Effect of hepatic sympathetic nerve removal on energy metabolism in an animal model of cognitive impairment and its relationship to Glut2 expression
Abstract
The aims of this study were to investigate the effect of hepatic sympathetic nerve removal on glucose and lipid metabolism in rats with cognitive impairment and to evaluate the relationship between these effects and liver Glut2 expression. Hippocampal injection of Aβ1–42 was used to induce cognitive impairment. Impaired rats were divided into experimental, sham, and control groups. The experimental group was injected with 6-hydroxydopamine to remove the sympathetic nerve. At 4 weeks post injection, body weight, food and water intake, blood sugar, and blood lipids were measured, and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining was used to assess the liver glycogen content. Liver Glut2 mRNA and protein were also detected. The experimental group showed reduced body weight, food intake, and blood glucose levels and elevated insulin levels compared with the control group. PAS staining showed higher glycogen contents in the experimental group than in controls. The expression levels of Glut2 mRNA and protein in the experimental group were significantly lower than in the controls. Metabolism was significantly impacted in rats with cognitive impairment following removal of the hepatic sympathetic nerve. Disruption to Glut2 liver expression via sympathetic nerve disruption represents a possible underlying mechanism.
1 Introduction
The nervous system detects internal and external fluctuations and rapidly triggers the appropriate physiological response. The central nervous system (CNS) regulates energy metabolism [1,2] and receives metabolic status signals, including leptin, insulin, growth hormone-releasing peptide, thyroid hormone, and gonadal hormone, from the periphery. These signals are delivered via the afferent nerve to the CNS, where they are integrated and analyzed and then directed to the efferent nerve to regulate different physiological processes, including energy balance, energy consumption, and peripheral metabolism [3,4,5]. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) includes sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves, which jointly innervate surrounding metabolic tissues, including brown and white adipose tissues, liver, pancreas, and skeletal muscle. Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves are antagonistic to each other, an effect that plays an important role in response to peripheral signals. Changes in CNS functioning, especially hypothalamus, not only affect liver energy metabolism but also affect the function of other metabolic organs [6]. In the study of the effects of the ANS on glucose and lipid metabolism, López-Soldado et al. have shown that the vagus liver branch is involved in regulating food intake and glucose homeostasis in mice [7]. Chronic electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve branch of bilateral minipigs can significantly improve diet-induced obesity insulin sensitivity [8]. The activation of extracellularly regulated kinase in mouse liver can cause pancreatic β-cell proliferation under the action of the nervous system, thereby reducing blood glucose levels [9]. In addition, the vagus nerve has a complex connection with the visceral central hippocampus [10]. Epidemiological studies indicate that disrupted glucose and lipid metabolism frequently occurs in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) [11]. Similarly, animal studies have shown elevated glucose and lipid levels in rats with cognitive impairment [12]. The liver is the primary site of glucose uptake, storage, and metabolism. Therefore, we postulate that sympathetic nervous system impairment leads to disrupted liver function. To further clarify this relationship, we removed the hepatic sympathetic nerve from cognitively impaired rats and examined the effects on body weight, food and water intake, blood glucose, blood lipids, insulin, liver glycogen content, and liver tissue Glut2 expression levels.
2 Materials and methods
2.1 Instruments and laboratory reagents
An automatic biochemical analyzer (Erba XL-600), refrigerated centrifuge (Cene H1650), fluorescence quantitative PCR instrument (Bio-Rad MYIQ2 and CFX96), light microscope (Olympus), gel imaging system (Bio-Rad), Rheodyne valve (Shanghai Gauge), Aβ1–42 (Sigma, A9810), 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA; Sigma, H4381), TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, 15596026), blood glucose and lipid assay kits (Ulite Biotechnology Co. U82980030), fluorescence quantitative PCR kit (Takara Bio, RR037A), anti-GLUT2 antibody (Beijing Bioss Antibodies Co. bs-0351R), antibody for β-actin (Abcam Co. 8227), BCA protein quantification kit (Beyotime Biotechnology, P0012S), and glycogen PAS staining kit (Solarbio Life Sciences, G1280) were used.
The following primer sequences were used: Glut2, 5′-TCTGTGCTGCTTGTGGAG-3′ and 5′-AGAGGGCGATGATGAAAT-3′; β-actin, 5′-CCCATCTATGAGGGTTACGC-3′ and 5′-CCCATCTATGAGGGTTACGC-3′. All primers were purchased from Proteintech Co.
