-freezing cryopreservation, and vitrification. Finally, current challenges are critically assessed and perspectives are discussed.

The importance of environmental monitoring is on the rise, driven by the increased pressure on the natural environment during the age of urbanization and industrialization. To address this demand, it is necessary to have fast and dependable probes for real-time monitoring with precision and sensitivity. Analytical probes utilizing sulfur nanoparticles offer a modern alternative, exhibiting the ability to identify a range of environmental analytes. The discovery of zero-dimensional quantum dots, such as sulfur quantum dots (SQDs), with unique properties, including optical characteristics, high hydrophilicity, low toxicity, and cost-effectiveness, has positioned SQDs as advancing luminescent nanomaterials. SQDs hold great potential for fluorescence sensing, making them promising candidates for environmental monitoring. This article reviews recent studies on the synthesis of SQDs using various methods and highlights their applications as sensing materials for detecting heavy metal ions and other hazardous molecules. The article provides valuable insights into the production of high-quality SQDs tailored for environmental applications, offering guidance to researchers aiming to enhance sensing technologies for environmental monitoring and contamination detection. Graphical abstract

The field of nanoscience has undergone significant transformations in the past two decades, presenting researchers with a complex and dynamic environment. Navigating the vast array of scholarly publications in nanoscience poses a formidable challenge, exacerbated by inconsistencies in research outcomes. Despite the exponential growth in nanoscience literature, the lack of systematic reviews in the field hampers the consolidation and synthesis of knowledge, potentially impeding progress and applications. This article addresses this challenge by offering a comprehensive guideline for systematic reviews in nanoscience, bridging critical knowledge gaps and providing a structured approach for scholars at varying expertise levels. The guideline emphasizes methodological rigor, transparency, and applicability, acknowledging the evolving nature of nanoscience data and methodologies. By clarifying misconceptions about literature reviews and cautioning against “vote counting,” the article contributes to enhancing the credibility and transparency of nanoscience research. The presented guideline aligns with preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses principles, accommodating the diverse objectives of nanoscience research. As nanoscience continues to advance, this guideline aims to establish standards that foster reliable, transparent, and impactful systematic reviews, ultimately contributing to the field’s development and global applicability.

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most frequent primary malignant bone tumor in adolescents and young adults. Despite the advances in therapy, OS remains an ominous problem because of its high metastatic potential, resistance to standard therapy, and great physical, psychological, and financial burden on patients. Available treatment options like surgery and high-dose chemotherapy are limited by high chemotoxicity, multimed resistance, and adverse effects on the quality of life of patients. Extrapolated from the wide array of in vitro and in vivo studies, the application of kinase inhibitors targeting oncogenic signaling pathways, such as insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor, PDGFR, and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, appears quite promising. However, OS patients are plagued with challenges like poor bioavailability, off-target effects, and resistance mechanisms, which prevent clinical application. This review explores how nanotechnology is beginning to meet these challenges. Liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and metallic nanoparticles are among the nanoparticles that provide new solutions for the delivery and bioavailability of kinase inhibitors, reducing systemic toxicity and enhancing therapeutic accuracy. Active or passive targeting is enabled by these nanocarriers, which enable the drugs to specifically act on tumor tissues while minimizing the adverse effects on healthy cells. Additionally, diagnostic and therapeutic functionalities are combined into nanotechnology theranostic platforms through nanotechnology that pave the way for personalized medicine approaches. Nanoparticle-based kinase inhibitors have shown efficacy in the preclinical setting to overcome drug resistance, improve tumor targeting, and for sustained release of the drug. These advances have dramatic effects on improving therapeutic outcomes at much less toxicity than currently available treatments. This shows the need for further exploration to bridge these exciting findings to clinical practice. Future studies should seek to optimize nanoparticle design to evade resistance mechanisms, enhance target specificity, and reduce time-dependent toxicity. Further, the incorporation of nanotechnology into a personalized medicine strategy has the possibility of changing how OS is treated and bringing the promise of better patient outcomes and quality of life. Graphical abstract

The last 20 years have seen remarkable progress in the study of 2D materials leading to the discovery of interesting properties and application potentials. However, there is still much to understand regarding these materials’ physics, mechanics, and chemistry to utilize their full potential and make them useful to society. As a result, many efforts have been dedicated to using atomic force microscopy (AFM) to not only measure and study the properties of the 2D materials but also to assemble 2D materials heterostructures and optimize their properties for better performance. Therefore, this review discusses the various AFM methods that have been employed in this regard. It covers the following areas; the use of AFM to attach 2D materials on the AFM tip to study the interfacial friction and wear, AFM tip-based modification of the chemical and optoelectronic properties of 2D materials, and AFM manipulative scanning for 2D materials repositioning, interface cleaning, and smoothening. This review provides an up-to-date understanding of these new research areas and guides future research plans in 2D layered assembly.

