Startseite Fabrication of LDPE/PS interpolymer resin particles through a swelling suspension polymerization approach
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Fabrication of LDPE/PS interpolymer resin particles through a swelling suspension polymerization approach

  • Nianqing Zhu , Hailong Chen , Xinxing Gao , Rongjie Hou , Zhongbing Ni und Mingqing Chen EMAIL logo
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 6. Juli 2020
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Abstract

A facile method to prepare low-density polyethylene (LDPE)/polystyrene (PS) interpolymer resin particles by swelling suspension polymerization without addition of extra swelling agent was developed. The polymerization temperature, polymerization time, and initiator concentration were investigated. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed that the LDPE/PS interpolymer resin particles were successfully prepared and a small amount of PS-g-LDPE existed in the resin. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that PS was uniformly distributed in the LDPE matrix, indicating excellent compatibility between PS and LDPE. The mechanical properties of LDPE/PS interpolymer resin were intermediate between PS and LDPE polymers.

Keywords: interpolymer resin; swelling suspension polymerization; compatibility

1 Introduction

Polystyrene (PS) and polyethylene (PE) are the most widely used polymeric materials, which can be applied in various fields including packaging, electronics, construction, automotive, home appliance, instrument, and daily necessity (1,2,3). PS has many significant properties such as excellent shaping and processing ability, good chemical resistance, and low hydroscopic property (4,5,6). However, neat PS has several defects such as brittleness, poor impact resistance, low solvent resistance, and low heat distortion temperature due to the rigid benzene ring structure in the molecular chain (7), which limit its utilization. PE is a good toughening material, especially low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) (1,8). But, the modulus of PE is low due to the olefin structure in the molecule chain. An effective way to overcome the shortcomings of the two materials is to combine PS with PE. However, as most of other immiscible polymer blends, PE/PS blends form large dispersed phase domain structure with weak interfacial adhesion, thus affecting the mechanical property and other end performances (9). Improvement in the phase dispersion in PE/PS blends plays an important role in enhancing their final properties and expanding the industrial applications (10). The conventional process for the preparation of PE/PS composite was melt blending (11); however, this process often led to severe phase separation. To improve compatibility, Gemini surfactant‐modified montmorillonite was prepared and incorporated into the immiscible PE/PS to fabricate composites (12). Grafting copolymerization was an alternative approach to preventing phase separation between polymers.

Supercritical CO2 could control the phase morphologies of PE/PS composite and influence the mechanical property, creep resistance, and foamability (13,14). Supercritical CO2 was used as a solvent and a swelling agent to facilitate the distribution of PS in the PE matrix and improve the compatibility of the phase interface. Other swelling agents such as cyclohexane also promote the miscibility of the PE phase and PS phase, but they could influence the final properties of materials as the plasticizer. Many studies prepared high-grafting PE/PS blends to improve the compatibility by using catalyst, but specific equipment for reaction and granulation was required. In addition, the viscosity of this system was severely high, leading to instability of the polymerization system (3,15). Previous studies reported that ethylene–styrene interpolymer (ESI) could toughen PS and improve the compatibility of PS and PE or polypropylene (PP) (16,17,18). However, the catalyst used for the preparation of ESI was expensive. Grafting copolymerization of styrene in a suspension polymerization system was a simple and inexpensive technology (3,7,9). The combination of PS and PE via in situ grafting polymerization to improve the properties of PS/PE blends has attracted much attention. However, only a few studies proposed this process for preparing LDPE/PS interpolymer resin particles in suspension polymerization (2,16).

In this article, a facile method was employed to prepare LDPE/PS interpolymer resin particles via swelling PE with styrene under certain temperature and stirring in suspension polymerization. Instead of using extra ingredients, such as cyclohexane, styrene was utilized as the swelling agent directly. During the polymerization process, methylene blue (MB) was used as a water-phase polymerization inhibitor to restrain the formation of styrene homopolymer. The LDPE/PS interpolymer resin particles were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Additionally, the morphology and thermal behavior of particles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), respectively. Moreover, the mechanical properties of LDPE/PS interpolymer resin were evaluated.

