Startseite Naturwissenschaften Research and improvement of mechanical properties of cement nanocomposites for well cementing
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Research and improvement of mechanical properties of cement nanocomposites for well cementing

  • Hui Zhang und Chengwen Wang EMAIL logo
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 10. Juli 2025
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Nanotechnology Reviews
Aus der Zeitschrift Nanotechnology Reviews Band 14 Heft 1

Abstract

This study addresses the challenges of low compressive strength and inadequate fracture toughness in conventional cementing materials, aiming to enhance the resistance to extrusion and cracking in cement sheaths for perforation and fracturing operations. Comprehensive research and testing were conducted on NT composite cement, emphasizing the significant effects of nano-titanium dioxide’s crystal phase, particle size, dosage, and curing age. The findings indicate that a curing age of 28 days, coupled with a particle size of 10 nm and a dosage of 2.32%, results in the most notable improvement in compressive strength, achieving a maximum increase of 22.5% in cement stone strength. Additionally, rutile phase NT composite cement featuring a particle size of 500 nm and a dosage of 3.88% demonstrates an enhancement in compressive strength by 12%. In terms of fracture toughness, optimal improvements are observed at a curing age of 3 days, with NT composite cement exhibiting a particle size of 10 nm and a dosage of 2.32% resulting in an impressive 65.4% increase. Moreover, rutile phase NT composite cement with a particle size of 500 nm and a dosage of 2.32% exhibits a remarkable improvement in fracture toughness of 76%. These results underscore the potential of nano-titanium dioxide for advancing the performance characteristics of cementing materials.

Keywords: nano-titanium composite cement; compressive strength; fracture toughness

1 Introduction

The quality of well cementing is an important guarantee for the safety, efficiency, and economic exploitation of oil and gas. In response to the inherent defects of low tensile strength, poor fracture resistance, and low impact strength of conventional well cementing cement stone, the mechanical properties of the cement sheath cannot meet the requirements of perforation operations and large-scale fracturing development. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the research on the elastic toughness cement slurry system to improve the mechanical properties of cement stone and enhance the anti-extrusion and anti-crack capabilities of the cement sheath. In addition, the severe hydraulic stress changes in the wellbore caused by large-scale fracturing operations can cause stress waves to form high stress tensile zones in the cement sheath outside the casing. As the cement sheath outside the casing is a brittle material with inherent micro-defects, and when the radial tensile stress of the cement sheath exceeds its limit, it will rupture and form macroscopic cracks. Subsequent repeated fracturing measures will further expand these cracks, even rendering the sealing effect of the cement sheath completely ineffective, causing interlayer flow of underground fluids (oil, gas, and water). In order to reduce the crushing effect of cement sheath under fracturing conditions, solve the characteristics of low compressive strength, poor toughness, weak impact resistance of cement-based materials, and improve the elasticity and strength of cement stone, the current research focus at home and abroad is to add rubber materials [1–3], latex materials [4–6], and fiber materials [7–9] to cement. However, such research is relatively slow and there is still a lot of room for improvement.

Due to the small size effect of nanomaterials, adding them to other materials often changes their mechanical properties. Therefore, nanomaterials are regarded as the most promising materials in the twenty-first century [10,11]. Colston et al. [12] first proposed adding nanomaterials to cement-based materials to change their mechanical properties. Research has shown that the mechanical properties of cement-based materials mainly depend on the type, quantity, and morphology of cement hydration products. Adding nano-titanium dioxide to cement-based materials can promote the hydration reaction of cement [13], but the progress of hydration reaction is affected by the particle size and dosage of nano-silica [14,15]. Nazari et al. [16] believe that nano-titanium dioxide can increase the production of calcium silicate hydrate (C–S–H) gel, thereby promoting the hydration of cement and improving the mechanical properties of cement. Han et al. [17] found that after cement hydration promotes the production of C–S–H gel, it will inhibit the growth of calcium hydroxide (CH) crystals, so the microstructure of cement-based materials becomes more compact. Salemi et al. [18] also found that nano-titanium dioxide can be filled into the voids of cement-based materials, reducing the size of CH crystals and making the cement-based materials denser. Yang et al. [19] conducted mercury intrusion testing on cement-based materials and found that nano-titanium dioxide can reduce the porosity of cement-based materials. Li et al. [20,21] conducted thermogravimetric testing on titanium dioxide cement-based materials and found that titanium dioxide can promote the hydration process of cement, thereby improving the compressive strength and flexural strength of cement-based materials.

Due to the pronounced influence of the crystal phase, particle size, dosage, and preparation process of nano-titanium dioxide on the mechanical properties of nano-cement-based materials [16,18,20], the specific relationships governing these factors remain inadequately defined. Consequently, the effect of nano-titanium dioxide on cement-based materials continues to present significant research potential. This article focuses on enhancing the mechanical properties of cement materials through the investigation of modification mechanisms involving elastic–plastic materials, fiber-reinforced toughening agents, and nano-titanium dioxide [22]. The aim is to improve the mechanical characteristics of cement while developing composite materials that satisfy the operational demands of perforation and fracturing. Ultimately, this work seeks to enhance cementing quality and facilitate successful reservoir transformation operations.

2 Experiments and testing

The incorporation of elastic–plastic materials, fiber-reinforced components, and nanomaterials into cement has been shown to significantly enhance the mechanical properties of cement paste. The addition of elastic–plastic materials serves as a crucial mechanism for energy absorption upon impact; these materials act as buffers, effectively dissipating energy and improving the impact resistance of the cement paste. This characteristic is particularly advantageous in applications where durability under dynamic loading conditions is essential. When fiber-reinforced materials are introduced to the cement matrix, they facilitate the formation of a dense network structure within the cement stone. This network plays a pivotal role in shielding the stress field at crack tips associated with defects, thereby enhancing the fracture toughness of the cement stone. The reinforcement provided by fibers not only contributes to improved strength but also enhances the overall structural integrity of the material. Furthermore, the integration of nanomaterials into the cement matrix addresses microstructural deficiencies such as micropores and microcracks present in hydration products. By filling these voids, nanomaterials lead to a denser internal structure, which ultimately results in improved physical and mechanical properties of the cement stone. This densification not only enhances compressive strength but also contributes to an increase in toughness, enabling the cement stone to better withstand various forms of stress.

In summary, the strategic incorporation of elastic–plastic materials, fiber reinforcements, and nanomaterials into the cement matrix represents a compelling approach to optimize the performance characteristics of cement paste, making it suitable for a wider range of engineering applications.

2.1 Test materials

Two types of rubber powders were selected as elastic–plastic materials in the experiment, with inorganic mineral fibers, polypropylene fibers, and polyethylene fibers as alternative fiber materials, and nano-TiO2 as alternative nanomaterials. The chemical reagents and instruments required for this experiment are shown in Tables 1 and 2.

