Startseite Primary and metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid gland: Two case reports
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Primary and metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid gland: Two case reports

  • Xing Zhao , Pengyu Hao , Jiangbei Tian , Jirun Sun , Dawei Chen , Zhehui Cui , Libo Xin , Yanmin Song und Gang Zhang EMAIL logo
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 16. September 2022
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Open Life Sciences
Aus der Zeitschrift Open Life Sciences Band 17 Heft 1

Abstract

This study reports two cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid (SCCT) presenting as the thyroid goiter, involving one case of primary squamous cell carcinoma originating from the thyroid (PSCCT) and the other case of secondary SCCT of the thyroid. A retrospective analysis of the clinical and pathological findings was done in this study report. In case 1, the thyroid ultrasound showed multi-hypoechoic well-defined nodules, labeled as 3 using Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System, measuring 34.1 mm × 28.9 mm × 30.3 mm and 26.5 mm × 22.2 mm × 23.9 mm in the left in the right lobar thyroid, respectively. The patient underwent surgery and was histologically diagnosed with PSCCT. In case 2, the thyroid ultrasound showed a 25.2 mm × 22.2 mm × 18.8 mm hypoechoic nodule in the right lobar thyroid. The patient underwent a frozen biopsy, the results of which increased suspicion of squamous cell carcinoma. A frozen biopsy was followed by an endoscopic evaluation that detected an ulcerative mass measuring 3.0 cm within the mucosa of esophagus. Due to a scarcity of cases, SCCT is a great challenge for the pathologists and the managing team to come up with the best treatment strategy for the patients.

Keywords: primary squamous cell carcinoma; metastatic squamous cell carcinoma; thyroid gland; case report

1 Introduction

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a malignant epithelial tumor that entirely comprises cells with squamous differentiation [1]. The squamous cell carcinoma of thyroid (SCCT) presenting as the thyroid goiter is extremely rare and usually occurs in elderly female patients [2]. The clinical features are similar to other histological types of thyroid carcinoma. However, chronic thyroid diseases, like Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is noted in some cases. Hence, a few of researchers have concluded that the SCCT deriving from metaplasia was often complicated by chronic thyroid diseases [3]. Imaging studies, like esophagoscopy, laryngoscopy, and bronchoscopy help in confirming if the SCC is of primary or secondary origin. The prognosis of primary squamous cell carcinoma originating from the thyroid (PSCCT) is similar to anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. In this study, we have represented two cases of SCCT and analyzed their morphological manifestation and immune phenotype, to further investigate the pathological essential points, the biological behavior, and the diagnosis of the SCCT.

2 Case presentation

2.1 Case 1

A 63-year-old female patient presented with complaints of bilateral neck swelling associated with difficulty in breathing for the past 5 months in 2020. She gave a history of oropharyngeal foreign body sensation, stridor without dysphagia, and hoarseness of voice. She experienced no fever, bodyweight loss, night sweating, malaise, or pain. She also denied a history of neck irradiation or any history of thyroid or other malignancy in her family. Her physical examination revealed that the trachea deviated to the right side. On palpation, a mass approximately measuring 6.0 cm × 5.0 cm on the left side and a mass of 3.0 cm × 2.0 cm on the right side could be felt over the neck. Both the masses were firm with smooth surfaces and moved up and down during deglutition. No palpable cervical lymphadenopathy was present. The rest of the physical examination was found to be normal. The thyroid ultrasound showed multi-hypoechoic well-defined nodules, labeled in Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TI-RADS) as 3, measuring 34.1 mm × 28.9 mm × 30.3 mm and 26.5 mm × 22.2 mm × 23.9 mm in the left and the right lobar thyroid, respectively. No enlarged lymph nodes in the neck were observed by the ultrasound (Figure 1a). A enhanced computed tomographic (CT) scan revealed a multi-low-density image and spot calcification in the entire thyroid lobe that was enlarged with the compression of the trachea. No other features from the imaging suggested lesions at the other sites of the thyroid lobe (Figure 1b).

Figure 1 The thyroid ultrasound and CT images of case 1: (a) thyroid ultrasound showed the nodules measuring 34.1 mm × 28.9 mm × 30.3 mm in the left lobar thyroid and 26.5 mm × 22.2 mm × 23.9 mm in the right lobar thyroid and (b) CT showed a multi-low-density image and spot calcification in the whole enlarged thyroid lobe.
Figure 1

The thyroid ultrasound and CT images of case 1: (a) thyroid ultrasound showed the nodules measuring 34.1 mm × 28.9 mm × 30.3 mm in the left lobar thyroid and 26.5 mm × 22.2 mm × 23.9 mm in the right lobar thyroid and (b) CT showed a multi-low-density image and spot calcification in the whole enlarged thyroid lobe.

The patient underwent a total thyroidectomy. Extensive infiltration of the perithyroidal soft tissue into the tumor was noted during the operation. Grossly, a well-defined mass of 7 cm × 6 cm × 6 cm in the left thyroid gland was found with firm, gray cut surfaces along with a partially calcified cystic lesion. The gross specimen also revealed a 5 cm × 3 cm × 3 cm mass in the right thyroid gland with similar features as were present in the left lesion. The histopathological features were confirmed using hematoxylin & eosin (HE) staining and the stained sections were imaged with an inverted microscope using different magnification times. Microscopically, collagen fibers were seen prominently in the background and the presence of keratinization was noted in the low-power field, which was focally apparent in those with poorly differentiated tumors (Figure 2a). These cells were cohesive and arranged in nest and sheet patterns. The tumor cells exhibited hyper-chromatic nuclei, prominent eosinophilic nucleoli, and abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm. Intercellular bridges and mitotic figures were noted in the high-power field (Figure 2b). On immunohistochemistry (IHC), the tumor cells were positive for CK, P40, CK5/6, and CK19. They were negative for TG, TTF-1, Galectin-3, MC, BRAFV600E, CD117, CD5, and Ki-67. The proliferative index was approximately 30% (Figure 3a–d, Table 1).

