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Highly thermally conductive boron nitride@UHMWPE composites with segregated structure

  • Xian Wu EMAIL logo , Wei Liu , Li Ren and Chun Zhang
Published/Copyright: September 21, 2020
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e-Polymers
From the journal e-Polymers Volume 20 Issue 1

Abstract

Highly thermally conductive boron nitride (BN)@ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) composites with the segregated structure were fabricated by powder mixing and hot pressing. Scanning electron microscopy and polarizing optical microscopy were used to analyze the dispersion of BN particles in the UHMWPE matrix. The morphology observation shows that BN particles are selectively located at the interfaces of UHMWPE particles and form continuous thermally conductive networks after the compression molding process. As a result, the thermal conductivity of the BN@UHMWPE composite increases to 3.37 W m−1 K−1 with 38.3 vol% BN, which is seven times larger than that of the pure UHMWPE. Furthermore, the incorporation of BN also influences the crystallinity and thermal properties of UHMWPE.

Keywords: boron nitride; thermal conductivity; segregated structure; polymer–matrix composites

1 Introduction

With the integration and continuous miniaturization of electronic devices, heat dissipation has become the main factor that affects the work stability and lifetime of devices (1,2). However, the thermal conductivity of current polymers is quite low, which can hardly satisfy the efficient heat removal requirements of modern electron devices and electrical equipment. To improve the thermal conductivity of polymers, the incorporation of high thermally conductive fillers is the most effective method.

Recently, carbon materials such as graphite (3,4,5), carbon fiber (6,7,8), carbon nanotube (9,10,11,12), and graphene (13,14,15,16,17) have been widely used as thermal conductive fillers owing to their high thermal conductivity. However, these fillers generally have high electrical conductivity, which may deteriorate the intrinsic insulating properties of the polymer composites and inhibit their usage in microelectronic devices.

Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), also called “white graphite,” has a hexagonal lattice structure analogous to graphite (18). It exhibits a thermal conductivity of up to 200 W m−1 K−1 in the planar direction and 1–3 W m−1 K−1 in the perpendicular direction (19,20). Furthermore, BN also shows excellent electrical insulation and high breakdown strength due to a wide bandgap (∼5.9 eV) (21,22), which makes BN as excellent thermal conductive fillers in composite materials.

It is well known that the interfacial thermal resistance exhibits a great role in determining the thermal conductivity of polymer composites (23,24). Generally, the surface modification of filler can be a widespread strategy for reducing the interfacial thermal resistance and enhancing the filler dispersion in the polymer matrix. Wei et al. (25) utilized sulfonated polyarylene ether nitrile to improve the compatibility between BN and polyarylene ether nitrile. Liu et al. (26) utilized ethylcellulose to promote the dispersion of h-BN in polyimide. Thus, the thermal conductivity of the PI composite film with ethyl cellulose could be twice than of PI film without ethyl cellulose. The interfacial thermal resistance is influenced not only by the filler fraction but also by the topological structure of a thermally conductive network, such as the dispersion and orientation of fillers, contact area between fillers, and matrix–filler interaction (27,28). The structure of the thermally conductive network may play a vital role in thermal conductive composites (29,30). To obtain a continuous thermal conduction network, the surface of polymer granules is coated with thermally conductive fillers, and then composites with the segregated structure are constructed by compression molding. Thus, the fillers at the interface of resin particles can form a continuous thermal conduction pathway.

In this study, the method of powder mixing followed by compression molding is introduced to prepare thermally conductive boron nitride (BN)@ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene composites with a segregated structure. Vinyl acetate–ethylene serves as a binder to glue BN platelets to the surface of UHMWPE granules. To optimize the efficiency of the filler, a combination of 4 and 15 μm BN platelets is utilized in the composites (31). The large size BN can form the main thermally conductive pathways in composites, while the smaller size BN will fill the gaps between large sizes of BN to enhance more contact (22,32). Finally, the composites with the segregated structure are constructed in which BN flakes are located at the interface of UHMWPE particles by compression molding. Moreover, the crystallinity and thermal properties of BN@UHMWPE composites are also investigated.