Smart hydrogels, also known as environmentally responsive hydrogels, are a kind of intelligent polymer-based material network undergoing deformation and phase changes under external environmental stimuli. These special physicochemical properties make hydrogels great molecular systems for applications in controlled drug release. Particularly, hydrogels loaded with nanomaterials show strong potential in terms of mechanical properties and environmental responsiveness. In this context, the use of carbon and two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials has attracted widespread attention, as they can trigger drug release. This review provides an overview of the current progress in the design of biocompatible and environmentally responsive hydrogels containing carbon and 2D nanomaterials, focusing on their preparation, properties, and advantages for drug release to treat different diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and inflammation.

Photocatalytic materials have emerged as pivotal in addressing global challenges such as environmental pollution, energy scarcity, and industrial sustainability. This review delves into the principles, mechanisms, and applications of photocatalytic systems, emphasizing their roles in photodegradation and renewable energy production. United Nations (UN) specified a guideline for sustainable development strategies. UN determined 17 goals of sustainable development and the services of photocatalytic materials underwent 4 of these goals to reflect the distinguishable interest and importance of different photocatalytic materials in many fields for various purposes. Advances in material design, nanotechnology, and system integration have significantly advanced this field, aligning it with sustainable development goals. Key materials like TiO 2 , ZnO, g-C 3 N 4 , and quantum dots are highlighted for their unique properties and enhanced photocatalytic activity through modifications such as doping, heterostructure formation, and biopolymer-supported photocatalysts. Practical applications in wastewater treatment, hydrogen production, air purification, and carbon dioxide reduction are comprehensively analyzed, with case studies demonstrating the successful photodegradation of industrial pollutants. The review also explores the integration of photocatalysis with renewable energy sources, addressing challenges like charge carrier recombination and photocatalyst stability. Interdisciplinary approaches, including computational modeling and machine learning, are discussed for designing next-generation photocatalysts, aligning innovations with global sustainability initiatives. Graphical abstract

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have become a valuable tool for enhancing crop production under both non-stressed and abiotic stress conditions. However, the mechanisms by which AuNPs enter plant leaves and boost growth and yield are not fully understood. Abiotic stresses negatively impact plant growth and yield by affecting morphological, physiological, and metabolic processes, such as nutrient and water uptake, photosynthetic systems, and antioxidant activities. AuNPs help protect membranes, maintain water balance, and improve nutrient and water absorption, and they scavenge reactive oxygen species, which significantly increase plant growth under stress conditions. This review explored the biological synthesis of AuNPs, their entry mechanisms into leaves, and their positive impacts on plants under both normal and stressful conditions. It also highlighted several research gaps in the field of AuNP-mediated abiotic stress tolerance. This comprehensive review serves as an excellent resource for future researchers interested in using AuNPs as an eco-friendly approach to enhance abiotic stress tolerance in plants.

The cardiovascular system is pivotal in the systemic distribution and toxicity of nanoparticles (NPs) upon their entry into circulation. Therefore, it is crucial to extensively investigate the adverse cardiovascular effects of NPs. This review presents the advancements in understanding the cardiovascular distribution of NPs and their potential adverse effects, particularly in humans. We first discussed the uptake and distribution of NPs in cardiovascular tissues and cells, which result in adverse outcomes such as hemolysis, blood coagulation dysfunction, vascular endothelial damage, and cardiac pathological damage and function impairment. Additionally, we discuss the current understanding of the mechanisms underlying NP-induced cardiovascular toxicity, including oxidative stress, inflammation, mitochondrial damage, and autophagy. Moreover, we systematically reviewed the factors influencing NPs circulation, retention, clearance, and toxicity within the cardiovascular system, which include the primary physicochemical properties of NPs, modifications of NPs with biological molecules, physiological and pathological conditions of the body, and their interaction with other environmental chemicals. Finally, we proposed the challenges associated with NP cardiovascular toxicity, with the aim of providing insights into the interactions between NPs and cardiovascular components and offering valuable perspectives for the development of safer NP-based therapies and biomedical applications. Graphical abstract