Figure 2 HE images of case 1: (a) these cells were cohesive and arranged in nest and sheet patterns in the low-power field, HE ×100 and (b) presence of keratinization was noted, and the tumor cells exhibited hyper-chromatic nuclei, prominent eosinophilic nucleoli, and abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm in the high-power field, HE ×400.
Figure 2

HE images of case 1: (a) these cells were cohesive and arranged in nest and sheet patterns in the low-power field, HE ×100 and (b) presence of keratinization was noted, and the tumor cells exhibited hyper-chromatic nuclei, prominent eosinophilic nucleoli, and abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm in the high-power field, HE ×400.

Figure 3 Immunochemistry images of case 1: (a) SCCT cells were positive for p40, p40 immunostaining, ×200, (b) immunochemistry shows SCCT cells positive for CK19, CK19 immunostaining, ×200, (c) SCCT cells were negative for TTF-1, TTF-1 immunostaining, ×200, and (d) Ki-67 proliferative index was approximately 30%, Ki-67 immunostaining, ×200.
Figure 3

Immunochemistry images of case 1: (a) SCCT cells were positive for p40, p40 immunostaining, ×200, (b) immunochemistry shows SCCT cells positive for CK19, CK19 immunostaining, ×200, (c) SCCT cells were negative for TTF-1, TTF-1 immunostaining, ×200, and (d) Ki-67 proliferative index was approximately 30%, Ki-67 immunostaining, ×200.

Table 1

Antibodies and results of immunostaining

Antibody Clones Source Results/Case no.
Case 1 Case 2
CK AE1/AE3 ZSGB + +
TG OT18F2 ZSGB — —
TTF-1 8G7G3/1 ZSGB — —
P40 BC28 ZSGB + +
CK5/6 OTI1C7 ZSGB + +
Galectin-3 UMAB157 ZSGB — —
CK19 UMAB2 ZSGB + +
MC HBME-1 ZSGB — —
Ki-67 EP5 ZSGB 30% 50%
BRAFV600E RM8 ZSGB — —
CD117 EP10 ZSGB — /
CD5 EP77 ZSGB — /

ZSGB, Zhong Shan Golden Bridge, Beijing.

+: Positive; —: Negative; /: no data.

Based on these results, the patient was diagnosed with primary SCC. The surgery was uneventful, and post-operation the patient had a favorable recovery without complications. During the post-operative period of 7 months, on follow-up, no obvious abnormalities were seen in the patient.

2.2 Case 2

A 69-year-old male patient who was admitted to our hospital, presented with a painful cervical mass that developed in the last 15 days, accompanied by dysphagia, and a change in his voice in 2021. The patient had no redness, swelling, cough, bucking, tetany, or hyperhidrosis. He also gave a history of having high blood pressure for the past 8 years but give a negative history of radiation exposure. Physical examination revealed a mass measuring 2.5 cm × 2.0 cm on the right side of the thyroid. The mass was firm with an irregular surface and moved up and down during deglutition.

The thyroid ultrasound revealed a 25.2 mm × 22.2 mm × 18.8 mm hypoechoic nodule in the right lobar thyroid labeled as TI-RADS 4b. The left lobar thyroid was unremarkable (Figure 4a). Contrast-enhanced CT revealed an irregular mass that appeared as soft tissue density in the right lobar thyroid. Mass effected the right wall of the trachea, but without invasion of the structures, and there was also no evidence of cervical lymph node metastasis (Figure 4b). During the surgery, firm and wide adhesions were detected between the tumor and the esophagus. The boundary with the carotid artery, bronchial wall, and surrounding tissue was obscure. Hence, only partial resection of the tumor could be done. The patient underwent a frozen biopsy and its result increased suspicion of SCC. Given the findings during the operation, metastasis from the esophagus could not be ruled out. Hence, the frozen biopsy was followed up by an upper gastrointestinal endoscopy that detected an ulcerative mass measuring of 3.0 cm in the esophagus present at the junction between 28 and 31 cm from the incisor tooth (Figure 4c). Another ulcerative tumor located at the gastric fundus was also detected. A pathological examination of an endoscopic biopsy revealed severe atypical hyperplasia of squamous cells both in the upper esophagus and gastric fundus.

Figure 4 The thyroid ultrasound and CT images of case 2: (a) thyroid ultrasound showed a 25.2 mm × 22.2 mm × 18.8 mm hypoechoic nodule in the right lobar thyroid, (b) CT showed an irregular mass that appeared as soft tissue density in the right lobar thyroid, and (c) upper gastrointestinal endoscopy showed an ulcerative mass measuring 3.0 cm in 28–31 cm from an incisor tooth.
Figure 4

The thyroid ultrasound and CT images of case 2: (a) thyroid ultrasound showed a 25.2 mm × 22.2 mm × 18.8 mm hypoechoic nodule in the right lobar thyroid, (b) CT showed an irregular mass that appeared as soft tissue density in the right lobar thyroid, and (c) upper gastrointestinal endoscopy showed an ulcerative mass measuring 3.0 cm in 28–31 cm from an incisor tooth.