Table 1

Experimental materials

Experimental instruments Model Manufacturer
Cement Ordinary Portland cement (P.O 42.5R) Dalian Onoda Cement Plant
Fly ash Ⅱ Grade fly ash Dalian Daokete New Building Materials Co., Ltd
Quartz sand Particle size 0.12–0.83 mm Anhui Hengda Silica Sand Technology Co., Ltd
Water reducing agent RHEOPLUS 411series BASF Corporation Limited
Sharp titanium phase NT Particle size 10 and 15 nm Shanghai Xiangtian Nanomaterials Co., Ltd
Rutile phase NT Particle size 10 and 15 nm Shanghai Xiangtian Nanomaterials Co., Ltd
Elastic material 1 Analytical pure Shanghai Liankangming Chemical Co., Ltd
Elastic material 2 Analytical pure Shanghai Liankangming Chemical Co., Ltd
Inorganic mineral fibers Analytical pure Nanjing Tianlu Nano Technology Co., Ltd
Polyethylene fiber Analytical pure Nanjing Tianlu Nano Technology Co., Ltd
Polypropylene fiber Analytical pure Nanjing Tianlu Nano Technology Co., Ltd
Table 2

Experimental equipment

Experimental drug Model Manufacturer
Cement sand mixer JJ-5 type Wuxi Jianyi Instrument Equipment Co., Ltd, China
Vibration table DG-80 Wuxi Huanan Experimental Instrument Co., Ltd
Maintenance box HBY-30/64 type Hebei Yikante Instrument Equipment Co., Ltd
Forming mold 40 × 40 × 160 mm Qishan Jingyi Machinery Co., Ltd
Electronic universal press machine Y27-200 Jinan Touching Group
DSC TMA7300 Hitachi Analytical Instruments (Shanghai) Co., Ltd

The test formula is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 Experimental test formula.
Figure 1

Experimental test formula.

2.2 Experimental cement system synthesis

The preparation process of the experimental composite cement material is as follows:

  1. Slowly pour water, water reducer, elastic material, fiber material, and NT into the mixing pot and stir slowly for 20 s.

  2. Pour the silica fume into the mixing pot and stir slowly for 1 min.

  3. Slowly add cement and fly ash into the mixing pot in sequence, first mix slowly for 2 min, and then mix quickly for 2 min.

  4. Slowly pour the quartz sand into the mixing pot, stir slowly for 1 min, and then stir quickly for 4 min.

  5. Pour the mixed cement composite material into the molding mold separately, and place the mold on a concrete vibration table to shake for 1 min to eliminate bubbles in the cement composite material. Then smooth the surface of the test piece.

  6. Place the prepared specimens in a standard curing box (20°C, 95% RH) one by one and cure for 24 h.

  7. Remove the cured specimen from the mold and place it in water at 20°C for 28 days. The specific preparation process is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2 Synthesis diagram of cement system.
Figure 2

Synthesis diagram of cement system.

2.3 Performance testing

2.3.1 Temperature resistance performance test

Due to the unfavorable strength development of rubber materials under high temperature conditions, adding rubber materials to cement requires temperature resistance testing. The experiment uses a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and nitrogen gas is introduced at a rate of 50 mL/min to conduct decomposition experiments on the two elastic materials.

2.3.2 Compressive strength test

The compressive strength test is carried out in accordance with the “GB/T 17671-1999 method for testing the strength of cement mortar.” The testing speed of the universal press is 1.2 mm/min, and each group of six samples is tested, and the average value is taken as the ultimate load F c of the specimen. If the absolute value of the difference between more than two test values and the mean is greater than 10% of the mean, the data in this group are invalid and need to be retested.

The compressive strength f c of the specimen is shown in the following equation:

(1) f c = F c / A .

Among them, f c is the compressive strength of the specimen, F c is the ultimate compressive load of the specimen, and A is the compressive area of the specimen.

2.3.3 Flexural strength test

The flexural strength test shall be carried out in accordance with the “GB/T 17671-1999 Method for Testing the Strength of Cement Mortar”. The flexural strength test rate is 0.05 mm/min, and the test steps are as follows:

  1. Draw a straight line parallel to the square cross-section of the test piece (40 mm × 40 mm × 160 mm) at a distance of 30 mm from each end. Place the test piece on the two lower support cylinders of the testing machine, aligning the previously drawn lines with the center lines of the two lower support cylinders to ensure that the test piece is centered (Figure 3).

  2. Start the testing machine, set the loading rate to 0.05 mm/min, continue loading until the specimen fails, stop loading and record the failure load F (N).

  3. Each group tests three test blocks and takes the average as the ultimate load F f of the specimen. If the absolute difference between more than two test values and the mean is greater than 10% of the mean, the data in that group are invalid and need to be retested.

  4. Calculate the flexural strength of cement-based material specimens according to equation (2), accurate to 0.1 MPa:

(2) f f = 1.5 F f L / b 3 .

Figure 3 Schematic diagram of specimen size and strength loading.
Figure 3

Schematic diagram of specimen size and strength loading.

Among them, f f is the flexural strength of the specimen F f is the flexural ultimate load of the specimen, L is the distance between two lower supporting cylinders (mm), and b represents the side length (mm) of the square cross-section of the specimen.

3 Performance evaluation

3.1 Elastic plastic materials and fiber-reinforced materials

3.1.1 Temperature resistance performance

The temperature at which the rubber powder melts or decomposes was measured using a DSC, and the results of the elastic material decomposition test are shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4 Decomposition test results of elastic material 1: (a) elastic material 1 and (b) elastic material 2.
Figure 4

Decomposition test results of elastic material 1: (a) elastic material 1 and (b) elastic material 2.

The decomposition experiment results of elastic material 1 are shown in Figure 4(a). From the experimental results, it can be seen that there are two melting endothermic peaks of elastic material 1 at 160 and 238°C. When the temperature reaches 280°C, elastic material 1 begins to decompose and release heat, with the main exothermic peak appearing at 368°C.

The thermal decomposition test results of elastic material 2 are shown in Figure 4(b). Elastic material 2 exhibits three melting endothermic peaks at 80, 115, and 195°C, as it is a mixed material with a complex composition. When the temperature reaches 95°C, elastic material 2 exhibits an exothermic peak, which is caused by the crystallization of rubber molecules. The main exothermic peak appears at 218°C, at which point the rubber decomposes and releases heat.

From the above two sets of rubber powder, it can be preliminarily determined that they are resistant to high temperatures. Elastic material 2 may have unstable performance under 100°C curing conditions, while elastic material 1 has good temperature resistance and can withstand up to 280°C under experimental conditions.