2 Experimental

2.1 Materials

h-BN (average size 4 or 15 μm) was purchased from Yingkou Liaobin Fine Chemicals (Liaoning Province, China). UHMWPE powder was purchased from Beijing No. 2 Auxiliary Agent Factory (Beijing, China). Vinyl acetate-ethylene resin (VAE 707) was provided by Guangzhou Deep Gen Chemical (Guangdong Province, China).

2.2 Fabrication of BN@UHMWPE composites

The fabrication of the BN@UHMWPE composites is illustrated in Figure 1. UHMWPE and VAE 707 (UHMWPE:VAE707 = 6:1, w/w) were mixed by using a high-speed mixer (800Y, Yongkang Boou Hardware Products Co., Ltd) for 5 min at 25°C. Then, BN flakes (4 μm:15 μm = 3:7, w/w (31)) were added into the mixer and mixed for 5 min. After that, the mixtures were dried in an oven at 60°C for 12 h. Lastly, the BN-coated UHMWPE particles were compression molded via a press vulcanizer at 210°C and 10 MPa for 15 min. The obtained samples were labeled as BN@UHMWPE, in which “@” represents the coating process. For comparison, the BN/UHMWPE composites with random distributed BNs were prepared by melt mixing BN-coated UHMWPE particles in a torque rheometer at 220°C for 15 min. The obtained composites were denoted as BN/UHMWPE, in which “/” indicates melt mixing. The loadings of BN in the composites were 2.1 vol% (5 wt%), 4.4 vol% (10 wt%), 9.4 vol% (20 wt%), 15.1 vol% (30 wt%), 21.6 vol% (40 wt%), 29.3 vol% (50 wt%), and 38.3 vol% (60 wt%).

Figure 1 Schematic illustration of the thermally conductive composites fabrication procedure.
Figure 1

Schematic illustration of the thermally conductive composites fabrication procedure.

2.3 Characterizations

The microstructure and surface morphology of the samples were examined by scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM; Nova Nano 450, FEI, USA) and polarizing optical microscopy (POM, CX40P; Sunny instruments Co, China). The thermal conductivity of the composites at 25°C was measured by LFA-457 (Netzsch, Germany). The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis of the samples was carried out in DSC 204 HP (Netzsch, Germany) at a heating rate of 10°C/min. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of samples was performed at a heating rate of 10°C/min under a nitrogen atmosphere by STA449 F3 (NETZSCH, Germany).

3 Results and discussion

The morphology of UHMWPE and encapsulated UHMWPE granules was observed via SEM. As shown in Figure 2, it is found that the surface of the raw UHMWPE particle is smooth. This morphology changed obviously after coating with BN flakes. One can see that the surface of the UHMWPE particles is tightly covered by the BN sheets. Meanwhile, larger numbers of BN sheets are embedded into the gullies of UHMWPE particles. BN sheets are successfully coated onto the surface of UHMWPE particles with the help of VAE 707 emulsion. This morphology provides the potential for constructing a segregated conductive network of BN in UHMWPE composites. UHMWPE granules with other contents of BN also show similar structures (Figure A1).

Figure 2 Particle morphological SEM images of UHMWPE granules (a–c) and BN-coated UHMWPE granules with 4.4 vol% of BN (d–f).
Figure 2

Particle morphological SEM images of UHMWPE granules (a–c) and BN-coated UHMWPE granules with 4.4 vol% of BN (d–f).

Figure 3 Optical micrographs of BN@UHMWPE (a–c) and BN/UHMWPE composites (d–f) with 9.4 vol% of BN.
Figure 3

Optical micrographs of BN@UHMWPE (a–c) and BN/UHMWPE composites (d–f) with 9.4 vol% of BN.

POM was used to observe the distribution of BN in the composites that are shown in Figure 3. The BN and UHMWPE present diverse colors under optical microscopy for their different light transmittances. In Figure 3b, the light-colored part is mainly the UHMWPE phase, while the darker part around the polygon is the BN sheets. It indicates that the BN sheets are not homogeneously dispersed within the polymer matrix, but selectively localized at the interfaces of UHMWPE particles. Similar structures are observed in the POM images of BN@UHMWPE composites with other loadings of BN (Figure A2). Compared with the BN@UHMWPE composites, the BN/UHMWPE composites present homogeneous structure and the BN sheets are randomly distributed in the matrix (Figure 3d–f). Based on the POM observations, it can be concluded that continuous BN conductive networks have been successfully formed.