HE stain was performed in paraffin-embedded specimens of the thyroid tissue. Solid nests of neoplastic cells widely infiltrating the normal thyroid follicles, showing the features of moderately differentiated SCC were noted (Figure 5a and b). IHC showed tumor cells positive for CK, P40, CK5/6, and CK19, while negative for TG, TTF-1, Galectin-3, MC, BRAFV600E, and Ki-67. The proliferative index was approximately 50% (Figure 6a–c).

Figure 5 HE images of case 2: (a) solid nests of neoplastic cells are infiltrating widely in the normal thyroid follicles, HE ×100 and (b) tumor cells showed the feature of moderately differentiated SCC, HE ×200.
Figure 5

HE images of case 2: (a) solid nests of neoplastic cells are infiltrating widely in the normal thyroid follicles, HE ×100 and (b) tumor cells showed the feature of moderately differentiated SCC, HE ×200.

Figure 6 Immunochemistry images of case 2: (a) SCCT cells were positive for p40, p40 immunostaining, ×200, (b) SCCT cells were positive for CK5/6, CK5/6 immunostaining, ×200, and (c) SCCT cells were negative for TG, TG immunostaining, ×200.
Figure 6

Immunochemistry images of case 2: (a) SCCT cells were positive for p40, p40 immunostaining, ×200, (b) SCCT cells were positive for CK5/6, CK5/6 immunostaining, ×200, and (c) SCCT cells were negative for TG, TG immunostaining, ×200.

Based on these results, the patient was diagnosed with metastatic SCC, from the esophagus. The patient was treated with traditional Chinese medicine and was feeling well 4 months after the diagnosis.

  1. Informed consent: Informed consent has been obtained from all individuals included in this study.

  2. Ethical approval: The research related to human use has been complied with all the relevant national regulations, institutional policies and in accordance with the tenets of the Helsinki Declaration, and has been approved by the Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College review board.

3 Discussion

Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine tumor, accounting for about 95% of endocrine tumors [4,5]. Some small thyroid nodules, that could not be otherwise noticed in the past, could now be detected due to the improvement of ultrasound. Also, the incidence of thyroid cancer has been steadily rising. Most thyroid cancers originated from the follicular cells. Papillary thyroid carcinoma is the commonly seen histologic type of thyroid cancer that has a good prognosis. SCCT is a rare malignant tumor representing only about 1% of all thyroid cancers. Till now, only hundreds of PSCCT cases have been reported in the literature. Secondary SCCT of the thyroid (SSCCT) is a type of metastatic malignancy from the esophagus, larynx, hypopharynx, lung/trachea, and so on. A recent retrospective study with a larger cohort of PSCCT pointed that there were several different characteristics between PSCCT and SSCCT and with different overall survival time [5]. Thus, it is crucial to distinguish PSCCT and SSCCT for accurate personalized treatment.

The clinical features of the SCCT are unclear due to the absence of the reported cases. SCCT is more common in older women, with a female-to-male ratio of 2:1 [6,7]. Most of the SCCT patients were approximately 50–60 years old. The clinical features of SCCT are similar to other malignant thyroid tumors, presenting as rapidly enlarged masses of the neck with pressure symptoms. In some patients with SCCT, other thyroid diseases are noted, like Hashimoto thyroiditis. Rarely, SCCT is associated with paraneoplastic syndrome. Metastatic thyroid tumors are rare, due to the rapid flow of arterial blood that prevents the adhesion of tumor cells, and the presence of iodine in the thyroid gland that inhibits the proliferation of the tumor cells [8,9]. The metastatic thyroid tumor comprises 2–3% of all thyroid tumors, which could be originating from renal cell cancer, breast cancer, and lung cancer [9,10]. On the basis of the information we have, it can be inferred that SSCCT originating from the esophagus is extremely rare.

The macroscopic appearance of SCCT was typically large involving the entire thyroid with a firm and grayish-white colored surface. On microscopy, the tumor cells revealed squamous differentiation. In some cases of anaplastic and papillary carcinoma, the area of SCC could be detected, but in SCCT other histologic types are forbidden. Extensive infiltration of perithyroidal soft tissue, vessel, and peripheral nerves was often detected.

Unique microscopic morphology and IHC (positive for P40, CK5/6, and negative for TTF-1 and thyroglobulin) are helpful for making the final diagnosis of SCCT. The differential diagnoses include mucoepidermoid thyroid carcinoma, differentiation in papillary carcinoma, squamous metaplasia associated with nodular goiter, and lymphocytic thyroiditis. SSCCT is more common than PSCCT, either due to direct invasion or metastasis. As PSCCT is rare, thyroid metastases should be ruled out before confirming the diagnosis. Imaging studies like esophagoscopy, bronchoscopy, laryngoscopy, and chest X-rays are important for distinguishing PSCCT from SSCCT because these tumors often metastasize to the thyroid. Besides routine examination, immunohistochemical evaluation has a reference value for the diagnosis of PSCCT. The tumor cells of PSCCT are positive for PAX-8 (paired box gene 8), and show P53 over-expression. PAX-8 immunostaining is a novel technique that can help with the diagnostic challenge of distinguishing between PSCCT and SCC metastatic to the thyroid from extrathyroidal sites [11]. Combining PAX-8 immunostaining and clinical diagnostic technique would be useful for accurate diagnosis of the PSCCT. In both the patients that were included in our present study, we excluded the possibility of performing CT in cases 1 and 2. Endoscopic examination and biopsy could confirm the diagnosis of SCCT. The negative immunoreactivity for CD5 and CD117 exclude the SCC of the thymus. The molecular biology of SCCT is unclear. In 50% of cases, abnormal expression of P53 was noted, and in a few cases the loss of P21 expression was noted.

