Startseite Machine learning-based prediction of total phenolic and flavonoid in horticultural products
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Machine learning-based prediction of total phenolic and flavonoid in horticultural products

  • Kusumiyati Kusumiyati EMAIL logo und Yonathan Asikin
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 7. Januar 2023
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Open Agriculture
Aus der Zeitschrift Open Agriculture Band 8 Heft 1

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to predict the total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) in several horticultural commodities using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) combined with machine learning. Although models are typically developed for a single product, expanding the coverage of the model can improve efficiency. In this study, 700 samples were used, including varieties of shallot, cayenne pepper, and red chili. The results showed that the TPC model developed yielded R 2cal, root mean squares error in the calibration set, R 2pred, root mean squares error in prediction set, and ratio of performance to deviation values of 0.79, 123.33, 0.78, 124.20, and 2.13, respectively. Meanwhile, the TFC model produced values of 0.71, 44.52, 0.72, 42.10, and 1.87, respectively. The wavelengths 912, 939, and 942 nm are closely related to phenolic compounds and flavonoids. The accuracy of the model in this study produced satisfactory results. Therefore, the application of NIRS and machine learning to horticultural products has a high potential of replacing conventional laboratory analysis TPC and TFC.

Keywords: chemometrics; multivariate data analysis; near-infrared spectroscopy; nutritional compounds; rapid measurement

1 Introduction

Natural antioxidants are produced from plants with secondary metabolites such as phenols and flavonoids. Phenolic compounds are the largest group of compounds that act as natural antioxidants. Furthermore, polyphenols are the most common types of natural phenolic compounds from which ether, ester, or glycoside compounds, such as flavonoids, tannins, tocopherols, coumarins, lignins, cinnamic acid derivatives, and polyfunctional organic acids, are produced. These phenolic compounds influence the sensory properties of food, with tannins contributing significantly to food astringency. The ability of antioxidants to reduce free radicals increases as the total phenolic and flavonoid levels rise [1].

Chemical analysis in the laboratory is generally used to determine quality attributes of horticultural products, which requires a significant amount of time and money. It also generates chemical waste, which can harm the environment [2]. Therefore, a technique for measuring the quality attributes of horticultural commodities without the need for chemical analysis in the laboratory is required.

In recent decades, various techniques have been developed as alternatives to chemical analysis, including hyperspectral imaging [3], visible/near-infrared spectroscopy [4,5,6], acoustic vibration [7,8], nuclear magnetic resonance [9], and electronic nose [10]. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has several advantages over other techniques, including the ability to predict organic samples in solid, liquid, and gaseous forms. Various studies have shown that the accuracy of NIRS, when used on agricultural products, is generally high. Nieto-Ortega et al. [11] used NIRS to predict the non-polysaccharide content in monogastric cereal feed ingredients and obtained an average accuracy value (R 2) of 0.90. According to Digman and Runge [12], NIRS performed excellently (R 2 = 0.86) in predicting the maturity of green peas. Reis [13] also concluded that NIRS showed satisfactory performance in predicting meat attributes. Furthermore, the NIRS tool is easy to use, allowing beginners to use it with ease.

The agricultural industry has begun implementing automation in areas such as harvesting, watering, fertilizing, and pesticide application. Machine learning is a branch of artificial intelligence that allows a machine to learn from data. It is also the application of computers and mathematical algorithms to generate future predictions through data-driven learning [14]. In this case, machine learning was combined with NIRS to predict quality attributes and classify agricultural commodities without damaging them. The application of NIRS and machine learning allows for automation in grading agricultural commodities based on prediction results of desired quality attributes.

Most NIRS studies only develop models for specific products, such as apples [15,16], peaches [17], pears [18], and lemons [19,20]. Developing a model that predicts the quality attributes of various agricultural commodities can increase its efficiency. Therefore, this study aimed to predict quality attributes, such as total phenolic and flavonoid contents using NIRS combined with machine learning on several horticultural commodities. This study also tested several spectra preprocessing methods for reducing noise in the spectral data.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Sample preparation

The samples used in this study were shallot (var. Batu Ijo, var. Bima, var. Trisula, and var. Sumenep), cayenne pepper (var. Domba, var. Manik, and var. Ratuni UNPAD), and red chili (var. UNPAD CB2, var. Lingga, var. Tanjung, and var. Tanjung 2). Planting took place at an altitude of 829 m above sea level (masl), with average daily temperatures ranging from 20 to 30°C. The harvested samples were in good condition and free of pests and diseases before transferring them to the Laboratory of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, for further analysis. The sample was thinly sliced, dried in an oven at 60°C for 24 h, and ground with a mortar until smooth [21]. Furthermore, powdered samples were prepared for spectral data collection.