Figure 4 Thermal conductivity of BN/UHMWPE composites made by powder mixing and melt mixing as a function of BN loadings.
Figure 4

Thermal conductivity of BN/UHMWPE composites made by powder mixing and melt mixing as a function of BN loadings.

Figure 5 (a) Comparison between experimental data of the composites and HS model and (b) interconnectivity of the filler as a function of filler fraction.
Figure 5

(a) Comparison between experimental data of the composites and HS model and (b) interconnectivity of the filler as a function of filler fraction.

The influence of the volume fraction of BN on the thermal conductivity of BN/UHMWPE composites with different fabricating methods is shown in Figure 4. The thermal conductivity for both BN@UHMWPE composites and BN/UHMWPE composites increases with a growing BN percentage. The BN@UHMWPE composites exhibit the highest thermal conductivity of 3.37 W m−1 K−1 with 38.3 vol% of BN, which is about sevenfold higher than for the original UHMWPE. Moreover, the BN@UHMWPE composites exhibit higher thermal conductivity than BN/UHMWPE composites at the same filler composition. Compared with the thermal conductivity of BN/UHMWPE composites, the thermal conductivity of BN@UHMWPE composites improved 19.2%, 14.8%, and 55.2% when the content of BN is 21.6, 29.3, and 38.3 vol%, and the average thermal conductivity improved by 25.6% at the volume fraction of BN from 2.1 to 38.3 vol%. Segregated structure is much more beneficial to enhance the thermal conductivity of composite compared with the randomly dispersed structure. For the BN@UHMWPE composites, BN is located at the interfaces among UHMWPE particles and formed a continuous thermally conductive network. This tightly stacked structure of BN greatly increases the contact area between the fillers, which reduces the thermal boundary resistance and broadens the heat conduction pathways.

Figure 6 The DSC curves for the UHMWPE and BN@UHMWPE composites with different loadings of BN.
Figure 6

The DSC curves for the UHMWPE and BN@UHMWPE composites with different loadings of BN.

To evaluate the influence of morphology and interconnectivity of fillers on the thermal conductivity of the composites, the Hashin–Shtrikman (HS) model (5,33) is introduced to analyze the thermal conductivity of the composites.

(1)σHS+=σf2σf+σp−2χp(σf−σp)2σf+σp+χp(σf−σp),
(2)σHS−=σp2σp+σf−2χf(σp−σf)2σp+σf+χf(σp−σf),
(3)Xinterconnected=σmeasured−σHS+σHS+−σHS−,

where χf is the particle volume fraction, χp is the volume fraction of the matrix, σf is the thermal conductivity of the particle, and σp is that of the polymer matrix. In the HS model, the lower boundary of the HS model (HS−) assumes thermally conductive phase is surrounded by polymer matrix, while the upper boundary of the HS model (HS+) is an interconnected filler network. Xinterconnected is a relative parameter to measure the interconnectivity of the thermally conducting network. Figure 5a shows that the thermal conductivity of UHMWPE/BN composites with homogeneously dispersed BN flakes is closer to the lower bound, indicating that the BN sheets are well wetted by the polymer matrix. In Figure 5b, the Xinterconnected of BN@UHMWPE composites with segregated structures show much higher interconnectivity than UHMWPE/BN composites. The higher interconnectivity should be attributed to the interconnected conductive network formed in the BN@UHMWPE composites.

Figure 7 TGA curves of native UHMWPE and BN@UHMWPE composites.
Figure 7

TGA curves of native UHMWPE and BN@UHMWPE composites.

The DSC curves of the UHMWPE and the composites are shown in Figure 6. The thermal parameters obtained from the DSC curves are reported in Table 1. The melting temperature (Tm) of the BN@UHMWPE composites decreased slightly compared with that of neat UHMWPE. This indicates that the lamellar crystallites in the composites are more imperfect than the lamellae in neat UHMWPE, and they will melt at a lower temperature (34).