Squamous cell is normally absent in the thyroid, so the tumor origin is confused. There were three hypotheses about the etiology of the SCCT [2,12,13]: (1) in the embryonic origin, SCCT was deduced to originate from the remnant branchial arch or the thyroglossal duct, (2) chronic thyroid diseases are noted in some cases, hence, a few researchers deduced that SCCT is derived from metaplasia complicated with chronic thyroid diseases, and (3) de-differentiation of existing anaplastic, papillary, or medullary carcinomas.

In PSCCT cases, complete surgical resection followed by postoperative radiotherapy is the first choice of treatment whenever possible. The patients should then be closely monitored after surgery to detect recurrence as soon as possible. Since, sometimes a complete surgical resection is not possible. This makes tumor management difficult. In such cases, radiotherapy is the main treatment choice because such tumors usually do not respond to chemotherapy [14–16].

Due to the extensively diffuse infiltration of PSCCT to the trachea, esophagus, and major blood vessels, the survival rate of patients is less than a year after the diagnosis, similar to anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Lymphadenectomy and extended resections have no impact on patient survival [17].

4 Conclusion

Both PSCCT and SSCCT are diagnostic challenges for us. Pathologists should keep in mind SCCT, especially in thyroid frozen biopsy, and remind the surgeons to perform further examinations to distinguish PSCCT from SSCCT because histology has limitations in this tumor and SSCCT is a diagnosis of exclusion. Early and accurate diagnosis of PSCCT or SSCCT is critical for designing reasonable treatment and improving survival rate.

tel: +86-0312-2096555

  1. Funding information: This study was funded by the Chengde Science and Technology Research and Development Project (No. 202109A056).

  2. Author contributions: X.Z. drafted the manuscript. P.Y.H. and J.B.T. performed the operation. X.Z., J.R.S., and Y.M.S. participated in the operation. D.W.C., Z.H.C., L.B.X., and G.Z. provided academic advice. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Received: 2022-03-03
Revised: 2022-07-04
Accepted: 2022-07-17
Published Online: 2022-09-16