The amino acid arginine has been identified as a promising building block for the construction of functionalized nanosystems due to its unique chemical properties. Arginine-based peptides and polymers have been widely used in targeted drug delivery, gene therapy, and cancer therapy, as they can target specific cells and organs, thus increasing the efficiency and specificity of drug delivery. In addition, arginine-based nanosystems have shown potential in other applications such as imaging, regenerative medicine, environmental remediation, biosensing, gene editing, water treatment, and food safety. The synthetic methods for arginine-based nanosystems have been improved over the years, and new characterization techniques have been developed to properly evaluate the performance and properties of arginine-based nanosystems. However, several challenges need to be overcome to fully realize the potential of arginine-based nanosystems. These include scale-up and industrial production, biocompatibility and toxicity, and in vivo evaluation. In addition, the safety and toxicity of arginine-based nanosystems need to be carefully evaluated. This review covers recent progress in the field of arginine-based nanosystems, highlighting the advantages and limitations of arginine-based nanosystems as well as the current challenges and future perspectives in the field. It is an important source of information for researchers, scientists, and engineers working in the field of functionalized nanosystems, and it highlights the potential of arginine-based nanosystems in various applications and the challenges that need to be overcome to fully realize their potential.

Cancer remains a prima facie cause of morbidity and mortality globally, necessitating efficient medicaments. The inter-mechanisms between immune system cascade and the ability of cancer cells to evade immunological responses pose a significant challenge in developing effective cancer treatments despite advanced immunotherapy treatments. Intervention of nanotechnology in developing vaccine is the area of interest now and therefore, we have summarized the recent developments in cancer nanovaccine. The article provides a comprehensive review of available vaccine treatment for cancer and also nanovaccine usages especially for non-small cell lung cancer and colon cancer, emphasizing on their development, mechanisms of action, and diverse range of health applications. The article highlights different types of nanocarriers, such as protein-based carriers, liposomes, polymers, and exosomes, which in-turn act to deliver tumor antigens, adjuvants, or immunomodulatory agents directly to targeted sites and their effectiveness in improving cancer immunotherapy. The recent promising innovations in cancer nanovaccine technology, viz. , immunotherapeutic nanovaccines, stimulator of interferon genes agonist-based vaccines, and nanogel supporting photo thermal therapy have also been addressed in detail. The article also summarizes the importance of biocompatibility and specificity as a criterion in minimizing adverse effects by including the global impact of nanovaccines in reducing cancer recurrence.

Recent breakthroughs in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) treatment have been driven by nanotherapeutics utilizing cellular membranes. This approach combines the unique properties of cellular membranes with the advantages of nanomaterials, mimicking the physiological functions of natural cells. These biomimetic systems can effectively cross the blood–brain barrier and deliver drugs precisely to the brain, significantly improving targeted drug delivery. This review explores various types of cellular membranes – such as those from red blood cells, immune cells (including natural killer cells, T cells, macrophages, and neutrophils), cancer cells, stem cells, and hybrid cell membranes – that have been used in developing biomimetic systems for GBM treatment. These membranes not only retain the targeting characteristics of their parent cells but can also be enhanced for GBM cell recognition through gene editing or ligand modification. This article also discusses the construction methods for biomimetic nanoparticles and their in vitro validation techniques. Finally, the review outlines the challenges of membrane coating and potential strategies for translating these systems into clinical use. It is anticipated that these innovative membrane-coated nanoparticles will provide new therapeutic options for GBM patients. Graphical abstract

Spinal cord injury (SCI) represents a devastating central nervous system trauma that results in the loss of sensory and motor function. Due to its complex pathological mechanisms and the unsatisfactory therapeutic effects of surgery, medication, and rehabilitation methods currently used in clinical practice, the treatment of this disease still faces enormous challenges. Over the past few decades, researchers have been committed to identify a reliable and potent therapeutic strategy for SCI, and the nano-delivery system has been proven to be more effective. The nanoparticles exhibit favorable controllable release characteristics and targeting ability toward spinal cord tissue, which may overcome the limitations of conventional drug delivery methods and confer exceptional therapeutic efficacy upon the nano-delivery system through sophisticated design, assembly, and surface modification. This review outlines a multimodal treatment strategy and the current application status based on nanoparticles for repairing SCI, with special emphasis on their application prospects, characteristics, and limitations. The discussion delves into the efforts and challenges involved in applying nanoparticle drug delivery technology for clinical SCI repair.

