Study on pecan seed germination influenced by seed endocarp
-
Jia Liu
,
Liying Ren
Abstract
Nondeep physiological dormancy exists in freshly harvested pecan (Carya illinoinensis) seed, and the endocarp inhibits the seed germination. New methods were tried to detect if “chemical dormancy” or “mechanical dormancy” was caused by the endocarp. The germination of freshly harvested pecan seed with the removal of different parts of the endocarp and the fracture pressure of the endocarp of pecan seed soaked in water at different temperatures were tested. The results showed that (1) there was no significant difference in germination rate between the pecan kernel keeping in touch and out of touch with the same part of the endocarp, (2) whether a part of endocarp was removed to expose the radicle, preventing endocarp from splitting by glue inhibited the radicle elongation significantly, (3) the fracture pressure of the endocarp decreased significantly over water uptake time, and (4) little difference in the fracture pressure of the endocarp between different soaking temperatures. In conclusion, it suggested that (1) the endocarp caused “mechanical dormancy” but “chemical dormancy,” (2) the prevention of radicle elongation was due to the endocarp pressuring the cotyledon rather than the direct physical restriction on the radicle, and (3) the radicle elongation seemed to be able to respond to the suture split and the pressure on the cotyledon.
1 Introduction
Pecan (Carya illinoinensis) belongs to the family Juglandaceae and originates from North America. Pecan is an important economic tree with excellent fruit, oil, and wood. Pecan nurseries in China have developed rapidly since 2010. China imported a total of about 100 t of pecan seeds from 2010 to 2013, producing 150 million seedlings [1]. Freshly harvested pecan seeds germinate at a high temperature (30–35°C), which is not conducive to the intensive production of pecan seedlings, and by removing the endocarp, pecan seeds germinate more quickly, and the minimum temperature for germination decreases to 25°C [2]. It suggested that nondeep physiological dormancy exists in freshly harvested pecan seeds, and the endocarp inhibits seed germination.
According to Nikolaeva’s types of dormancy [3], seed shells can cause physical dormancy, “chemical dormancy,” and “mechanical dormancy.” Baskin and Baskin [4] suggest that “chemical dormancy” and “mechanical dormancy” are parts of physiological dormancy. Seed covering structures cause dormancy by a reduced rate of imbibition, restricting the movement of oxygen to the embryo, presence of inhibitors, and physical restriction [5].
Although pecan endocarp is hard, it can be permeable to water; thus, the pecan seed does not have physical dormancy. Scanning electron microscopy of pecan endocarp found that the endocarp consists of isodiametric sclereids, flat sclereids, and created oblatoid cork cells. Vascular bundles, ellipsoidal sclereids, and dumbbell- or kidney-shaped sclereids are found close to the suture [6].
Germination inhibitors in the fruit wall cause chemical dormancy [3]. However, the presence of chemical dormancy is hard to confirm. In lots of previous studies and a few recent studies [7] on chemical dormancy, extracts of seeds were treated on the same or other species and/or seed shells were removed. However, it is hard to determine if there are germination inhibitors or “chemical dormancy” because (1) removal of fruit wall releases mechanical restriction and removes inhibitors, and (2) tolerance of embryos to inhibitors may depend on PD [5]. In addition, leaching is also hard to confirm if there is a germination inhibitor in endocarp because germination inhibitors may exist in not only the endocarp but also the seed coat.
Our objective is to study the cause that the endocarp inhibits pecan seed germination.
2 Materials and methods
2.1 Materials
Pecan “Jinghua” seeds produced in Sihong County, Jiangsu Province, were supplied by the Jiangsu Academy of Forestry. Freshly harvested seeds were dried and stored in a dry and well-ventilated room.
2.2 Chemical dormancy test
Treatment A: The half endocarp close to the pecan radicle was broken along with the suture, and another half endocarp was exposed to water in a small ice cube tray (size: 2.5 cm × 2.5 cm, height: 2 cm) (Figure 1a).
Representation of different parts of the endocarp removed for the germination test. (a) The half endocarp close to pecan radicle was broken along to the suture, and another half endocarp was exposed to water. (b) The half endocarp close to pecan radicle was removed, and another half endocarp was exposed to water. (c) Whole pecan endocarp was removed, and the half kernel with the radicle was exposed to water. (d) The half endocarp close to pecan radicle was removed, and the half kernel with radicle was exposed to water.