Table 1

DSC results for the UHMWPE and BN@UHMWPE composites

SamplesΔHf (J/g)Tm (°C)X (%)
UHMWPE146.713950
2.1 vol% BN@UHMWPE133.113848
4.4 vol% BN@UHMWPE142.213754
9.4 vol% BN@UHMWPE118.513651
15.1 vol% BN@UHMWPE89.613644
21.6 vol% BN@UHMWPE74.313442
29.3 vol% BN@UHMWPE63.913744
38.3 vol% BN@UHMWPE50.413743

Furthermore, the degree of crystallinity (X, %) of the pure UHMWPE and UHMWPE/BN composites was calculated by:

(4)X(%)=ΔHf(1−ϕ)ΔH0,

where ΔHf is the heat fusion of the composites, ΔH0 is the fusion enthalpy of 100% crystalline PE (293 J/g) (35), and ϕ is the weight fraction of the filler in the composites.

According to Table 1, the degree of crystallinity in composites with 4.4 vol% BN is increased by 7.7% compared with that of UHMWPE. Then, the crystallinity reduces to about 43% when the BN content is over 15.1 vol%. Generally, the fillers affect the degree of crystallinity through nucleation and crystal growth. When an appropriate amount of fillers is added into the polymer, the fillers could act as nucleation sites, which might facilitate the nucleation and increase the crystallinity of the composites. However, enhanced amounts of filler decrease the degree of crystallinity because they hinder the mobility of polymer chains from forming highly order arrangements in the crystal growth (36).

The TGA curves of native UHMWPE and BN@UHMWPE composites are presented in Figure 7. The corresponding TGA parameters of the composites are listed in Table 2. As shown in Figure 7, two stages of mass loss can be found from the curves of the composites. The first weight loss, which appears at around 300–390°C, is attributed to the decomposition of the VAE 707 emulsion. The second stage at 410–530°C is due to the degradation of UHMWPE resin. From Table 2, with the increasing content of fillers, the Tmax1 of the composites has no visible change, while the Tmax2 of the composite shifts to higher temperatures. The Tmax2 of the composite with 29.3 vol% BN is 11°C higher than that of original UHMWPE. The phenomenon should be ascribed to the “tortuous path” effect of the BN (37). The lamellar BNs delay the escape of volatile degradation products, resulting in an improvement in the thermal stability of the composites (38). In addition, the char yields at 700°C are also increased with increasing BN content, and these values are very close to the theoretical char yields of the composites.

Table 2

TGA parameters of BN@UHMWPE composites

SamplesTmax1 (°C)Tmax2 (°C)Residues (wt%)
UHMWPE482.11.92
2.1 vol% BN@UHMWPE342.5485.14.65
4.4 vol% BN@UHMWPE346.4490.29.74
9.4 vol% BN@UHMWPE344.8485.621.59
15.1 vol% BN@UHMWPE344.1489.825.84
21.6 vol% BN@UHMWPE344.7491.544.67
29.3 vol% BN@UHMWPE342.6493.449.28
38.3 vol% BN@UHMWPE344.6489.862.13

4 Conclusion

BN@UHMWPE composites with the segregated structure were successfully fabricated by powder mixing and compression molding. The thermal conductivity of the BN@UHMWPE composite with 38.3 vol% BN is greatly improved to 3.37 W m−1 K−1, which was seven times larger than that of the pure UHMWPE. This can be attributed to the formation of an effective conducting pathway, thus leading to the composite with segregated structure exhibits much higher thermal conductivity than BN/UHMWPE composites. The HS model reveals that BN@UHMWPE composites with segregated structure show much higher interconnectivity. Furthermore, the incorporation of BN also influences the crystallinity and thermal properties of UHMWPE.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 518630003 and 51703039), the Special Project of Cultivating New Academic Seedlings and Exploring Innovation for Guizhou Institute of Technology (grant number QianKeHe [2017]5789-03), the Guizhou Provincial Higher Education Engineering Research Center, China [Qian Jiao He KY (2017) 021], the Action Plan for Scientific Research Institutions Serve Enterprises in Guizhou Province [Qian Ke Fu Qi (2018) 4010], and the Research start-up Foundation for Advanced Talents of Guizhou Institute of Technology (grant number XJGC20190668).

Appendix

Figure A1 Particle morphological SEM images of BN-coated UHMWPE granules with (a–c) 2.1 vol%, (d–f) 9.4 vol%, (g–i) 21.6 vol%, and (j–l) 38.3 vol% BN.
Figure A1

Particle morphological SEM images of BN-coated UHMWPE granules with (a–c) 2.1 vol%, (d–f) 9.4 vol%, (g–i) 21.6 vol%, and (j–l) 38.3 vol% BN.