2.2 Spectra data acquisition

NirVana AG410 (Integrated Spectronics Pty, Ltd., North Ryde, Australia) with a wavelength of 702–1,065 nm was used for data collection of spectra samples. The sample was placed in a Petri dish with a black cardboard base. Each sample was then scanned four times before obtaining the spectra data from the mean value of the measurements. Spectral data in this study were collected in diffuse reflectance mode and then converted into absorbance values.

2.3 Phenolic and flavonoid analysis

Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) measurements were carried out using a UV–Vis spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, UV mini-1240, Tokyo, Japan). The Folin–Ciocalteu method, developed by Lim and Murtijaya, was used to measure TPC [22]. The extracted filtrate was mixed with 2.5 mL of Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, followed by 2 mL of sodium carbonate. After incubation for 1 h, the filtrate was measured at a wavelength of 765 nm. Sytar et al. developed a procedure for measuring TFC [23]. The extracted filtrate was mixed with 2 mL of methanol and 0.1 mL of AlCl3. Subsequently, 1 M sodium acetate and 2.3 mL of water were added, before incubating for 30 min and measuring at 432 nm.

2.4 Multivariate data analysis

Preprocessed of the sample absorbance spectra was performed using multiplicative scatter correction (MSC), standard normal variate (SNV), moving average (MA), baseline correction, de-trending, first derivative (dg1), and second derivative Savitzky–Golay (dg2). The spectra preprocessing was done to reduce the variety of spectra produced by light interference, temperature differences during data collection, and background information [24,25]. Furthermore, spectra preprocessing was expected to improve the predictive ability of the developed model [26]. Partial least squares (PLS) regression was used in model development for predicting phenolic (TPC), and flavonoid content (TFC), while data analysis and model development were carried out using the Unscrambler X 10.4 software (Camo AS, Oslo, Norway).

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Measured data analysis

Table 1 shows the TPC and TFC of various horticultural commodities. Several factors influence physiological properties in agricultural products, including genetics, growing environment, plant cultivation techniques, postharvest handling, and analytical methods. Cayenne pepper var. Ratuni UNPAD had values ranging from 1136.14 to 1982.53 mg/100 g dry weight (DW), with the highest mean TPC value being 1453.87 mg/100 g DW. Meanwhile, shallot var. Sumenep had the lowest mean TPC value of 455.79 mg/100 g DW, with values ranging from 276.86 to 734.64 mg/100 g DW. Shallot var. Trisula showed the highest mean TFC value of 310.33 mg/100 g DW, with values ranging from 57.02 to 587.80 mg/100 g DW, while shallot var. Batu Ijo had the lowest total flavonoid of 45.28 mg/100 g DW, with values ranging from 18.09 to 73.87 mg/100 g DW. The difference in TPC and TFC values for each commodity and variety is due to differences in chemical composition. The range of TPC and TFC for powdered samples in this study has values similar to that reported in previous studies [27,28]. However, the analytical method for determining TPC and TFC affects the measurement results. In this study, phenolic compounds are sensitive to high temperatures, but the samples used were powdered samples that had been oven-dried. Therefore, the findings in this study are lower than previous reports on TPC and TPF in fresh samples [29,30].

