Home Life Sciences Bilateral dacryoadenitis in adult-onset Still’s disease: A case report
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Bilateral dacryoadenitis in adult-onset Still’s disease: A case report

  • Qing Huang and Weimin He EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: December 9, 2022
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Open Life Sciences
From the journal Open Life Sciences Volume 17 Issue 1

Abstract

We present an unusual case of bilateral dacryoadenitis in a middle-aged patient with adult-onset Still’s disease (AOSD). We reviewed relevant clinical studies addressing the association between lacrimal lesions and AOSD. A 50-year-old Chinese woman with a 4 year history of recurrent fever and rashes was admitted to the hospital. She had also developed nodules on both eyelids 10 months before admission. After undergoing resection of the left lacrimal gland, the patient received steroids and immunosuppressive therapy. The patient showed good postoperative recovery during the 20 month follow-up. In this case, the pathological examination conducted after orbital surgery helped clinicians differentiate between dacryoadenitis and other orbital lesions. In a review of the literature, dacryoadenitis occurred after the onset of AOSD, and all cases showed non-granulomatous chronic inflammation by histopathology, which indicated that the lacrimal gland may be an inflammatory target and is affected by systemic inflammation in AOSD.

Keywords: adult-onset Still’s disease; dacryoadenitis; lacrimal gland

1 Background

Adult-onset Still’s disease (AOSD) is a rare systemic inflammatory disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by recurrent high-spiking fever, an evanescent salmon pink rash, arthralgia, and multiorgan involvement [1]. Other common manifestations include myalgia, liver abnormalities (hepatomegaly and abnormal liver biochemistry), pleuritis, pericarditis, and splenomegaly are seen less commonly [2]. AOSD sometimes involves ophthalmic manifestations, such as uveitis, keratitis, ptosis, oculomotor disorders, erythema, chemosis, and orbital pseudotumor [3]. Dacryoadenitis has also been linked to AOSD, the most common form of idiopathic orbital inflammation. However, little is known about lacrimal gland involvement in AOSD patients.

Here we report a middle-aged Chinese woman diagnosed with AOSD who developed bilateral lacrimal gland lesions. We also review and summarize relevant literature on dacryoadenitis in AOSD patients with the aim of improving our understanding of this disease.

2 Case presentation

A 50-year-old Chinese woman was admitted to our hospital with complaints of recurrent high fever, rash, and joint pains in the 4 years prior to admission. She had also developed nodules on both eyelids in the 10 months prior to hospitalization.

Her physical examination showed maculopapular eruption on the back of her hands, upper limbs, neck, and back, with enlarged superficial lymph nodes in the neck, axilla, and inguen. Laboratory tests revealed a white blood cell count of 14,020 per mm3, neutrophil percentage in granulocytes of 92.3%, and C-reactive protein level of 19.80 mg/L, with negative rheumatoid factor and antinuclear antibody tests. Visual acuity was measured to be 20/25 in the right eye and 20/100 in the left eye. Palpation showed the distinct presence of nodules on both eyelids (Figure 1). Although the anterior segment and fundus were normal, enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the eye showed thickened soft tissue around the orbit with heterogeneous enhancement (Figure 2). Based on the clinical symptoms and MRI scans, the patient was diagnosed as AOSD with dacryoadenitis.

Figure 1 Preoperative image of the external eye in our patient at admission to our hospital.
Figure 1

Preoperative image of the external eye in our patient at admission to our hospital.

Figure 2 Contrast enhanced T2-weighted orbital MRI, showing thickened soft tissue around the orbit and enlargement of both lacrimal glands. (a) Coronal slice. (b) Horizontal slice.
Figure 2

Contrast enhanced T2-weighted orbital MRI, showing thickened soft tissue around the orbit and enlargement of both lacrimal glands. (a) Coronal slice. (b) Horizontal slice.

The patient underwent surgery for resection of the left orbital mass. During surgery, we observed a superior lateral lacrimal and orbital mass that adhered closely to the orbital periosteum and subcutaneous tissue. The excised mass was solid and tan-white in color (Figure 3). Pathological examination showed foam cell granuloma with lymphocytes and plasma cell infiltration. The biopsy stained positive for CD163, propylene glycol mannate sulfate (PGMS), plasma cell CD138, multiple myeloma oncogene 1 (MUM1), IgG4 (sparse positive, 16/high-power field), lymph cell CD20 (partially positive), and CD3 (partially positive) (Figure 4).