2.2 Animal treatment and experimental groups
Male SD rats of weight 300 ± 10 g were obtained from the Guilin Medical University SPF-grade experimental animal center (certificate #SCXK GUI 2007-0001). To induce cognitive impairment, rats were anesthetized with 0.3% pentobarbital sodium (40 mg/kg) followed by a hippocampal injection of 15 µg of Aβ1–42 according to the stereosteric map of the rat brain and using a stereosteric instrument. The injection site was located 3.8 mm behind the anterior fontanelle and 3.3 mm from the right side of the brain.
Cognitive ability assessments were conducted 60 days post injection using a water maze. The time between entering the water and climbing onto the platform, the time spent crossing the platform, and the percentage of time spent in the initial platform quadrant were recorded. Rats with cognitive impairment were randomly assigned to the experimental group (n = 15), sham group (n = 15), or control group (n = 15). The liver sympathetic nerve of rats does not form a neural stem, and it is distributed. The sympathetic nerve can selectively take up 6-OHDA and deplete the inner catecholamines, which causes neuronal degeneration. The method of removing liver sympathetic nerves was outlined by Lin et al. [13]. After abdominal anesthesia, 6-OHDA (1.0 mg/kg) was injected into the mesenteric vein with a scalp needle and delivered to the liver through the portal vein system. Sham-group animals were injected with an equal volume of normal saline, and the control group rats received no injection.
The rats in this experiment were raised in metabolic cages, one rat per cage, and adequate feed and water were provided. Food and water intakes (feed intake = feed added − residual amount; water intake = initial water amount − residual water amount) were measured 3 days before the experiment and during the experiment as indicated below.
Ethical approval: The research related to animals’ use has been complied with all the relevant national regulations and institutional policies for the care and use of animals, and has been approved by the Guilin Medical University Ethic Committee (ethical approval number: GLMC201703022).
2.3 Tissue collection and measurement of blood glucose, lipid, and insulin levels
Four weeks after the 6-OHDA injection, the rats were fasted for 12 h, weighed, and given abdominal anesthesia (0.3% sodium pentobarbital, 40 mg/kg). After anesthesia, the rats were fixed on the operating table with a midline neck incision to expose the common carotid artery, 10 mL of blood was collected from the common carotid artery, and the serum was isolated by centrifugation. Liver tissue samples were collected and stored at −80°C. Serum insulin levels were quantitated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. An automatic biochemical analyzer was used to measure the triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) levels. The fasting blood glucose level was measured using a Roche glucometer. All experiments were replicated three times.
2.4 PAS method for detection of liver glycogen
Liver tissues were ethanol dehydrated for 2 h, paraffin-embedded, and sectioned (4 µm). Dimethyl benzene dewaxing was followed by tissue rehydration. Next, the sections were placed into an oxidant at room temperature (25–30°C) for 5 min, rinsed, and submerged twice in distilled water. The sections were next kept in Schiff’s colorless magenta solution at room temperature (25–30°C) for 15 min, rinsed in distilled water for 10 min, immersed in hematoxylin for 2 min and then in acidic solution for 2 s, and rinsed in running distilled water for 15 min. Double-distilled water was then used to rinse until tissues appeared blue. Finally, the sections were made transparent by xylene and mounted on slides with neutral gum. Image analysis software was used to calculate the average optical density of PAS-positive argentaffin cells as a representation of the liver glycogen content. Unstained Schiff’s colorless magenta solution was used as the negative control. At least five images randomly selected from one liver tissue were analyzed for the calculation of the optical density of PAS-positive argentaffin cells.
2.5 Quantitative PCR analysis of liver Glut2 mRNA expression
Liver tissues were ground into powder using liquid nitrogen, and total RNA was isolated using the TRIzol reagent. The RNA was precipitated using chloroform and isopropanol and dissolved in RNase-free water. The RNA quantity and quality were determined prior to reverse transcription. Glut2 mRNA levels were measured by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) using the following cycle conditions: 95°C for 10 min, followed by 40 cycles of 95°C for 15 s and 60°C for 15 s. A dissociation curve was generated for all qPCR products by incrementally (0.3°C) increasing the temperature from 60 to 95°C. CT values were calculated by the instrument software, and relative expression was expressed as 2−ΔΔCT values. The RNA quantity and quality of every sample were determined three times.