2 Experimental

2.1 Materials

Styrene (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) was washed with aqueous sodium hydroxide, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and distilled twice under reduced pressure before polymerization. Benzoyl peroxide (BPO; Sigma-Aldrich Co., Ltd) as an initiator was purified by recrystallization before use. LDPE was provided by Yangzi Petrochemical Co., Ltd, China. Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA; degree of polymerization was 1,700; degree of hydrolysis was 88%) and calcium-trihydroxy phosphate (TCP) (diluted to 8 wt% aqueous solution before use) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd, China. Xylene, tetrahydrofuran (THF), and MB were supplied by Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd, China. PS (code 383) with Mn of 1.2 × 105 was purchased from Zhenjiang Chimei Chemical Co., Ltd, China.

2.2 Preparation of LDPE/PS interpolymer resin particles

First, defined amounts of LDPE, BPO, St, and TCP were introduced into a 250-mL three-necked round-bottom flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer for swelling. Then, a suitable value of expand ratio (ER) as the best condition of the swelling process was selected. Next, 120 g deionized water and 6 g 8 wt% PVA aqueous solution were added. When a stable suspending medium was formed, the system was heated to 90°C gradually. When the temperature reached 60°C, 0.0001 g MB was added. After the polymerization was completed, diluted HCl was added to remove the tricalcium phosphate on the surface of the particles, and the beads were rinsed off with ethanol and deionized water. The above process was repeated several times to remove the residual styrene. Finally, the beads were separated from the system and dried at 60°C for 24 h. The detailed formulas for the synthesis of LDPE/PS interpolymer resin particles are listed in Table 1.

Table 1

Preparation ingredients of LDPE/PS interpolymer resin particles

SampleLDPE (g)St (g)BPO (g)H2O (g)PVA (g)TCP (g)MB (g)PT (°C)T (h)
112160.116212060.050.0001759
212160.116912060.050.0001809
312160.116212060.050.0001859
412160.105712060.050.0001909
512160.104512060.050.0001959
612160.162012060.050.0001906
712160.162212060.050.0001907
812160.161912060.050.0001908
912160.162112060.050.0001909
1012160.162012060.050.00019010
1112160.048312060.050.0001909
1212160.081712060.050.0001909
1312160.162912060.050.0001909
1412160.239512060.050.0001909
1512160.324512060.050.0001909

PVA – poly(vinyl alcohol); TCP – calcium-trihydroxy phosphate; MB – methylene blue; PT – polymerization temperature; T – polymerization time.

2.3 Measurements of the ER and monomer conversion ratio

The ER was defined as the weight percent of styrene swelling into LDPE. The ER was calculated according to the following equation:

(1)ER=Wt−W0W0×100%

where Wtis the weight (g) of LDPE after swelling and W0 is the weight (g) of LDPE before swelling.

Monomer conversion ratio was defined as the weight ratio of PS contained by LDPE particles after polymerization to St diffused into pellets, which was measured by the gravimetric method. The weight gain was regarded as the St diffused into pellets, which was polymerized. The weight of PS contained by LDPE particles after polymerization was obtained through drying the particles to remove unreacted St compared with original addition of St.

2.4 Characterization techniques

2.4.1 FTIR

The FTIR analysis was carried out with an attenuated total reflection FTIR machine (Nicole 6700; Thermo-fisher Technology Co. Ltd, USA). The analysis was performed by measuring transmittance versus wave numbers in the range of 4,000–500 cm−1 at room temperature with 16 consecutive scans.

2.4.2 Gel permeation chromatography (GPC)

Pellets were heat-pressed into a thin film and then stirred in THF for 24 h to extract PS. The molecular weights (MWs) and distribution of PS were determined using a GPC apparatus operated using THF as the eluent (1 mL/min) at 25°C and calibrated by means of PS narrow standards.

2.4.3 TGA

All samples were dried overnight before measurement. The TGA curves were recorded on a TGA1100SF machine (Mettler, Switzerland) under nitrogen flow at 50 mL/min and heating at 10°C/min from 50 to 700°C.

2.4.4 Tensile test

The PE, PS, and LDPE/PS interpolymer resin particles were heated slowly to 180°C on an H-X608 tablet rheometer detection instrument (China). For tensile testing, dumbbell-shaped strips (115 × 6 × 1 mm3, n = 5) were cut from the composite films and mechanical properties were studied on an Instron 5967 Dual Column Tabletop Testing System at room temperature with a tensile rate of 50 mm/min (Chinese Standard of GB/T1040-1992). Before testing, the samples were kept at room temperature for 24 h to release the stress. Tensile strength and elongation at break were recorded. The values were the average of five tests.