Figure A2 Optical micrographs of BN@UHMWPE with 2.1 vol% (a and b), 21.6 vol% (c and d), and 38.3 vol% (e and f) of BN.
Figure A2

Optical micrographs of BN@UHMWPE with 2.1 vol% (a and b), 21.6 vol% (c and d), and 38.3 vol% (e and f) of BN.

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Received: 2020-05-24
Revised: 2020-07-31
Accepted: 2020-07-31
Published Online: 2020-09-21

© 2020 Xian Wu et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  19. Preparation of novel amphoteric polyacrylamide and its synergistic retention with cationic polymers
  20. Effect of montmorillonite on PEBAX® 1074-based mixed matrix membranes to be used in humidifiers in proton exchange membrane fuel cells
  21. Insight on the effect of a piperonylic acid derivative on the crystallization process, melting behavior, thermal stability, optical and mechanical properties of poly(l-lactic acid)
  22. Lipase-catalyzed synthesis and post-polymerization modification of new fully bio-based poly(hexamethylene γ-ketopimelate) and poly(hexamethylene γ-ketopimelate-co-hexamethylene adipate) copolyesters
  23. Dielectric, mechanical and thermal properties of all-organic PI/PSF composite films by in situ polymerization
  24. Morphological transition of amphiphilic block copolymer/PEGylated phospholipid complexes induced by the dynamic subtle balance interactions in the self-assembled aggregates
  25. Silica/polymer core–shell particles prepared via soap-free emulsion polymerization
  26. Antibacterial epoxy composites with addition of natural Artemisia annua waste
  27. Design and preparation of 3D printing intelligent poly N,N-dimethylacrylamide hydrogel actuators
  28. Multilayer-structured fibrous membrane with directional moisture transportability and thermal radiation for high-performance air filtration
  29. Reaction characteristics of polymer expansive jet impact on explosive reactive armour
  30. Synthesis of a novel modified chitosan as an intumescent flame retardant for epoxy resin
  31. Synthesis of aminated polystyrene and its self-assembly with nanoparticles at oil/water interface
  32. The synthesis and characterisation of porous and monodisperse, chemically modified hypercrosslinked poly(acrylonitrile)-based terpolymer as a sorbent for the adsorption of acidic pharmaceuticals
  33. Crystal transition and thermal behavior of Nylon 12
  34. All-optical non-conjugated multi-functionalized photorefractive polymers via ring-opening metathesis polymerization
  35. Fabrication of LDPE/PS interpolymer resin particles through a swelling suspension polymerization approach
  36. Determination of the carbonyl index of polyethylene and polypropylene using specified area under band methodology with ATR-FTIR spectroscopy
  37. Synthesis, electropolymerization, and electrochromic performances of two novel tetrathiafulvalene–thiophene assemblies
  38. Wetting behaviors of fluoroterpolymer fiber films
  39. Plugging mechanisms of polymer gel used for hydraulic fracture water shutoff
  40. Synthesis of flexible poly(l-lactide)-b-polyethylene glycol-b-poly(l-lactide) bioplastics by ring-opening polymerization in the presence of chain extender
  41. Sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) functionalized polysilsesquioxane hybrid membranes with enhanced proton conductivity
  42. Fmoc-diphenylalanine-based hydrogels as a potential carrier for drug delivery
  43. Effect of diacylhydrazine as chain extender on microphase separation and performance of energetic polyurethane elastomer