Treatment B: The half endocarp close to the pecan radicle was removed, and another half endocarp was exposed to water in a small ice cube tray (Figure 1b). The water level is lower than the half endocarp.
Treatment C: Whole pecan endocarp was removed, and the half kernel with the radicle was exposed to water in a small ice cube tray (Figure 1c).
Treatment D: The half endocarp close to the pecan radicle was removed, and the half kernel with the radicle was exposed to water in a small ice cube tray (Figure 1d).
Pecan seeds with four treatments were incubated at 25°C. Each treatment used four replications of 25 seeds. The seeds were kept moist with lids and distilled water on the trays whenever necessary. Germination of the seeds was recorded daily for 45 days.
2.3 Mechanical dormancy test
Seeds were randomly selected and followed different treatments:
Treatment 1: Control.
Treatment 2: The endocarp suture was reinforced by glue to prevent endocarp from splitting.
Treatment 3: A small part of the endocarp was removed to expose the radicle (Figure 2).
Removal of a small part of the endocarp around the radicle.
Treatment 4: A small part of the endocarp was removed to expose the radicle. Then, the endocarp suture was reinforced by glue to prevent the endocarp from splitting.
Pecan seeds with four treatments were incubated at 30°C. Each treatment used four replications of 25 seeds. The seeds were kept moist with lids and distilled water on the trays whenever necessary. Germination of the seeds was recorded weekly for 30 days. After 30 days, the ungerminated seed was dissected to check the elongation of the radicle.
2.4 Fracture pressure of the pecan endocarp test
Pecan seeds of similar size and shape were selected and soaked in water at 15, 25, and 30°C. The ungerminated seeds were collected for fracture pressure tests after 0, 5, 10, 15, and 25 days. Each treatment used 100 replications.
Electronic universal testing machine (SANS-CMT6104) was used to measure the fracture pressure of the endocarp. The measurement accuracy is 0.5%, the deformation measurement range is 0.02–800 mm, and the deformation resolution is 1/300,000 FS.
Each pecan seed was placed upright, and the individual sample was pressurized at 100 mm/min loading speed. The pressures were recorded when the endocarps were fractured. Furthermore, the locations of the fracture at the endocarps were recorded.
2.5 Data analysis
Statistical analyses of the data were performed using SPSS 20.0. The results were subjected to an analysis of variance to detect differences between the mean values and the mean values compared using the least significant difference (multiple comparisons).
3 Results
3.1 Chemical dormancy test
Figure 3 and Table 1 show the results of germination of pecan seeds with four treatments at 25°C. Seeds with treatments A and B were germinated from 16 to 38 days, and seed germination rates were 60 and 64%. There was no significant difference in germination rate between the pecan seeds with treatment A and treatment B. Seeds of treatments C and D were germinated from 9 to 30 days, and seed germination rates were 70 and 72%. There was no significant difference in germination rate between the pecan seeds with treatment C and treatment D.
Germination of pecan seeds with four endocarp removing treatments at 25°C: A: The half endocarp close to the pecan radicle was broken along with the suture, and the radicle was exposed to air. B: The half endocarp close to pecan radicle was removed, and the radicle was exposed to air. C: Whole pecan endocarp was removed, and the radicle was exposed to water. D: The half endocarp close to pecan radicle was removed, and the radicle was exposed to water. Error bars indicate standard errors of the mean.
Germination rate and germination time of pecan seeds with four treatments at 25°C
| Treatment | Germination rate (%) | Time (day) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| T h (day) | T max (day) | ||
| A | 60 ± 5b | 22 ± 1a | 38 ± 3a |
| B | 64 ± 4b | 21 ± 1a | 37 ± 4a |
| C | 72 ± 3a | 23 ± 2a | 33 ± 1b |
| D | 70 ± 6a | 23 ± 1a | 33 ± 2b |
Note: A: The half endocarp close to the pecan radicle was broken along with the suture, and the radicle was exposed to air. B: The half endocarp close to the pecan radicle was removed, and the radicle was exposed to air. C: Whole pecan endocarp was removed, and the radicle was exposed to water. D: The half endocarp close to pecan radicle was removed, and the radicle was exposed to water. T h : The time when the seed germination rate reaches half of the maximum germination rate; T max: The time when the seed germination rate reaches the maximum germination rate. Different letters in the same column of values show significant differences (Duncan’s multiple comparisons): p < 0.05.
