Design of smart farming communication and web interface using MQTT and Node.js
-
Arjon Turnip
,
Fikri Rida Pebriansyah
Abstract
The sustainable development goals (SDGs) are a UN agenda that has been approved by all UN member states. The SDGs have 17 targets, one of which is to eliminate hunger. In 2050, the world’s population is expected to reach 9.7 billion people. Improved soil and water management, according to the World Resources Institute, is one of the options for feeding 10 billion people sustainably by 2050. In comparison to conventional farming, smart and precision farming produces higher productivity at a lower cost. Based on the search for literature studies related to the development of agricultural technology, it was found that communication methods and online interfaces still require further improvement. The steps for developing the system are designing the architecture and end-to-end communication flow, designing use case diagrams, designing entity-relationship diagrams, designing user flow diagrams, implementing the system through code development, and finally testing the system. Planned communication and web design for precision smart agriculture are implemented effectively. The MQTT is used to communicate with the Node.js server worker. Data from numeric image feeds and images are directly processed by the system. The server will store all received data, including numeric data and live feeds, for future use. The back end of the website has many functions such as dataset management, device management, user administration, firmware management, control management, and live image feed management are some of the capabilities available. When 100 users access the system simultaneously, the RAM usage on the server is 167 MB. RAM utilization reaches 389 MB when 400 users access the system simultaneously. The limit for simultaneous user connections to the web interface is 400 users. The maximum number of devices that can be connected simultaneously via MQTT communication is 900.
1 Introduction
Sustainable development goals (SDGs) are the UN agenda, adopted by all the UN nations. The main purpose of SDGs is to provide blueprints of peace and prosperity all over the planet. There are 17 goals in SDGs, and one of them is zero hunger [1]. Food is a very basic need for humans. Food is the main source of energy for everyone and without consuming enough food, humans cannot do anything.
Based on data [2], the world population is projected to reach 8.5 billion in 2030 and 9.7 billion in 2050. In fact, in 2020 there are still many countries experiencing hunger problems. Due to the pandemic, the worsening of world hunger has increased significantly [3]. The World Research Institute says one solution to sustainably feed 10 billion people by 2050 is to improve soil and water management [4]. In addition, agricultural products are also a source of income for farmers, such as rice, coffee, etc. [5]. Besides being used for food production, agriculture can also create touristic attractions known as agrotourism [6]. It is hoped that implementing smart and precision agriculture, can contribute to another goal of the SGD, namely living without poverty.
By implementing smart and precision farming, there are different yield numbers compared to conventional farming. Implementation of smart and precision farming has low cost and higher productivity [7]. Hence, we hope to contribute to developing smart and precision farming systems that could help make SGDs, especially zero hunger points come true. In the world, research on smart and precision farming has been commonly done in the previous research [8–15]. All of these researches have the same goal, which is to improve agricultural efficiency by controlling and monitoring.
From the research that has been mentioned, we saw there is a thing that can be developed in the smart and precision farming field. The communication system and the web interface could be developed to the next step. The example of the development by using advanced management of MQTT protocol and the application of Node.js. The MQTT’s main advantage is lightweight and viable. Compared to the other IoT protocols such as HTTP and AMQP, MQTT wins on the performance and reliability side. MQTT could transmit data successfully on an unstable network. Power-wise, MQTT is also energy efficient [16].
The Node.js’ main advantage is that it is faster than the other methods. Unlike the other programming language, Node.js is designed to handle requests asynchronously. Besides, Node.js is a full-stack language. That means a whole client and server application can be made by JavaScript [17]. There have been implementations of using Node.js on internet of things (IoT) as in ref. [18–20]. However, implementation in the field of smart and precision farming is still rarely found.
The research mentioned before is an example of the application of the IoT in agriculture. There are various examples of implementing the use of IoT in agriculture such as weather monitoring, soil moisture, irrigation control, and others. There are also innovations in using efficient resources such as the use of solar panels to power the system.
Then, in terms of communication, IoT has several commonly used protocols such as HTTP, SOAP, COAP, MQTT, and others. Turnip et al. [14] explained that compared to other protocols, MQTT was the most lightweight and reliable protocol. In testing on unstable mobile networks, MQTT was still able to transmit complete data. In addition, in terms of power, MQTT could be considered efficient in power usage. The data sent via the MQTT protocol could be encoded in JSON. Research that implement JSON/MQTT for its communication protocol are in refs [21–25].