3.1.2 Compressive strength test

As depicted in Figure 5, it is clear that both types of elastic–plastic materials adversely affect the strength of cement paste, with strength diminishing progressively as the dosage increases. A comprehensive analysis of the rheological properties, cement paste strength, and strain leads to the conclusion that 5% of elastic material 1 demonstrates optimal performance.

Figure 5 Test results of compressive strength of cement stone: (a) rubber material and (b) fiber material.
Figure 5

Test results of compressive strength of cement stone: (a) rubber material and (b) fiber material.

The surfaces of the organic fibers have been treated to enhance their hydrophilic dispersibility, resulting in a significant degree of dispersion within the cement slurry. While all three types of fibers contribute to a reduction in the strength of cement paste, they remain compliant with the relevant technical specifications. Notably, polyethylene fibers exert a relatively minor impact on strength, which can be attributed to their high degree of dispersion. This finding underscores the importance of fiber treatment and selection in optimizing the performance of cement-based materials.

3.1.3 Flexural strength test

The formula for the flexural test and the measured flexural strength are shown in Table 3 [5,6], and the photos of the flexural test cement stone are shown in Figure 6. From the experimental results, it can be seen that polyethylene and polypropylene organic fibers have the best effect on improving the flexural strength performance of cement paste.

Table 3

Flexural strength formula and strength

Serial number G Grade cement (g) Fiber type Fiber dosage (g) Water–cement ratio Water and defoamers (g) Mean flexural strength at 70°C/atmospheric pressure for 72 h (MPa)
1 800 Original pulp 0 0.44 352 5.99
4 800 Polyethylene fiber 4‰ (3.2 g) 0.44 352 9.78
8 800 Polypropylene fiber 4‰ (3.2 g) 0.44 352 9.42
10 800 Inorganic SM fiber 4‰ (3.2 g) 0.44 352 8.79
Figure 6 Cross-section of polypropylene fiber cement stone: (a) raw slurry, (b) SM fiber, (c) polyethylene fiber, and (d) polypropylene fiber.
Figure 6

Cross-section of polypropylene fiber cement stone: (a) raw slurry, (b) SM fiber, (c) polyethylene fiber, and (d) polypropylene fiber.

The sample after the experiment is shown in Figures 6 and 7.

Figure 7 Influence of fiber materials and dosage on the flexural strength of cement stone.
Figure 7

Influence of fiber materials and dosage on the flexural strength of cement stone.

As illustrated in Figure 7, the incorporation of both types of fibers significantly enhances the flexural strength of cement stone. However, it is noteworthy that an increase in fiber dosage generally correlates with a decrease in flexural strength. A thorough analysis of the experimental data indicates that both polyethylene and polypropylene fibers demonstrate superior performance, with an optimal dosage of 2‰ for each type. This finding highlights the importance of dosage optimization in maximizing the mechanical properties of cement-based materials.

3.2 Effect of nanomaterials

3.2.1 Sharp titanium phase

Select sharp titanium phase NT composite cement-based materials with particle sizes of 10 and 15 nm, and dosages of 0.78, 2.32, and 3.88%, and study the effect of the particle size and dosage of sharp titanium phase NT on the compressive strength of cement-based materials.

3.2.1.1 Compressive strength test

Figure 8 reveals that the 28-day curing period significantly influences the enhancement of compressive strength in cement composite materials incorporating rutile phase nanotitania (NT) with two distinct particle sizes, outpacing the effects observed during the 3-day curing period. Additionally, a comparative analysis between the 15 nm NT and 10 nm NT demonstrates that the 10 nm NT is superior in its capacity to enhance the compressive strength of the cement composites.

Figure 8 Compressive strength of NT composite cementitious materials with different sizes of anatase phase: (a) 10 nm NT and (b) 15 nm NT.
Figure 8

Compressive strength of NT composite cementitious materials with different sizes of anatase phase: (a) 10 nm NT and (b) 15 nm NT.

Notably, when utilizing the 10 nm NT at a dosage of 2.32%, the cement composite material exhibits a remarkable improvement in compressive strength, achieving a maximum increase of 22.5%. This finding underscores the effectiveness of nanotitania particle size selection in optimizing the mechanical properties of cement-based materials.

3.2.1.2 Flexural strength test

Figure 9 shows that both types of sharpened titanium nanotitania (NTs), irrespective of their particle sizes, enhance the flexural strength of cement composite materials. This enhancement occurs at both curing ages of 3 and 28 days.

Figure 9 Compressive strength of NT composite cementitious materials with different sizes of anatase phase: (a) 10 nm NT and (b) 15 nm NT.
Figure 9

Compressive strength of NT composite cementitious materials with different sizes of anatase phase: (a) 10 nm NT and (b) 15 nm NT.

At a curing age of 3 days, the titanium NT with a particle size of 15 nm demonstrates a particularly pronounced effect. With an addition of 2.32% by weight of this NT, the flexural strength of the cement-based composites increases by approximately 65.4%. In contrast, when using the 10 nm particle size variant at the same dosage of 2.32%, the flexural strength still improves significantly, albeit to a lesser extent, at around 59.6%.

Conversely, at a curing age of 28 days, the 10 nm NT exhibits a more substantial improvement in flexural strength. Here, a dosage of 2.32% results in an increase of approximately 46.2% in the flexural strength of the cement composite materials. In comparison, the NT with a particle size of 15 nm, administered at a dosage of 2.32%, contributes to a significant enhancement as well, although to a lesser degree, yielding an increase of roughly 17.9%.

Overall, these findings underscore the critical role that the particle size of titanium NTs plays in augmenting the structural integrity of cement-based composites, thereby offering valuable insights for future material design.

3.2.1.3 Ratio of flexural strength to compressive strength

The higher the flexural to compressive ratio, the less brittle the cement-based material [23] or the greater the fracture toughness [24]. Figure 10 shows the flexural strength and compressive strength ratio of the sharp titanium NT composite cement-based material.

Figure 10 Ratio of flexural strength to compressive strength of sharp titanium NT composite cement-based materials.
Figure 10

Ratio of flexural strength to compressive strength of sharp titanium NT composite cement-based materials.

Figure 10 reveals significant findings regarding the impact of curing age and particle size on the flexural compression ratio of rutile phase NT composite cement-based materials. At a curing age of 3 days, both 10 nm and 15 nm particle sizes demonstrate enhancements in the flexural compression ratio with dosages of 0.78, 2.32, and 3.88%. Notably, the use of 10 nm particles at a dosage of 2.32% yields an impressive improvement of 65.4% in the flexural compression ratio. In contrast, when using 15 nm particles at a dosage of 3.88%, the enhancement is somewhat lower but still significant, at 61.5%.