Therefore, there was no significant difference in germination rate between the pecan kernel keeping in touch and out of touch with the same part of the endocarp.
The germination rates of the pecan seeds with treatment A and treatment B were significantly lower than the germination rates of the pecan seeds with treatment C and treatment D. The pecan seeds with treatment A and treatment B need more germination time than the pecan seeds with treatment A and treatment B.
3.2 Mechanical dormancy test
The seed germination rate of control (treatment 1) was 84 ± 3%. No seed germinated after the endocarp suture was reinforced with glue (treatment 2), and no radicle of the seeds elongated. After the small part of endocarp was removed (treatment 3), 62 ± 10% seeds germinated. After the small part of endocarp was removed and the suture was reinforced (treatment 4), 21 ± 8% seeds germinated. The differences in germination rate between the four treatments were significant.
The results showed whether a part of endocarp was removed to expose the radicle, preventing endocarp from splitting by glue inhibited the radicle elongation significantly. The inhibition of radicle elongation was not due to the direct physical restriction of the small part of endocarp close to the radicle.
3.3 Fracture pressure of the pecan endocarp test
Table 2 shows the fracture pressure of pecan endocarp during water uptake at different temperatures. The fracture pressure of the endocarp decreased significantly over water uptake time. The fracture pressure decreased from about 0.3 kN to about 0.2 kN. There is little difference in the fracture pressure of the endocarp between different soaking temperatures.
Fracture pressure of pecan endocarp during water uptake at different temperatures
| Pressure that fractured seed endocarps/kN | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Soaking time | 15℃ | 25℃ | 30℃ |
| 0 day (dry seed) | 0.30 ± 0.15ab | 0.30 ± 0.15ab | 0.30 ± 0.15ab |
| 5 day | 0.33± 0.10a | 0.28 ± 0.04a | 0.27 ± 0.11ab |
| 10 day | 0.32 ± 0.06a | 0.29 ± 0.10a | 0.28 ± 0.12ab |
| 15 d | 0.27 ± 0.05ab | 0.22 ± 0.08b | 0.23 ± 0.05b |
| 25 day | 0.21 ± 0.08b | 0.22 ± 0.12b | 0.21 ± 0.06b |
Different letters in the same column of values show significant differences (Duncan’s multiple comparisons): p < 0.05.
In addition, all the fractured endocarps did not crack along the suture, and the fracture locations in the endocarps were random.
4 Discussion
4.1 Chemical dormancy
Fruit wall removal releases mechanical restriction and inhibitors, so an increase in germination percentages by removing the fruit wall is hard to confirm the presence of chemical dormancy [5]. Few studies mentioned chemical dormancy in recent years. For example, the conclusion of ABA dose–response quantification of germination is that ABA is a key component of a pericarp-mediated chemical dormancy in Lepidium draba [8].
We tried to use a new method to detect if there is “chemical dormancy” caused by the endocarp. In our test, the mechanical restriction caused by half of endocarp was removed, and the germination of the pecan kernel keeping touch and out of touch with the same part of the endocarp was tested. No significant difference in germination rate between the pecan seeds with treatment A and treatment B (Figure 3) suggested that there is no germination inhibitor in the half of the endocarp. Similarly, no significant difference in germination rate between the pecan seeds with treatment C and treatment D (Figure 3) suggested that there is no germination inhibitor in the other half of endocarp. Therefore, there is no “chemical dormancy” caused by the endocarp.
In addition, the lower germination rates of the pecan seeds with treatment B compared to the pecan seeds with treatment D may be due to the lack of water in the exposed radicle of the pecan seeds with treatment B. The longer germination time of the pecan seeds with treatment B compared to the pecan seeds with treatment D may be due to the half of endocarp delayed water uptake of the pecan seeds with treatment B.
4.2 Mechanical dormancy
Before pecan seed germination, the endocarp split along the suture, but in the fracture pressure test, the location of the fracture was not the suture. Obviously, the crack was initiated at the weak locations. It suggested that the bonding force of the suture was released during germination. It indicated that the embryo growth potential of pecan was necessary for the suture split, but at 25°C, the embryo growth potential was not enough to overcome the physical restriction. It supported that mechanical dormancy is a part of physiological dormancy.