Table 1

Wet chemistry data of total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC) derived from several horticultural products

Commodity Variety TPC (mg/100 g DW) TFC (mg/100 g DW)
Range Mean Range Mean
Shallot Batu Ijo 270.65–669.70 526.18 18.09–73.87 45.28
Bima 614.18–1612.53 944.64 65.78–475.59 212.66
Trisula 717.36–1531.78 1045.32 57.02–587.80 310.33
Sumenep 276.86–734.64 455.79 48.02–461.12 174.93
Cayenne pepper Domba 1129.29–1358.46 1221.30 162.69–210.31 187.03
Manik 1025.49–1279.43 1153.44 169.75–232.72 204.98
Ratuni UNPAD 1136.14–1982.53 1453.87 30.83–625.56 117.50
Red chili UNPAD CB2 784.16–1418.33 1078.20 76.88–324.29 224.60
Lingga 893.42–1242.37 1065.22 112.98–282.14 173.19
Tanjung 606.47–1571.25 945.63 112.34–406.96 243.87
Tanjung 2 968.61–1209.78 1082.45 167.46–419.49 262.03

3.2 Spectra characteristics

The absorbance data reflect the characteristic spectra displayed by the sample. Differences in commodity, variety, sample surface, and temperature affect the spectral data obtained. In this study, spectral data with a wavelength of 702–1,065 nm covering the near-infrared region for model development were used. These areas detect various quality attributes in agricultural commodities, including water content, starch, sugar, and other physicochemical properties [31,32,33]. Moreover, several other studies reported using NIRS to monitor adulteration in agricultural commodities, fruit pesticide residues, and early disease detection in potatoes [34,35,36,37]. One of the challenges in analyzing NIRS data is the amount of noise in the sample spectra. Therefore, special handling is sometimes required to reduce the noise. The sample spectra data were analyzed using various preprocessing methods before the model development stage. Based on the results of the spectral preprocessing shown in Figure 1, the peak was not visible in the 702–1,065 nm region in the original spectra, as well as in the MSC and MA spectra. Furthermore, the SNV and MSC methods are similar in that they normalize data by reducing the effect of multiplicative and light scattering on the original spectra. In several other studies, the application of MSC and SNV showed similar spectral patterns, but this was not the case in this study. MA works by averaging adjacent points and using the value as a new point. Although the detrending method is generally used to process grain samples [38], it was used in processing powder samples in this study. Several high peaks were seen in the baseline, SNV, detrending, dg1, and dg2 spectra at 840, 900, 940, and 1,025 nm. The peak was clearly visible, particularly in the detrending spectra, dg1 and dg2. The Savitzky–Golay derivative method (dg1 and dg2) is typically used to detect compounds in small concentrations. Therefore, the peaks in the spectral data are more clearly observed with this method. It is necessary to have the right strategy in determining the spectra preprocessing method since the Savitzky–Golay derivative method sometimes increases the error value in the resulting model. Despite preprocessing, this study was still unable to determine the best spectra preprocessing method for this dataset. This can be determined after modeling the results of each preprocessing spectra.

Figure 1 Original and preprocessed spectra of samples. (a) Original, (b) MSC, (c) SNV, (d) MA, (e) baseline, (f) detrending, (g) dg1, and (h) dg2.
Figure 1

Original and preprocessed spectra of samples. (a) Original, (b) MSC, (c) SNV, (d) MA, (e) baseline, (f) detrending, (g) dg1, and (h) dg2.

3.3 Model development

Regression modeling involves spectral and wet chemistry data. As shown in Table 2, 525 samples were assigned to develop a regression model using PLS, while 175 samples were used to test the reliability of the developed model. The regression model was then validated using K-fold cross-validation, and the samples were divided into 20 segments, each segment containing 26–27 samples. This cross-validation aimed to determine the optimum principal components and avoid overfitting, a condition in which the model fails to predict an unknown sample. A good model is expected to have a high R 2 and a low error in the calibration and prediction set [39]. Therefore, to improve the accuracy of the developed model, various spectra preprocessing methods were tested. The determination of the best model was based on the coefficient of determination in the calibration set (R 2cal), root mean squares error in the calibration set (RMSEC), coefficient of determination in the prediction set (R 2pred), root mean squares error in prediction set (RMSEP), and the ratio of performance to deviation (RPD). However, when compared to other results, the original spectra (without preprocessing) presented the best model in this study. R 2cal, RMSEC, R 2pred, RMSEP, and RPD values for the TPC model were 0.79, 123.33, 0.78, 124.20, and 2.13, while the TFC model had values of 0.71, 44.52, 0.72, 42.10, and 1.87, respectively. This phenomenon sometimes occurs in NIRS data analysis, where preprocessed spectra do not improve model accuracy. It is possibly due to the high variability of the dataset in this study. Spectra preprocessing reduces the variability or diversity in data spectra samples. Therefore, the original spectra had the best performance on both quality attributes. Similar results were obtained in a study conducted by Zhao et al. [40], who found that the original spectra outperformed the MSC and SNV preprocessing results. Rubini et al. [41] reported that the model developed from the SNV spectra was less accurate than the original spectra in predicting levopimaric acid and turpentine in maritime pine.