In this research, a smart farming communication and web interface using MQTT and Node.js was developed and evaluated. The steps for developing the system are designing: the architecture and end-to-end communication flow, the use case diagrams, the entity-relationship diagrams (ERD), user flow diagrams, and implementing and testing the system through code development.
2 Materials and methods
2.1 Design method
In the system development, a few steps have to be done. The steps were designing and realizing: the architecture end communication flow, the use case diagram, the ERD, the user flow diagram, the system through developing the code, and the last is testing the system.
The system architecture and communication flow are shown in Figure 1. All the data sources, such as images and sensors data are transmitted via MQTT protocol to the MQTT server with a specific topic. And then, two listeners are subscribed to the MQTT server. Those were the data parser and real-time image service developed on the Node.js platform. From the data parser perspective, if the received data was an image, then the data parser would save the image to the storage. Else, if the received data was numeric, the data would be saved to the database. From the real-time image service prospection, all the image data would be sent to Redis PubSub and will end to the website front end via Socket.io library.
System architecture and communication flow.
To access the data or to control, users could access the website’s front end. The website front end would communicate with the data server and action back end via RestAPI passing through Nginx. If the user wants to access the data, then the web back end would access the database. Else, if the user wants to control the part of the system, the web back end would send the control signal to the MQTT server via MQTT publish. The client, in this case, NodeMCU, could publish and also subscribe. Hence, the NodeMCU could control the actuator with the received data from MQTT subscribe depending to give on signal and vice versa. Besides the manual control, the automated system could be connected to the interface. Therefore, the actuator can be automatically controlled by the automated system by data-driven decision-making.
2.2 Use case diagram design
Use case diagram is representing the features offered by the system. Use case diagram also describes the relation between the features. The designed use case diagram is shown in Figure 2.
System’s use case diagram.
2.3 ERD design
The ERD represents the database structure and the relation between them. The designed ERD is shown in Figure 3.
System’s ERD.
2.4 User flow diagram design
A user flow diagram is a diagram that represents how users get into the interface and then go to the desired feature. The user flow diagram design has been created and shown in Figure 4. There were a few features that users could not access such as firmware management because the front end is currently still in development. Other features that could not be accessed by the front end still could be accessed directly to the API, for example through an application like Postman, etc.
System’s user flow diagram.
2.5 System realization and testing
The coding process and the testing were carried out from August to November 2021, which was implemented at the Faculty of Agriculture Universitas Padjadjaran’s soil. Based on the design made in the points before, the source code was then created in Microsoft Visual Studio Code version 1.62.3 integrated development environment (IDE). A test has been carried out to check the functionality of the proposed system design. The test schema is shown in Figure 5.
Testing schema.
The software used for the frontend test was carried out by Google Chrome browser version 96.0.4664.45 on the client computer. Arduino IDE version 1.8.16 was used to see the NodeMCU logs. For load testing, the software used was Apache JMeter version 5.4.1. The test was carried out several times by simulating 100–400 with increments of 100 users simultaneously. In the backend load test, the tested API was gathering dataset documents filtered by the device. The reason is that this feature sends most data among all the features. For the frontend load test, it does not matter what endpoint was called. That is because the front end was a single-page application. Hence, in every path request, it will always load the same file.
3 Results and discussions
All the communication and web design have been implemented on real farming soil located at Universitas Padjadjaran. The documentation of the device placement is shown in Figure 6.
(a) Soil moisture sensor placement, (b) relay with Solenoid valve placement, and (c) camera placement.
The results of the web section functionality on the server are shown in Figure 7. The user flow in the front end was created based on the user flow diagram shown in Figure 4.
(a) Login page, (b) dashboards datasets list, (c) dashboards devices list, (d) actuator control page, (e) dataset device members, (f) live image feeds, (g) saved data graph page, and (h) the protocol role of real time data record.
While publishing and subscribing to data, NodeMCU always prints a log for information purposes. The screenshots of NodeMCU logs are shown in Figures 8 and 9.
(a) NodeMCU subscribe log and (b) NodeMCU publish log.
CPU and memory comparison from web backend load test.
The results of the load testing on the server are shown in Figure 10. Based on the obtained data, there was no significant change in the peak CPU usage. In all test scenarios, the peak CPU usage always reached 100%. Then, in peak memory usage, there was an increase proportional to the simultaneous user count. The limit of the test was 400 users simultaneously accessing the gathering dataset documents filtered by device API. Because of the huge data gathering from the database and responding to the client, the backend application needs more hardware resources.