The results showed that reinforcing the suture with glue strongly inhibited pecan seed germination, even though a part of endocarp was removed to expose the radicle. It suggested that the prevention of radicle elongation was due to the endocarp pressuring the cotyledon rather than the direct physical restriction on the radicle. It is reasonable for the successful germination of some seeds with hard shells. It was reported that the fracture pressure of walnut, almond, and macadamia nut was 378 ± 165, 895 ± 181, and 2,364 ± 645 N, respectively [9]. It is hard to pierce through pecan endocarp by needle, letting alone the soft radicle. It indicated that the radicle elongation seemed to be able to respond to the suture split and the pressure on the cotyledon.
In pecan germination, endocarp split and radicle elongation are sequential events. A lot of species, such as Lepidium [10], Trollius [11], Chenopodium [12], Nicotiana [13], and Petunia [14], exhibit two-step germination, in which testa rupture and endosperm rupture are also sequential events. Therefore, the response of radicle to seed covering rupture may exist widely. This mechanism is unclear and needs more research.
5 Conclusions
The endocarp caused “mechanical dormancy” but “chemical dormancy.”
The prevention of radicle elongation was due to the endocarp pressuring the cotyledon rather than the direct physical restriction on the radicle.
The radicle elongation seemed to be able to respond to the suture split and the pressure on the cotyledon.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the Nanjing Forestry University for experimental support.
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Funding information: This research work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 32001310) and Chuzhou University Start-up Foundation for Research (2020qd33, 2021qd05).
-
Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.
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Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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© 2022 Jia Liu et al., published by De Gruyter
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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- Supercritical CO2 extraction, chemical composition, and antioxidant effects of Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. oleoresin
- Functional constituents of plant-based foods boost immunity against acute and chronic disorders
- Effect of selenium and methods of protein extraction on the proteomic profile of Saccharomyces yeast
- Microbial diversity of milk ghee in southern Gansu and its effect on the formation of ghee flavor compounds
- Ecology and Environmental Sciences
- Effects of heavy metals on bacterial community surrounding Bijiashan mining area located in northwest China
- Microorganism community composition analysis coupling with 15N tracer experiments reveals the nitrification rate and N2O emissions in low pH soils in Southern China
- Genetic diversity and population structure of Cinnamomum balansae Lecomte inferred by microsatellites
- Preliminary screening of microplastic contamination in different marine fish species of Taif market, Saudi Arabia
- Plant volatile organic compounds attractive to Lygus pratensis
- Effects of organic materials on soil bacterial community structure in long-term continuous cropping of tomato in greenhouse
- Effects of soil treated fungicide fluopimomide on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) disease control and plant growth
- Prevalence of Yersinia pestis among rodents captured in a semi-arid tropical ecosystem of south-western Zimbabwe
- Effects of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on mitigating salt-induced Na+ toxicity and sustaining sea rice growth
- Bioengineering and Biotechnology
- Poly-l-lysine-caused cell adhesion induces pyroptosis in THP-1 monocytes
- Development of alkaline phosphatase-scFv and its use for one-step enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for His-tagged protein detection
- Development and validation of a predictive model for immune-related genes in patients with tongue squamous cell carcinoma
- Agriculture
- Effects of chemical-based fertilizer replacement with biochar-based fertilizer on albic soil nutrient content and maize yield
- Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of CPP-like gene family in Triticum aestivum L. under different hormone and stress conditions
- Agronomic and economic performance of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) varieties in response to rates of blended NPS fertilizer in Kindo Koysha district, Southern Ethiopia
- Influence of furrow irrigation regime on the yield and water consumption indicators of winter wheat based on a multi-level fuzzy comprehensive evaluation
- Discovery of exercise-related genes and pathway analysis based on comparative genomes of Mongolian originated Abaga and Wushen horse
- Lessons from integrated seasonal forecast-crop modelling in Africa: A systematic review
- Evolution trend of soil fertility in tobacco-planting area of Chenzhou, Hunan Province, China
- Animal Sciences
- Morphological and molecular characterization of Tatera indica Hardwicke 1807 (Rodentia: Muridae) from Pothwar, Pakistan
- Research on meat quality of Qianhua Mutton Merino sheep and Small-tail Han sheep
- SI: A Scientific Memoir
- Suggestions on leading an academic research laboratory group
- My scientific genealogy and the Toronto ACDC Laboratory, 1988–2022
- Erratum
- Erratum to “Changes of immune cells in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated by radiofrequency ablation and hepatectomy, a pilot study”
- Erratum to “A two-microRNA signature predicts the progression of male thyroid cancer”
- Retraction
- Retraction of “Lidocaine has antitumor effect on hepatocellular carcinoma via the circ_DYNC1H1/miR-520a-3p/USP14 axis”
Articles in the same Issue
- Biomedical Sciences
- Effects of direct oral anticoagulants dabigatran and rivaroxaban on the blood coagulation function in rabbits
- The mother of all battles: Viruses vs humans. Can humans avoid extinction in 50–100 years?