Table 2

PLS regression results for prediction of total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC) in horticultural products

Trait Preprocessing Calibration (n = 525) Prediction (n = 175) RPD
R 2cal RMSEC R 2pred RMSEP
TPC Original 0.79 123.33 0.78 124.20 2.13
MSC 0.53 185.16 0.50 187.87 1.41
SNV 0.75 136.12 0.70 143.87 1.84
MA 0.77 128.61 0.75 131.78 2.01
Baseline 0.77 128.07 0.75 130.89 2.02
Detrending 0.77 128.88 0.75 130.64 2.02
dg1 0.75 135.10 0.70 143.53 1.84
dg2 0.74 138.00 0.70 145.04 1.82
TFC Original 0.71 44.52 0.72 42.10 1.87
MSC 0.49 58.88 0.57 52.70 1.53
SNV 0.66 47.85 0.69 44.95 1.80
MA 0.70 44.88 0.72 43.05 1.88
Baseline 0.70 45.37 0.67 46.22 1.75
De-trending 0.65 48.65 0.63 48.68 1.66
dg1 0.67 47.26 0.67 45.84 1.76
dg2 0.65 48.66 0.67 46.02 1.75

Figure 2 shows scatter plots for TPC and TFC obtained from the best model, which is the original spectra. The red data distribution is the result of the analysis of the calibration set, while the yellow one is the prediction set. The closer the regression line data distribution, the better the resulting model. PLS is the most commonly used regression method for NIRS data analysis. The advantage of PLS is that it can reduce correlated independent variables (spectral data) and convert them into new, uncorrelated variables. PLS also involves the dependent variable (wet chemistry data) in forming these new variables. Therefore, the new variable contains information from the dependent variable, affecting good model accuracy. Kusumiyati et al. [42,43] conducted a study using NIRS combined with PLS regression to predict SSC in sapodilla and mango. The results revealed that NIRS combined with PLS is effective for SSC prediction. Furthermore, accuracy in model development is influenced by various factors, including data variability, modeling techniques, and instruments [44].

Figure 2 Scatter plot for calibration and prediction of total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC) in horticultural products.
Figure 2

Scatter plot for calibration and prediction of total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC) in horticultural products.

Agricultural commodities, particularly horticulture, have a complex chemical composition that comprises a large set of overtones and combination bands. In this research, PLS regression employed NIRS spectra and chemical composition, specifically TPC and TFC. The regression coefficient is utilized for understanding the calibration model resulting from PLS regression. As shown in Figure 3, regression coefficients indicate which wavelength contributes the most to the modeling of each quality attribute, and these important wavelengths are characterized by peaks and valleys. The regression coefficients were analyzed from the best model on both quality attributes, namely the model developed using the original spectra. Furthermore, peaks at wavelengths 912, 939, and 942 nm are associated with the third CH overtone and the second overtone of OH vibrations. These are also associated with the detection of antioxidants and phenol groups [45].

Figure 3 The regression coefficient of a machine learning model for predicting total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC).
Figure 3

The regression coefficient of a machine learning model for predicting total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC).

4 Conclusion

Based on the result of this study, NIRS can be combined with machine learning to predict TPC and TFC in horticultural products. The results show that the developed model has a fairly good performance with R 2 > 0.7 and that spectra preprocessing did not increase model accuracy. It could be because of the huge variance of the input data. Spectra preprocessing generally operates by minimizing the variability of data. Hence, the models generated from the preprocessed spectra performed no better than the original spectra. Furthermore, the wavelength of 900–950 nm is essential in developing TPC and TFC models. Therefore, the application of NIRS and machine learning is reliable enough to replace conventional measurement methods for TPC and TFC.

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to Yuda Hadiwijaya, Ine Elisa Putri, and Yusuf Eka Maulana as assistants who have provided direction, advice, and support for this study.

