Startseite Assessment of the anesthetic effect of modified pentothal sodium solution on Sprague-Dawley rats
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Assessment of the anesthetic effect of modified pentothal sodium solution on Sprague-Dawley rats

  • Xianzhen Chen , Shiqing Wang , Youjiong Li EMAIL logo , Chunjin Lin und Xiaofang Liu
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 12. Mai 2022
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Aus der Zeitschrift Open Life Sciences Band 17 Heft 1

Abstract

Clinically, pentothal sodium has been widely used for primary and general anesthesia induction. Also, it has been used to effectively inhibit convulsion. Pentothal sodium has a strong inhibitory effect on the respiratory center, excessive drug administration, and rapid dose rate that cause death of experimental animals on the respiratory depression. This study used a modified pentothal sodium solution to investigate its anesthetic effect. The pentothal sodium solution was modified based on pentothal sodium upon additions of magnesium sulfate, propylene glycol, and pure ethanol. The anesthetic effect of the modified pentothal sodium on Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats was investigated by comparing traditional pentothal sodium and ketamine; 60 SD rats were randomly divided into three groups. Each group was treated with traditional pentothal sodium, modified pentothal sodium, or ketamine, respectively, via intraperitoneal injection. The symptoms of experimental rats were observed, and onset time and anesthetic time were both recorded. The data were analyzed using statistical software. There were no significant differences in onset time and anesthetic time between the three groups. The variation of onset time and anesthetic time of the group treated with modified pentothal sodium was shorter than that of the other two groups. Furthermore, the number of anesthetic rats after the first injection was significantly higher than that of the other two groups. The modified pentothal sodium is capable of providing a stable anesthetic effect. The function and effect are much better than traditional pentothal sodium and ketamine.

Keywords: pentothal sodium; ketamine; anesthetic effect; intraperitoneal injection

1 Introduction

Animal experiments have been widely used in the studies of disease modeling, pharmaceutics, praxeology, and nutriology. Anesthesia is a very important section of animal experiments. The effects of anesthesia directly affect the progress of animal surgery and the accuracy of the experimental observation and data [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]. The requirements for anesthesia experiments are as follows: fast operation, long duration of anesthesia, and the experimental animals keep stable and quiet during anesthesia [8,9]. An unfavorable anesthetic effect will lead to the animal screaming and making noise, which will affect the accuracy of the operation and cause accidental injury to the experimental animals.

Pentothal sodium is a barbituric acid derivative belonging to the central sedative-hypnotics [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]. Pentothal sodium has many advantages, such as rapid anesthetic operation and stable anesthetic effect [11,12]. Currently, the pentothal sodium solution is widely used in experimental research and teaching because it meets the general requirements for anesthesia of experimental animals. However, pentothal sodium has a strong inhibitory effect on the respiratory center. Excessive drug administration and rapid dose rate will cause the death of experimental animals due to respiratory depression [13,14]. Previous studies about the anesthetic effect of pentothal sodium focused on the dose of the solution, anesthesia time, and comparison of other anesthetics [15,16,17]. However, the main problems such as unstable dosage, large fluctuations of anesthesia time, and excessive administration were less discussed.

In this study, the modified pentothal sodium anesthetic was prepared based on pentothal sodium and upon additions of magnesium sulfate, propylene glycol, and pure ethanol. These additives will enhance the solubility of pentothal sodium and promote the percutaneous absorption of drugs [15,16,17]. The results of comparing the anesthetic effect with traditional pentothal sodium and ketamine indicated that the modified pentothal sodium is better than the other two anesthetics. Based on the current study results, the modified pentothal sodium decreased the probability of death of animals. Therefore, it can be widely applied in clinical and experimental research.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Chemicals and anesthetics

Pentothal sodium and ketamine were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent (Shanghai) Co. Ltd. Magnesium sulfate and pure ethanol were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. The modified pentothal sodium solution was prepared by dissolving pentothal sodium into a solvent of mixed physiological saline, propylene glycol, and ethanol.

2.2 Animal experiments

About 60 SPF-grade Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats (age, 5–6 weeks; weight, 180–200 g) were purchased from the Animal Center of Beijing Medical University. The sexual ratio of male and female rats is 1:1. The rats were randomly divided into three experimental groups for anesthetic experiments using modified pentothal sodium (Group I), traditional pentothal sodium (Group II), and ketamine (Group III), with 20 rats in each group. Temperature and humidity were 25 ± 1°C and 50–60%, respectively. Illumination time and dark time were both 12 h. There were no restrictions on drinking water and feeding.