2.4.5 SEM

SEM (S-4800; Hitachi, Japan) was used to investigate the LDPE/PS interpolymer resin particles. Liquid-nitrogen-frozen fractured surfaces of the polymers were dried and sputter-coated with gold prior to examination.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Swelling temperature and time

Instead of using extra ingredients, styrene was utilized as a swelling agent at the temperature of 30–50°C, while LDPE/PS interpolymer resin particles could be easily formed. The interpolymer included LDPE, PS, and PS-g-PE polymer resins, and PS-g-PE increased the compatibility of LDPE and PS. The solubility parameter (δ) of styrene and PE was 8.66 and 8.1 cal1/2 cm−3/2, respectively, according to similar compatible principle and experimental results. It could be concluded that styrene swelled PE, but did not dissolve PE. Figure 1 exhibits the swelling curves of LDPE under different conditions. The weight of LDPE increased with increasing swelling time. When the swelling temperature was below 30°C, the dissolved styrene monomer was less in PE and needed more time to reach the equilibrium. If the temperature reached 50°C, the styrene monomer began to polymerize. Thus, 40°C and 150 min were selected as the best swelling conditions in this study.

Figure 1 Swelling curves of LDPE under different temperatures and times.
Figure 1

Swelling curves of LDPE under different temperatures and times.

3.2 Polymerization temperature and time

Figure 2 depicts the influence of polymerization temperature on the monomer conversion ratio. The conversion ratio increased before 90°C, but dropped thereafter. This was because more styrene monomer and initiator swelled into PE with increasing temperature. And when the temperature exceeded 90°C, the volatilization of styrene was too fast (17,18), resulting in very small amounts of styrene in particles, but the initiator decomposed too fast at high temperature; it could terminate easily between radicals, which consumed part of the free radicals, and thus the conversion ratio reduced. When the polymerization temperature was 90°C, the conversion ratio of styrene reached 70%. Thus, 90°C was selected as the suitable polymerization temperature.

Figure 2 Effect of polymerization temperature on styrene conversion.
Figure 2

Effect of polymerization temperature on styrene conversion.

Figure 3 shows the effect of polymerization time on the monomer conversion ratio. The conversion ratio increased before 9 h and then remained constant. It could be explained that the initiator gradually decomposed with increasing temperature, and more free radicals induced monomers to form polymers, but the concentration of free radical decreased with increasing time. So, the polymerization time of 9 h was selected as the optimum time.

Figure 3 Effect of polymerization time on styrene conversion.
Figure 3

Effect of polymerization time on styrene conversion.

3.3 Initiator concentration

Table 2 exhibits the effects of BPO concentration on the MW and MW distribution of PS in LDPE/PS interpolymer resin particles. The MW of the particles decreased with increasing BPO content. The concentration of free radical increased with increasing initiator content, thus triggering more monomers to polymerize (19,20). With increasing free radical concentration, the polymerization rate also increased. However, when the initiator concentration was more than 1%, increasing collision between free radicals appeared, resulting in the termination of free radicals (21,22). Thus, the MW decreased. On the other hand, high concentration of initiator could cause PE cross-linking. Therefore, 1 wt% St was chosen as the optimum amount of initiator.

Table 2

Effect of different BPO contents on the MW and MW distribution of PS in LDPE/PS interpolymer resin particles

BPO (%)PT (°C)Mn (×104)Mw (×104)PDIConversion (%)
0.3907.416.62.2534.75
0.5905.313.72.5652.63
1.0903.49.62.8594.50
1.5902.35.72.4688.44
2.0901.84.22.3585.94

PDI – polydispersity index; PT – polymerization temperature.

3.4 Characterization of LDPE/PS interpolymer resin particles

The suspension polymerization of styrene was a free radical polymerization process. BPO decomposed and produced free radicals that induced polymerization. The mechanism of polymerization is shown in Scheme 1. The FTIR spectra of LDPE, PS, and LDPE/PS interpolymer particle residue after Soxhlet extraction by xylene were determined. As shown in Figure 4, the peaks at 694, 760, and 3,030 cm−1 were assigned to the C–H stretching vibration of benzene ring. Compared with the FTIR spectrum of neat PE, two additional weak absorption peaks at 1,600 and 1,500 cm−1 were observed in PE/PS interpolymer particle residue, which corresponded to the aromatic C–C stretching (23). This revealed the existence of PS-g-PE. All the above data confirmed that LDPE/PS interpolymer resin particles were successfully prepared.