(a) Backend load test, (b) frontend load test response, (c) MQTT subscribe load test, (d) MQTT publish load test, and (e) load tests error rate comparison.
If the system is accessed simultaneously by more than 400 users, the backend application will be restarted. This is because the application uses more than 389 MB of memory while the server memory is limited to a maximum of only 1 GB, including for running the OS in the form of Ubuntu 20.04.3 LTS and other applications.
Apart from testing on the server side, there is also testing on the client side. The data obtained are shown in Figure 10. Based on the data collected there is an average and maximum time proportional to the users which simultaneously access the server. In the response of the backend load test and MQTT subscribe load test, there was a decrease in the last data index. This is because the server decided to send an error status instead of waiting to fulfill the request. The error response code in the backend load test response is 502 bad gateway. In the MQTT subscription load test, no error response code was received, instead the server immediately refused the MQTT connection. On the frontend load test response, no errors occurred in the 1,000-user test. That is because the function of the front end is only to collect data from the backend API and then output it to the interface. Node.js as a server-side JavaScript platform built on an event-driven and non-blocking I/O model was applied to facilitate the creation of lightweight servers that it is capable of handling a large number of simultaneous requests. By using Node.js, the server could quickly serve as many users as possible which have been proven in this research.
4 Conclusions
The proposed communication and web design to facilitate precision smart farming were done successfully. The communication implements MQTT with Node.js workers in the server. The system was capable to process numeric and live image feed data. All the received data such as numeric and live feed data would be saved in the server for future use. Many features were implemented in the website backend. Those features were datasets management, device management, user management, firmware management, controls management, and live image feeds management. When using applications with 1 GB of RAM, the maximum number of users who could access the web interface simultaneously was 400 users. For RAM usage when 100 users access simultaneously was 167 MB. When 400 users access simultaneously, the RAM usage reached 389 MB. Then in MQTT communication, the maximum value of devices that can be connected was a maximum of 900 devices connected simultaneously.
Acknowledgments
This work is supported by Institut Teknologi Bandung, Universitas Padjadjaran, Universitas Sumatera Utara, and funded by Riset Kolaborasi Indonesia (RKI).
-
Funding information: This research is mainly funded by the “Riset Kolaborasi Indonesia” research program run by the Indonesian Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology and supported by Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia.
-
Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.
-
Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
References
[1] United Nations. THE 17 GOALS. Sustainable Development; 2015. https://sdgs.un.org/goals.Search in Google Scholar
[2] United Nations. Population; 2015. https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/population.Search in Google Scholar
[3] Joint News Release. Pandemic year marked by spike in world hunger. Rome; 2021. https://www.who.int/news/item/12-07-2021-un-report-pandemic-year-marked-by-spike-in-world-hunger.Search in Google Scholar
[4] Ranganathan J, Waite R, Searchinger T, Hanson C. How to sustainably feed 10 billion people by 2050, in 21 Charts. United States: World Research Institute; 2018. https://www.wri.org/insights/how-sustainably-feed-10-billion-people-2050-21-charts.Search in Google Scholar
[5] Nainggolan MF, Nugraha DR, Turnip A. Empowering of young farmer for arabica coffee farming business in Simalungun. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. Vol. 466, Issue 1; 2020. p. 012034.10.1088/1755-1315/466/1/012034Search in Google Scholar
[6] Ismail A, Nainggolan MF, Turnip A. Innovationto speed up the development of Rose Picking Agro-Tourism in Gunung Sari. Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. Vol. 466, Issue 1; 2020. p. 012035.10.1088/1755-1315/466/1/012035Search in Google Scholar
[7] Saiz-Rubio V, Rovira-Más F. From smart farming towards agriculture 5.0: a review on crop data management. Agronomy. 2020;10(2):207.10.3390/agronomy10020207Search in Google Scholar
[8] Varghese R, Sharma S. Affordable smart farming using IoT and machine learning. Proc 2nd Int conference Intell Comput Control Syst ICICCS 2018; 2019 Mar 7. p. 645–50.10.1109/ICCONS.2018.8663044Search in Google Scholar
[9] Anupama HS, Bhavani AD, Fayaz AB, Benny A. Smart farming: IoT based water managing system. Int J Innov Technol Explor Eng. 2020;9(4):2383–5.10.35940/ijitee.D1796.029420Search in Google Scholar