- Knockdown of G1P3 inhibits cell proliferation and enhances the cytotoxicity of dexamethasone in acute lymphoblastic leukemia
- LINC00665 regulates hepatocellular carcinoma by modulating mRNA via the m6A enzyme
- Association study of CLDN14 variations in patients with kidney stones
- Concanavalin A-induced autoimmune hepatitis model in mice: Mechanisms and future outlook
- Regulation of miR-30b in cancer development, apoptosis, and drug resistance
- Informatic analysis of the pulmonary microecology in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis at three different stages
- Swimming attenuates tumor growth in CT-26 tumor-bearing mice and suppresses angiogenesis by mediating the HIF-1α/VEGFA pathway
- Characterization of intestinal microbiota and serum metabolites in patients with mild hepatic encephalopathy
- Functional conservation and divergence in plant-specific GRF gene family revealed by sequences and expression analysis
- Application of the FLP/LoxP-FRT recombination system to switch the eGFP expression in a model prokaryote
- Biomedical evaluation of antioxidant properties of lamb meat enriched with iodine and selenium
- Intravenous infusion of the exosomes derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells enhance neurological recovery after traumatic brain injury via suppressing the NF-κB pathway
- Effect of dietary pattern on pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus and its clinical significance
- Potential regulatory mechanism of TNF-α/TNFR1/ANXA1 in glioma cells and its role in glioma cell proliferation
- Effect of the genetic mutant G71R in uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 on the conjugation of bilirubin
- Quercetin inhibits cytotoxicity of PC12 cells induced by amyloid-beta 25–35 via stimulating estrogen receptor α, activating ERK1/2, and inhibiting apoptosis
- Nutrition intervention in the management of novel coronavirus pneumonia patients
- circ-CFH promotes the development of HCC by regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion, and glycolysis through the miR-377-3p/RNF38 axis
- Bmi-1 directly upregulates glucose transporter 1 in human gastric adenocarcinoma
- Lacunar infarction aggravates the cognitive deficit in the elderly with white matter lesion
- Hydroxysafflor yellow A improved retinopathy via Nrf2/HO-1 pathway in rats
- Comparison of axon extension: PTFE versus PLA formed by a 3D printer
- Elevated IL-35 level and iTr35 subset increase the bacterial burden and lung lesions in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected mice
- A case report of CAT gene and HNF1β gene variations in a patient with early-onset diabetes
- Study on the mechanism of inhibiting patulin production by fengycin
- SOX4 promotes high-glucose-induced inflammation and angiogenesis of retinal endothelial cells by activating NF-κB signaling pathway
- Relationship between blood clots and COVID-19 vaccines: A literature review
- Analysis of genetic characteristics of 436 children with dysplasia and detailed analysis of rare karyotype
- Bioinformatics network analyses of growth differentiation factor 11
- NR4A1 inhibits the epithelial–mesenchymal transition of hepatic stellate cells: Involvement of TGF-β–Smad2/3/4–ZEB signaling
- Expression of Zeb1 in the differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cell
- Study on the genetic damage caused by cadmium sulfide quantum dots in human lymphocytes
- Association between single-nucleotide polymorphisms of NKX2.5 and congenital heart disease in Chinese population: A meta-analysis
- Assessment of the anesthetic effect of modified pentothal sodium solution on Sprague-Dawley rats
- Genetic susceptibility to high myopia in Han Chinese population
- Potential biomarkers and molecular mechanisms in preeclampsia progression
- Silencing circular RNA-friend leukemia virus integration 1 restrained malignancy of CC cells and oxaliplatin resistance by disturbing dyskeratosis congenita 1
- Endostar plus pembrolizumab combined with a platinum-based dual chemotherapy regime for advanced pulmonary large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma as a first-line treatment: A case report
- The significance of PAK4 in signaling and clinicopathology: A review
- Sorafenib inhibits ovarian cancer cell proliferation and mobility and induces radiosensitivity by targeting the tumor cell epithelial–mesenchymal transition