  1. Ethical approval: The research related to animal use has complied with all the relevant national regulations and institutional policies for the care and use of animals.

3 Experimental method

Each rat was dosed via intraperitoneal injection at 45 mg/kg body weight for Group I, 50 mg/kg body weight for Group II, and 250 mg/kg body weight for Group III, respectively [18]. The status of rats was observed after dosing. Onset time was defined as the period from the anesthetic intraperitoneally injected into a rat to the beginning of anesthetic symptoms. Anesthesia time was defined as the period from the beginning of anesthetic symptoms to the recovery of the rats.

3.1 Statistical analysis

All data were expressed using χ ± s, the differences between the groups were compared using single-factor analysis of variance, SPSS 11 software was used for variance analysis of the data, and Bonferroni correction between the groups.

4 Results

The onset times of different anesthetics are shown in Figure 1. The statistical analysis showed no significant difference between Groups I and II and Groups I and III, respectively (P > 0.05). The variance of onset time for Group I (modified pentothal sodium method) is the smallest among the three groups. The statistical analysis showed a significant difference between Groups II and III data compared with Group I, suggesting that the onset time of modified pentothal sodium is more stable than in the other two groups (P < 0.01).

Figure 1 Comparison between onset time and variance of onset time for three anesthetics.
Figure 1

Comparison between onset time and variance of onset time for three anesthetics.

The anesthetic times of different anesthetics are shown in Figure 2. Statistical analysis showed no significant difference between Groups I and II and Groups I and III, respectively (P > 0.05). Therefore, the anesthetic times of the three experimental groups were similar. It was found that the variance of anesthetic time in Group I is the smallest. Statistical analysis showed significant differences between Groups I and II and Groups I and III, respectively, suggesting that the anesthetic time of modified pentothal sodium is shorter than the other two groups with a good consistency (P < 0.01).

Figure 2 Comparison between anesthetic time and variance of anesthetic time for three anesthetics.
Figure 2

Comparison between anesthetic time and variance of anesthetic time for three anesthetics.

The stability and safety of three anesthetic methods were evaluated by comparing the abnormal behaviors induced by different anesthetics. The number of successful cases, cases that need additional anesthesia, and deaths in each group were statistically analyzed. The data are listed in Table 1. No deaths were observed in Group I, and only two cases needed additional anesthesia. However, the death cases and cases that needed additional anesthesia in Groups II and III are seven cases and six cases, respectively. The statistical analysis showed a significant difference between Groups I and II (χ 2 = 3.752, P < 0.05). No significant difference was found between Groups II and III (χ 2 = 3.218, P > 0.05).

Table 1

Comparison of the abnormal behaviors induced by different anesthetics for SD rats

Group Number of successful cases by first anesthesia Number of cases need additional anesthesia Number of death cases χ 2
I 18 2 0 —
II 13 5 2 3.752
III 14 5 1 3.218

5 Discussion

The traditional pentothal sodium has several disadvantages in anesthesia application. It is slightly soluble in water; the aqueous solution is not stable; and it is easy to crystallize, resulting in an unstable effective concentration. The traditional pentothal sodium cannot be preserved for a long time [4,5,6,7]. In order to overcome these disadvantages, propylene glycol was added to water to prepare a complex solvent to enhance the solubility and avoid precipitation of pentothal sodium, and the solution will be more stable. Pure ethanol was also added to the solvent. Like propylene glycol, ethanol is a commonly used transdermal enhancer, which increases the solubility of drugs and promotes the transdermal absorption of drugs. In addition, ethanol at high concentration can inhibit the advanced function of the brain, leading to an indirect enhanced anesthetic effect by pentothal sodium. This study reduced the effective dosage and concentration of pentothal sodium in modified pentothal sodium anesthetic [4]. Previous studies have demonstrated that excess pentothal sodium anesthetic caused the death of experimental rats due to respiratory inhibition via gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors [11]. The decrease in effective dose will reduce the side effects and improve the safety of experimental animals. This study also showed that the dosage of 45 mg/kg body weight for modified pentothal sodium could reach the same or even better effect as traditional pentothal sodium at 50 mg/kg body weight. There are no significant differences between the onset time and the anesthetic time of the two pentothal sodium drugs. Most importantly, the concentration of modified pentothal sodium is very consistent, and the anesthetic effect is stable with very small fluctuations. The number of successful cases by first anesthesia using modified pentothal sodium is higher than the other two anesthetics, and this new anesthetic was found to reduce invalid anesthesia and death cases. Moreover, the variance of onset time and anesthesia time is less than the other two groups. It is well known that the instability of anesthesia time will affect the physiological function of experimental animals and the final results of experiments. The uniform anesthesia time caused by modified pentothal sodium will significantly minimize the side effects of anesthesia, further ensuring the stability of experimental results.