[10] Zamora-Izquierdo MA, Santa J, Martínez JA, Martínez V, Skarmeta AF. Smart farming IoT platform based on edge and cloud computing. Biosyst Eng. 2019;177:4–17.10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2018.10.014Search in Google Scholar
[11] Mekonnen Y, Burton L, Sarwat A, Bhansali S. IoT sensor network approach for smart farming: an application in food, energy and water system. GHTC 2018 – IEEE Glob Humanit Technol conference Proc; 2019. p. 1–5.10.1109/GHTC.2018.8601701Search in Google Scholar
[12] Min BW. Design and implementation of an integrated management system for smart libraries. Commun Comput Inf Sci. 2012;310 CCIS:186–94.10.1007/978-3-642-32692-9_25Search in Google Scholar
[13] Amandeep BA, Das P, Debjit B, Roy S, Ghosh S, et al. Smart farming using IOT. 2017 8th IEEE Annu Inf Technol Electron Mob Commun Conf; 2017. p. 278–80.10.1109/IEMCON.2017.8117219Search in Google Scholar
[14] Turnip A, Kusumandari DE, Simbolon AI, Duhita N. Bioactive peptide effect on brain activity identified by 2D brain mapping. Open Agric. 2020;5(1):879–87. 10.1515/opag-2020-0085.Search in Google Scholar
[15] Andayani SA, Umyati S, Tampubolon GM, Ismail AY, Dani U, Nugraha DR, et al. Prediction model for agro-tourism development using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system method. Open Agric. 2022;7(1):644–55. 10.1515/opag-2022-0086.Search in Google Scholar
[16] Mishra B, Kertesz A. The use of MQTT in M2M and IoT systems: a survey. IEEE Access. 2020;8:201071–86.10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3035849Search in Google Scholar
[17] Shah H, Soomro TR. Node.js challenges in implementation. Glob J Comput Sci Technol. 2017;17(2):72–83. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318310544_Nodejs_Challenges_in_Implementation.Search in Google Scholar
[18] Muhamed B. Implementation of Node.js technology in a concept; International Scientific Conference “UNITECH 2018”, Gabrovo. 2018 November. p. 139–43.Search in Google Scholar
[19] Singh HK, Verma S, Pal S, Pandey K. A step towards home automation using IOT. 2019 12th Int Conf Contemp Comput IC3 2019; 2019. p. 1–5.10.1109/IC3.2019.8844945Search in Google Scholar
[20] Mudaliar MD, Sivakumar N. IoT based real time energy monitoring system using Raspberry Pi. Internet Things (Neth). 2020;12:100292.10.1016/j.iot.2020.100292Search in Google Scholar
[21] Mukherji SV, Sinha R, Basak S, Kar SP. Smart agriculture using internet of things and MQTT protocol. Proc Int Conf Mach Learn Big Data, Cloud Parallel Comput Trends, Prespectives Prospect Com 2019; 2019 Feb 1. p. 14–6.10.1109/COMITCon.2019.8862233Search in Google Scholar
[22] Pooja S, Uday DV, Nagesh UB, Talekar SG. Application of MQTT protocol for real time weather monitoring and precision farming. Int Conf Electr Electron Commun Comput Technol Optim Tech ICEECCOT 2017; 2018 January. p. 814–9.10.1109/ICEECCOT.2017.8284616Search in Google Scholar
[23] Kodali RK, Sarjerao BS. A low cost smart irrigation system using MQTT protocol. TENSYMP 2017 – IEEE Int Symp Technol Smart Cities; 2017 Oct 16.10.1109/TENCONSpring.2017.8070095Search in Google Scholar
[24] Amri MF, Rizqyawan MI, Turnip A. ECG signal processing using offline-wavelet transform method based on ECG-IoT device. Proc – 2016 3rd Int Conf Inf Technol Comput Electr Eng ICITACEE 2016; 2017. p. 25–30.10.1109/ICITACEE.2016.7892404Search in Google Scholar
[25] Ancona D, Franceschini L, Delzanno G, Leotta M, Ribaudo M, Ricca F. Towards runtime monitoring of Node.js and its application to the Internet of Things. Electron Proc Theor Comput Sci EPTCS. 2018;264:27–42.10.4204/EPTCS.264.4Search in Google Scholar
© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Articles in the same Issue
- Regular Articles
- The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on business risks and potato commercial model
- Effects of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)–Mucuna pruriens intercropping pattern on the agronomic performances of potato and the soil physicochemical properties of the western highlands of Cameroon
- Machine learning-based prediction of total phenolic and flavonoid in horticultural products
- Revamping agricultural sector and its implications on output and employment generation: Evidence from Nigeria
- Does product certification matter? A review of mechanism to influence customer loyalty in the poultry feed industry
- Farmer regeneration and knowledge co-creation in the sustainability of coconut agribusiness in Gorontalo, Indonesia
- Lablab purpureus: Analysis of landraces cultivation and distribution, farming systems, and some climatic trends in production areas in Tanzania
- The effects of carrot (Daucus carota L.) waste juice on the performances of native chicken in North Sulawesi, Indonesia
- Properties of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and its effects on plants and soil
- Factors influencing the role and performance of independent agricultural extension workers in supporting agricultural extension