Scheme 1 Mechanism of preparation of LDPE/PS interpolymer resin particles.
Scheme 1

Mechanism of preparation of LDPE/PS interpolymer resin particles.

Figure 4 FTIR spectra of LDPE, PS, and LDPE/PS interpolymer resin particles.
Figure 4

FTIR spectra of LDPE, PS, and LDPE/PS interpolymer resin particles.

3.5 Morphology

Figure 5 represents the cross-sectional SEM images of the LDPE/PS interpolymer resin particles before and after etching PS component by THF. The fracture surface of LDPE/PS interpolymer resin particles is rough in the red frame of Figure 5a and a-1, which indicates the better compatibility of LDPE and PS due to the presence of LDPE-g-PS. As shown in Figure 5b and b-1, PS was dispersed in the PE matrix and formed co-continuous or interlocking structure (24), which greatly improved the compatibility between LDPE and PS.

Figure 5 Cross-sectional SEM images of LDPE/PS interpolymer resin particles before and after etching PS component by THF: (a) before etching and (b) after etching.
Figure 5

Cross-sectional SEM images of LDPE/PS interpolymer resin particles before and after etching PS component by THF: (a) before etching and (b) after etching.

3.6 Thermal properties

The thermal behaviors of PS, LDPE, and LDPE/PS interpolymer resin in nitrogen atmosphere were investigated by TGA, and the results are represented in Figure 6a. The corresponding differential thermal gravity (DTG) curves are presented in Figure 6b. The initial degradation temperatures of neat PS, LDPE, and LDPE/PS interpolymer resins were 305.5, 402.1, and 378.5°C, respectively. As shown in Figure 6b, the Tmax value of LDPE/PS interpolymer resin particles was 438.6°C, which shifted to higher temperature compared with neat PS.

Figure 6 Thermal behavior of PS, LDPE, and LDPE/PS interpolymer resin particles in nitrogen atmosphere: (a) TGA curves and (b) DTG curves.
Figure 6

Thermal behavior of PS, LDPE, and LDPE/PS interpolymer resin particles in nitrogen atmosphere: (a) TGA curves and (b) DTG curves.

3.7 Mechanical properties

The mechanical properties of the LDPE, PS, and LDPE/PS interpolymer resin are shown in Table 3. The tensile strength of LDPE/PS interpolymer resin was 15.10 MPa, while the elongation at break of the resin was 193%. The tensile strength of LDPE/PS interpolymer resin increased as compared to PE; however, the elongation at break considerably decreased. Due to the presence of LDPE-g-PS, the compatibility of PE and PS improved, and the composites exhibited higher tensile strength compared to LDPE, indicating the reinforcement effect of rigid PS particles.

Table 3

Mechanical properties of PS, LDPE, and LDPE/PS interpolymer resin particles

SampleTS (MPa)BE (%)
PS18.796.2
LDPE13.62400
LDPE/PS interpolymer15.10193

The content of PS in LDPE/PS interpolymer is 55%.

TS – tensile strength; BE – elongation at break.

4 Conclusions

The PS was successfully incorporated into LDPE matrices through swelling suspension polymerization, providing means for preparation of the LDPE/PS interpolymer resin particles. The polymerization temperature of 90°C, polymerization time of 9 h, and BPO concentration of 1% (weight percent of St) were the optimal conditions for polymerization. The cross-sectional SEM analysis indicated that PS was dispersed in LDPE and co-continuous or interlocking structure was formed. In addition, FTIR analysis demonstrated that PS-g-PE existed in the LDPE matrix. The mechanical properties of LDPE/PS interpolymer resin were intermediate between PS and LDPE, which expands the application of the two polymers.

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Acknowledgements

This study was supported by the Social Development Program of Taizhou (TS201916), the Scientific Research Starting foundation of Taizhou University (TZXY2018QDJJ011), the Natural Science Foundation of the Higher Education Institutions of Jiangsu Province (17KJB180015 and 18KJB416006), and the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20170592).