To sum up, in order to overcome some disadvantages of traditional pentothal sodium, three methods were used: first, the addition of propylene glycol, pentothal sodium is slightly soluble in water, resulting in an unstable aqueous solution; pentothal sodium is easy to precipitate and crystallize. Therefore, the effective concentration of the anesthesia is unstable, and the solution cannot be stored for an extended period. As an excellent semi-polar pharmaceutical auxiliary solvent, propylene glycol was mixed with water to prepare a complex solvent, which significantly enhanced the solubility of pentothal sodium, avoiding the precipitation of pentothal sodium. Furthermore, propylene glycol has few side effects, with the capacity of improved viscosity and moisture absorption. It will significantly increase the transdermal absorption of pentothal sodium to a certain extent and improve the drug utilization, as previously suggested by Fragoza and Alston [18]. Second, with the addition of ethanol, the function is similar to that of propylene glycol. As a commonly used transdermal absorption enhancer, ethanol can not only increase the solubility of drugs but also promote the percutaneous absorption of drugs. In addition, a certain concentration of ethanol can inhibit the advanced function of the brain and indirectly enhance the anesthetic effect of pentothal sodium. Last but not least, a decreased concentration of pentothal sodium was applied to reduce its side effects and to improve its safety [19].

There are several limitations of this study, such as the limited number of animals used and the operators who conducted the anesthesia. These need to be further studied in future work.

6 Conclusion

Modified pentothal sodium solution was used as a complex anesthetic containing pentothal sodium, magnesium sulfate, propylene glycol, and pure ethanol. The new drug overcame the common disadvantages of traditional pentothal sodium and reduced the effective dose of pentothal sodium. The accuracy of experimental results is improved using the modified pentothal sodium solution. This new anesthetic has some advantages, with improved safety and strength of anesthesia. The onset time and anesthesia time are both stable with slight fluctuation.

# Xianzhen Chen and Shiqing Wang are the co-first authors of this study.

  1. Funding information: Authors state no funding involved.

  2. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  3. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Received: 2021-08-08
Revised: 2022-01-12
Accepted: 2022-01-14
Published Online: 2022-05-12