Nanomaterials possess unique properties that make them highly valuable in biomedical applications. However, traditional physical and chemical synthesis methods suffer from significant drawbacks, including high energy consumption, environmental pollution, and inconsistent performance. In contrast, green synthesis offers an eco-friendly, cost-effective, and sustainable alternative, making it an emerging research focus in nanomaterial development. The green synthesis of plant-derived silver/zinc oxide (Ag/ZnO) bimetallic nanoparticles has gained considerable attention due to their promising biomedical applications. This review systematically examines the green synthesis, characterization, and biomedical potential of plant-derived Ag/ZnO bimetallic nanoparticles. The goal is to provide a comprehensive framework for advancing eco-friendly synthesis techniques, optimizing nanoparticle properties, and facilitating their practical application in biomedicine. This systematic review adhered to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. A comprehensive analysis of peer-reviewed studies published up to November 18, 2024, was conducted, focusing on the green synthesis, physicochemical properties, and biomedical applications of Ag/ZnO bimetallic nanoparticles. A structured literature search was performed across Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and ScienceDirect using Boolean operators to combine key terms such as “green synthesis,” “Ag/ZnO nanoparticles,” and “biomedical applications.” This approach ensured systematic and comprehensive coverage of the research topic. This review examines the green synthesis and therapeutic potential of bimetallic nanoparticles, focusing on their production using plant extracts and other biological methods. It also evaluates the hazards and biological consequences associated with their widespread presence in biological tissues. Researchers have conducted various studies on Ag/ZnO bimetallic nanoparticles using physical, chemical, and biological synthesis methods, exploring their green synthesis approaches, physicochemical properties, structural characteristics, and safety in vivo and the environment. Among these methods, biosynthesis, particularly plant-based synthesis, has emerged as the most effective and sustainable strategy. Plant-derived Ag/ZnO bimetallic nanoparticles exhibit exceptional characteristics and performance, making them highly effective for biomedical, antibacterial, therapeutic, and environmental applications. Their modified morphology further enhances their functional properties, significantly improving their efficacy across multiple disciplines. Nanoparticles synthesized through green synthesis methods hold great potential for the development of novel antibacterial drugs. The market for Ag/ZnO nanoparticles has expanded significantly, evolving into a major economic sector. With the growing demand for applications, plant-derived nanoparticles require rigorous experimentation and large-scale research to support vaccine development and advancements in human health. Plant-based synthesis offers a sustainable and economically viable alternative for nanoparticle production, reducing dependence on chemically synthesized materials. Therefore, extensive and in-depth research on plant-synthesized bimetallic Ag/ZnO nanoparticles is essential to overcome the limitations associated with chemically synthesized nanoparticles. This research will provide a scientific foundation for their broader applications and contribute to human health and environmental safety.

Neural injuries, including peripheral nerve injury and spinal cord injury, are prevalent clinical conditions that can lead to significant sensory and motor dysfunction. Due to the limited regenerative capacity of neural tissues, current treatment methods often yield unsatisfactory outcomes. In recent years, neural tissue engineering has emerged as a promising strategy for promoting nerve repair. Among various biomaterials, magnesium and its compounds have attracted significant interest for their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and biological activity. This review comprehensively summarizes the pathological mechanisms underlying neural injuries, particularly focusing on peripheral and spinal cord injuries. It explores the multifaceted roles of magnesium in nerve repair, including neuroprotection, anti-inflammatory effects, oxidative stress mitigation, and promotion of nerve regeneration. Furthermore, the review highlights current applications of magnesium and its derivatives in the design of biomaterials for neural tissue engineering, analyzing both their advantages and limitations. This review aims to provide valuable insights and guidance for future research and development of magnesium-based strategies in nerve injury repair.