- Characterization of rabbit polyclonal antibody against camel recombinant nanobodies
- Active legumain promotes invasion and migration of neuroblastoma by regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition
- Effect of cell receptors in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis: Current insights
- MT-12 inhibits the proliferation of bladder cells in vitro and in vivo by enhancing autophagy through mitochondrial dysfunction
- Study of hsa_circRNA_000121 and hsa_circRNA_004183 in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma
- BuyangHuanwu Decoction attenuates cerebral vasospasm caused by subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats via PI3K/AKT/eNOS axis
- Effects of the interaction of Notch and TLR4 pathways on inflammation and heart function in septic heart
- Monosodium iodoacetate-induced subchondral bone microstructure and inflammatory changes in an animal model of osteoarthritis
- A rare presentation of type II Abernethy malformation and nephrotic syndrome: Case report and review
- Rapid death due to pulmonary epithelioid haemangioendothelioma in several weeks: A case report
- Hepatoprotective role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α in non-cancerous hepatic tissues following transcatheter arterial embolization
- Correlation between peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations and primary systemic lupus erythematosus
- A novel SLC8A1-ALK fusion in lung adenocarcinoma confers sensitivity to alectinib: A case report
- β-Hydroxybutyrate upregulates FGF21 expression through inhibition of histone deacetylases in hepatocytes
- Identification of metabolic genes for the prediction of prognosis and tumor microenvironment infiltration in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer
- BTBD10 inhibits glioma tumorigenesis by downregulating cyclin D1 and p-Akt
- Mucormycosis co-infection in COVID-19 patients: An update
- Metagenomic next-generation sequencing in diagnosing Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia: A case report
- Long non-coding RNA HOXB-AS1 is a prognostic marker and promotes hepatocellular carcinoma cells’ proliferation and invasion
- Preparation and evaluation of LA-PEG-SPION, a targeted MRI contrast agent for liver cancer
- Proteomic analysis of the liver regulating lipid metabolism in Chaohu ducks using two-dimensional electrophoresis
- Nasopharyngeal tuberculosis: A case report
- Characterization and evaluation of anti-Salmonella enteritidis activity of indigenous probiotic lactobacilli in mice
- Aberrant pulmonary immune response of obese mice to periodontal infection
- Bacteriospermia – A formidable player in male subfertility
- In silico and in vivo analysis of TIPE1 expression in diffuse large B cell lymphoma
- Effects of KCa channels on biological behavior of trophoblasts
- Interleukin-17A influences the vulnerability rather than the size of established atherosclerotic plaques in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice
- Multiple organ failure and death caused by Staphylococcus aureus hip infection: A case report
- Prognostic signature related to the immune environment of oral squamous cell carcinoma
- Primary and metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid gland: Two case reports
- Neuroprotective effects of crocin and crocin-loaded niosomes against the paraquat-induced oxidative brain damage in rats
- Role of MMP-2 and CD147 in kidney fibrosis
- Geometric basis of action potential of skeletal muscle cells and neurons
- Babesia microti-induced fulminant sepsis in an immunocompromised host: A case report and the case-specific literature review
- Role of cerebellar cortex in associative learning and memory in guinea pigs
- Application of metagenomic next-generation sequencing technique for diagnosing a specific case of necrotizing meningoencephalitis caused by human herpesvirus 2
- Case report: Quadruple primary malignant neoplasms including esophageal, ureteral, and lung in an elderly male
- Long non-coding RNA NEAT1 promotes angiogenesis in hepatoma carcinoma via the miR-125a-5p/VEGF pathway
- Osteogenic differentiation of periodontal membrane stem cells in inflammatory environments
- Knockdown of SHMT2 enhances the sensitivity of gastric cancer cells to radiotherapy through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway
- Continuous renal replacement therapy combined with double filtration plasmapheresis in the treatment of severe lupus complicated by serious bacterial infections in children: A case report
- Simultaneous triple primary malignancies, including bladder cancer, lymphoma, and lung cancer, in an elderly male: A case report
- Preclinical immunogenicity assessment of a cell-based inactivated whole-virion H5N1 influenza vaccine
- One case of iodine-125 therapy – A new minimally invasive treatment of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma
- S1P promotes corneal trigeminal neuron differentiation and corneal nerve repair via upregulating nerve growth factor expression in a mouse model
- Early cancer detection by a targeted methylation assay of circulating tumor DNA in plasma
- Calcifying nanoparticles initiate the calcification process of mesenchymal stem cells in vitro through the activation of the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway and promote the decay of echinococcosis
- Evaluation of prognostic markers in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2
- N6-Methyladenosine-related alternative splicing events play a role in bladder cancer
- Characterization of the structural, oxidative, and immunological features of testis tissue from Zucker diabetic fatty rats
- Effects of glucose and osmotic pressure on the proliferation and cell cycle of human chorionic trophoblast cells
- Investigation of genotype diversity of 7,804 norovirus sequences in humans and animals of China
- Characteristics and karyotype analysis of a patient with turner syndrome complicated with multiple-site tumors: A case report
- Aggravated renal fibrosis is positively associated with the activation of HMGB1-TLR2/4 signaling in STZ-induced diabetic mice
- Distribution characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 IgM/IgG in false-positive results detected by chemiluminescent immunoassay
- SRPX2 attenuated oxygen–glucose deprivation and reperfusion-induced injury in cardiomyocytes via alleviating endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis through targeting PI3K/Akt/mTOR axis
- Aquaporin-8 overexpression is involved in vascular structure and function changes in placentas of gestational diabetes mellitus patients
- Relationship between CRP gene polymorphisms and ischemic stroke risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis
- Effects of growth hormone on lipid metabolism and sexual development in pubertal obese male rats
- Cloning and identification of the CTLA-4IgV gene and functional application of vaccine in Xinjiang sheep
- Antitumor activity of RUNX3: Upregulation of E-cadherin and downregulation of the epithelial–mesenchymal transition in clear-cell renal cell carcinoma
- PHF8 promotes osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs in old rat with osteoporosis by regulating Wnt/β-catenin pathway
- A review of the current state of the computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) systems for breast cancer diagnosis
- Bilateral dacryoadenitis in adult-onset Still’s disease: A case report
- A novel association between Bmi-1 protein expression and the SUVmax obtained by 18F-FDG PET/CT in patients with gastric adenocarcinoma
- The role of erythrocytes and erythroid progenitor cells in tumors
- Relationship between platelet activation markers and spontaneous abortion: A meta-analysis
- Abnormal methylation caused by folic acid deficiency in neural tube defects
- Silencing TLR4 using an ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction-based shRNA system reduces ischemia-induced seizures in hyperglycemic rats
- Plant Sciences
- Seasonal succession of bacterial communities in cultured Caulerpa lentillifera detected by high-throughput sequencing
- Cloning and prokaryotic expression of WRKY48 from Caragana intermedia
- Novel Brassica hybrids with different resistance to Leptosphaeria maculans reveal unbalanced rDNA signal patterns
- Application of exogenous auxin and gibberellin regulates the bolting of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)
- Phytoremediation of pollutants from wastewater: A concise review
- Genome-wide identification and characterization of NBS-encoding genes in the sweet potato wild ancestor Ipomoea trifida (H.B.K.)