© 2022 Xing Zhao et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  86. Simultaneous triple primary malignancies, including bladder cancer, lymphoma, and lung cancer, in an elderly male: A case report
  87. Preclinical immunogenicity assessment of a cell-based inactivated whole-virion H5N1 influenza vaccine
  88. One case of iodine-125 therapy – A new minimally invasive treatment of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma
  89. S1P promotes corneal trigeminal neuron differentiation and corneal nerve repair via upregulating nerve growth factor expression in a mouse model
  90. Early cancer detection by a targeted methylation assay of circulating tumor DNA in plasma
  91. Calcifying nanoparticles initiate the calcification process of mesenchymal stem cells in vitro through the activation of the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway and promote the decay of echinococcosis
  92. Evaluation of prognostic markers in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2
  93. N6-Methyladenosine-related alternative splicing events play a role in bladder cancer
  94. Characterization of the structural, oxidative, and immunological features of testis tissue from Zucker diabetic fatty rats
  95. Effects of glucose and osmotic pressure on the proliferation and cell cycle of human chorionic trophoblast cells
  96. Investigation of genotype diversity of 7,804 norovirus sequences in humans and animals of China
  97. Characteristics and karyotype analysis of a patient with turner syndrome complicated with multiple-site tumors: A case report
  98. Aggravated renal fibrosis is positively associated with the activation of HMGB1-TLR2/4 signaling in STZ-induced diabetic mice
  99. Distribution characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 IgM/IgG in false-positive results detected by chemiluminescent immunoassay
  100. SRPX2 attenuated oxygen–glucose deprivation and reperfusion-induced injury in cardiomyocytes via alleviating endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis through targeting PI3K/Akt/mTOR axis
  101. Aquaporin-8 overexpression is involved in vascular structure and function changes in placentas of gestational diabetes mellitus patients
  102. Relationship between CRP gene polymorphisms and ischemic stroke risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  103. Effects of growth hormone on lipid metabolism and sexual development in pubertal obese male rats
  104. Cloning and identification of the CTLA-4IgV gene and functional application of vaccine in Xinjiang sheep
  105. Antitumor activity of RUNX3: Upregulation of E-cadherin and downregulation of the epithelial–mesenchymal transition in clear-cell renal cell carcinoma
  106. PHF8 promotes osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs in old rat with osteoporosis by regulating Wnt/β-catenin pathway
  107. A review of the current state of the computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) systems for breast cancer diagnosis
  108. Bilateral dacryoadenitis in adult-onset Still’s disease: A case report
  109. A novel association between Bmi-1 protein expression and the SUVmax obtained by 18F-FDG PET/CT in patients with gastric adenocarcinoma
  110. The role of erythrocytes and erythroid progenitor cells in tumors
  111. Relationship between platelet activation markers and spontaneous abortion: A meta-analysis
  112. Abnormal methylation caused by folic acid deficiency in neural tube defects
  113. Silencing TLR4 using an ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction-based shRNA system reduces ischemia-induced seizures in hyperglycemic rats
  114. Plant Sciences
  115. Seasonal succession of bacterial communities in cultured Caulerpa lentillifera detected by high-throughput sequencing
  116. Cloning and prokaryotic expression of WRKY48 from Caragana intermedia
  117. Novel Brassica hybrids with different resistance to Leptosphaeria maculans reveal unbalanced rDNA signal patterns
  118. Application of exogenous auxin and gibberellin regulates the bolting of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)
  119. Phytoremediation of pollutants from wastewater: A concise review
  120. Genome-wide identification and characterization of NBS-encoding genes in the sweet potato wild ancestor Ipomoea trifida (H.B.K.)
  121. Alleviative effects of magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles on the physiological toxicity of 3-nitrophenol to rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings
  122. Selection and functional identification of Dof genes expressed in response to nitrogen in Populus simonii × Populus nigra
  123. Study on pecan seed germination influenced by seed endocarp
  124. Identification of active compounds in Ophiopogonis Radix from different geographical origins by UPLC-Q/TOF-MS combined with GC-MS approaches
  125. The entire chloroplast genome sequence of Asparagus cochinchinensis and genetic comparison to Asparagus species
  126. Genome-wide identification of MAPK family genes and their response to abiotic stresses in tea plant (Camellia sinensis)
  127. Selection and validation of reference genes for RT-qPCR analysis of different organs at various development stages in Caragana intermedia
  128. Cloning and expression analysis of SERK1 gene in Diospyros lotus
  129. Integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic profiling revealed coping mechanisms of the edible and medicinal homologous plant Plantago asiatica L. cadmium resistance
  130. A missense variant in NCF1 is associated with susceptibility to unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion
  131. Assessment of drought tolerance indices in faba bean genotypes under different irrigation regimes
  132. The entire chloroplast genome sequence of Asparagus setaceus (Kunth) Jessop: Genome structure, gene composition, and phylogenetic analysis in Asparagaceae
  133. Food Science
  134. Dietary food additive monosodium glutamate with or without high-lipid diet induces spleen anomaly: A mechanistic approach on rat model
  135. Binge eating disorder during COVID-19
  136. Potential of honey against the onset of autoimmune diabetes and its associated nephropathy, pancreatitis, and retinopathy in type 1 diabetic animal model
  137. FTO gene expression in diet-induced obesity is downregulated by Solanum fruit supplementation
  138. Physical activity enhances fecal lactobacilli in rats chronically drinking sweetened cola beverage
  139. Supercritical CO2 extraction, chemical composition, and antioxidant effects of Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. oleoresin
  140. Functional constituents of plant-based foods boost immunity against acute and chronic disorders
  141. Effect of selenium and methods of protein extraction on the proteomic profile of Saccharomyces yeast
  142. Microbial diversity of milk ghee in southern Gansu and its effect on the formation of ghee flavor compounds
  143. Ecology and Environmental Sciences
  144. Effects of heavy metals on bacterial community surrounding Bijiashan mining area located in northwest China
  145. Microorganism community composition analysis coupling with 15N tracer experiments reveals the nitrification rate and N2O emissions in low pH soils in Southern China
  146. Genetic diversity and population structure of Cinnamomum balansae Lecomte inferred by microsatellites
  147. Preliminary screening of microplastic contamination in different marine fish species of Taif market, Saudi Arabia