  44. Improved high-temperature damping performance of nitrile-butadiene rubber/phenolic resin composites by introducing different hindered amine molecules
  45. Rational synthesis of silicon into polyimide-derived hollow electrospun carbon nanofibers for enhanced lithium storage
  46. Synthesis, characterization and properties of phthalonitrile-etherified resole resin
  47. Highly thermally conductive boron nitride@UHMWPE composites with segregated structure
  48. Synthesis of high-temperature thermally expandable microcapsules and their effects on foaming quality and surface quality of foamed ABS materials
  49. Tribological and nanomechanical properties of a lignin-based biopolymer
  50. Hydroxyapatite/polyetheretherketone nanocomposites for selective laser sintering: Thermal and mechanical performances
  51. Synthesis of a phosphoramidate flame retardant and its flame retardancy on cotton fabrics
  52. Preparation and characterization of thermoresponsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) copolymers with enhanced hydrophilicity
  53. Fabrication of flexible SiO2 nanofibrous yarn via a conjugate electrospinning process
  54. Silver-loaded carbon nanofibers for ammonia sensing
  55. Polar migration behavior of phosphonate groups in phosphonate esterified acrylic grafted epoxy ester composites and their role in substrate protection
  56. Solubility and diffusion coefficient of supercritical CO2 in polystyrene dynamic melt
  57. Curcumin-loaded polyvinyl butyral film with antibacterial activity
  58. Experimental-numerical studies of the effect of cell structure on the mechanical properties of polypropylene foams
  59. Experimental investigation on the three-dimensional flow field from a meltblowing slot die
  60. Enhancing tribo-mechanical properties and thermal stability of nylon 6 by hexagonal boron nitride fillers
  61. Preparation and characterization of electrospun fibrous scaffolds of either PVA or PVP for fast release of sildenafil citrate
  62. Seawater degradation of PLA accelerated by water-soluble PVA
  63. Review Article
  64. Mechanical properties and application analysis of spider silk bionic material
  65. Additive manufacturing of PLA-based scaffolds intended for bone regeneration and strategies to improve their biological properties
  66. Structural design toward functional materials by electrospinning: A review
  67. Special Issue: XXXII National Congress of the Mexican Polymer Society
  68. Tailoring the morphology of poly(high internal phase emulsions) synthesized by using deep eutectic solvents
  69. Modification of Ceiba pentandra cellulose for drug release applications
  70. Redox initiation in semicontinuous polymerization to search for specific mechanical properties of copolymers
  71. pH-responsive polymer micelles for methotrexate delivery at tumor microenvironments
  72. Microwave-assisted synthesis of the lipase-catalyzed ring-opening copolymerization of ε-caprolactone and ω-pentadecanolactone: Thermal and FTIR characterization
  73. Rapid Communications
  74. Pilot-scale production of polylactic acid nanofibers by melt electrospinning
  75. Erratum
  76. Erratum to: Synthesis and characterization of new macromolecule systems for colon-specific drug delivery
https://doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2020-0053
Keywords for this article
boron nitride; thermal conductivity; segregated structure; polymer–matrix composites
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