© 2022 Xianzhen Chen et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  152. Effects of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on mitigating salt-induced Na+ toxicity and sustaining sea rice growth
  153. Bioengineering and Biotechnology
  154. Poly-l-lysine-caused cell adhesion induces pyroptosis in THP-1 monocytes
  155. Development of alkaline phosphatase-scFv and its use for one-step enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for His-tagged protein detection
  156. Development and validation of a predictive model for immune-related genes in patients with tongue squamous cell carcinoma
  157. Agriculture
  158. Effects of chemical-based fertilizer replacement with biochar-based fertilizer on albic soil nutrient content and maize yield
  159. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of CPP-like gene family in Triticum aestivum L. under different hormone and stress conditions
  160. Agronomic and economic performance of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) varieties in response to rates of blended NPS fertilizer in Kindo Koysha district, Southern Ethiopia
  161. Influence of furrow irrigation regime on the yield and water consumption indicators of winter wheat based on a multi-level fuzzy comprehensive evaluation
  162. Discovery of exercise-related genes and pathway analysis based on comparative genomes of Mongolian originated Abaga and Wushen horse
  163. Lessons from integrated seasonal forecast-crop modelling in Africa: A systematic review
  164. Evolution trend of soil fertility in tobacco-planting area of Chenzhou, Hunan Province, China
  165. Animal Sciences
  166. Morphological and molecular characterization of Tatera indica Hardwicke 1807 (Rodentia: Muridae) from Pothwar, Pakistan
  167. Research on meat quality of Qianhua Mutton Merino sheep and Small-tail Han sheep
  168. SI: A Scientific Memoir
  169. Suggestions on leading an academic research laboratory group
  170. My scientific genealogy and the Toronto ACDC Laboratory, 1988–2022
  171. Erratum
  172. Erratum to “Changes of immune cells in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated by radiofrequency ablation and hepatectomy, a pilot study”
  173. Erratum to “A two-microRNA signature predicts the progression of male thyroid cancer”
  174. Retraction
  175. Retraction of “Lidocaine has antitumor effect on hepatocellular carcinoma via the circ_DYNC1H1/miR-520a-3p/USP14 axis”
https://doi.org/10.1515/biol-2022-0050
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pentothal sodium; ketamine; anesthetic effect; intraperitoneal injection
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Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Biomedical Sciences
  2. Effects of direct oral anticoagulants dabigatran and rivaroxaban on the blood coagulation function in rabbits
  3. The mother of all battles: Viruses vs humans. Can humans avoid extinction in 50–100 years?
  4. Knockdown of G1P3 inhibits cell proliferation and enhances the cytotoxicity of dexamethasone in acute lymphoblastic leukemia
  5. LINC00665 regulates hepatocellular carcinoma by modulating mRNA via the m6A enzyme
  6. Association study of CLDN14 variations in patients with kidney stones
  7. Concanavalin A-induced autoimmune hepatitis model in mice: Mechanisms and future outlook
  8. Regulation of miR-30b in cancer development, apoptosis, and drug resistance
  9. Informatic analysis of the pulmonary microecology in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis at three different stages
  10. Swimming attenuates tumor growth in CT-26 tumor-bearing mice and suppresses angiogenesis by mediating the HIF-1α/VEGFA pathway
  11. Characterization of intestinal microbiota and serum metabolites in patients with mild hepatic encephalopathy
  12. Functional conservation and divergence in plant-specific GRF gene family revealed by sequences and expression analysis
  13. Application of the FLP/LoxP-FRT recombination system to switch the eGFP expression in a model prokaryote
  14. Biomedical evaluation of antioxidant properties of lamb meat enriched with iodine and selenium
  15. Intravenous infusion of the exosomes derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells enhance neurological recovery after traumatic brain injury via suppressing the NF-κB pathway
  16. Effect of dietary pattern on pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus and its clinical significance
  17. Potential regulatory mechanism of TNF-α/TNFR1/ANXA1 in glioma cells and its role in glioma cell proliferation
  18. Effect of the genetic mutant G71R in uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 on the conjugation of bilirubin
  19. Quercetin inhibits cytotoxicity of PC12 cells induced by amyloid-beta 25–35 via stimulating estrogen receptor α, activating ERK1/2, and inhibiting apoptosis
  20. Nutrition intervention in the management of novel coronavirus pneumonia patients
  21. circ-CFH promotes the development of HCC by regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion, and glycolysis through the miR-377-3p/RNF38 axis
  22. Bmi-1 directly upregulates glucose transporter 1 in human gastric adenocarcinoma
  23. Lacunar infarction aggravates the cognitive deficit in the elderly with white matter lesion
  24. Hydroxysafflor yellow A improved retinopathy via Nrf2/HO-1 pathway in rats
  25. Comparison of axon extension: PTFE versus PLA formed by a 3D printer
  26. Elevated IL-35 level and iTr35 subset increase the bacterial burden and lung lesions in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected mice
  27. A case report of CAT gene and HNF1β gene variations in a patient with early-onset diabetes
  28. Study on the mechanism of inhibiting patulin production by fengycin