2.6 Detection of liver GLUT2 expression by Western blot
Lysis buffer was added to ground liver tissue samples at a ratio of 100 µL per 20 mg of tissue to isolate total protein. Protein concentrations were determined using the BCA protein quantification kit. Western blot analysis was conducted by SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis followed by transfer to the polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane at 200 mA for 1.5 h. GLUT2 primary antibody (20436-1-AP; Proteintech Group, Inc.) was applied to the membrane followed by overnight incubation at 4°C and then washing. The membrane was next incubated with secondary antibody (074-1506, KPL) at room temperature for 1 h followed by incubation with ECL chemiluminescence substrates and exposed to X-ray film, which was analyzed using the Bio-Rad imaging system. The gray value of the GLUT2 protein was divided by the gray value of the internal reference gene (β-actin) to determine the relative amount of GLUT2 in the sample.
2.7 Statistical analysis
SPSS version 17.0 statistical analysis software was used to analyze the experimental results, and the data were expressed as arithmetic mean and standard deviation
3 Results
3.1 Blood glucose, lipid, and insulin levels
Four weeks after 6-OHDA injection, the body mass and daily food intake of the experimental group rats were 292 ± 12.33 g and 18.71 ± 10.88 g, respectively, which were significantly lower than those of the sham (356 ± 9.41 g and 26.44 ± 9.73 g, respectively) and control groups (363 ± 13.25 g and 27.52 ± 10.62 g, respectively) (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in water intake among the groups (P > 0.05) (Table 1). Significant differences were detected between the fasting blood glucose and insulin levels of the experimental group (6.28 ± 1.86 mmol/L and 35.40 ± 6.84 IU/L, respectively) and the control group (7.53 ± 1.24 mmol/L and 26.45 ± 6.71 IU/L, respectively) (P < 0.01). However, there were no significant differences in TG, TC, HDL, or LDL levels (P > 0.05). No differences were detected between the sham group and the control group (P > 0.05, Table 2).
Weight, feed intake, and water intake
Group | n | Weight (g) | Daily food intake (g/rat) | Daily quantity of drinking water (ml/rat) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Experimental group | 15 | 292 ± 12.33* | 18.71 ± 10.88* | 31.45 ± 12.49** |
Sham group | 15 | 356 ± 9.41** | 26.44 ± 9.73** | 32.80 ± 9.56** |
Control group | 15 | 363 ± 13.25 | 27.52 ± 10.62 | 31.39 ± 8.92 |
Compared to the control group, *P < 0.01, **P > 0.05.
Blood glucose, blood lipid, and insulin levels
Group | n | FPG (mmol/L) | TG (mmol/L) | TC (mmol/L) | LDL (mmol/L) | HDL (mmol/L) | INS (µIU/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Experimental group | 15 | 6.28 ± 1.86* | 0.81 ± 0.43** | 1.63 ± 0.30** | 0.66 ± 0.16** | 0.78 ± 0.33** | 35.40 ± 6.84* |
Sham group | 15 | 7.82 ± 1.30** | 0.78 ± 0.37** | 1.58 ± 0.56** | 0.69 ± 0.23** | 0.76 ± 0.28** | 25.32 ± 7.36** |
Control group | 15 | 7.53 ± 1.24 | 0.82 ± 0.26 | 1.59 ± 0.29 | 0.71 ± 0.25 | 0.80 ± 0.24 | 26.45 ± 6.71 |
Compared to the control group, *P < 0.01, **P > 0.05.
3.2 Glycogen content in liver tissue
PAS staining allowed for clear visualization of liver structure, bright red or red-purple glycogen particles, and blue nuclei. Optical density analysis showed higher glycogen contents in the experimental group compared with the control group (OD, 0.46 ± 0.25 vs 0.32 ± 0.18, P < 0.01). No differences were detected between the sham group and the control group (P > 0.05, Figure 1 and Table 3).

Liver glycogen content in rats with cognitive impairment 4 weeks after liver sympathetic nerve removal (PAS, ×400) (a) experimental group, (b) sham group, (c) control group, and (d) negative control.
Hepatic glycogen content in rats with cognitive impairment 4 weeks after removing liver sympathetic nerves
Group | n | Liver glycogen |
---|---|---|
Experimental group | 15 | 0.46 ± 0.25* |
Sham group | 15 | 0.30 ± 0.22** |
Control group | 15 | 0.32 ± 0.18 |
Compared to the control group, *P < 0.01, **P > 0.05.
3.3 Glut2 mRNA and protein expression in liver
Real-time qPCR was used to quantitate the liver Glut2 mRNA levels at 4 weeks after 6-OHDA injection. The dissociation curve revealed a single sharp peak without nonspecific amplification products. The relative Glut2 mRNA expression was significantly lower in the experimental group compared to the sham and control groups (0.62 ± 0.28 vs 0.97 ± 0.30, P < 0.01) (Figure 2). Western blot analysis showed signals at the molecular masses of GLUT2 (57 kDa) and β-actin (43 kDa). The GLUT2 protein levels were significantly lower in the experimental group than in the control group (0.39 ± 0.17 vs 0.68 ± 0.12, P < 0.01). No differences were detected between the sham group and the control group (P > 0.05, Figure 3 and Table 4).