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  16. Enhancement of mechanical, thermal and water uptake performance of TPU/jute fiber green composites via chemical treatments on fiber surface
  17. Enhancement of mechanical properties of natural rubber–clay nanocomposites through incorporation of silanated organoclay into natural rubber latex
  18. Preparation and characterization of corn starch/PVA/glycerol composite films incorporated with ε-polylysine as a novel antimicrobial packaging material
  19. Preparation of novel amphoteric polyacrylamide and its synergistic retention with cationic polymers
  20. Effect of montmorillonite on PEBAX® 1074-based mixed matrix membranes to be used in humidifiers in proton exchange membrane fuel cells
  21. Insight on the effect of a piperonylic acid derivative on the crystallization process, melting behavior, thermal stability, optical and mechanical properties of poly(l-lactic acid)
  22. Lipase-catalyzed synthesis and post-polymerization modification of new fully bio-based poly(hexamethylene γ-ketopimelate) and poly(hexamethylene γ-ketopimelate-co-hexamethylene adipate) copolyesters
  23. Dielectric, mechanical and thermal properties of all-organic PI/PSF composite films by in situ polymerization
  24. Morphological transition of amphiphilic block copolymer/PEGylated phospholipid complexes induced by the dynamic subtle balance interactions in the self-assembled aggregates
  25. Silica/polymer core–shell particles prepared via soap-free emulsion polymerization
  26. Antibacterial epoxy composites with addition of natural Artemisia annua waste
  27. Design and preparation of 3D printing intelligent poly N,N-dimethylacrylamide hydrogel actuators
  28. Multilayer-structured fibrous membrane with directional moisture transportability and thermal radiation for high-performance air filtration
  29. Reaction characteristics of polymer expansive jet impact on explosive reactive armour
  30. Synthesis of a novel modified chitosan as an intumescent flame retardant for epoxy resin
  31. Synthesis of aminated polystyrene and its self-assembly with nanoparticles at oil/water interface
  32. The synthesis and characterisation of porous and monodisperse, chemically modified hypercrosslinked poly(acrylonitrile)-based terpolymer as a sorbent for the adsorption of acidic pharmaceuticals
  33. Crystal transition and thermal behavior of Nylon 12
  34. All-optical non-conjugated multi-functionalized photorefractive polymers via ring-opening metathesis polymerization
  35. Fabrication of LDPE/PS interpolymer resin particles through a swelling suspension polymerization approach
  36. Determination of the carbonyl index of polyethylene and polypropylene using specified area under band methodology with ATR-FTIR spectroscopy
  37. Synthesis, electropolymerization, and electrochromic performances of two novel tetrathiafulvalene–thiophene assemblies
  38. Wetting behaviors of fluoroterpolymer fiber films
  39. Plugging mechanisms of polymer gel used for hydraulic fracture water shutoff
  40. Synthesis of flexible poly(l-lactide)-b-polyethylene glycol-b-poly(l-lactide) bioplastics by ring-opening polymerization in the presence of chain extender
  41. Sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) functionalized polysilsesquioxane hybrid membranes with enhanced proton conductivity
  42. Fmoc-diphenylalanine-based hydrogels as a potential carrier for drug delivery
  43. Effect of diacylhydrazine as chain extender on microphase separation and performance of energetic polyurethane elastomer
  44. Improved high-temperature damping performance of nitrile-butadiene rubber/phenolic resin composites by introducing different hindered amine molecules
  45. Rational synthesis of silicon into polyimide-derived hollow electrospun carbon nanofibers for enhanced lithium storage
  46. Synthesis, characterization and properties of phthalonitrile-etherified resole resin
  47. Highly thermally conductive boron nitride@UHMWPE composites with segregated structure
  48. Synthesis of high-temperature thermally expandable microcapsules and their effects on foaming quality and surface quality of foamed ABS materials
  49. Tribological and nanomechanical properties of a lignin-based biopolymer
  50. Hydroxyapatite/polyetheretherketone nanocomposites for selective laser sintering: Thermal and mechanical performances
  51. Synthesis of a phosphoramidate flame retardant and its flame retardancy on cotton fabrics
  52. Preparation and characterization of thermoresponsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) copolymers with enhanced hydrophilicity
  53. Fabrication of flexible SiO2 nanofibrous yarn via a conjugate electrospinning process
  54. Silver-loaded carbon nanofibers for ammonia sensing
  55. Polar migration behavior of phosphonate groups in phosphonate esterified acrylic grafted epoxy ester composites and their role in substrate protection
  56. Solubility and diffusion coefficient of supercritical CO2 in polystyrene dynamic melt
  57. Curcumin-loaded polyvinyl butyral film with antibacterial activity
  58. Experimental-numerical studies of the effect of cell structure on the mechanical properties of polypropylene foams
  59. Experimental investigation on the three-dimensional flow field from a meltblowing slot die
  60. Enhancing tribo-mechanical properties and thermal stability of nylon 6 by hexagonal boron nitride fillers
  61. Preparation and characterization of electrospun fibrous scaffolds of either PVA or PVP for fast release of sildenafil citrate
  62. Seawater degradation of PLA accelerated by water-soluble PVA
  63. Review Article
  64. Mechanical properties and application analysis of spider silk bionic material
  65. Additive manufacturing of PLA-based scaffolds intended for bone regeneration and strategies to improve their biological properties
  66. Structural design toward functional materials by electrospinning: A review
  67. Special Issue: XXXII National Congress of the Mexican Polymer Society
  68. Tailoring the morphology of poly(high internal phase emulsions) synthesized by using deep eutectic solvents
  69. Modification of Ceiba pentandra cellulose for drug release applications
  70. Redox initiation in semicontinuous polymerization to search for specific mechanical properties of copolymers
  71. pH-responsive polymer micelles for methotrexate delivery at tumor microenvironments
  72. Microwave-assisted synthesis of the lipase-catalyzed ring-opening copolymerization of ε-caprolactone and ω-pentadecanolactone: Thermal and FTIR characterization
  73. Rapid Communications
  74. Pilot-scale production of polylactic acid nanofibers by melt electrospinning
  75. Erratum
  76. Erratum to: Synthesis and characterization of new macromolecule systems for colon-specific drug delivery
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