  29. SOX4 promotes high-glucose-induced inflammation and angiogenesis of retinal endothelial cells by activating NF-κB signaling pathway
  30. Relationship between blood clots and COVID-19 vaccines: A literature review
  31. Analysis of genetic characteristics of 436 children with dysplasia and detailed analysis of rare karyotype
  32. Bioinformatics network analyses of growth differentiation factor 11
  33. NR4A1 inhibits the epithelial–mesenchymal transition of hepatic stellate cells: Involvement of TGF-β–Smad2/3/4–ZEB signaling
  34. Expression of Zeb1 in the differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cell
  35. Study on the genetic damage caused by cadmium sulfide quantum dots in human lymphocytes
  36. Association between single-nucleotide polymorphisms of NKX2.5 and congenital heart disease in Chinese population: A meta-analysis
  37. Assessment of the anesthetic effect of modified pentothal sodium solution on Sprague-Dawley rats
  38. Genetic susceptibility to high myopia in Han Chinese population
  39. Potential biomarkers and molecular mechanisms in preeclampsia progression
  40. Silencing circular RNA-friend leukemia virus integration 1 restrained malignancy of CC cells and oxaliplatin resistance by disturbing dyskeratosis congenita 1
  41. Endostar plus pembrolizumab combined with a platinum-based dual chemotherapy regime for advanced pulmonary large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma as a first-line treatment: A case report
  42. The significance of PAK4 in signaling and clinicopathology: A review
  43. Sorafenib inhibits ovarian cancer cell proliferation and mobility and induces radiosensitivity by targeting the tumor cell epithelial–mesenchymal transition
  44. Characterization of rabbit polyclonal antibody against camel recombinant nanobodies
  45. Active legumain promotes invasion and migration of neuroblastoma by regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition
  46. Effect of cell receptors in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis: Current insights
  47. MT-12 inhibits the proliferation of bladder cells in vitro and in vivo by enhancing autophagy through mitochondrial dysfunction
  48. Study of hsa_circRNA_000121 and hsa_circRNA_004183 in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma
  49. BuyangHuanwu Decoction attenuates cerebral vasospasm caused by subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats via PI3K/AKT/eNOS axis
  50. Effects of the interaction of Notch and TLR4 pathways on inflammation and heart function in septic heart
  51. Monosodium iodoacetate-induced subchondral bone microstructure and inflammatory changes in an animal model of osteoarthritis
  52. A rare presentation of type II Abernethy malformation and nephrotic syndrome: Case report and review
  53. Rapid death due to pulmonary epithelioid haemangioendothelioma in several weeks: A case report
  54. Hepatoprotective role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α in non-cancerous hepatic tissues following transcatheter arterial embolization
  55. Correlation between peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations and primary systemic lupus erythematosus
  56. A novel SLC8A1-ALK fusion in lung adenocarcinoma confers sensitivity to alectinib: A case report
  57. β-Hydroxybutyrate upregulates FGF21 expression through inhibition of histone deacetylases in hepatocytes
  58. Identification of metabolic genes for the prediction of prognosis and tumor microenvironment infiltration in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer
  59. BTBD10 inhibits glioma tumorigenesis by downregulating cyclin D1 and p-Akt
  60. Mucormycosis co-infection in COVID-19 patients: An update
  61. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing in diagnosing Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia: A case report
  62. Long non-coding RNA HOXB-AS1 is a prognostic marker and promotes hepatocellular carcinoma cells’ proliferation and invasion
  63. Preparation and evaluation of LA-PEG-SPION, a targeted MRI contrast agent for liver cancer
  64. Proteomic analysis of the liver regulating lipid metabolism in Chaohu ducks using two-dimensional electrophoresis
  65. Nasopharyngeal tuberculosis: A case report
  66. Characterization and evaluation of anti-Salmonella enteritidis activity of indigenous probiotic lactobacilli in mice
  67. Aberrant pulmonary immune response of obese mice to periodontal infection
  68. Bacteriospermia – A formidable player in male subfertility
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  72. Multiple organ failure and death caused by Staphylococcus aureus hip infection: A case report
  73. Prognostic signature related to the immune environment of oral squamous cell carcinoma
  74. Primary and metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid gland: Two case reports
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  76. Role of MMP-2 and CD147 in kidney fibrosis
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  78. Babesia microti-induced fulminant sepsis in an immunocompromised host: A case report and the case-specific literature review
  79. Role of cerebellar cortex in associative learning and memory in guinea pigs
  80. Application of metagenomic next-generation sequencing technique for diagnosing a specific case of necrotizing meningoencephalitis caused by human herpesvirus 2
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  105. Antitumor activity of RUNX3: Upregulation of E-cadherin and downregulation of the epithelial–mesenchymal transition in clear-cell renal cell carcinoma
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  115. Seasonal succession of bacterial communities in cultured Caulerpa lentillifera detected by high-throughput sequencing