The expression level of Glut2 mRNA in liver tissue of rats with cognitive impairment after 4 weeks of hepatic sympathetic nerve removal (compared to the control group, *P < 0.01, **P > 0.05).

The expression of GLUT2 protein in the liver tissue of rats with cognitive impairment after 4 weeks of removal of the hepatic sympathetic nerve (1 experimental group, 2 sham group, and 3 control group).
Expression of GLUT2 protein in liver tissues of rats with cognitive impairment 4 weeks after removing the liver sympathetic nerve
Group | n | GLUT2 |
---|---|---|
Experimental group | 15 | 0.39 ± 0.17* |
Sham group | 15 | 0.71 ± 0.20** |
Control group | 15 | 0.68 ± 0.12 |
Compared to the control group, *P < 0.01, **P > 0.05.
4 Discussion
AD and diabetes mellitus (DM) are complex diseases with overlapping clinical manifestations and pathophysiological mechanisms. Up to 81% of AD patients display abnormal glucose metabolism [14], but the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain unclear. Previous reports have suggested that cognitive function in AD declines prior to abnormal blood glucose levels, but a causal relationship has not been established [15].
Within the hippocampus and hypothalamus, the brainstem and amygdala make up the limbic system of the internal center. This region is structurally and functionally complex, as it contains a large number of afferent and efferent nerve fiber connections. Functionally, it regulates metabolic organs by controlling autonomic nerve neurotransmitter secretion and affecting the endocrine system [16,17]. The hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis is an important channel for neuroendocrine regulation. The hippocampus regulates the function of metabolic organs by inhibiting or activating the HPA axis. For example, this region stimulates the hippocampal CA3 pyramidal cells and dentate gyrus to decrease plasma cortisol release. However, damage to the ventral hippocampus structure promotes cortical hormone secretion [18,19]. Liver function, regeneration, and fibrosis are influenced by double innervation of hepatic sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves.
In hypoglycemia, increasing sympathetic nerve activity promotes liver glucose production, reduced insulin secretion, and increased glucagon secretion. In hyperglycemia, increasing parasympathetic nerve activity promotes the conversion of peripheral blood sugar into glycogen and decreases liver glucose production. In this case, the pancreas increases insulin secretion, promoting sugar utilization in muscle and adipose tissue [20]. This study involved the selective absorption of the rat hepatic sympathetic nerve by 6-OHDA treatment to establish an animal model of cognitive impairment in rats.
The results indicate that sympathetic nerve removal significantly decreased the body mass, food intake, and blood glucose levels and increased the insulin levels in treated animals. However, the TG, TC, HDL, and LDL levels were not impacted. These findings suggest that the hepatic sympathetic nerve plays an important role in hepatic metabolism. Previous studies have shown that hepatic nerves regulate glucose and lipid metabolism, food intake, and liver regeneration [21]. The visceral sensory afferent fibers of the liver portal vein transfer osmotic pressure, blood sugar, and lipid information from blood to the CNS and influence metabolism, insulin resistance, blood flow, liver steatosis, and bile secretion [22,23]. Bruinstroop et al. [24] showed that damage to the hepatic sympathetic nerve reduced the secretion of very-low-density lipoprotein-triglyceride (VLDL-TG) in obese rats and eventually led to decreased plasma TG concentrations. In contrast, removal of the parasympathetic nerve increased the TC levels in plasma. However, removal of the sympathetic nerve or parasympathetic nerve did not impact humoral factors, weight, or food intake.
GLUT2 regulates the release of glucose into the tissue fluid, senses changes in the blood glucose concentration, and regulates insulin secretion. GLUT2 functions in the liver, pancreas, small intestine, and other organs. Abnormal GLUT2 activity promotes metabolic dysfunction [25]. Our results show that the liver Glut2 mRNA and protein levels are reduced in our cognitive impairment model, which may be related to hypoglycemia and body weight as well as the elevated glycogen content in the liver tissue after the removal of the hepatic parasympathetic nerve. This aligns with previous studies that recommend mirtazapine, a negative regulator of liver GLUT2, as an antidepressant treatment and as a method to reduce the blood glucose levels in diabetic patients [26].