- The fate of probiotic species applied in intensive grow-out ponds in rearing water and intestinal tracts of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei
- Yield stability and agronomic performances of provitamin A maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes in South-East of DR Congo
- Diallel analysis of length and shape of rice using Hayman and Griffing method
- Physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of various stem bark extracts of Hopea beccariana Burck potential as natural preservatives of coconut sap
- Correlation between descriptive and group type traits in the system of cow’s linear classification of Ukrainian Brown dairy breed
- Meta-analysis of the influence of the substitution of maize with cassava on performance indices of broiler chickens
- Bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance (BLIS) produced by Enterococcus faecium MA115 and its potential use as a seafood biopreservative
- Meta-analysis of the benefits of dietary Saccharomyces cerevisiae intervention on milk yield and component characteristics in lactating small ruminants
- Growth promotion potential of Bacillus spp. isolates on two tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) varieties in the West region of Cameroon
- Prioritizing IoT adoption strategies in millennial farming: An analytical network process approach
- Soil fertility and pomelo yield influenced by soil conservation practices
- Soil macrofauna under laying hens’ grazed fields in two different agroecosystems in Portugal
- Factors affecting household carbohydrate food consumption in Central Java: Before and during the COVID-19 pandemic
- Properties of paper coated with Prunus serotina (Ehrh.) extract formulation
- Fertiliser cost prediction in European Union farms: Machine-learning approaches through artificial neural networks
- Molecular and phenotypic markers for pyramiding multiple traits in rice
- Natural product nanofibers derived from Trichoderma hamatum K01 to control citrus anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
- Role of actors in promoting sustainable peatland management in Kubu Raya Regency, West Kalimantan, Indonesia
- Small-scale coffee farmers’ perception of climate-adapted attributes in participatory coffee breeding: A case study of Gayo Highland, Aceh, Indonesia
- Optimization of extraction using surface response methodology and quantification of cannabinoids in female inflorescences of marijuana (Cannabis sativa L.) at three altitudinal floors of Peru
- Production factors, technical, and economic efficiency of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) farming in Indonesia
- Economic performance of smallholder soya bean production in Kwara State, Nigeria
- Indonesian rice farmers’ perceptions of different sources of information and their effect on farmer capability
- Feed preference, body condition scoring, and growth performance of Dohne Merino ram fed varying levels of fossil shell flour
- Assessing the determinant factors of risk strategy adoption to mitigate various risks: An experience from smallholder rubber farmers in West Kalimantan Province, Indonesia
- Analysis of trade potential and factors influencing chili export in Indonesia
- Grade-C kenaf fiber (poor quality) as an alternative material for textile crafts
- Technical efficiency changes of rice farming in the favorable irrigated areas of Indonesia
- Palm oil cluster resilience to enhance indigenous welfare by innovative ability to address land conflicts: Evidence of disaster hierarchy
- Factors determining cassava farmers’ accessibility to loan sources: Evidence from Lampung, Indonesia
- Tailoring business models for small-medium food enterprises in Eastern Africa can drive the commercialization and utilization of vitamin A rich orange-fleshed sweet potato puree
- Revitalizing sub-optimal drylands: Exploring the role of biofertilizers
- Effects of salt stress on growth of Quercus ilex L. seedlings
- Design and fabrication of a fish feed mixing cum pelleting machine for small-medium scale aquaculture industry
- Indicators of swamp buffalo business sustainability using partial least squares structural equation modelling
- Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on early growth, root colonization, and chlorophyll content of North Maluku nutmeg cultivars
- How intergenerational farmers negotiate their identity in the era of Agriculture 4.0: A multiple-case study in Indonesia
- Responses of broiler chickens to incremental levels of water deprivation: Growth performance, carcass characteristics, and relative organ weights
- The improvement of horticultural villages sustainability in Central Java Province, Indonesia
- Effect of short-term grazing exclusion on herbage species composition, dry matter productivity, and chemical composition of subtropical grasslands
- Analysis of beef market integration between consumer and producer regions in Indonesia
- Analysing the sustainability of swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis carabauesis) farming as a protein source and germplasm