  148. Plant volatile organic compounds attractive to Lygus pratensis
  149. Effects of organic materials on soil bacterial community structure in long-term continuous cropping of tomato in greenhouse
  150. Effects of soil treated fungicide fluopimomide on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) disease control and plant growth
  151. Prevalence of Yersinia pestis among rodents captured in a semi-arid tropical ecosystem of south-western Zimbabwe
  152. Effects of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on mitigating salt-induced Na+ toxicity and sustaining sea rice growth
  153. Bioengineering and Biotechnology
  154. Poly-l-lysine-caused cell adhesion induces pyroptosis in THP-1 monocytes
  155. Development of alkaline phosphatase-scFv and its use for one-step enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for His-tagged protein detection
  156. Development and validation of a predictive model for immune-related genes in patients with tongue squamous cell carcinoma
  157. Agriculture
  158. Effects of chemical-based fertilizer replacement with biochar-based fertilizer on albic soil nutrient content and maize yield
  159. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of CPP-like gene family in Triticum aestivum L. under different hormone and stress conditions
  160. Agronomic and economic performance of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) varieties in response to rates of blended NPS fertilizer in Kindo Koysha district, Southern Ethiopia
  161. Influence of furrow irrigation regime on the yield and water consumption indicators of winter wheat based on a multi-level fuzzy comprehensive evaluation
  162. Discovery of exercise-related genes and pathway analysis based on comparative genomes of Mongolian originated Abaga and Wushen horse
  163. Lessons from integrated seasonal forecast-crop modelling in Africa: A systematic review
  164. Evolution trend of soil fertility in tobacco-planting area of Chenzhou, Hunan Province, China
  165. Animal Sciences
  166. Morphological and molecular characterization of Tatera indica Hardwicke 1807 (Rodentia: Muridae) from Pothwar, Pakistan
  167. Research on meat quality of Qianhua Mutton Merino sheep and Small-tail Han sheep
  168. SI: A Scientific Memoir
  169. Suggestions on leading an academic research laboratory group
  170. My scientific genealogy and the Toronto ACDC Laboratory, 1988–2022
  171. Erratum
  172. Erratum to “Changes of immune cells in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated by radiofrequency ablation and hepatectomy, a pilot study”
  173. Erratum to “A two-microRNA signature predicts the progression of male thyroid cancer”
  174. Retraction
  175. Retraction of “Lidocaine has antitumor effect on hepatocellular carcinoma via the circ_DYNC1H1/miR-520a-3p/USP14 axis”
https://doi.org/10.1515/biol-2022-0475
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
primary squamous cell carcinoma; metastatic squamous cell carcinoma; thyroid gland; case report
Creative Commons
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Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Biomedical Sciences
  2. Effects of direct oral anticoagulants dabigatran and rivaroxaban on the blood coagulation function in rabbits
  3. The mother of all battles: Viruses vs humans. Can humans avoid extinction in 50–100 years?
  4. Knockdown of G1P3 inhibits cell proliferation and enhances the cytotoxicity of dexamethasone in acute lymphoblastic leukemia
  5. LINC00665 regulates hepatocellular carcinoma by modulating mRNA via the m6A enzyme
  6. Association study of CLDN14 variations in patients with kidney stones
  7. Concanavalin A-induced autoimmune hepatitis model in mice: Mechanisms and future outlook
  8. Regulation of miR-30b in cancer development, apoptosis, and drug resistance
  9. Informatic analysis of the pulmonary microecology in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis at three different stages
  10. Swimming attenuates tumor growth in CT-26 tumor-bearing mice and suppresses angiogenesis by mediating the HIF-1α/VEGFA pathway
  11. Characterization of intestinal microbiota and serum metabolites in patients with mild hepatic encephalopathy
  12. Functional conservation and divergence in plant-specific GRF gene family revealed by sequences and expression analysis
  13. Application of the FLP/LoxP-FRT recombination system to switch the eGFP expression in a model prokaryote
  14. Biomedical evaluation of antioxidant properties of lamb meat enriched with iodine and selenium
  15. Intravenous infusion of the exosomes derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells enhance neurological recovery after traumatic brain injury via suppressing the NF-κB pathway
  16. Effect of dietary pattern on pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus and its clinical significance
  17. Potential regulatory mechanism of TNF-α/TNFR1/ANXA1 in glioma cells and its role in glioma cell proliferation
  18. Effect of the genetic mutant G71R in uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 on the conjugation of bilirubin
  19. Quercetin inhibits cytotoxicity of PC12 cells induced by amyloid-beta 25–35 via stimulating estrogen receptor α, activating ERK1/2, and inhibiting apoptosis
  20. Nutrition intervention in the management of novel coronavirus pneumonia patients
  21. circ-CFH promotes the development of HCC by regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion, and glycolysis through the miR-377-3p/RNF38 axis
  22. Bmi-1 directly upregulates glucose transporter 1 in human gastric adenocarcinoma
  23. Lacunar infarction aggravates the cognitive deficit in the elderly with white matter lesion
  24. Hydroxysafflor yellow A improved retinopathy via Nrf2/HO-1 pathway in rats
  25. Comparison of axon extension: PTFE versus PLA formed by a 3D printer
  26. Elevated IL-35 level and iTr35 subset increase the bacterial burden and lung lesions in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected mice
  27. A case report of CAT gene and HNF1β gene variations in a patient with early-onset diabetes
  28. Study on the mechanism of inhibiting patulin production by fengycin
  29. SOX4 promotes high-glucose-induced inflammation and angiogenesis of retinal endothelial cells by activating NF-κB signaling pathway
  30. Relationship between blood clots and COVID-19 vaccines: A literature review
  31. Analysis of genetic characteristics of 436 children with dysplasia and detailed analysis of rare karyotype
  32. Bioinformatics network analyses of growth differentiation factor 11
  33. NR4A1 inhibits the epithelial–mesenchymal transition of hepatic stellate cells: Involvement of TGF-β–Smad2/3/4–ZEB signaling
  34. Expression of Zeb1 in the differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cell
  35. Study on the genetic damage caused by cadmium sulfide quantum dots in human lymphocytes
  36. Association between single-nucleotide polymorphisms of NKX2.5 and congenital heart disease in Chinese population: A meta-analysis
  37. Assessment of the anesthetic effect of modified pentothal sodium solution on Sprague-Dawley rats
  38. Genetic susceptibility to high myopia in Han Chinese population
  39. Potential biomarkers and molecular mechanisms in preeclampsia progression
  40. Silencing circular RNA-friend leukemia virus integration 1 restrained malignancy of CC cells and oxaliplatin resistance by disturbing dyskeratosis congenita 1