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Received: 2019-10-28
Revised: 2020-04-10
Accepted: 2020-04-13
Published Online: 2020-07-06

© 2020 Nianqing Zhu et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  69. Modification of Ceiba pentandra cellulose for drug release applications
  70. Redox initiation in semicontinuous polymerization to search for specific mechanical properties of copolymers
  71. pH-responsive polymer micelles for methotrexate delivery at tumor microenvironments
  72. Microwave-assisted synthesis of the lipase-catalyzed ring-opening copolymerization of ε-caprolactone and ω-pentadecanolactone: Thermal and FTIR characterization
  73. Rapid Communications
  74. Pilot-scale production of polylactic acid nanofibers by melt electrospinning
  75. Erratum
  76. Erratum to: Synthesis and characterization of new macromolecule systems for colon-specific drug delivery
https://doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2020-0031
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
interpolymer resin; swelling suspension polymerization; compatibility
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Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Regular Articles
  2. The regulatory effects of the number of VP(N-vinylpyrrolidone) function groups on macrostructure and photochromic properties of polyoxometalates/copolymer hybrid films
  3. How the hindered amines affect the microstructure and mechanical properties of nitrile-butadiene rubber composites
  4. Novel benzimidazole-based conjugated polyelectrolytes: synthesis, solution photophysics and fluorescent sensing of metal ions
  5. Study on the variation of rock pore structure after polymer gel flooding
  6. Investigation on compatibility of PLA/PBAT blends modified by epoxy-terminated branched polymers through chemical micro-crosslinking
  7. Investigation on degradation mechanism of polymer blockages in unconsolidated sandstone reservoirs
  8. Investigation on the effect of active-polymers with different functional groups for EOR
  9. Fabrication and characterization of hexadecyl acrylate cross-linked phase change microspheres
  10. Surface-induced phase transitions in thin films of dendrimer block copolymers
  11. ZnO-assisted coating of tetracalcium phosphate/ gelatin on the polyethylene terephthalate woven nets by atomic layer deposition
  12. Animal fat and glycerol bioconversion to polyhydroxyalkanoate by produced water bacteria
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  14. Synthesis of amphiphilic poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(methyl methacrylate) containing trityl ether acid cleavable junction group and its self-assembly into ordered nanoporous thin films
  15. On-demand optimize design of sound-absorbing porous material based on multi-population genetic algorithm
  16. Enhancement of mechanical, thermal and water uptake performance of TPU/jute fiber green composites via chemical treatments on fiber surface
  17. Enhancement of mechanical properties of natural rubber–clay nanocomposites through incorporation of silanated organoclay into natural rubber latex
  18. Preparation and characterization of corn starch/PVA/glycerol composite films incorporated with ε-polylysine as a novel antimicrobial packaging material
  19. Preparation of novel amphoteric polyacrylamide and its synergistic retention with cationic polymers
  20. Effect of montmorillonite on PEBAX® 1074-based mixed matrix membranes to be used in humidifiers in proton exchange membrane fuel cells
  21. Insight on the effect of a piperonylic acid derivative on the crystallization process, melting behavior, thermal stability, optical and mechanical properties of poly(l-lactic acid)
  22. Lipase-catalyzed synthesis and post-polymerization modification of new fully bio-based poly(hexamethylene γ-ketopimelate) and poly(hexamethylene γ-ketopimelate-co-hexamethylene adipate) copolyesters
  23. Dielectric, mechanical and thermal properties of all-organic PI/PSF composite films by in situ polymerization
  24. Morphological transition of amphiphilic block copolymer/PEGylated phospholipid complexes induced by the dynamic subtle balance interactions in the self-assembled aggregates
  25. Silica/polymer core–shell particles prepared via soap-free emulsion polymerization
  26. Antibacterial epoxy composites with addition of natural Artemisia annua waste
  27. Design and preparation of 3D printing intelligent poly N,N-dimethylacrylamide hydrogel actuators
  28. Multilayer-structured fibrous membrane with directional moisture transportability and thermal radiation for high-performance air filtration
  29. Reaction characteristics of polymer expansive jet impact on explosive reactive armour
  30. Synthesis of a novel modified chitosan as an intumescent flame retardant for epoxy resin