Transitioning to a curing age of 28 days, the results indicate that the 10 nm NT particles continue to exhibit a marked ability to enhance the flexural ratio of the cement composite materials. Specifically, a dosage of 2.32% leads to a 21% increase in the flexural ratio, underscoring the efficacy of these smaller particles. Conversely, it is observed that the 15 nm NT particles do not provide a substantial strengthening effect on the flexural ratio of the cement composite materials, indicating that their impact may be limited in this context.

3.2.2 Rutile phase

Select rutile phase NT composite cement-based materials with particle sizes of 50 and 500 nm and dosages of 0.78, 2.32, and 3.88%, and study the effect of particle size and dosage of rutile phase NT on the compressive strength of cement-based materials.

3.2.2.1 Compressive strength test

Figure 11 shows that at a curing age of 3 days, the rutile phase NT does not enhance the compressive strength of the cement composite material. During this initial stage, the hydration products generated by the interaction of the rutile phase with the cement are minimal, resulting in a loose internal structure and consequently lower compressive strength.

Figure 11 Compressive strength of rutile NT composite cementitious materials with different particle sizes: (a) 50 nm NT and (b) 500 nm NT.
Figure 11

Compressive strength of rutile NT composite cementitious materials with different particle sizes: (a) 50 nm NT and (b) 500 nm NT.

However, at a curing age of 28 days, both 50 and 500 nm particle sizes of rutile NT demonstrate significant improvements in the compressive strength of the cement composite materials. Specifically, when the particle size of rutile NT is 50 nm with a dosage of 3.88%, the enhancement is most pronounced, yielding an increase of 12%. Conversely, for a particle size of 500 nm with a doping amount of 2.32%, the improvement, while still notable, reaches 9.8%.

3.2.2.2 Flexural strength test

Figure 12 shows that both 50 and 500 nm rutile phase nanotitania (NTs) significantly enhance the flexural strength of cement composite materials. Specifically, at a curing age of 3 days and an NT content of 2.32%, the 50 and 500 nm rutile phase NTs exhibit optimal enhancements in flexural strength, achieving increases of 54.9 and 47.1%, respectively. Conversely, at a curing age of 28 days with an NT content of 3.88%, these same nanotitania demonstrate their effectiveness once more, yielding improvements of 26.9% for the 50 nm variety and a remarkable 60.3% for the 500 nm variety.

Figure 12 Flexural strength of NT composite cement-based materials with different particle sizes of rutile phase: (a) 50 nm NT and (b) 500 nm NT.
Figure 12

Flexural strength of NT composite cement-based materials with different particle sizes of rutile phase: (a) 50 nm NT and (b) 500 nm NT.

3.2.2.3 Ratio of flexural strength to compressive strength

Figure 13 shows the ratio of flexural strength to compressive strength of the rutile phase NT composite cement-based material.

Figure 13 Ratio of flexural strength to compressive strength of rutile phase NT composite cement-based materials.
Figure 13

Ratio of flexural strength to compressive strength of rutile phase NT composite cement-based materials.

Figure 13 shows that rutile phase nanotitania (NT) of varying particle sizes enhances the flexural ratio of cementitious composites. Specifically, at 3 and 28 days of age, the incorporation of 50 nm NT elevates the flexural ratio of cement-based materials by 66.7 and 12.8%, respectively. Conversely, the use of 500 nm NT increases the flexural ratio by 76 and 61.3% at the same respective ages. Consequently, rutile phase NT of different particle sizes exhibits a significant capacity to improve the fracture toughness of cement composite materials.

4 Analysis of the influence mechanism of four-nanometer titanium dioxide

4.1 Microstructure construction process of pure cement system

In the cement storage system, cement, fly ash, quartz sand, and various other particulate materials are enveloped in water. Subsequently, through the cement paste reaction, ettringite, calcium hydroxide (CH), calcium silicate hydrate gel (C–S–H), and other hydration products adhere to the cement particle surfaces and gradually detach (Figure 14). Simultaneously, the precipitation of CH further diminishes the calcium ion concentration within the cement paste, facilitating its further dissolution. This process results in the precipitation of additional hydrated calcium silicate gel. As the hydration reaction persists, the space occupied by hydration products in the cement paste progressively diminishes. However, numerous pores remain unfilled by hydration products between the cement particles, suggesting that there is potential for enhancing the compactness of the cement paste.

Figure 14 Microstructure construction process of pure cement system.
Figure 14

Microstructure construction process of pure cement system.

4.2 Microstructure construction process of titanium dioxide cement system

Upon the addition of nano-titanium dioxide to cement paste, both cement particles and nano-titanium dioxide particles become enveloped by water. However, given that nano-titanium dioxide possesses a large specific surface area, it is predisposed to agglomeration, making full dispersion through conventional methods challenging. As cement particles dissolve within the paste, various hydration products – such as ettringite, CH, and C–S–H – not only form on the surface of the cement particles but also facilitate the precipitation of additional hydration products through crystal nucleation from nano-silicon dioxide [25–27].

As the hydration reaction progresses, cement particles and nano-titanium dioxide continue to yield hydration products. The hydration products accumulating on the surfaces of the cement particles serve primarily as gelatinous materials, binding both the cement particles and their associated hydration products into a cohesive mass (Figure 15). Simultaneously, the hydration products depositing on the surface of nano-titanium dioxide overlap with the existing hydration products of the cement, contributing to the formation of a new gel network structure that fills the spaces between cement particles. This results in a substantial increase in the density of the cement paste, leading to improved mechanical properties of the cement composite.

Figure 15 Microstructure construction process of titanium dioxide cement system.
Figure 15

Microstructure construction process of titanium dioxide cement system.

5 Conclusion

  1. The integration of elastic and fiber materials into cement composite formulations tends to reduce the compressive strength of the resulting cement. However, the incorporation of 2% polypropylene fibers significantly enhances the flexural strength of the cement composites, achieving a remarkable maximum increase of 83.3%.

  2. The compressive strength of titanium dioxide NT composite cement is notably influenced by factors such as curing age, crystal phase, particle size, and dosage. Specifically, at a curing age of 3 days, the rheological behavior of rutile NT composite cement witnesses a substantial increase in compressive strength, whereas the compressive strength of anatase NT composite cement tends to decrease during this period. Conversely, after a curing period of 28 days, both rutile phase NT composite cement and anatase phase NT composite cement exhibit an increase in compressive strength.

  3. Both rutile phase and anatase phase NT composite cements enhance the fracture toughness of cement-based materials. Notably, when the curing age is set at 3 days, the improvement in fracture toughness is most pronounced. For rutile phase NT composite cement, optimal results are achieved with a particle size of 15 nm and a dosage of 3.88%, yielding an impressive increase in fracture toughness of 67.83%. Meanwhile, for anatase phase NT composite cement, the best enhancement in fracture toughness occurs at a particle size of 50 nm and a dosage of 2.32%, resulting in a notable increase of 64.87%.