  41. Endostar plus pembrolizumab combined with a platinum-based dual chemotherapy regime for advanced pulmonary large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma as a first-line treatment: A case report
  42. The significance of PAK4 in signaling and clinicopathology: A review
  43. Sorafenib inhibits ovarian cancer cell proliferation and mobility and induces radiosensitivity by targeting the tumor cell epithelial–mesenchymal transition
  44. Characterization of rabbit polyclonal antibody against camel recombinant nanobodies
  45. Active legumain promotes invasion and migration of neuroblastoma by regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition
  46. Effect of cell receptors in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis: Current insights
  47. MT-12 inhibits the proliferation of bladder cells in vitro and in vivo by enhancing autophagy through mitochondrial dysfunction
  48. Study of hsa_circRNA_000121 and hsa_circRNA_004183 in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma
  49. BuyangHuanwu Decoction attenuates cerebral vasospasm caused by subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats via PI3K/AKT/eNOS axis
  50. Effects of the interaction of Notch and TLR4 pathways on inflammation and heart function in septic heart
  51. Monosodium iodoacetate-induced subchondral bone microstructure and inflammatory changes in an animal model of osteoarthritis
  52. A rare presentation of type II Abernethy malformation and nephrotic syndrome: Case report and review
  53. Rapid death due to pulmonary epithelioid haemangioendothelioma in several weeks: A case report
  54. Hepatoprotective role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α in non-cancerous hepatic tissues following transcatheter arterial embolization
  55. Correlation between peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations and primary systemic lupus erythematosus
  56. A novel SLC8A1-ALK fusion in lung adenocarcinoma confers sensitivity to alectinib: A case report
  57. β-Hydroxybutyrate upregulates FGF21 expression through inhibition of histone deacetylases in hepatocytes
  58. Identification of metabolic genes for the prediction of prognosis and tumor microenvironment infiltration in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer
  59. BTBD10 inhibits glioma tumorigenesis by downregulating cyclin D1 and p-Akt
  60. Mucormycosis co-infection in COVID-19 patients: An update
  61. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing in diagnosing Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia: A case report
  62. Long non-coding RNA HOXB-AS1 is a prognostic marker and promotes hepatocellular carcinoma cells’ proliferation and invasion
  63. Preparation and evaluation of LA-PEG-SPION, a targeted MRI contrast agent for liver cancer
  64. Proteomic analysis of the liver regulating lipid metabolism in Chaohu ducks using two-dimensional electrophoresis
  65. Nasopharyngeal tuberculosis: A case report
  66. Characterization and evaluation of anti-Salmonella enteritidis activity of indigenous probiotic lactobacilli in mice
  67. Aberrant pulmonary immune response of obese mice to periodontal infection
  68. Bacteriospermia – A formidable player in male subfertility
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  73. Prognostic signature related to the immune environment of oral squamous cell carcinoma
  74. Primary and metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid gland: Two case reports
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  77. Geometric basis of action potential of skeletal muscle cells and neurons
  78. Babesia microti-induced fulminant sepsis in an immunocompromised host: A case report and the case-specific literature review
  79. Role of cerebellar cortex in associative learning and memory in guinea pigs
  80. Application of metagenomic next-generation sequencing technique for diagnosing a specific case of necrotizing meningoencephalitis caused by human herpesvirus 2
  81. Case report: Quadruple primary malignant neoplasms including esophageal, ureteral, and lung in an elderly male
  82. Long non-coding RNA NEAT1 promotes angiogenesis in hepatoma carcinoma via the miR-125a-5p/VEGF pathway
  83. Osteogenic differentiation of periodontal membrane stem cells in inflammatory environments
  84. Knockdown of SHMT2 enhances the sensitivity of gastric cancer cells to radiotherapy through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway
  85. Continuous renal replacement therapy combined with double filtration plasmapheresis in the treatment of severe lupus complicated by serious bacterial infections in children: A case report
  86. Simultaneous triple primary malignancies, including bladder cancer, lymphoma, and lung cancer, in an elderly male: A case report
  87. Preclinical immunogenicity assessment of a cell-based inactivated whole-virion H5N1 influenza vaccine
  88. One case of iodine-125 therapy – A new minimally invasive treatment of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma
  89. S1P promotes corneal trigeminal neuron differentiation and corneal nerve repair via upregulating nerve growth factor expression in a mouse model
  90. Early cancer detection by a targeted methylation assay of circulating tumor DNA in plasma
  91. Calcifying nanoparticles initiate the calcification process of mesenchymal stem cells in vitro through the activation of the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway and promote the decay of echinococcosis
  92. Evaluation of prognostic markers in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2
  93. N6-Methyladenosine-related alternative splicing events play a role in bladder cancer
  94. Characterization of the structural, oxidative, and immunological features of testis tissue from Zucker diabetic fatty rats
  95. Effects of glucose and osmotic pressure on the proliferation and cell cycle of human chorionic trophoblast cells
  96. Investigation of genotype diversity of 7,804 norovirus sequences in humans and animals of China
  97. Characteristics and karyotype analysis of a patient with turner syndrome complicated with multiple-site tumors: A case report
  98. Aggravated renal fibrosis is positively associated with the activation of HMGB1-TLR2/4 signaling in STZ-induced diabetic mice
  99. Distribution characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 IgM/IgG in false-positive results detected by chemiluminescent immunoassay
  100. SRPX2 attenuated oxygen–glucose deprivation and reperfusion-induced injury in cardiomyocytes via alleviating endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis through targeting PI3K/Akt/mTOR axis
  101. Aquaporin-8 overexpression is involved in vascular structure and function changes in placentas of gestational diabetes mellitus patients
  102. Relationship between CRP gene polymorphisms and ischemic stroke risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  103. Effects of growth hormone on lipid metabolism and sexual development in pubertal obese male rats
  104. Cloning and identification of the CTLA-4IgV gene and functional application of vaccine in Xinjiang sheep
  105. Antitumor activity of RUNX3: Upregulation of E-cadherin and downregulation of the epithelial–mesenchymal transition in clear-cell renal cell carcinoma
  106. PHF8 promotes osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs in old rat with osteoporosis by regulating Wnt/β-catenin pathway