In conclusion, the hepatic sympathetic nerve appears to play an important role in the regulation of metabolism in rats with cognitive impairment, and its effect on weight, blood sugar, and the liver glycogen levels may be mediated by liver GLUT2.
Acknowledgments
This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation (81760159 and 81960163), the Guangxi Natural Science Foundation (2017GXNSFAA198307 and 2018GXNSFBA138029) and the Open Project of Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience (GKLBCN-20180105-05).
Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.
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- Upregulation of miR-150-5p alleviates LPS-induced inflammatory response and apoptosis of RAW264.7 macrophages by targeting Notch1
- Long non-coding RNA LINC00704 promotes cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in papillary thyroid carcinoma via miR-204-5p/HMGB1 axis
- Neuroanatomy of melanocortin-4 receptor pathway in the mouse brain
- Lipopolysaccharides promote pulmonary fibrosis in silicosis through the aggravation of apoptosis and inflammation in alveolar macrophages
- Influences of advanced glycosylation end products on the inner blood–retinal barrier in a co-culture cell model in vitro
- MiR-4328 inhibits proliferation, metastasis and induces apoptosis in keloid fibroblasts by targeting BCL2 expression
- Aberrant expression of microRNA-132-3p and microRNA-146a-5p in Parkinson’s disease patients
- Long non-coding RNA SNHG3 accelerates progression in glioma by modulating miR-384/HDGF axis
- Long non-coding RNA NEAT1 mediates MPTP/MPP+-induced apoptosis via regulating the miR-124/KLF4 axis in Parkinson’s disease
- PCR-detectable Candida DNA exists a short period in the blood of systemic candidiasis murine model
- CircHIPK3/miR-381-3p axis modulates proliferation, migration, and glycolysis of lung cancer cells by regulating the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway
- Reversine and herbal Xiang–Sha–Liu–Jun–Zi decoction ameliorate thioacetamide-induced hepatic injury by regulating the RelA/NF-κB/caspase signaling pathway
- Therapeutic effects of coronary granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on rats with chronic ischemic heart disease
- The effects of yam gruel on lowering fasted blood glucose in T2DM rats
- Circ_0084043 promotes cell proliferation and glycolysis but blocks cell apoptosis in melanoma via circ_0084043-miR-31-KLF3 axis
- CircSAMD4A contributes to cell doxorubicin resistance in osteosarcoma by regulating the miR-218-5p/KLF8 axis
- Relationship of FTO gene variations with NAFLD risk in Chinese men
- The prognostic and predictive value of platelet parameters in diabetic and nondiabetic patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss
- LncRNA SNHG15 contributes to doxorubicin resistance of osteosarcoma cells through targeting the miR-381-3p/GFRA1 axis
- miR-339-3p regulated acute pancreatitis induced by caerulein through targeting TNF receptor-associated factor 3 in AR42J cells
- LncRNA RP1-85F18.6 affects osteoblast cells by regulating the cell cycle
- MiR-203-3p inhibits the oxidative stress, inflammatory responses and apoptosis of mice podocytes induced by high glucose through regulating Sema3A expression
- MiR-30c-5p/ROCK2 axis regulates cell proliferation, apoptosis and EMT via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in HG-induced HK-2 cells
- CTRP9 protects against MIA-induced inflammation and knee cartilage damage by deactivating the MAPK/NF-κB pathway in rats with osteoarthritis
- Relationship between hemodynamic parameters and portal venous pressure in cirrhosis patients with portal hypertension
- Long noncoding RNA FTX ameliorates hydrogen peroxide-induced cardiomyocyte injury by regulating the miR-150/KLF13 axis
- Ropivacaine inhibits proliferation, migration, and invasion while inducing apoptosis of glioma cells by regulating the SNHG16/miR-424-5p axis
- CD11b is involved in coxsackievirus B3-induced viral myocarditis in mice by inducing Th17 cells
- Decitabine shows anti-acute myeloid leukemia potential via regulating the miR-212-5p/CCNT2 axis
- Testosterone aggravates cerebral vascular injury by reducing plasma HDL levels
- Bioengineering and Biotechnology
- PL/Vancomycin/Nano-hydroxyapatite Sustained-release Material to Treat Infectious Bone Defect