- Toxicity of Calophyllum soulattri, Piper aduncum, Sesamum indicum and their potential mixture for control Spodoptera frugiperda
- Consumption profile of organic fruits and vegetables by a Portuguese consumer’s sample
- Phenotypic characterisation of indigenous chicken in the central zone of Tanzania
- Diversity and structure of bacterial communities in saline and non-saline rice fields in Cilacap Regency, Indonesia
- Isolation and screening of lactic acid bacteria producing anti-Edwardsiella from the gastrointestinal tract of wild catfish (Clarias gariepinus) for probiotic candidates
- Effects of land use and slope position on selected soil physicochemical properties in Tekorsh Sub-Watershed, East Gojjam Zone, Ethiopia
- Design of smart farming communication and web interface using MQTT and Node.js
- Assessment of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seed quality accessed through different seed sources in northwest Ethiopia
- Estimation of water consumption and productivity for wheat using remote sensing and SEBAL model: A case study from central clay plain Ecosystem in Sudan
- Agronomic performance, seed chemical composition, and bioactive components of selected Indonesian soybean genotypes (Glycine max [L.] Merr.)
- The role of halal requirements, health-environmental factors, and domestic interest in food miles of apple fruit
- Subsidized fertilizer management in the rice production centers of South Sulawesi, Indonesia: Bridging the gap between policy and practice
- Factors affecting consumers’ loyalty and purchase decisions on honey products: An emerging market perspective
- Inclusive rice seed business: Performance and sustainability
- Design guidelines for sustainable utilization of agricultural appropriate technology: Enhancing human factors and user experience
- Effect of integrate water shortage and soil conditioners on water productivity, growth, and yield of Red Globe grapevines grown in sandy soil
- Synergic effect of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and potassium fertilizer improves biomass-related characteristics of cocoa seedlings to enhance their drought resilience and field survival
- Control measure of sweet potato weevil (Cylas formicarius Fab.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in endemic land of entisol type using mulch and entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana
- In vitro and in silico study for plant growth promotion potential of indigenous Ochrobactrum ciceri and Bacillus australimaris
- Effects of repeated replanting on yield, dry matter, starch, and protein content in different potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) genotypes
- Review Articles
- Nutritional and chemical composition of black velvet tamarind (Dialium guineense Willd) and its influence on animal production: A review
- Black pepper (Piper nigrum Lam) as a natural feed additive and source of beneficial nutrients and phytochemicals in chicken nutrition
- The long-crowing chickens in Indonesia: A review
- A transformative poultry feed system: The impact of insects as an alternative and transformative poultry-based diet in sub-Saharan Africa
- Short Communication
- Profiling of carbonyl compounds in fresh cabbage with chemometric analysis for the development of freshness assessment method
- Special Issue of The 4th International Conference on Food Science and Engineering (ICFSE) 2022 - Part I
- Non-destructive evaluation of soluble solid content in fruits with various skin thicknesses using visible–shortwave near-infrared spectroscopy
- Special Issue on FCEM - International Web Conference on Food Choice & Eating Motivation - Part I
- Traditional agri-food products and sustainability – A fruitful relationship for the development of rural areas in Portugal
- Consumers’ attitudes toward refrigerated ready-to-eat meat and dairy foods
- Breakfast habits and knowledge: Study involving participants from Brazil and Portugal
- Food determinants and motivation factors impact on consumer behavior in Lebanon
- Comparison of three wine routes’ realities in Central Portugal
- Special Issue on Agriculture, Climate Change, Information Technology, Food and Animal (ACIFAS 2020)
- Environmentally friendly bioameliorant to increase soil fertility and rice (Oryza sativa) production
- Enhancing the ability of rice to adapt and grow under saline stress using selected halotolerant rhizobacterial nitrogen fixer
Articles in the same Issue
- Regular Articles
- The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on business risks and potato commercial model
- Effects of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)–Mucuna pruriens intercropping pattern on the agronomic performances of potato and the soil physicochemical properties of the western highlands of Cameroon
- Machine learning-based prediction of total phenolic and flavonoid in horticultural products
- Revamping agricultural sector and its implications on output and employment generation: Evidence from Nigeria
- Does product certification matter? A review of mechanism to influence customer loyalty in the poultry feed industry