The significant potential for autonomous movement and adaptable modification has made micro/nanomotors (MNMs) a major focus of research and application in biomedicine. However, current designs for MNMs face several unresolved issues, including improving propulsion methods, precise navigation control, expanding application ranges, ensuring biological safety, and achieving multifunctionality. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent progress in the application of MNMs in biomedicine, focusing on propulsion mechanisms, targeting strategies, structural design, and practical applications. We also analyze the connections between these aspects and propose future directions for developing multifunctional platforms with various propulsion methods. The goal of this review is to promote the translation of nanorobotic technologies into clinical practice and establish a foundation for their ongoing development. Graphical abstract

Biomass-based carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are a new type of fluorescent nanomaterial that has received considerable attention due to their low cost, environmental friendliness, and excellent biocompatibility. This review highlights recent progress in the hydrothermal synthesis of these materials, focusing on the use of precursors derived from plants, animals, and microorganisms, as well as their applications in fields such as anti-counterfeiting, wastewater treatment, and biomedical research. Key factors influencing the hydrothermal synthesis, including temperature, pressure, and precursor selection, are discussed. The unique properties and challenges of biomass-derived CQDs are also examined, including issues related to synthesis efficiency, large-scale production, stability, and safety. Future research should aim to optimize synthesis techniques, improve material quality and durability, and address long-term stability and environmental adaptability in practical applications, particularly in anti-counterfeiting technologies. These advancements will further promote the widespread industrial and commercial application of biomass-derived CQDs.

This article investigates 3D bioprinting as an exciting solution to the problem of skin regeneration, emphasizing the possibility of eliminating the drawbacks of standard grafts. It covers the anatomy and functions of the skin and the need for synthetic skin for medical purposes. Existing substitutes are analysed, thereby exposing their drawbacks and constraints. This article discusses the concepts underpinning 3D bioprinting, bioinks used for the fabrication of the skin, and the manufacture of skin tissue constructs of several layers. The major issues are associated with vascularization and mechanical stability, while the forthcoming improvement of the integration of biomaterials, automation, and optimization based on AI will enable enhanced functionality and clinical applications. Skin 3D bioprinting offers a new perspective for the development of customizable and engineered skin grafts.

Selenium, a vital trace element for all living beings, significantly contributes to metabolic processes. In the past two decades, owing to their excellent bioavailability, low toxicity, and compatibility with living organisms, selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have gained significant attention in the realm of biological applications. SeNPs can be formed through various techniques, but biologically synthesized SeNPs have superior biocompatibility with living systems. Moreover, biosynthesized SeNPs (bio-SeNPs) have been proven to have superior antioxidant, antiproliferative, and immunostimulatory potential compared with SeNPs produced using both chemical and physical techniques. The primary aim of this overview article is to focus on bio-SeNPs derived from several biological sources, including bacteria, algae, fungi, and plants, and highlight key biological and medical roles, such as antidiabetic, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, immunostimulating, protection against oxidative damage, and chemotherapeutic properties. Graphical Abstract

This comprehensive review explores the utilization of gold nanocrystals (Au NCs) and gold nanorods (Au NRs) functionalized with protein and polymeric ligands for various environmental applications. These applications include drug delivery, diagnostics, and environmental monitoring. This review also explores the biogenic synthesis of Au nanocrystals and nanostars, characterization techniques, and their analytical applications in environmental contexts. Moreover, integrating Au nanocrystals with ligand–receptor chemistry enables rapid and efficient cell detection and separation. Notably, fluorescent polymer–Au nanocrystals exhibit a unique characteristic that renders them highly valuable for energy storage devices such as batteries and supercapacitors. Incorporating these NCs into electrode materials can enhance charge storage capacity, electrochemical performance, and cycling stability. Furthermore, they can enhance light absorption, charge separation, and transfer process in solar cells. The fluorescence properties of these NCs also enable them to serve as specific probes for identifying contaminants, including heavy metals, organic compounds, and environmental toxins. The fluorescence can be tuned to interact with particular analytes, enabling accurate detection and measurement. Additionally, these NCs can be functionalized to enhance pollutant removal, thereby increasing their adsorption capacity and catalytic activity. Collectively, fluorescent polymers incorporating Au nanocrystals hold immense potential in energy storage systems and environmental applications. They offer improved performance, sensitivity, and efficiency. Consequently, researchers actively explore ways to enhance and expand their utilization to address energy and environmental challenges.