  1. Funding information: The authors state no funding involved.

  2. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  3. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Received: 2022-11-06
Revised: 2022-12-03
Accepted: 2022-12-07
Published Online: 2023-01-07

© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Artikel in diesem Heft

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  2. The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on business risks and potato commercial model
  3. Effects of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)–Mucuna pruriens intercropping pattern on the agronomic performances of potato and the soil physicochemical properties of the western highlands of Cameroon
  4. Machine learning-based prediction of total phenolic and flavonoid in horticultural products
  5. Revamping agricultural sector and its implications on output and employment generation: Evidence from Nigeria
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  8. Lablab purpureus: Analysis of landraces cultivation and distribution, farming systems, and some climatic trends in production areas in Tanzania
  9. The effects of carrot (Daucus carota L.) waste juice on the performances of native chicken in North Sulawesi, Indonesia
  10. Properties of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and its effects on plants and soil
  11. Factors influencing the role and performance of independent agricultural extension workers in supporting agricultural extension
  12. The fate of probiotic species applied in intensive grow-out ponds in rearing water and intestinal tracts of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei
  13. Yield stability and agronomic performances of provitamin A maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes in South-East of DR Congo
  14. Diallel analysis of length and shape of rice using Hayman and Griffing method
  15. Physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of various stem bark extracts of Hopea beccariana Burck potential as natural preservatives of coconut sap
  16. Correlation between descriptive and group type traits in the system of cow’s linear classification of Ukrainian Brown dairy breed
  17. Meta-analysis of the influence of the substitution of maize with cassava on performance indices of broiler chickens
  18. Bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance (BLIS) produced by Enterococcus faecium MA115 and its potential use as a seafood biopreservative
  19. Meta-analysis of the benefits of dietary Saccharomyces cerevisiae intervention on milk yield and component characteristics in lactating small ruminants
  20. Growth promotion potential of Bacillus spp. isolates on two tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) varieties in the West region of Cameroon
  21. Prioritizing IoT adoption strategies in millennial farming: An analytical network process approach
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  23. Soil macrofauna under laying hens’ grazed fields in two different agroecosystems in Portugal
  24. Factors affecting household carbohydrate food consumption in Central Java: Before and during the COVID-19 pandemic
  25. Properties of paper coated with Prunus serotina (Ehrh.) extract formulation
  26. Fertiliser cost prediction in European Union farms: Machine-learning approaches through artificial neural networks
  27. Molecular and phenotypic markers for pyramiding multiple traits in rice
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  53. Analysing the sustainability of swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis carabauesis) farming as a protein source and germplasm
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  72. In vitro and in silico study for plant growth promotion potential of indigenous Ochrobactrum ciceri and Bacillus australimaris
  73. Effects of repeated replanting on yield, dry matter, starch, and protein content in different potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) genotypes
  74. Review Articles
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  76. Black pepper (Piper nigrum Lam) as a natural feed additive and source of beneficial nutrients and phytochemicals in chicken nutrition
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  83. Special Issue on FCEM - International Web Conference on Food Choice & Eating Motivation - Part I
  84. Traditional agri-food products and sustainability – A fruitful relationship for the development of rural areas in Portugal
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https://doi.org/10.1515/opag-2022-0163
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
chemometrics; multivariate data analysis; near-infrared spectroscopy; nutritional compounds; rapid measurement
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Regular Articles
  2. The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on business risks and potato commercial model
  3. Effects of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)–Mucuna pruriens intercropping pattern on the agronomic performances of potato and the soil physicochemical properties of the western highlands of Cameroon
  4. Machine learning-based prediction of total phenolic and flavonoid in horticultural products
  5. Revamping agricultural sector and its implications on output and employment generation: Evidence from Nigeria