Figure 3 Image of the excised orbital mass. The cut section of the specimen appears solid and tan-white.
Figure 3

Image of the excised orbital mass. The cut section of the specimen appears solid and tan-white.

Figure 4 Histopathological examination of the excised mass. (a) Histopathologic section stained with hematoxylin-eosin (H&E, magnification ×200), showing foam cell granuloma with lymphocytes and plasma cell infiltration. (b) Positive staining for CD163 (magnification ×400). (c) Positive staining for PGMS (magnification ×400). (d) Positive staining for plasma cell CD138 (magnification ×400). (e) Positive staining for MUM1 (magnification ×400). (f) Sparse positive staining for IgG4 (magnification ×400). (g) Sparse positive staining for CD20 in lymph cells (magnification ×400). (h) Sparse positive staining for CD3 (magnification ×400).
Figure 4

Histopathological examination of the excised mass. (a) Histopathologic section stained with hematoxylin-eosin (H&E, magnification ×200), showing foam cell granuloma with lymphocytes and plasma cell infiltration. (b) Positive staining for CD163 (magnification ×400). (c) Positive staining for PGMS (magnification ×400). (d) Positive staining for plasma cell CD138 (magnification ×400). (e) Positive staining for MUM1 (magnification ×400). (f) Sparse positive staining for IgG4 (magnification ×400). (g) Sparse positive staining for CD20 in lymph cells (magnification ×400). (h) Sparse positive staining for CD3 (magnification ×400).

After undergoing surgery, methylprednisolone and cyclosporine were given for 20 months, during which she showed good postoperative recovery, with resolution of eyelid nodules (Figure 5). The fever, joint symptoms, and skin rash were also relieved.

Figure 5 Postoperative image of the external eye in our patient with AOSD at 20 months after surgery.
Figure 5

Postoperative image of the external eye in our patient with AOSD at 20 months after surgery.

  1. Informed consent: Informed consent has been obtained from all individuals included in this study.

  2. Ethical approval: The research related to human use has been complied with all the relevant national regulations, institutional policies and in accordance with the tenets of the Helsinki Declaration, and has been approved by the authors’ institutional review board or equivalent committee.

3 Discussion

AOSD is a multisystemic autoinflammatory disorder of unknown etiology. It was first described in 1971 based on the similarity between clinical symptoms presented by 14 adults and those observed in children with Still’s disease [4]. There are only two previous reports of dacryoadenitis occurring with AOSD. Our patient developed bilateral dacryoadenitis after systemic presentation of AOSD. Considering the Yamaguchi classification criteria [5], our case met all the major criteria: fever of at least 39°C, intermittent, lasting 1 week or longer; arthralgias, lasting 2 weeks or longer; typical rash; leukocytosis (>10,000 per mm3), with 80% or more granulocytes; and met two minor criteria: lymphadenopathy and negative rheumatoid factor and antinuclear antibody. After undergoing resection surgery, and receiving steroid and immunosuppressive therapy, the patient showed good postoperative recovery. Orbital surgery and pathophysiology helped our understanding of lacrimal lesions complicated by AOSD.

Our review of the literature identified 2 reports of dacryoadenitis in women with AOSD [6,7], involving 2 Japanese, 1 French, and 1 Chinese woman who ranged in age from 26 to 62 years (mean age 45.8 ± 15 years; Table 1). In all four patients, dacryoadenitis occurred after the onset of AOSD: two developed symptoms in both eyes, and the others developed symptoms in only one eye. All four patients showed non-granulomatous chronic inflammation by histopathology, which indicated that the lacrimal gland may be an inflammatory target and is affected by systemic inflammation in AOSD. The immunohistochemical staining was helpful to differentiate from infectious disease, xanthoma, and Rosai-Dorfman disease. After resection, these patients received either steroid or interleukin-1 (IL-1) inhibitor therapy. All patients showed good postoperative recovery (Table 1). Unlike previously reported patients, serum ferritin level in our patient was not elevated, may be due to the long course of disease, and previous intermittent treatment with steroids before admission [8].