Due to the urgent need for sustainable energy around the world, piezoelectric energy harvesting (PEH) has become very popular due to its capability to harvest electrical energy from ambient mechanical energy. From numerous possible configurations, cantilever-based beams have become very popular among researchers due to their adaptability and structural simplicity. Recently, rotational piezoelectric energy harvesters have gained prominence due to their ability in continuous energy capture from sources such as wind, human motion, and rotating machinery. The aim is to provide more clarity on the underlying concept of energy harvesting models by carefully compiling comprehensive information. In summary, this research performs a comprehensive review on the latest progress in research on rotating and non-rotating PEHs, considering their research background, excitation principles, harvester modes, etc. After a comprehensive investigation, it was found that structures using rotational motions outperformed available energy harvesting designs in such systems.

The growing demand for renewable energy is driving innovations in solar technology for both outdoor and indoor applications. However, higher efficiency, improved stability, and cost-effectiveness are the highest priorities for the commercialization of solar cells. Recently, tandem solar cells (T-SCs) have emerged as a promising solution to surpass the efficiency limits of traditional single-junction cells. By integrating materials like perovskite and copper–indium–gallium–selenide (CIGS), T-SCs capture a broader spectrum of sunlight, improving power conversion efficiency. Perovskite’s wide bandgap (∼1.6 eV) absorbs high-energy photons, while CIGS’s narrower bandgap (∼1.1 eV) optimizes lower-energy photon absorption. This review examines recent developments in perovskite/CIGS T-SCs, highlighting the complementary properties of these materials and their impact on photocurrent generation. It also compares two-terminal (2-T) and four-terminal (4-T) configurations, achieving efficiencies of 24.6 and 30.1%, respectively. Additionally, the economic potential of perovskite/CIGS T-SCs is explored, focusing on their role in reducing energy costs and enhancing sustainability. Key challenges and future directions are also discussed to advance renewable energy systems. Graphical abstract The growing demand for renewable energy drives advancements in solar technologies, with tandem solar cells (T-SCs) gaining attention for exceeding the efficiency limits of traditional cells. T-SCs combine perovskite and copper–indium–gallium–selenide materials to enhance power conversion efficiency by capturing a broader solar spectrum. This review explores recent developments, design considerations, efficiencies, and economic potential.

Materials informatics is increasingly essential for precise material property prediction, simplifying experimental processes. Traditional methods like density functional theory are sluggish and struggle with complex structure–property relationships. In contrast, artificial intelligence, especially crystal graph convolutional neural networks (CGCNN), excels in predicting material behaviors particularly in crystalline systems revolutionizing materials discovery and design. CGCNN leverages crystal lattice structures for accurate predictions; however, there remains a lack of systematic analysis addressing its foundational principles, performance boundaries, and areas for improvement. This article is novel in offering a comprehensive and critical evaluation of CGCNN, detailing its architecture, predictive strengths, limitations, and integration with emerging technologies such as generative models. It emphasizes benchmarking protocols, best practices, and forward-looking strategies to bridge traditional physics-based methods and modern data-driven approaches. By articulating both the achievements and current gaps in CGCNN-based materials modeling, providing valuable guidance for researchers aiming to harness deep learning for next-generation materials discovery. Graphical abstract Materials informatics is essential for precise material property prediction, enhancing experimental efficiency. Traditional methods like density functional theory are slow and ineffective for complex relationships. CGCNN excel in predicting material behaviors, especially in crystalline materials. This review fills the gap in CGCNN analysis, advancing material data science for improved property prediction and experimentation.

The growing demand for green and sustainable development positions TiO 2 film coatings at the forefront of novel technologies. Applications of TiO 2 -based materials in photocatalytic, optic, energy, electronic, aerospace, automotive, decorative, and other fields have accelerated on a large scale. Various coating processes are widely used in order to prepare nano TiO 2 filmcoated supports for different purposes. Each technique offers numerous advantages, such as the potential to be produced in large quantities and surface areas, acceptable adherence and reactivity of the resulting product, cost-effectiveness, simplicity, etc. This work provides a comprehensive overview of the most recent as well as commonly applied wet and dry TiO 2 deposition methods in terms of principals, advantages, applications, coating assessment techniques, required equipment, and key technical problems for mass production and commercialization such as coating durability, fouling, cost-effectiveness, environmental impacts, etc. This information provides a basis to better understand the new and conventional coating processes and the relative contribution rate of the influencing factors that are necessary to control the physicochemical properties of resulting coated substances for the applications aimed. Graphical abstract