  6. Does product certification matter? A review of mechanism to influence customer loyalty in the poultry feed industry
  7. Farmer regeneration and knowledge co-creation in the sustainability of coconut agribusiness in Gorontalo, Indonesia
  8. Lablab purpureus: Analysis of landraces cultivation and distribution, farming systems, and some climatic trends in production areas in Tanzania
  9. The effects of carrot (Daucus carota L.) waste juice on the performances of native chicken in North Sulawesi, Indonesia
  10. Properties of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and its effects on plants and soil
  11. Factors influencing the role and performance of independent agricultural extension workers in supporting agricultural extension
  12. The fate of probiotic species applied in intensive grow-out ponds in rearing water and intestinal tracts of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei
  13. Yield stability and agronomic performances of provitamin A maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes in South-East of DR Congo
  14. Diallel analysis of length and shape of rice using Hayman and Griffing method
  15. Physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of various stem bark extracts of Hopea beccariana Burck potential as natural preservatives of coconut sap
  16. Correlation between descriptive and group type traits in the system of cow’s linear classification of Ukrainian Brown dairy breed
  17. Meta-analysis of the influence of the substitution of maize with cassava on performance indices of broiler chickens
  18. Bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance (BLIS) produced by Enterococcus faecium MA115 and its potential use as a seafood biopreservative
  19. Meta-analysis of the benefits of dietary Saccharomyces cerevisiae intervention on milk yield and component characteristics in lactating small ruminants
  20. Growth promotion potential of Bacillus spp. isolates on two tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) varieties in the West region of Cameroon
  21. Prioritizing IoT adoption strategies in millennial farming: An analytical network process approach
  22. Soil fertility and pomelo yield influenced by soil conservation practices
  23. Soil macrofauna under laying hens’ grazed fields in two different agroecosystems in Portugal
  24. Factors affecting household carbohydrate food consumption in Central Java: Before and during the COVID-19 pandemic
  25. Properties of paper coated with Prunus serotina (Ehrh.) extract formulation
  26. Fertiliser cost prediction in European Union farms: Machine-learning approaches through artificial neural networks
  27. Molecular and phenotypic markers for pyramiding multiple traits in rice
  28. Natural product nanofibers derived from Trichoderma hamatum K01 to control citrus anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
  29. Role of actors in promoting sustainable peatland management in Kubu Raya Regency, West Kalimantan, Indonesia
  30. Small-scale coffee farmers’ perception of climate-adapted attributes in participatory coffee breeding: A case study of Gayo Highland, Aceh, Indonesia
  31. Optimization of extraction using surface response methodology and quantification of cannabinoids in female inflorescences of marijuana (Cannabis sativa L.) at three altitudinal floors of Peru
  32. Production factors, technical, and economic efficiency of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) farming in Indonesia
  33. Economic performance of smallholder soya bean production in Kwara State, Nigeria
  34. Indonesian rice farmers’ perceptions of different sources of information and their effect on farmer capability
  35. Feed preference, body condition scoring, and growth performance of Dohne Merino ram fed varying levels of fossil shell flour
  36. Assessing the determinant factors of risk strategy adoption to mitigate various risks: An experience from smallholder rubber farmers in West Kalimantan Province, Indonesia
  37. Analysis of trade potential and factors influencing chili export in Indonesia
  38. Grade-C kenaf fiber (poor quality) as an alternative material for textile crafts
  39. Technical efficiency changes of rice farming in the favorable irrigated areas of Indonesia
  40. Palm oil cluster resilience to enhance indigenous welfare by innovative ability to address land conflicts: Evidence of disaster hierarchy
  41. Factors determining cassava farmers’ accessibility to loan sources: Evidence from Lampung, Indonesia
  42. Tailoring business models for small-medium food enterprises in Eastern Africa can drive the commercialization and utilization of vitamin A rich orange-fleshed sweet potato puree
  43. Revitalizing sub-optimal drylands: Exploring the role of biofertilizers
  44. Effects of salt stress on growth of Quercus ilex L. seedlings
  45. Design and fabrication of a fish feed mixing cum pelleting machine for small-medium scale aquaculture industry
  46. Indicators of swamp buffalo business sustainability using partial least squares structural equation modelling
  47. Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on early growth, root colonization, and chlorophyll content of North Maluku nutmeg cultivars