Table 1

Case reports of dacryoadenitis in patients with AOSD

Case report A [6] Case report B [7] Present report
Name of 1st author, Year Bannai, 2015 Breillat, 2018 Qing, 2021
Country Japan France China
Age (years) 26 62 45 50
Sex Female Female Female Female
Orbital location Bilateral Left Left Bilateral
MRI Circumscribed, enhancing mass in the bilateral eyelid consistent with the lacrimal gland extending to the anterior temporal side through the soft orbital tissue Left lacrimal gland and periorbital soft tissue swelling with strong contrast enhancement extending into the temporal occipitofrontalis muscles, rectus superior muscles, and the enthesis of the levator palpebrae superioris muscles Diffuse enlargement of the left lacrimal gland and periorbital tissue manifesting as hyperintensity on T2-weighted images. This enlargement was markedly enhanced after gadolinium injection on T1-weighted images Thickened soft tissue around the orbit with heterogeneous enhancement
Histology Lacrimal gland infiltrated with mild lymphoid cells around the small vessels and fibroconnective tissue consistent with mild chronic inflammation Lymphoplasmacytic infiltration and fibrosis Superficial, perivascular, and interstitial dermal polymorphic infiltrate containing neutrophils, few lymphocytes, little atypia, and no plasma cells or sclerosis Foam cell granuloma with lymphocytes and plasma cell infiltration
Treatment Prednisolone, tocilizumab Prednisolone IL-1 inhibitor Methylprednisolone, cyclosporine
Follow up (months), status Unknown, resolution Unknown, resolution 5, Resolution 20, Resolution

Clinicians often find it difficult to diagnose and treat AOSD because of the wide range of differential diagnoses and clinical manifestations associated with it [9]. Current therapies for AOSD include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), glucocorticoids, anti-rheumatic drugs, polyvalent intravenous immunoglobulins, IL-1 receptor antagonists (anakinra), and anti-human IL-6 monoclonal antibodies [1,2,9]. NSAIDs often fail to control the symptoms of AOSD and many patients experience adverse events; corticosteroid therapy is considered the first-line treatment, but dependency occurs in approximately 45% of cases. Methotrexate can reduce the daily corticosteroid intake, but remission speed is slow, and it can cause severe adverse events, including liver toxicity and pneumonitis. Biologic drugs can be administered in cases refractory to the above treatments, but it is expensive for patients in developing countries [10,11]. To date, the treatment of AOSD has relied on empirical data from prospective or retrospective studies. Double-blinded randomized trials with suitable sample sizes are required to develop effective treatments for patients with AOSD.

4 Conclusion

We report a rare case of bilateral dacryoadenitis in a middle-aged Chinese woman with AOSD. This diagnosis was supported by pathological examination after lacrimal resection, which helped exclude other orbital diseases. The histopathological findings of non-granulomatous chronic inflammation indicated that the lacrimal gland may be an inflammatory target and is affected by systemic inflammation in AOSD. Our case highlights the need for long-term follow-up to prevent recurrence of dacryoadenitis. Future research must focus on ophthalmic manifestations to gain a better understanding of the diagnosis and treatment of patients with AOSD. Additionally, the development of practical serological or molecular diagnostic marker(s) that could be utilized for the early diagnosis of atypical bilateral dacryoadenitis is recommended.

  1. Funding information: Authors state no funding involved.

  2. Author contributions: Weimin He conceived, designed, and coordinated the study. Qing Huang analyzed the data and drafted the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Received: 2022-03-24
Revised: 2022-06-22
Accepted: 2022-06-23
Published Online: 2022-12-09

© 2022 Qing Huang and Weimin He, published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  175. Retraction of “Lidocaine has antitumor effect on hepatocellular carcinoma via the circ_DYNC1H1/miR-520a-3p/USP14 axis”
https://doi.org/10.1515/biol-2022-0472
Keywords for this article
adult-onset Still’s disease; dacryoadenitis; lacrimal gland
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