- Farmer regeneration and knowledge co-creation in the sustainability of coconut agribusiness in Gorontalo, Indonesia
- Lablab purpureus: Analysis of landraces cultivation and distribution, farming systems, and some climatic trends in production areas in Tanzania
- The effects of carrot (Daucus carota L.) waste juice on the performances of native chicken in North Sulawesi, Indonesia
- Properties of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and its effects on plants and soil
- Factors influencing the role and performance of independent agricultural extension workers in supporting agricultural extension
- The fate of probiotic species applied in intensive grow-out ponds in rearing water and intestinal tracts of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei
- Yield stability and agronomic performances of provitamin A maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes in South-East of DR Congo
- Diallel analysis of length and shape of rice using Hayman and Griffing method
- Physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of various stem bark extracts of Hopea beccariana Burck potential as natural preservatives of coconut sap
- Correlation between descriptive and group type traits in the system of cow’s linear classification of Ukrainian Brown dairy breed
- Meta-analysis of the influence of the substitution of maize with cassava on performance indices of broiler chickens
- Bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance (BLIS) produced by Enterococcus faecium MA115 and its potential use as a seafood biopreservative
- Meta-analysis of the benefits of dietary Saccharomyces cerevisiae intervention on milk yield and component characteristics in lactating small ruminants
- Growth promotion potential of Bacillus spp. isolates on two tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) varieties in the West region of Cameroon
- Prioritizing IoT adoption strategies in millennial farming: An analytical network process approach
- Soil fertility and pomelo yield influenced by soil conservation practices
- Soil macrofauna under laying hens’ grazed fields in two different agroecosystems in Portugal
- Factors affecting household carbohydrate food consumption in Central Java: Before and during the COVID-19 pandemic
- Properties of paper coated with Prunus serotina (Ehrh.) extract formulation
- Fertiliser cost prediction in European Union farms: Machine-learning approaches through artificial neural networks
- Molecular and phenotypic markers for pyramiding multiple traits in rice
- Natural product nanofibers derived from Trichoderma hamatum K01 to control citrus anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
- Role of actors in promoting sustainable peatland management in Kubu Raya Regency, West Kalimantan, Indonesia
- Small-scale coffee farmers’ perception of climate-adapted attributes in participatory coffee breeding: A case study of Gayo Highland, Aceh, Indonesia
- Optimization of extraction using surface response methodology and quantification of cannabinoids in female inflorescences of marijuana (Cannabis sativa L.) at three altitudinal floors of Peru
- Production factors, technical, and economic efficiency of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) farming in Indonesia
- Economic performance of smallholder soya bean production in Kwara State, Nigeria
- Indonesian rice farmers’ perceptions of different sources of information and their effect on farmer capability
- Feed preference, body condition scoring, and growth performance of Dohne Merino ram fed varying levels of fossil shell flour
- Assessing the determinant factors of risk strategy adoption to mitigate various risks: An experience from smallholder rubber farmers in West Kalimantan Province, Indonesia
- Analysis of trade potential and factors influencing chili export in Indonesia
- Grade-C kenaf fiber (poor quality) as an alternative material for textile crafts
- Technical efficiency changes of rice farming in the favorable irrigated areas of Indonesia
- Palm oil cluster resilience to enhance indigenous welfare by innovative ability to address land conflicts: Evidence of disaster hierarchy
- Factors determining cassava farmers’ accessibility to loan sources: Evidence from Lampung, Indonesia
- Tailoring business models for small-medium food enterprises in Eastern Africa can drive the commercialization and utilization of vitamin A rich orange-fleshed sweet potato puree
- Revitalizing sub-optimal drylands: Exploring the role of biofertilizers
- Effects of salt stress on growth of Quercus ilex L. seedlings
- Design and fabrication of a fish feed mixing cum pelleting machine for small-medium scale aquaculture industry
- Indicators of swamp buffalo business sustainability using partial least squares structural equation modelling
- Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on early growth, root colonization, and chlorophyll content of North Maluku nutmeg cultivars
- How intergenerational farmers negotiate their identity in the era of Agriculture 4.0: A multiple-case study in Indonesia