  48. How intergenerational farmers negotiate their identity in the era of Agriculture 4.0: A multiple-case study in Indonesia
  49. Responses of broiler chickens to incremental levels of water deprivation: Growth performance, carcass characteristics, and relative organ weights
  50. The improvement of horticultural villages sustainability in Central Java Province, Indonesia
  51. Effect of short-term grazing exclusion on herbage species composition, dry matter productivity, and chemical composition of subtropical grasslands
  52. Analysis of beef market integration between consumer and producer regions in Indonesia
  53. Analysing the sustainability of swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis carabauesis) farming as a protein source and germplasm
  54. Toxicity of Calophyllum soulattri, Piper aduncum, Sesamum indicum and their potential mixture for control Spodoptera frugiperda
  55. Consumption profile of organic fruits and vegetables by a Portuguese consumer’s sample
  56. Phenotypic characterisation of indigenous chicken in the central zone of Tanzania
  57. Diversity and structure of bacterial communities in saline and non-saline rice fields in Cilacap Regency, Indonesia
  58. Isolation and screening of lactic acid bacteria producing anti-Edwardsiella from the gastrointestinal tract of wild catfish (Clarias gariepinus) for probiotic candidates
  59. Effects of land use and slope position on selected soil physicochemical properties in Tekorsh Sub-Watershed, East Gojjam Zone, Ethiopia
  60. Design of smart farming communication and web interface using MQTT and Node.js
  61. Assessment of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seed quality accessed through different seed sources in northwest Ethiopia
  62. Estimation of water consumption and productivity for wheat using remote sensing and SEBAL model: A case study from central clay plain Ecosystem in Sudan
  63. Agronomic performance, seed chemical composition, and bioactive components of selected Indonesian soybean genotypes (Glycine max [L.] Merr.)
  64. The role of halal requirements, health-environmental factors, and domestic interest in food miles of apple fruit
  65. Subsidized fertilizer management in the rice production centers of South Sulawesi, Indonesia: Bridging the gap between policy and practice
  66. Factors affecting consumers’ loyalty and purchase decisions on honey products: An emerging market perspective
  67. Inclusive rice seed business: Performance and sustainability
  68. Design guidelines for sustainable utilization of agricultural appropriate technology: Enhancing human factors and user experience
  69. Effect of integrate water shortage and soil conditioners on water productivity, growth, and yield of Red Globe grapevines grown in sandy soil
  70. Synergic effect of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and potassium fertilizer improves biomass-related characteristics of cocoa seedlings to enhance their drought resilience and field survival
  71. Control measure of sweet potato weevil (Cylas formicarius Fab.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in endemic land of entisol type using mulch and entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana
  72. In vitro and in silico study for plant growth promotion potential of indigenous Ochrobactrum ciceri and Bacillus australimaris
  73. Effects of repeated replanting on yield, dry matter, starch, and protein content in different potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) genotypes
  74. Review Articles
  75. Nutritional and chemical composition of black velvet tamarind (Dialium guineense Willd) and its influence on animal production: A review
  76. Black pepper (Piper nigrum Lam) as a natural feed additive and source of beneficial nutrients and phytochemicals in chicken nutrition
  77. The long-crowing chickens in Indonesia: A review
  78. A transformative poultry feed system: The impact of insects as an alternative and transformative poultry-based diet in sub-Saharan Africa
  79. Short Communication
  80. Profiling of carbonyl compounds in fresh cabbage with chemometric analysis for the development of freshness assessment method
  81. Special Issue of The 4th International Conference on Food Science and Engineering (ICFSE) 2022 - Part I
  82. Non-destructive evaluation of soluble solid content in fruits with various skin thicknesses using visible–shortwave near-infrared spectroscopy
  83. Special Issue on FCEM - International Web Conference on Food Choice & Eating Motivation - Part I
  84. Traditional agri-food products and sustainability – A fruitful relationship for the development of rural areas in Portugal
  85. Consumers’ attitudes toward refrigerated ready-to-eat meat and dairy foods
  86. Breakfast habits and knowledge: Study involving participants from Brazil and Portugal
  87. Food determinants and motivation factors impact on consumer behavior in Lebanon
  88. Comparison of three wine routes’ realities in Central Portugal
  89. Special Issue on Agriculture, Climate Change, Information Technology, Food and Animal (ACIFAS 2020)
  90. Environmentally friendly bioameliorant to increase soil fertility and rice (Oryza sativa) production
  91. Enhancing the ability of rice to adapt and grow under saline stress using selected halotolerant rhizobacterial nitrogen fixer
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