  116. Cloning and prokaryotic expression of WRKY48 from Caragana intermedia
  117. Novel Brassica hybrids with different resistance to Leptosphaeria maculans reveal unbalanced rDNA signal patterns
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  123. Study on pecan seed germination influenced by seed endocarp
  124. Identification of active compounds in Ophiopogonis Radix from different geographical origins by UPLC-Q/TOF-MS combined with GC-MS approaches
  125. The entire chloroplast genome sequence of Asparagus cochinchinensis and genetic comparison to Asparagus species
  126. Genome-wide identification of MAPK family genes and their response to abiotic stresses in tea plant (Camellia sinensis)
  127. Selection and validation of reference genes for RT-qPCR analysis of different organs at various development stages in Caragana intermedia
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  129. Integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic profiling revealed coping mechanisms of the edible and medicinal homologous plant Plantago asiatica L. cadmium resistance
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  132. The entire chloroplast genome sequence of Asparagus setaceus (Kunth) Jessop: Genome structure, gene composition, and phylogenetic analysis in Asparagaceae
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  134. Dietary food additive monosodium glutamate with or without high-lipid diet induces spleen anomaly: A mechanistic approach on rat model
  135. Binge eating disorder during COVID-19
  136. Potential of honey against the onset of autoimmune diabetes and its associated nephropathy, pancreatitis, and retinopathy in type 1 diabetic animal model
  137. FTO gene expression in diet-induced obesity is downregulated by Solanum fruit supplementation
  138. Physical activity enhances fecal lactobacilli in rats chronically drinking sweetened cola beverage
  139. Supercritical CO2 extraction, chemical composition, and antioxidant effects of Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. oleoresin
  140. Functional constituents of plant-based foods boost immunity against acute and chronic disorders
  141. Effect of selenium and methods of protein extraction on the proteomic profile of Saccharomyces yeast
  142. Microbial diversity of milk ghee in southern Gansu and its effect on the formation of ghee flavor compounds
  143. Ecology and Environmental Sciences
  144. Effects of heavy metals on bacterial community surrounding Bijiashan mining area located in northwest China
  145. Microorganism community composition analysis coupling with 15N tracer experiments reveals the nitrification rate and N2O emissions in low pH soils in Southern China
  146. Genetic diversity and population structure of Cinnamomum balansae Lecomte inferred by microsatellites
  147. Preliminary screening of microplastic contamination in different marine fish species of Taif market, Saudi Arabia
  148. Plant volatile organic compounds attractive to Lygus pratensis
  149. Effects of organic materials on soil bacterial community structure in long-term continuous cropping of tomato in greenhouse
  150. Effects of soil treated fungicide fluopimomide on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) disease control and plant growth
  151. Prevalence of Yersinia pestis among rodents captured in a semi-arid tropical ecosystem of south-western Zimbabwe
  152. Effects of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on mitigating salt-induced Na+ toxicity and sustaining sea rice growth
  153. Bioengineering and Biotechnology
  154. Poly-l-lysine-caused cell adhesion induces pyroptosis in THP-1 monocytes
  155. Development of alkaline phosphatase-scFv and its use for one-step enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for His-tagged protein detection
  156. Development and validation of a predictive model for immune-related genes in patients with tongue squamous cell carcinoma
  157. Agriculture
  158. Effects of chemical-based fertilizer replacement with biochar-based fertilizer on albic soil nutrient content and maize yield
  159. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of CPP-like gene family in Triticum aestivum L. under different hormone and stress conditions
  160. Agronomic and economic performance of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) varieties in response to rates of blended NPS fertilizer in Kindo Koysha district, Southern Ethiopia
  161. Influence of furrow irrigation regime on the yield and water consumption indicators of winter wheat based on a multi-level fuzzy comprehensive evaluation
  162. Discovery of exercise-related genes and pathway analysis based on comparative genomes of Mongolian originated Abaga and Wushen horse
  163. Lessons from integrated seasonal forecast-crop modelling in Africa: A systematic review
  164. Evolution trend of soil fertility in tobacco-planting area of Chenzhou, Hunan Province, China
  165. Animal Sciences
  166. Morphological and molecular characterization of Tatera indica Hardwicke 1807 (Rodentia: Muridae) from Pothwar, Pakistan
  167. Research on meat quality of Qianhua Mutton Merino sheep and Small-tail Han sheep
  168. SI: A Scientific Memoir
  169. Suggestions on leading an academic research laboratory group
  170. My scientific genealogy and the Toronto ACDC Laboratory, 1988–2022
  171. Erratum
  172. Erratum to “Changes of immune cells in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated by radiofrequency ablation and hepatectomy, a pilot study”
  173. Erratum to “A two-microRNA signature predicts the progression of male thyroid cancer”
  174. Retraction
  175. Retraction of “Lidocaine has antitumor effect on hepatocellular carcinoma via the circ_DYNC1H1/miR-520a-3p/USP14 axis”
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