- Responses of broiler chickens to incremental levels of water deprivation: Growth performance, carcass characteristics, and relative organ weights
- The improvement of horticultural villages sustainability in Central Java Province, Indonesia
- Effect of short-term grazing exclusion on herbage species composition, dry matter productivity, and chemical composition of subtropical grasslands
- Analysis of beef market integration between consumer and producer regions in Indonesia
- Analysing the sustainability of swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis carabauesis) farming as a protein source and germplasm
- Toxicity of Calophyllum soulattri, Piper aduncum, Sesamum indicum and their potential mixture for control Spodoptera frugiperda
- Consumption profile of organic fruits and vegetables by a Portuguese consumer’s sample
- Phenotypic characterisation of indigenous chicken in the central zone of Tanzania
- Diversity and structure of bacterial communities in saline and non-saline rice fields in Cilacap Regency, Indonesia
- Isolation and screening of lactic acid bacteria producing anti-Edwardsiella from the gastrointestinal tract of wild catfish (Clarias gariepinus) for probiotic candidates
- Effects of land use and slope position on selected soil physicochemical properties in Tekorsh Sub-Watershed, East Gojjam Zone, Ethiopia
- Design of smart farming communication and web interface using MQTT and Node.js
- Assessment of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seed quality accessed through different seed sources in northwest Ethiopia
- Estimation of water consumption and productivity for wheat using remote sensing and SEBAL model: A case study from central clay plain Ecosystem in Sudan
- Agronomic performance, seed chemical composition, and bioactive components of selected Indonesian soybean genotypes (Glycine max [L.] Merr.)
- The role of halal requirements, health-environmental factors, and domestic interest in food miles of apple fruit
- Subsidized fertilizer management in the rice production centers of South Sulawesi, Indonesia: Bridging the gap between policy and practice
- Factors affecting consumers’ loyalty and purchase decisions on honey products: An emerging market perspective
- Inclusive rice seed business: Performance and sustainability
- Design guidelines for sustainable utilization of agricultural appropriate technology: Enhancing human factors and user experience
- Effect of integrate water shortage and soil conditioners on water productivity, growth, and yield of Red Globe grapevines grown in sandy soil
- Synergic effect of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and potassium fertilizer improves biomass-related characteristics of cocoa seedlings to enhance their drought resilience and field survival
- Control measure of sweet potato weevil (Cylas formicarius Fab.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in endemic land of entisol type using mulch and entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana
- In vitro and in silico study for plant growth promotion potential of indigenous Ochrobactrum ciceri and Bacillus australimaris
- Effects of repeated replanting on yield, dry matter, starch, and protein content in different potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) genotypes
- Review Articles
- Nutritional and chemical composition of black velvet tamarind (Dialium guineense Willd) and its influence on animal production: A review
- Black pepper (Piper nigrum Lam) as a natural feed additive and source of beneficial nutrients and phytochemicals in chicken nutrition
- The long-crowing chickens in Indonesia: A review
- A transformative poultry feed system: The impact of insects as an alternative and transformative poultry-based diet in sub-Saharan Africa
- Short Communication
- Profiling of carbonyl compounds in fresh cabbage with chemometric analysis for the development of freshness assessment method
- Special Issue of The 4th International Conference on Food Science and Engineering (ICFSE) 2022 - Part I
- Non-destructive evaluation of soluble solid content in fruits with various skin thicknesses using visible–shortwave near-infrared spectroscopy
- Special Issue on FCEM - International Web Conference on Food Choice & Eating Motivation - Part I
- Traditional agri-food products and sustainability – A fruitful relationship for the development of rural areas in Portugal
- Consumers’ attitudes toward refrigerated ready-to-eat meat and dairy foods
- Breakfast habits and knowledge: Study involving participants from Brazil and Portugal
- Food determinants and motivation factors impact on consumer behavior in Lebanon
- Comparison of three wine routes’ realities in Central Portugal
- Special Issue on Agriculture, Climate Change, Information Technology, Food and Animal (ACIFAS 2020)
- Environmentally friendly bioameliorant to increase soil fertility and rice (Oryza sativa) production
- Enhancing the ability of rice to adapt and grow under saline stress using selected halotolerant rhizobacterial nitrogen fixer