- Alleviative effects of magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles on the physiological toxicity of 3-nitrophenol to rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings
- Selection and functional identification of Dof genes expressed in response to nitrogen in Populus simonii × Populus nigra
- Study on pecan seed germination influenced by seed endocarp
- Identification of active compounds in Ophiopogonis Radix from different geographical origins by UPLC-Q/TOF-MS combined with GC-MS approaches
- The entire chloroplast genome sequence of Asparagus cochinchinensis and genetic comparison to Asparagus species
- Genome-wide identification of MAPK family genes and their response to abiotic stresses in tea plant (Camellia sinensis)
- Selection and validation of reference genes for RT-qPCR analysis of different organs at various development stages in Caragana intermedia
- Cloning and expression analysis of SERK1 gene in Diospyros lotus
- Integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic profiling revealed coping mechanisms of the edible and medicinal homologous plant Plantago asiatica L. cadmium resistance
- A missense variant in NCF1 is associated with susceptibility to unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion
- Assessment of drought tolerance indices in faba bean genotypes under different irrigation regimes
- The entire chloroplast genome sequence of Asparagus setaceus (Kunth) Jessop: Genome structure, gene composition, and phylogenetic analysis in Asparagaceae
- Food Science
- Dietary food additive monosodium glutamate with or without high-lipid diet induces spleen anomaly: A mechanistic approach on rat model
- Binge eating disorder during COVID-19
- Potential of honey against the onset of autoimmune diabetes and its associated nephropathy, pancreatitis, and retinopathy in type 1 diabetic animal model
- FTO gene expression in diet-induced obesity is downregulated by Solanum fruit supplementation
- Physical activity enhances fecal lactobacilli in rats chronically drinking sweetened cola beverage
- Supercritical CO2 extraction, chemical composition, and antioxidant effects of Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. oleoresin
- Functional constituents of plant-based foods boost immunity against acute and chronic disorders
- Effect of selenium and methods of protein extraction on the proteomic profile of Saccharomyces yeast
- Microbial diversity of milk ghee in southern Gansu and its effect on the formation of ghee flavor compounds
- Ecology and Environmental Sciences
- Effects of heavy metals on bacterial community surrounding Bijiashan mining area located in northwest China
- Microorganism community composition analysis coupling with 15N tracer experiments reveals the nitrification rate and N2O emissions in low pH soils in Southern China
- Genetic diversity and population structure of Cinnamomum balansae Lecomte inferred by microsatellites
- Preliminary screening of microplastic contamination in different marine fish species of Taif market, Saudi Arabia
- Plant volatile organic compounds attractive to Lygus pratensis
- Effects of organic materials on soil bacterial community structure in long-term continuous cropping of tomato in greenhouse
- Effects of soil treated fungicide fluopimomide on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) disease control and plant growth
- Prevalence of Yersinia pestis among rodents captured in a semi-arid tropical ecosystem of south-western Zimbabwe
- Effects of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on mitigating salt-induced Na+ toxicity and sustaining sea rice growth
- Bioengineering and Biotechnology
- Poly-l-lysine-caused cell adhesion induces pyroptosis in THP-1 monocytes
- Development of alkaline phosphatase-scFv and its use for one-step enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for His-tagged protein detection
- Development and validation of a predictive model for immune-related genes in patients with tongue squamous cell carcinoma
- Agriculture
- Effects of chemical-based fertilizer replacement with biochar-based fertilizer on albic soil nutrient content and maize yield
- Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of CPP-like gene family in Triticum aestivum L. under different hormone and stress conditions
- Agronomic and economic performance of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) varieties in response to rates of blended NPS fertilizer in Kindo Koysha district, Southern Ethiopia
- Influence of furrow irrigation regime on the yield and water consumption indicators of winter wheat based on a multi-level fuzzy comprehensive evaluation
- Discovery of exercise-related genes and pathway analysis based on comparative genomes of Mongolian originated Abaga and Wushen horse
- Lessons from integrated seasonal forecast-crop modelling in Africa: A systematic review
- Evolution trend of soil fertility in tobacco-planting area of Chenzhou, Hunan Province, China
- Animal Sciences
- Morphological and molecular characterization of Tatera indica Hardwicke 1807 (Rodentia: Muridae) from Pothwar, Pakistan
- Research on meat quality of Qianhua Mutton Merino sheep and Small-tail Han sheep
- SI: A Scientific Memoir
- Suggestions on leading an academic research laboratory group
- My scientific genealogy and the Toronto ACDC Laboratory, 1988–2022
- Erratum
- Erratum to “Changes of immune cells in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated by radiofrequency ablation and hepatectomy, a pilot study”
- Erratum to “A two-microRNA signature predicts the progression of male thyroid cancer”
- Retraction
- Retraction of “Lidocaine has antitumor effect on hepatocellular carcinoma via the circ_DYNC1H1/miR-520a-3p/USP14 axis”