- The thickness of surface grafting layer on bio-materials directly mediates the immuno-reacitivity of macrophages in vitro
- Silver nanoparticles: synthesis, characterisation and biomedical applications
- Food Science
- Bread making potential of Triticum aestivum and Triticum spelta species
- Modeling the effect of heat treatment on fatty acid composition in home-made olive oil preparations
- Effect of addition of dried potato pulp on selected quality characteristics of shortcrust pastry cookies
- Preparation of konjac oligoglucomannans with different molecular weights and their in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activities
- Animal Sciences
- Changes in the fecal microbiome of the Yangtze finless porpoise during a short-term therapeutic treatment
- Agriculture
- Influence of inoculation with Lactobacillus on fermentation, production of 1,2-propanediol and 1-propanol as well as Maize silage aerobic stability
- Application of extrusion-cooking technology in hatchery waste management
- In-field screening for host plant resistance to Delia radicum and Brevicoryne brassicae within selected rapeseed cultivars and new interspecific hybrids
- Studying of the promotion mechanism of Bacillus subtilis QM3 on wheat seed germination based on β-amylase
- Rapid visual detection of FecB gene expression in sheep
- Effects of Bacillus megaterium on growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, antioxidant capacity, and immune function in suckling calves
- Effects of center pivot sprinkler fertigation on the yield of continuously cropped soybean
- Special Issue On New Approach To Obtain Bioactive Compounds And New Metabolites From Agro-Industrial By-Products
- Technological and antioxidant properties of proteins obtained from waste potato juice
- The aspects of microbial biomass use in the utilization of selected waste from the agro-food industry
- Special Issue on Computing and Artificial Techniques for Life Science Applications - Part I
- Automatic detection and segmentation of adenomatous colorectal polyps during colonoscopy using Mask R-CNN
- The impedance analysis of small intestine fusion by pulse source
- Errata
- Erratum to “Diagnostic performance of serum CK-MB, TNF-α and hs-CRP in children with viral myocarditis”
- Erratum to “MYL6B drives the capabilities of proliferation, invasion, and migration in rectal adenocarcinoma through the EMT process”
- Erratum to “Thermostable cellulase biosynthesis from Paenibacillus alvei and its utilization in lactic acid production by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation”
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Plant Sciences
- Dependence of the heterosis effect on genetic distance, determined using various molecular markers
- Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) Regulated Phyto and Microbial Beneficial Protein Interactions
- Role of strigolactones: Signalling and crosstalk with other phytohormones
- An efficient protocol for regenerating shoots from paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera) leaf explants
- Functional divergence and adaptive selection of KNOX gene family in plants
- In silico identification of Capsicum type III polyketide synthase genes and expression patterns in Capsicum annuum
- In vitro induction and characterisation of tetraploid drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera Lam.)
- CRISPR/Cas9 or prime editing? – It depends on…
- Study on the optimal antagonistic effect of a bacterial complex against Monilinia fructicola in peach
- Natural variation in stress response induced by low CO2 in Arabidopsis thaliana
- The complete mitogenome sequence of the coral lily (Lilium pumilum) and the Lanzhou lily (Lilium davidii) in China
- Ecology and Environmental Sciences
- Use of phosphatase and dehydrogenase activities in the assessment of calcium peroxide and citric acid effects in soil contaminated with petrol
- Analysis of ethanol dehydration using membrane separation processes
- Activity of Vip3Aa1 against Periplaneta americana
- Thermostable cellulase biosynthesis from Paenibacillus alvei and its utilization in lactic acid production by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation
- Spatiotemporal dynamics of terrestrial invertebrate assemblages in the riparian zone of the Wewe river, Ashanti region, Ghana
- Antifungal activity of selected volatile essential oils against Penicillium sp.