  31. Synthesis of aminated polystyrene and its self-assembly with nanoparticles at oil/water interface
  32. The synthesis and characterisation of porous and monodisperse, chemically modified hypercrosslinked poly(acrylonitrile)-based terpolymer as a sorbent for the adsorption of acidic pharmaceuticals
  33. Crystal transition and thermal behavior of Nylon 12
  34. All-optical non-conjugated multi-functionalized photorefractive polymers via ring-opening metathesis polymerization
  35. Fabrication of LDPE/PS interpolymer resin particles through a swelling suspension polymerization approach
  36. Determination of the carbonyl index of polyethylene and polypropylene using specified area under band methodology with ATR-FTIR spectroscopy
  37. Synthesis, electropolymerization, and electrochromic performances of two novel tetrathiafulvalene–thiophene assemblies
  38. Wetting behaviors of fluoroterpolymer fiber films
  39. Plugging mechanisms of polymer gel used for hydraulic fracture water shutoff
  40. Synthesis of flexible poly(l-lactide)-b-polyethylene glycol-b-poly(l-lactide) bioplastics by ring-opening polymerization in the presence of chain extender
  41. Sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) functionalized polysilsesquioxane hybrid membranes with enhanced proton conductivity
  42. Fmoc-diphenylalanine-based hydrogels as a potential carrier for drug delivery
  43. Effect of diacylhydrazine as chain extender on microphase separation and performance of energetic polyurethane elastomer
  44. Improved high-temperature damping performance of nitrile-butadiene rubber/phenolic resin composites by introducing different hindered amine molecules
  45. Rational synthesis of silicon into polyimide-derived hollow electrospun carbon nanofibers for enhanced lithium storage
  46. Synthesis, characterization and properties of phthalonitrile-etherified resole resin
  47. Highly thermally conductive boron nitride@UHMWPE composites with segregated structure
  48. Synthesis of high-temperature thermally expandable microcapsules and their effects on foaming quality and surface quality of foamed ABS materials
  49. Tribological and nanomechanical properties of a lignin-based biopolymer
  50. Hydroxyapatite/polyetheretherketone nanocomposites for selective laser sintering: Thermal and mechanical performances
  51. Synthesis of a phosphoramidate flame retardant and its flame retardancy on cotton fabrics
  52. Preparation and characterization of thermoresponsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) copolymers with enhanced hydrophilicity
  53. Fabrication of flexible SiO2 nanofibrous yarn via a conjugate electrospinning process
  54. Silver-loaded carbon nanofibers for ammonia sensing
  55. Polar migration behavior of phosphonate groups in phosphonate esterified acrylic grafted epoxy ester composites and their role in substrate protection
  56. Solubility and diffusion coefficient of supercritical CO2 in polystyrene dynamic melt
  57. Curcumin-loaded polyvinyl butyral film with antibacterial activity
  58. Experimental-numerical studies of the effect of cell structure on the mechanical properties of polypropylene foams
  59. Experimental investigation on the three-dimensional flow field from a meltblowing slot die
  60. Enhancing tribo-mechanical properties and thermal stability of nylon 6 by hexagonal boron nitride fillers
  61. Preparation and characterization of electrospun fibrous scaffolds of either PVA or PVP for fast release of sildenafil citrate
  62. Seawater degradation of PLA accelerated by water-soluble PVA
  63. Review Article
  64. Mechanical properties and application analysis of spider silk bionic material
  65. Additive manufacturing of PLA-based scaffolds intended for bone regeneration and strategies to improve their biological properties
  66. Structural design toward functional materials by electrospinning: A review
  67. Special Issue: XXXII National Congress of the Mexican Polymer Society
  68. Tailoring the morphology of poly(high internal phase emulsions) synthesized by using deep eutectic solvents
  69. Modification of Ceiba pentandra cellulose for drug release applications
  70. Redox initiation in semicontinuous polymerization to search for specific mechanical properties of copolymers
  71. pH-responsive polymer micelles for methotrexate delivery at tumor microenvironments
  72. Microwave-assisted synthesis of the lipase-catalyzed ring-opening copolymerization of ε-caprolactone and ω-pentadecanolactone: Thermal and FTIR characterization
  73. Rapid Communications
  74. Pilot-scale production of polylactic acid nanofibers by melt electrospinning
  75. Erratum
  76. Erratum to: Synthesis and characterization of new macromolecule systems for colon-specific drug delivery
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