Obtaining electrical power from solar energy through photovoltaic (PV) cell is an excellent alternative to harvesting energy from fossil fuels. However, efficiency is one of the main concerns as the Shockley–Queisser limit puts an upper bound to the efficiency of PV cell. Solar Thermophotovoltaic (STPV) systems are a viable solution to overcome this limit, but they require efficient and meticulous designs of broadband solar absorber and spectrally selective emitter. These designs require high-temperature tolerance, polarization angle and incidence angle insensitivity, and oxidation resistance to endure high-temperature and harsh environmental conditions. This work presents a Titanium carbide-based ultra-broadband absorber and Platinum-based thermal emitter, both of which are reasonable candidates for STPV applications owing to their high melting points. The proposed absorber has a pyramid design as a top nanostructure layer, while the emitter has gratings on its top. The emitter is optimized for lead sulfide (PbS)-based colloidal quantum dot (CQD) PV cell, having a bandgap energy of 0.41 eV, which is an emerging PV cell technology. The proposed absorber exhibits high efficiency of 96%, while the selective emitter achieves PV cell efficiency of 35.2% for PbS based CQD PV cell at the temperature of 1,350 K.

The landscape of prosthodontics and dental implantology is undergoing a transformative evolution, driven by remarkable advancements in materials science. This review explores the pivotal role of multifaceted materials, ceramics, polymers, metal alloys, and composites in revolutionizing dental restorative procedures. These materials are not only enhancing the mechanical properties and biocompatibility of dental prostheses and implants but also elevating aesthetic outcomes to meet patient expectations. Our discussion highlights how traditional materials like titanium (Ti) and cobalt-chromium (Co–Cr), alongside newer innovations such as zirconia and polymer-based composites, contribute to the restoration and enhancement of oral functions. Furthermore, this article delves into the integration of cutting-edge technologies such as 3D printing and computer-aided design/manufacturing, which synergize with these advanced materials to tailor dental solutions to individual patient needs, thereby improving both functional outcomes and patient satisfaction. As the field progresses, we anticipate future innovations to focus on increasing the sustainability of materials used, refining their properties through nanotechnology, and further personalizing dental care through digital workflows, setting a new standard in the interdisciplinary approach of modern dentistry.

Conventional solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) work at high operating temperatures (800–1,000°C). Lowering the operating temperature of SOFCs reduces the open-circuit voltage (OCV) and performance. Herein, a scheme was established to boost the voltage of the developed SOFC using a DC-DC voltage booster. The LTspice technique was used to develop a DC-DC booster, and the code was generated with a minimum of 0.7 V. For experimental evidence, Bi x Ag 1.00 Fe 1− x Zn 2 O 7+ δ (BAFZ oxide) materials were synthesized to investigate anodic properties. UV-vis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy techniques were used to determine the band gaps and functional groups. The vibrational modes of composite materials were studied via Raman spectroscopy. A slight peak shift toward a higher wavenumber was noted in the BAFZ oxide sample attributed to the addition of bismuth trioxide (Bi 2 O 3 ). The conductivity was measured and found to be 1.2 S/cm at 600°C in a H 2 atmosphere. Fuel cell performance was also measured in the temperature range of 400–620°C, and a maximum OCV of 1.1 V was achieved at 620°C. Finally, the boosted voltage was recorded at 2.2 V under the same circumstances using a DC-DC booster.

This study reports the synthesis of highly crystalline layered HfSe 2 and CuHfSe 2 using the chemical vapor transport method and the investigation of their supercapacitor behavior. Various characterizations were performed in order to confirm and ascertain the structure of the synthesized materials. The CuHfSe 2 electrode exhibited better supercapacitor performance due to its higher conductivity, as confirmed by experimental analysis and density functional theory calculations. The semiconducting nature of HfSe 2 with a 2H phase mainly impedes its electrochemical performance. Further electrochemical analyses were conducted to test the stability of both electrode materials. Moreover, these new nanocrystals can be regarded as promising supercapacitor electrode materials with good specific capacitance, excellent cycling stability, and high energy density due to the unique microstructure of such 2D materials.