- Toxic effect of three imidazole ionic liquids on two terrestrial plants
- Biosurfactant production by a Bacillus megaterium strain
- Distribution and density of Lutraria rhynchaena Jonas, 1844 relate to sediment while reproduction shows multiple peaks per year in Cat Ba-Ha Long Bay, Vietnam
- Biomedical Sciences
- Treatment of Epilepsy Associated with Common Chromosomal Developmental Diseases
- A Mouse Model for Studying Stem Cell Effects on Regeneration of Hair Follicle Outer Root Sheaths
- Morphine modulates hippocampal neurogenesis and contextual memory extinction via miR-34c/Notch1 pathway in male ICR mice
- Composition, Anticholinesterase and Antipedicular Activities of Satureja capitata L. Volatile Oil
- Weight loss may be unrelated to dietary intake in the imiquimod-induced plaque psoriasis mice model
- Construction of recombinant lentiviral vector containing human stem cell leukemia gene and its expression in interstitial cells of cajal
- Knockdown of lncRNA KCNQ1OT1 inhibits glioma progression by regulating miR-338-3p/RRM2
- Protective effect of asiaticoside on radiation-induced proliferation inhibition and DNA damage of fibroblasts and mice death
- Prevalence of dyslipidemia in Tibetan monks from Gansu Province, Northwest China
- Sevoflurane inhibits proliferation, invasion, but enhances apoptosis of lung cancer cells by Wnt/β-catenin signaling via regulating lncRNA PCAT6/ miR-326 axis
- MiR-542-3p suppresses neuroblastoma cell proliferation and invasion by downregulation of KDM1A and ZNF346
- Calcium Phosphate Cement Causes Nucleus Pulposus Cell Degeneration Through the ERK Signaling Pathway
- Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Exhibit Osteogenic Differentiation Potential
- MiR-489-3p inhibits cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, and induces apoptosis, by targeting the BDNF-mediated PI3K/AKT pathway in glioblastoma
- Long non-coding RNA TUG1 knockdown hinders the tumorigenesis of multiple myeloma by regulating the microRNA-34a-5p/NOTCH1 signaling pathway
- Large Brunner’s gland adenoma of the duodenum for almost 10 years
- Neurotrophin-3 accelerates reendothelialization through inducing EPC mobilization and homing
- Hepatoprotective effects of chamazulene against alcohol-induced liver damage by alleviation of oxidative stress in rat models
- FXYD6 overexpression in HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma with cirrhosis
- Risk factors for elevated serum colorectal cancer markers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
- Effect of hepatic sympathetic nerve removal on energy metabolism in an animal model of cognitive impairment and its relationship to Glut2 expression
- Progress in research on the role of fibrinogen in lung cancer
- Advanced glycation end product levels were correlated with inflammation and carotid atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes patients
- MiR-223-3p regulates cell viability, migration, invasion, and apoptosis of non-small cell lung cancer cells by targeting RHOB
- Knockdown of DDX46 inhibits trophoblast cell proliferation and migration through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in preeclampsia
- Buformin suppresses osteosarcoma via targeting AMPK signaling pathway
- Effect of FibroScan test in antiviral therapy for HBV-infected patients with ALT <2 upper limit of normal
- LncRNA SNHG15 regulates osteosarcoma progression in vitro and in vivo via sponging miR-346 and regulating TRAF4 expression
- LINC00202 promotes retinoblastoma progression by regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis, and aerobic glycolysis through miR-204-5p/HMGCR axis
- Coexisting flavonoids and administration route effect on pharmacokinetics of Puerarin in MCAO rats
- GeneXpert Technology for the diagnosis of HIV-associated tuberculosis: Is scale-up worth it?
- Circ_001569 regulates FLOT2 expression to promote the proliferation, migration, invasion and EMT of osteosarcoma cells through sponging miR-185-5p
- Lnc-PICSAR contributes to cisplatin resistance by miR-485-5p/REV3L axis in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma
- BRCA1 subcellular localization regulated by PI3K signaling pathway in triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells and hormone-sensitive T47D cells
- MYL6B drives the capabilities of proliferation, invasion, and migration in rectal adenocarcinoma through the EMT process
- Inhibition of lncRNA LINC00461/miR-216a/aquaporin 4 pathway suppresses cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and chemoresistance in glioma
- Upregulation of miR-150-5p alleviates LPS-induced inflammatory response and apoptosis of RAW264.7 macrophages by targeting Notch1
- Long non-coding RNA LINC00704 promotes cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in papillary thyroid carcinoma via miR-204-5p/HMGB1 axis
- Neuroanatomy of melanocortin-4 receptor pathway in the mouse brain
- Lipopolysaccharides promote pulmonary fibrosis in silicosis through the aggravation of apoptosis and inflammation in alveolar macrophages
- Influences of advanced glycosylation end products on the inner blood–retinal barrier in a co-culture cell model in vitro
- MiR-4328 inhibits proliferation, metastasis and induces apoptosis in keloid fibroblasts by targeting BCL2 expression
- Aberrant expression of microRNA-132-3p and microRNA-146a-5p in Parkinson’s disease patients