  1. Funding information: The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52288101 and No. 52074329).

  2. Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Received: 2024-09-08
Revised: 2024-12-22
Accepted: 2025-03-29
Published Online: 2025-07-10

© 2025 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Research Articles
  2. MHD radiative mixed convective flow of a sodium alginate-based hybrid nanofluid over a convectively heated extending sheet with Joule heating
  3. Experimental study of mortar incorporating nano-magnetite on engineering performance and radiation shielding
  4. Multicriteria-based optimization and multi-variable non-linear regression analysis of concrete containing blends of nano date palm ash and eggshell powder as cementitious materials
  5. A promising Ag2S/poly-2-amino-1-mercaptobenzene open-top spherical core–shell nanocomposite for optoelectronic devices: A one-pot technique
  6. Biogenic synthesized selenium nanoparticles combined chitosan nanoparticles controlled lung cancer growth via ROS generation and mitochondrial damage pathway
  7. Fabrication of PDMS nano-mold by deposition casting method
  8. Stimulus-responsive gradient hydrogel micro-actuators fabricated by two-photon polymerization-based 4D printing
  9. Physical aspects of radiative Carreau nanofluid flow with motile microorganisms movement under yield stress via oblique penetrable wedge
  10. Effect of polar functional groups on the hydrophobicity of carbon nanotubes-bacterial cellulose nanocomposite
  11. Review in green synthesis mechanisms, application, and future prospects for Garcinia mangostana L. (mangosteen)-derived nanoparticles
  12. Entropy generation and heat transfer in nonlinear Buoyancy–driven Darcy–Forchheimer hybrid nanofluids with activation energy
  13. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Ginkgo biloba seed extract: Evaluation of antioxidant, anticancer, antifungal, and antibacterial activities
  14. A numerical analysis of heat and mass transfer in water-based hybrid nanofluid flow containing copper and alumina nanoparticles over an extending sheet
  15. Investigating the behaviour of electro-magneto-hydrodynamic Carreau nanofluid flow with slip effects over a stretching cylinder
  16. Electrospun thermoplastic polyurethane/nano-Ag-coated clear aligners for the inhibition of Streptococcus mutans and oral biofilm
  17. Investigation of the optoelectronic properties of a novel polypyrrole-multi-well carbon nanotubes/titanium oxide/aluminum oxide/p-silicon heterojunction
  18. Novel photothermal magnetic Janus membranes suitable for solar water desalination
  19. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Ageratum conyzoides for activated carbon compositing to prepare antimicrobial cotton fabric
  20. Activation energy and Coriolis force impact on three-dimensional dusty nanofluid flow containing gyrotactic microorganisms: Machine learning and numerical approach
  21. Machine learning analysis of thermo-bioconvection in a micropolar hybrid nanofluid-filled square cavity with oxytactic microorganisms
  22. Research and improvement of mechanical properties of cement nanocomposites for well cementing
  23. Thermal and stability analysis of silver–water nanofluid flow over unsteady stretching sheet under the influence of heat generation/absorption at the boundary
  24. Cobalt iron oxide-infused silicone nanocomposites: Magnetoactive materials for remote actuation and sensing
  25. Magnesium-reinforced PMMA composite scaffolds: Synthesis, characterization, and 3D printing via stereolithography
  26. Bayesian inference-based physics-informed neural network for performance study of hybrid nanofluids
  27. Numerical simulation of non-Newtonian hybrid nanofluid flow subject to a heterogeneous/homogeneous chemical reaction over a Riga surface
  28. Enhancing the superhydrophobicity, UV-resistance, and antifungal properties of natural wood surfaces via in situ formation of ZnO, TiO2, and SiO2 particles
  29. Synthesis and electrochemical characterization of iron oxide/poly(2-methylaniline) nanohybrids for supercapacitor application
  30. Impacts of double stratification on thermally radiative third-grade nanofluid flow on elongating cylinder with homogeneous/heterogeneous reactions by implementing machine learning approach
  31. Synthesis of Cu4O3 nanoparticles using pumpkin seed extract: Optimization, antimicrobial, and cytotoxicity studies
  32. Cationic charge influence on the magnetic response of the Fe3O4–[Me2+ 1−y Me3+ y (OH2)] y+(Co3 2−) y/2·mH2O hydrotalcite system
  33. Pressure sensing intelligent martial arts short soldier combat protection system based on conjugated polymer nanocomposite materials
  34. Magnetohydrodynamics heat transfer rate under inclined buoyancy force for nano and dusty fluids: Response surface optimization for the thermal transport
  35. Fly ash and nano-graphene enhanced stabilization of engine oil-contaminated soils
  36. Enhancing natural fiber-reinforced biopolymer composites with graphene nanoplatelets: Mechanical, morphological, and thermal properties
  37. Performance evaluation of dual-scale strengthened co-bonded single-lap joints using carbon nanotubes and Z-pins with ANN
  38. Computational works of blood flow with dust particles and partially ionized containing tiny particles on a moving wedge: Applications of nanotechnology
  39. Hybridization of biocomposites with oil palm cellulose nanofibrils/graphene nanoplatelets reinforcement in green epoxy: A study of physical, thermal, mechanical, and morphological properties
  40. Design and preparation of micro-nano dual-scale particle-reinforced Cu–Al–V alloy: Research on the aluminothermic reduction process
  41. Spectral quasi-linearization and response optimization on magnetohydrodynamic flow via stenosed artery with hybrid and ternary solid nanoparticles: Support vector machine learning
  42. Ferrite/curcumin hybrid nanocomposite formulation: Physicochemical characterization, anticancer activity, and apoptotic and cell cycle analyses in skin cancer cells
  43. Enhanced therapeutic efficacy of Tamoxifen against breast cancer using extra virgin olive oil-based nanoemulsion delivery system
  44. A titanium oxide- and silver-based hybrid nanofluid flow between two Riga walls that converge and diverge through a machine-learning approach
  45. Enhancing convective heat transfer mechanisms through the rheological analysis of Casson nanofluid flow towards a stagnation point over an electro-magnetized surface
  46. Intrinsic self-sensing cementitious composites with hybrid nanofillers exhibiting excellent piezoresistivity
  47. Research on mechanical properties and sulfate erosion resistance of nano-reinforced coal gangue based geopolymer concrete
  48. Impact of surface and configurational features of chemically synthesized chains of Ni nanostars on the magnetization reversal process
  49. Porous sponge-like AsOI/poly(2-aminobenzene-1-thiol) nanocomposite photocathode for hydrogen production from artificial and natural seawater
  50. Multifaceted insights into WO3 nanoparticle-coupled antibiotics to modulate resistance in enteric pathogens of Houbara bustard birds
  51. Synthesis of sericin-coated silver nanoparticles and their applications for the anti-bacterial finishing of cotton fabric
  52. Enhancing chloride resistance of freeze–thaw affected concrete through innovative nanomaterial–polymer hybrid cementitious coating
  53. Development and performance evaluation of green aluminium metal matrix composites reinforced with graphene nanopowder and marble dust
  54. Morphological, physical, thermal, and mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes reinforced arrowroot starch composites
  55. Influence of the graphene oxide nanosheet on tensile behavior and failure characteristics of the cement composites after high-temperature treatment
  56. Central composite design modeling in optimizing heat transfer rate in the dissipative and reactive dynamics of viscoplastic nanomaterials deploying Joule and heat generation aspects
  57. Double diffusion of nano-enhanced phase change materials in connected porous channels: A hybrid ISPH-XGBoost approach
  58. Synergistic impacts of Thompson–Troian slip, Stefan blowing, and nonuniform heat generation on Casson nanofluid dynamics through a porous medium
  59. Optimization of abrasive water jet machining parameters for basalt fiber/SiO2 nanofiller reinforced composites
  60. Enhancing aesthetic durability of Zisha teapots via TiO2 nanoparticle surface modification: A study on self-cleaning, antimicrobial, and mechanical properties
  61. Nanocellulose solution based on iron(iii) sodium tartrate complexes
  62. Combating multidrug-resistant infections: Gold nanoparticles–chitosan–papain-integrated dual-action nanoplatform for enhanced antibacterial activity
  63. Novel royal jelly-mediated green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles and their multifunctional biological activities
  64. Direct bandgap transition for emission in GeSn nanowires
  65. Synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles with different morphologies using a microwave-based method and their antimicrobial activity
  66. Numerical investigation of convective heat and mass transfer in a trapezoidal cavity filled with ternary hybrid nanofluid and a central obstacle
  67. Halloysite nanotube enhanced polyurethane nanocomposites for advanced electroinsulating applications
  68. Low molar mass ionic liquid’s modified carbon nanotubes and its role in PVDF crystalline stress generation
  69. Green synthesis of polydopamine-functionalized silver nanoparticles conjugated with Ceftazidime: in silico and experimental approach for combating antibiotic-resistant bacteria and reducing toxicity
  70. Evaluating the influence of graphene nano powder inclusion on mechanical, vibrational and water absorption behaviour of ramie/abaca hybrid composites
  71. Dynamic-behavior of Casson-type hybrid nanofluids due to a stretching sheet under the coupled impacts of boundary slip and reaction-diffusion processes
  72. Influence of polyvinyl alcohol on the physicochemical and self-sensing properties of nano carbon black reinforced cement mortar
  73. Advanced machine learning approaches for predicting compressive and flexural strength of carbon nanotube–reinforced cement composites: a comparative study and model interpretability analysis
  74. Review Articles
  75. A comprehensive review on hybrid plasmonic waveguides: Structures, applications, challenges, and future perspectives
  76. Nanoparticles in low-temperature preservation of biological systems of animal origin
  77. Fluorescent sulfur quantum dots for environmental monitoring
  78. Nanoscience systematic review methodology standardization
  79. Nanotechnology revolutionizing osteosarcoma treatment: Advances in targeted kinase inhibitors
  80. AFM: An important enabling technology for 2D materials and devices
  81. Carbon and 2D nanomaterial smart hydrogels for therapeutic applications
  82. Principles, applications and future prospects in photodegradation systems
  83. Do gold nanoparticles consistently benefit crop plants under both non-stressed and abiotic stress conditions?
  84. An updated overview of nanoparticle-induced cardiovascular toxicity
  85. Arginine as a promising amino acid for functionalized nanosystems: Innovations, challenges, and future directions
  86. Advancements in the use of cancer nanovaccines: Comprehensive insights with focus on lung and colon cancer
  87. Membrane-based biomimetic delivery systems for glioblastoma multiforme therapy
  88. The drug delivery systems based on nanoparticles for spinal cord injury repair
  89. Green synthesis, biomedical effects, and future trends of Ag/ZnO bimetallic nanoparticles: An update
  90. Application of magnesium and its compounds in biomaterials for nerve injury repair
  91. Micro/nanomotors in biomedicine: Construction and applications
  92. Hydrothermal synthesis of biomass-derived CQDs: Advances and applications
  93. Research progress in 3D bioprinting of skin: Challenges and opportunities
  94. Review on bio-selenium nanoparticles: Synthesis, protocols, and applications in biomedical processes
  95. Gold nanocrystals and nanorods functionalized with protein and polymeric ligands for environmental, energy storage, and diagnostic applications: A review
  96. An in-depth analysis of rotational and non-rotational piezoelectric energy harvesting beams: A comprehensive review
  97. Advancements in perovskite/CIGS tandem solar cells: Material synergies, device configurations, and economic viability for sustainable energy
  98. Deep learning in-depth analysis of crystal graph convolutional neural networks: A new era in materials discovery and its applications
  99. Review of recent nano TiO2 film coating methods, assessment techniques, and key problems for scaleup
  100. Antioxidant quantum dots for spinal cord injuries: A review on advancing neuroprotection and regeneration in neurological disorders
  101. Rise of polycatecholamine ultrathin films: From synthesis to smart applications
  102. Advancing microencapsulation strategies for bioactive compounds: Enhancing stability, bioavailability, and controlled release in food applications
  103. Advances in the design and manipulation of self-assembling peptide and protein nanostructures for biomedical applications
  104. Photocatalytic pervious concrete systems: from classic photocatalysis to luminescent photocatalysis
  105. Corrigendum
  106. Corrigendum to “Synthesis and characterization of smart stimuli-responsive herbal drug-encapsulated nanoniosome particles for efficient treatment of breast cancer”
  107. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Carbon Capture, Environment and Utilization for Energy Sustainability - Part III
  108. Efficiency optimization of quantum dot photovoltaic cell by solar thermophotovoltaic system
  109. Exploring the diverse nanomaterials employed in dental prosthesis and implant techniques: An overview
  110. Electrochemical investigation of bismuth-doped anode materials for low‑temperature solid oxide fuel cells with boosted voltage using a DC-DC voltage converter
  111. Synthesis of HfSe2 and CuHfSe2 crystalline materials using the chemical vapor transport method and their applications in supercapacitor energy storage devices
  112. Special Issue on Green Nanotechnology and Nano-materials for Environment Sustainability
  113. Influence of nano-silica and nano-ferrite particles on mechanical and durability of sustainable concrete: A review
  114. Surfaces and interfaces analysis on different carboxymethylation reaction time of anionic cellulose nanoparticles derived from oil palm biomass
  115. Processing and effective utilization of lignocellulosic biomass: Nanocellulose, nanolignin, and nanoxylan for wastewater treatment
  116. Retraction
  117. Retraction of “Aging assessment of silicone rubber materials under corona discharge accompanied by humidity and UV radiation”
https://doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2025-0163
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
nano-titanium composite cement; compressive strength; fracture toughness
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Research Articles
  2. MHD radiative mixed convective flow of a sodium alginate-based hybrid nanofluid over a convectively heated extending sheet with Joule heating
  3. Experimental study of mortar incorporating nano-magnetite on engineering performance and radiation shielding
  4. Multicriteria-based optimization and multi-variable non-linear regression analysis of concrete containing blends of nano date palm ash and eggshell powder as cementitious materials
  5. A promising Ag2S/poly-2-amino-1-mercaptobenzene open-top spherical core–shell nanocomposite for optoelectronic devices: A one-pot technique
  6. Biogenic synthesized selenium nanoparticles combined chitosan nanoparticles controlled lung cancer growth via ROS generation and mitochondrial damage pathway
  7. Fabrication of PDMS nano-mold by deposition casting method
  8. Stimulus-responsive gradient hydrogel micro-actuators fabricated by two-photon polymerization-based 4D printing
  9. Physical aspects of radiative Carreau nanofluid flow with motile microorganisms movement under yield stress via oblique penetrable wedge
  10. Effect of polar functional groups on the hydrophobicity of carbon nanotubes-bacterial cellulose nanocomposite
  11. Review in green synthesis mechanisms, application, and future prospects for Garcinia mangostana L. (mangosteen)-derived nanoparticles
  12. Entropy generation and heat transfer in nonlinear Buoyancy–driven Darcy–Forchheimer hybrid nanofluids with activation energy
  13. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Ginkgo biloba seed extract: Evaluation of antioxidant, anticancer, antifungal, and antibacterial activities
  14. A numerical analysis of heat and mass transfer in water-based hybrid nanofluid flow containing copper and alumina nanoparticles over an extending sheet
  15. Investigating the behaviour of electro-magneto-hydrodynamic Carreau nanofluid flow with slip effects over a stretching cylinder
  16. Electrospun thermoplastic polyurethane/nano-Ag-coated clear aligners for the inhibition of Streptococcus mutans and oral biofilm
  17. Investigation of the optoelectronic properties of a novel polypyrrole-multi-well carbon nanotubes/titanium oxide/aluminum oxide/p-silicon heterojunction
  18. Novel photothermal magnetic Janus membranes suitable for solar water desalination
  19. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Ageratum conyzoides for activated carbon compositing to prepare antimicrobial cotton fabric
  20. Activation energy and Coriolis force impact on three-dimensional dusty nanofluid flow containing gyrotactic microorganisms: Machine learning and numerical approach
  21. Machine learning analysis of thermo-bioconvection in a micropolar hybrid nanofluid-filled square cavity with oxytactic microorganisms
  22. Research and improvement of mechanical properties of cement nanocomposites for well cementing
  23. Thermal and stability analysis of silver–water nanofluid flow over unsteady stretching sheet under the influence of heat generation/absorption at the boundary
  24. Cobalt iron oxide-infused silicone nanocomposites: Magnetoactive materials for remote actuation and sensing
  25. Magnesium-reinforced PMMA composite scaffolds: Synthesis, characterization, and 3D printing via stereolithography
  26. Bayesian inference-based physics-informed neural network for performance study of hybrid nanofluids
  27. Numerical simulation of non-Newtonian hybrid nanofluid flow subject to a heterogeneous/homogeneous chemical reaction over a Riga surface
  28. Enhancing the superhydrophobicity, UV-resistance, and antifungal properties of natural wood surfaces via in situ formation of ZnO, TiO2, and SiO2 particles
  29. Synthesis and electrochemical characterization of iron oxide/poly(2-methylaniline) nanohybrids for supercapacitor application
  30. Impacts of double stratification on thermally radiative third-grade nanofluid flow on elongating cylinder with homogeneous/heterogeneous reactions by implementing machine learning approach
  31. Synthesis of Cu4O3 nanoparticles using pumpkin seed extract: Optimization, antimicrobial, and cytotoxicity studies
  32. Cationic charge influence on the magnetic response of the Fe3O4–[Me2+ 1−y Me3+ y (OH2)] y+(Co3 2−) y/2·mH2O hydrotalcite system
  33. Pressure sensing intelligent martial arts short soldier combat protection system based on conjugated polymer nanocomposite materials
  34. Magnetohydrodynamics heat transfer rate under inclined buoyancy force for nano and dusty fluids: Response surface optimization for the thermal transport
  35. Fly ash and nano-graphene enhanced stabilization of engine oil-contaminated soils
  36. Enhancing natural fiber-reinforced biopolymer composites with graphene nanoplatelets: Mechanical, morphological, and thermal properties
  37. Performance evaluation of dual-scale strengthened co-bonded single-lap joints using carbon nanotubes and Z-pins with ANN
  38. Computational works of blood flow with dust particles and partially ionized containing tiny particles on a moving wedge: Applications of nanotechnology
  39. Hybridization of biocomposites with oil palm cellulose nanofibrils/graphene nanoplatelets reinforcement in green epoxy: A study of physical, thermal, mechanical, and morphological properties
  40. Design and preparation of micro-nano dual-scale particle-reinforced Cu–Al–V alloy: Research on the aluminothermic reduction process
  41. Spectral quasi-linearization and response optimization on magnetohydrodynamic flow via stenosed artery with hybrid and ternary solid nanoparticles: Support vector machine learning
  42. Ferrite/curcumin hybrid nanocomposite formulation: Physicochemical characterization, anticancer activity, and apoptotic and cell cycle analyses in skin cancer cells
  43. Enhanced therapeutic efficacy of Tamoxifen against breast cancer using extra virgin olive oil-based nanoemulsion delivery system
  44. A titanium oxide- and silver-based hybrid nanofluid flow between two Riga walls that converge and diverge through a machine-learning approach
  45. Enhancing convective heat transfer mechanisms through the rheological analysis of Casson nanofluid flow towards a stagnation point over an electro-magnetized surface
  46. Intrinsic self-sensing cementitious composites with hybrid nanofillers exhibiting excellent piezoresistivity
  47. Research on mechanical properties and sulfate erosion resistance of nano-reinforced coal gangue based geopolymer concrete
  48. Impact of surface and configurational features of chemically synthesized chains of Ni nanostars on the magnetization reversal process
  49. Porous sponge-like AsOI/poly(2-aminobenzene-1-thiol) nanocomposite photocathode for hydrogen production from artificial and natural seawater
  50. Multifaceted insights into WO3 nanoparticle-coupled antibiotics to modulate resistance in enteric pathogens of Houbara bustard birds
  51. Synthesis of sericin-coated silver nanoparticles and their applications for the anti-bacterial finishing of cotton fabric
  52. Enhancing chloride resistance of freeze–thaw affected concrete through innovative nanomaterial–polymer hybrid cementitious coating
  53. Development and performance evaluation of green aluminium metal matrix composites reinforced with graphene nanopowder and marble dust