  107. A review of the current state of the computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) systems for breast cancer diagnosis
  108. Bilateral dacryoadenitis in adult-onset Still’s disease: A case report
  109. A novel association between Bmi-1 protein expression and the SUVmax obtained by 18F-FDG PET/CT in patients with gastric adenocarcinoma
  110. The role of erythrocytes and erythroid progenitor cells in tumors
  111. Relationship between platelet activation markers and spontaneous abortion: A meta-analysis
  112. Abnormal methylation caused by folic acid deficiency in neural tube defects
  113. Silencing TLR4 using an ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction-based shRNA system reduces ischemia-induced seizures in hyperglycemic rats
  114. Plant Sciences
  115. Seasonal succession of bacterial communities in cultured Caulerpa lentillifera detected by high-throughput sequencing
  116. Cloning and prokaryotic expression of WRKY48 from Caragana intermedia
  117. Novel Brassica hybrids with different resistance to Leptosphaeria maculans reveal unbalanced rDNA signal patterns
  118. Application of exogenous auxin and gibberellin regulates the bolting of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)
  119. Phytoremediation of pollutants from wastewater: A concise review
  120. Genome-wide identification and characterization of NBS-encoding genes in the sweet potato wild ancestor Ipomoea trifida (H.B.K.)
  121. Alleviative effects of magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles on the physiological toxicity of 3-nitrophenol to rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings
  122. Selection and functional identification of Dof genes expressed in response to nitrogen in Populus simonii × Populus nigra
  123. Study on pecan seed germination influenced by seed endocarp
  124. Identification of active compounds in Ophiopogonis Radix from different geographical origins by UPLC-Q/TOF-MS combined with GC-MS approaches
  125. The entire chloroplast genome sequence of Asparagus cochinchinensis and genetic comparison to Asparagus species
  126. Genome-wide identification of MAPK family genes and their response to abiotic stresses in tea plant (Camellia sinensis)
  127. Selection and validation of reference genes for RT-qPCR analysis of different organs at various development stages in Caragana intermedia
  128. Cloning and expression analysis of SERK1 gene in Diospyros lotus
  129. Integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic profiling revealed coping mechanisms of the edible and medicinal homologous plant Plantago asiatica L. cadmium resistance
  130. A missense variant in NCF1 is associated with susceptibility to unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion
  131. Assessment of drought tolerance indices in faba bean genotypes under different irrigation regimes
  132. The entire chloroplast genome sequence of Asparagus setaceus (Kunth) Jessop: Genome structure, gene composition, and phylogenetic analysis in Asparagaceae
  133. Food Science
  134. Dietary food additive monosodium glutamate with or without high-lipid diet induces spleen anomaly: A mechanistic approach on rat model
  135. Binge eating disorder during COVID-19
  136. Potential of honey against the onset of autoimmune diabetes and its associated nephropathy, pancreatitis, and retinopathy in type 1 diabetic animal model
  137. FTO gene expression in diet-induced obesity is downregulated by Solanum fruit supplementation
  138. Physical activity enhances fecal lactobacilli in rats chronically drinking sweetened cola beverage
  139. Supercritical CO2 extraction, chemical composition, and antioxidant effects of Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. oleoresin
  140. Functional constituents of plant-based foods boost immunity against acute and chronic disorders
  141. Effect of selenium and methods of protein extraction on the proteomic profile of Saccharomyces yeast
  142. Microbial diversity of milk ghee in southern Gansu and its effect on the formation of ghee flavor compounds
  143. Ecology and Environmental Sciences
  144. Effects of heavy metals on bacterial community surrounding Bijiashan mining area located in northwest China
  145. Microorganism community composition analysis coupling with 15N tracer experiments reveals the nitrification rate and N2O emissions in low pH soils in Southern China
  146. Genetic diversity and population structure of Cinnamomum balansae Lecomte inferred by microsatellites
  147. Preliminary screening of microplastic contamination in different marine fish species of Taif market, Saudi Arabia
  148. Plant volatile organic compounds attractive to Lygus pratensis
  149. Effects of organic materials on soil bacterial community structure in long-term continuous cropping of tomato in greenhouse
  150. Effects of soil treated fungicide fluopimomide on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) disease control and plant growth
  151. Prevalence of Yersinia pestis among rodents captured in a semi-arid tropical ecosystem of south-western Zimbabwe
  152. Effects of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on mitigating salt-induced Na+ toxicity and sustaining sea rice growth
  153. Bioengineering and Biotechnology
  154. Poly-l-lysine-caused cell adhesion induces pyroptosis in THP-1 monocytes
  155. Development of alkaline phosphatase-scFv and its use for one-step enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for His-tagged protein detection
  156. Development and validation of a predictive model for immune-related genes in patients with tongue squamous cell carcinoma
  157. Agriculture
  158. Effects of chemical-based fertilizer replacement with biochar-based fertilizer on albic soil nutrient content and maize yield
  159. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of CPP-like gene family in Triticum aestivum L. under different hormone and stress conditions
  160. Agronomic and economic performance of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) varieties in response to rates of blended NPS fertilizer in Kindo Koysha district, Southern Ethiopia
  161. Influence of furrow irrigation regime on the yield and water consumption indicators of winter wheat based on a multi-level fuzzy comprehensive evaluation
  162. Discovery of exercise-related genes and pathway analysis based on comparative genomes of Mongolian originated Abaga and Wushen horse
  163. Lessons from integrated seasonal forecast-crop modelling in Africa: A systematic review
  164. Evolution trend of soil fertility in tobacco-planting area of Chenzhou, Hunan Province, China
  165. Animal Sciences
  166. Morphological and molecular characterization of Tatera indica Hardwicke 1807 (Rodentia: Muridae) from Pothwar, Pakistan
  167. Research on meat quality of Qianhua Mutton Merino sheep and Small-tail Han sheep
  168. SI: A Scientific Memoir
  169. Suggestions on leading an academic research laboratory group
  170. My scientific genealogy and the Toronto ACDC Laboratory, 1988–2022
  171. Erratum
  172. Erratum to “Changes of immune cells in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated by radiofrequency ablation and hepatectomy, a pilot study”
  173. Erratum to “A two-microRNA signature predicts the progression of male thyroid cancer”
  174. Retraction
  175. Retraction of “Lidocaine has antitumor effect on hepatocellular carcinoma via the circ_DYNC1H1/miR-520a-3p/USP14 axis”
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