Because cement is the primary component of concrete, the production of concrete results in a significant amount of carbon dioxide emissions. Concrete, thus, has an impact on the environment. Concrete may undergo a change in its nanostructure if it contains even a trace number of nanoparticles (NPs). Constructions made of concrete would be more long-lasting and would have a smaller impact on the environment. Researchers know very little about NPs before they are utilized, and the findings of their investigations have been inconsistent despite the fact that a large number of studies have been conducted. In contrast to the inclusion of metals, NPs, particularly nano-silica (NS) and nano-ferrite (NF), have garnered a lot of attention. Due to the fact that NPs perform more effectively in concrete than metal complexes. To evaluate bids, it is essential to provide background information on the most common methods for the manufacture and fabrication of nanomaterials. The parameters that influence the behavior of NPs in cement-based materials have also been the subject of extensive research. There are also processes for mixing and dispersion, as well as super-plasticizers and nanoparticle agglomeration. The mechanical properties of mixtures containing NPs are also assessed. This encompasses modulus of elasticity, splitting tensile strength, compressive strength, and flexural strength. An assessment is conducted to ascertain the penetration of chloride ions in water, permeability, and fire resistance. This study examines various methods for dispersing NS and NF particles to reduce the probability of agglomeration. The investigation also examines how the buildup of NS particles affects the properties of nano-modified concrete. The study revealed that augmenting the nanoparticle substitution by 3–5% can enhance compressive strength. The hydration process is enhanced by extensively disseminated NPs, which also provide a denser microstructure. The incorporation of NF into concrete enhances tensile strength, permeability, and durability, even at concentrations as minimal as 2%. The graphical abstract encapsulates the research conducted in this article. Graphical abstract

Recent advancements in nanotechnology have expanded the applications of cellulose nanoparticles (CNPs) isolated from various types of biomass waste like oil palm empty fruit bunches. These applications are particularly enhanced by incorporating nanoparticles or polymers. However, a significant challenge in synthesizing CNP-based nanocomposites lies in the selection of appropriate synthesis methods, as ineffective techniques can result in poor compatibility between nanoparticles. To overcome this issue, surface modification through carboxymethylation has emerged as an effective strategy. This process introduces anionic groups (−CH 2 COONa + ) onto the CNP surface, producing anionic nanocellulose particles (ACNPs) that act as capping agents to enhance nanoparticle incorporation. Despite these advancements, the optimum reaction time for isolating ACNPs from CNPs, particularly nanocrystalline cellulose, remains underexplored. This study investigates the effect of varying carboxymethylation reaction times (30 min, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h) on the synthesis of ACNPs. Characterization techniques, including Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, zeta potential analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), were employed. The results indicate that a reaction time of 4 h is optimal for carboxymethylation. ACNPs synthesized at this duration exhibit good dispersion, improved thermal stability, and a high zeta potential value (−41 mV) compared to CNPs (−25 mV). FTIR analysis reveals new peaks at 1,564, 1,432, and 1,321 cm⁻¹, corresponding to the carboxyl, methyl (−CH 2 ), and hydroxyl groups of the carboxymethyl group (−CH 2 –COONa), respectively. Additionally, XPS results show a high concentration of Na⁺ ions in ACNPs synthesized at 4 h. Beyond this reaction time, Na⁺ concentration decreases.

Nanotechnology has proven to make the processing of lignocellulosic biomass much easier and efficient by reducing potential complications and harmful side effects. The overall cost of operations, transport, and disposal has also been reduced. Recovery, reusability, and purification of lignocellulosic biomass are found to be efficient when nanotechnological approaches are employed. Lignocellulosic biomass for enhancing the quality of water has attracted increasing interest among many researchers. Nanoforms of lignocellulosic biomass include nanocellulose, nanolignin, and nanoxylan. Heavy metal removal by nanocellulose has been reported to exhibit an efficiency of 99% against copper and iron metals. Membranes consisting of nanocellulose crystals extracted from shrimp shell wastes can eliminate Victoria blue dye by 98%. Escherichia coli has been treated successfully using nanocellulose composites conjugated with silver with 96.9% efficiency. Nano-lignin particles have reported 98% removal of methylene blue, while a composite of the same with palladium and iron oxide has exhibited 99% elimination of the toxic dye. Lignin-based nanomaterials are suggested to be reproducible and regenerated by heat and squeeze treatments, thus releasing the entire adsorbed contaminants to free the substrate for subsequent use. Further carbonation maximizes the absorption by 522 times more than its own weight, with a removal efficiency of 96%. Nanotization of lignocellulosic biomass gives enhanced mechanical, chemical, and biological properties that aid researchers to modify these woody polymers into membranes, flocculants, dye adsorbents, metal adsorbents, and oil separators in wastewater treatment. The present review deals with potential applications of nanoforms of lignocellulosic biomass for wastewater remediation. Graphical abstract