  54. Morphological, physical, thermal, and mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes reinforced arrowroot starch composites
  55. Influence of the graphene oxide nanosheet on tensile behavior and failure characteristics of the cement composites after high-temperature treatment
  56. Central composite design modeling in optimizing heat transfer rate in the dissipative and reactive dynamics of viscoplastic nanomaterials deploying Joule and heat generation aspects
  57. Double diffusion of nano-enhanced phase change materials in connected porous channels: A hybrid ISPH-XGBoost approach
  58. Synergistic impacts of Thompson–Troian slip, Stefan blowing, and nonuniform heat generation on Casson nanofluid dynamics through a porous medium
  59. Optimization of abrasive water jet machining parameters for basalt fiber/SiO2 nanofiller reinforced composites
  60. Enhancing aesthetic durability of Zisha teapots via TiO2 nanoparticle surface modification: A study on self-cleaning, antimicrobial, and mechanical properties
  61. Nanocellulose solution based on iron(iii) sodium tartrate complexes
  62. Combating multidrug-resistant infections: Gold nanoparticles–chitosan–papain-integrated dual-action nanoplatform for enhanced antibacterial activity
  63. Novel royal jelly-mediated green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles and their multifunctional biological activities
  64. Direct bandgap transition for emission in GeSn nanowires
  65. Synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles with different morphologies using a microwave-based method and their antimicrobial activity
  66. Numerical investigation of convective heat and mass transfer in a trapezoidal cavity filled with ternary hybrid nanofluid and a central obstacle
  67. Halloysite nanotube enhanced polyurethane nanocomposites for advanced electroinsulating applications
  68. Low molar mass ionic liquid’s modified carbon nanotubes and its role in PVDF crystalline stress generation
  69. Green synthesis of polydopamine-functionalized silver nanoparticles conjugated with Ceftazidime: in silico and experimental approach for combating antibiotic-resistant bacteria and reducing toxicity
  70. Evaluating the influence of graphene nano powder inclusion on mechanical, vibrational and water absorption behaviour of ramie/abaca hybrid composites
  71. Dynamic-behavior of Casson-type hybrid nanofluids due to a stretching sheet under the coupled impacts of boundary slip and reaction-diffusion processes
  72. Influence of polyvinyl alcohol on the physicochemical and self-sensing properties of nano carbon black reinforced cement mortar
  73. Advanced machine learning approaches for predicting compressive and flexural strength of carbon nanotube–reinforced cement composites: a comparative study and model interpretability analysis
  74. Review Articles
  75. A comprehensive review on hybrid plasmonic waveguides: Structures, applications, challenges, and future perspectives
  76. Nanoparticles in low-temperature preservation of biological systems of animal origin
  77. Fluorescent sulfur quantum dots for environmental monitoring
  78. Nanoscience systematic review methodology standardization
  79. Nanotechnology revolutionizing osteosarcoma treatment: Advances in targeted kinase inhibitors
  80. AFM: An important enabling technology for 2D materials and devices
  81. Carbon and 2D nanomaterial smart hydrogels for therapeutic applications
  82. Principles, applications and future prospects in photodegradation systems
  83. Do gold nanoparticles consistently benefit crop plants under both non-stressed and abiotic stress conditions?
  84. An updated overview of nanoparticle-induced cardiovascular toxicity
  85. Arginine as a promising amino acid for functionalized nanosystems: Innovations, challenges, and future directions
  86. Advancements in the use of cancer nanovaccines: Comprehensive insights with focus on lung and colon cancer
  87. Membrane-based biomimetic delivery systems for glioblastoma multiforme therapy
  88. The drug delivery systems based on nanoparticles for spinal cord injury repair
  89. Green synthesis, biomedical effects, and future trends of Ag/ZnO bimetallic nanoparticles: An update
  90. Application of magnesium and its compounds in biomaterials for nerve injury repair
  91. Micro/nanomotors in biomedicine: Construction and applications
  92. Hydrothermal synthesis of biomass-derived CQDs: Advances and applications
  93. Research progress in 3D bioprinting of skin: Challenges and opportunities
  94. Review on bio-selenium nanoparticles: Synthesis, protocols, and applications in biomedical processes
  95. Gold nanocrystals and nanorods functionalized with protein and polymeric ligands for environmental, energy storage, and diagnostic applications: A review
  96. An in-depth analysis of rotational and non-rotational piezoelectric energy harvesting beams: A comprehensive review
  97. Advancements in perovskite/CIGS tandem solar cells: Material synergies, device configurations, and economic viability for sustainable energy
  98. Deep learning in-depth analysis of crystal graph convolutional neural networks: A new era in materials discovery and its applications
  99. Review of recent nano TiO2 film coating methods, assessment techniques, and key problems for scaleup
  100. Antioxidant quantum dots for spinal cord injuries: A review on advancing neuroprotection and regeneration in neurological disorders
  101. Rise of polycatecholamine ultrathin films: From synthesis to smart applications
  102. Advancing microencapsulation strategies for bioactive compounds: Enhancing stability, bioavailability, and controlled release in food applications
  103. Advances in the design and manipulation of self-assembling peptide and protein nanostructures for biomedical applications
  104. Photocatalytic pervious concrete systems: from classic photocatalysis to luminescent photocatalysis
  105. Corrigendum
  106. Corrigendum to “Synthesis and characterization of smart stimuli-responsive herbal drug-encapsulated nanoniosome particles for efficient treatment of breast cancer”
  107. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Carbon Capture, Environment and Utilization for Energy Sustainability - Part III
  108. Efficiency optimization of quantum dot photovoltaic cell by solar thermophotovoltaic system
  109. Exploring the diverse nanomaterials employed in dental prosthesis and implant techniques: An overview
  110. Electrochemical investigation of bismuth-doped anode materials for low‑temperature solid oxide fuel cells with boosted voltage using a DC-DC voltage converter
  111. Synthesis of HfSe2 and CuHfSe2 crystalline materials using the chemical vapor transport method and their applications in supercapacitor energy storage devices
  112. Special Issue on Green Nanotechnology and Nano-materials for Environment Sustainability
  113. Influence of nano-silica and nano-ferrite particles on mechanical and durability of sustainable concrete: A review
  114. Surfaces and interfaces analysis on different carboxymethylation reaction time of anionic cellulose nanoparticles derived from oil palm biomass
  115. Processing and effective utilization of lignocellulosic biomass: Nanocellulose, nanolignin, and nanoxylan for wastewater treatment
  116. Retraction
  117. Retraction of “Aging assessment of silicone rubber materials under corona discharge accompanied by humidity and UV radiation”
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