- Long non-coding RNA SNHG3 accelerates progression in glioma by modulating miR-384/HDGF axis
- Long non-coding RNA NEAT1 mediates MPTP/MPP+-induced apoptosis via regulating the miR-124/KLF4 axis in Parkinson’s disease
- PCR-detectable Candida DNA exists a short period in the blood of systemic candidiasis murine model
- CircHIPK3/miR-381-3p axis modulates proliferation, migration, and glycolysis of lung cancer cells by regulating the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway
- Reversine and herbal Xiang–Sha–Liu–Jun–Zi decoction ameliorate thioacetamide-induced hepatic injury by regulating the RelA/NF-κB/caspase signaling pathway
- Therapeutic effects of coronary granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on rats with chronic ischemic heart disease
- The effects of yam gruel on lowering fasted blood glucose in T2DM rats
- Circ_0084043 promotes cell proliferation and glycolysis but blocks cell apoptosis in melanoma via circ_0084043-miR-31-KLF3 axis
- CircSAMD4A contributes to cell doxorubicin resistance in osteosarcoma by regulating the miR-218-5p/KLF8 axis
- Relationship of FTO gene variations with NAFLD risk in Chinese men
- The prognostic and predictive value of platelet parameters in diabetic and nondiabetic patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss
- LncRNA SNHG15 contributes to doxorubicin resistance of osteosarcoma cells through targeting the miR-381-3p/GFRA1 axis
- miR-339-3p regulated acute pancreatitis induced by caerulein through targeting TNF receptor-associated factor 3 in AR42J cells
- LncRNA RP1-85F18.6 affects osteoblast cells by regulating the cell cycle
- MiR-203-3p inhibits the oxidative stress, inflammatory responses and apoptosis of mice podocytes induced by high glucose through regulating Sema3A expression
- MiR-30c-5p/ROCK2 axis regulates cell proliferation, apoptosis and EMT via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in HG-induced HK-2 cells
- CTRP9 protects against MIA-induced inflammation and knee cartilage damage by deactivating the MAPK/NF-κB pathway in rats with osteoarthritis
- Relationship between hemodynamic parameters and portal venous pressure in cirrhosis patients with portal hypertension
- Long noncoding RNA FTX ameliorates hydrogen peroxide-induced cardiomyocyte injury by regulating the miR-150/KLF13 axis
- Ropivacaine inhibits proliferation, migration, and invasion while inducing apoptosis of glioma cells by regulating the SNHG16/miR-424-5p axis
- CD11b is involved in coxsackievirus B3-induced viral myocarditis in mice by inducing Th17 cells
- Decitabine shows anti-acute myeloid leukemia potential via regulating the miR-212-5p/CCNT2 axis
- Testosterone aggravates cerebral vascular injury by reducing plasma HDL levels
- Bioengineering and Biotechnology
- PL/Vancomycin/Nano-hydroxyapatite Sustained-release Material to Treat Infectious Bone Defect
- The thickness of surface grafting layer on bio-materials directly mediates the immuno-reacitivity of macrophages in vitro
- Silver nanoparticles: synthesis, characterisation and biomedical applications
- Food Science
- Bread making potential of Triticum aestivum and Triticum spelta species
- Modeling the effect of heat treatment on fatty acid composition in home-made olive oil preparations
- Effect of addition of dried potato pulp on selected quality characteristics of shortcrust pastry cookies
- Preparation of konjac oligoglucomannans with different molecular weights and their in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activities
- Animal Sciences
- Changes in the fecal microbiome of the Yangtze finless porpoise during a short-term therapeutic treatment
- Agriculture
- Influence of inoculation with Lactobacillus on fermentation, production of 1,2-propanediol and 1-propanol as well as Maize silage aerobic stability
- Application of extrusion-cooking technology in hatchery waste management
- In-field screening for host plant resistance to Delia radicum and Brevicoryne brassicae within selected rapeseed cultivars and new interspecific hybrids
- Studying of the promotion mechanism of Bacillus subtilis QM3 on wheat seed germination based on β-amylase
- Rapid visual detection of FecB gene expression in sheep
- Effects of Bacillus megaterium on growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, antioxidant capacity, and immune function in suckling calves
- Effects of center pivot sprinkler fertigation on the yield of continuously cropped soybean
- Special Issue On New Approach To Obtain Bioactive Compounds And New Metabolites From Agro-Industrial By-Products
- Technological and antioxidant properties of proteins obtained from waste potato juice
- The aspects of microbial biomass use in the utilization of selected waste from the agro-food industry
- Special Issue on Computing and Artificial Techniques for Life Science Applications - Part I
- Automatic detection and segmentation of adenomatous colorectal polyps during colonoscopy using Mask R-CNN
- The impedance analysis of small intestine fusion by pulse source
- Errata
- Erratum to “Diagnostic performance of serum CK-MB, TNF-α and hs-CRP in children with viral myocarditis”
- Erratum to “MYL6B drives the capabilities of proliferation, invasion, and migration in rectal adenocarcinoma through the EMT process”
- Erratum to “Thermostable cellulase biosynthesis from Paenibacillus alvei and its utilization in lactic acid production by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation”