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Prevalence of dyslipidemia in Tibetan monks from Gansu Province, Northwest China

  • Yan Fang , Xing-hui Li EMAIL logo , Yan Qiao , Nan Wang , Ping Xie , Gang Zhou , Peng Su , Hui-yuan Ma and Ji-yang Song
Published/Copyright: May 7, 2020
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Open Life Sciences
From the journal Open Life Sciences Volume 15 Issue 1

Abstract

Tibetan monks have a special way of life and food habits, however, little is known about their dyslipidemia. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of dyslipidemia and risk factors of this population. A cross-sectional study of dyslipidemia was conducted in 876 Tibetan monks and 912 local residents in the same area. All subjects underwent interviews and physical examinations. The total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides (TG) of the subjects were analyzed. Compared to local residents, the overall prevalence of dyslipidemia in monks was 29.5%, which was significantly lower (p<0.05). It was increased with higher age and BMI, but reduced with higher educational level (p<0.05). The typical forms of dyslipidemia in monks were elevated TG and low HDL-C, while it was lower HDL-C in residents (p<0.05). Our study demonstrated that monks in Gannan Tibetan autonomous district had a lower prevalence of dyslipidemia. It suggested that the relatively healthy lifestyle and food habits of monks were mainly responsible of the lower prevalence of dyslipidemia.

Keywords: atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases; dyslipidemia; low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; triglycerides; body mass index; Tibetan monks

1 Introduction

The morbidity and mortality of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD) have increased dramatically with the development of economy and progression of urbanization and industrialization [1]. Dyslipidemia plays a major role in the expansion and progression of atherosclerosis and has been recognized as one of the most important modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The typical forms of dyslipidemia include elevated total cholesterol (TC), elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and elevated triglycerides (TG). The risk of mixed forms of dyslipidemia is growing due to the changes in lifestyle, including diet patterns and degree of physical activity [2]. The relationship between dyslipidemia and other non-communicable diseases such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and overweight has been evaluated in previous studies [3, 4, 5, 6]. In the recent years, an increasing trend in the prevalence of dyslipidemia has been observed in adults among different populations in China [7]. However, the prevalence of dyslipidemia in Tibetan monks is unclear. Tibetan monks become so in childhood. They are not allowed to get married and will spend almost their entire lifetimes in the temple. They have a special way of life and food habits, such as exercising and chanting frequently, mostly abstaining from eating meat, and abstaining from alcohol use. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of dyslipidemia and risk factors of Tibetan monks living in Gansu Province, Northwest China.

2 Experimental Procedures

2.1 Demographic information

During May to July 2016, a total of 980 monks aged 18 to 70 years were randomly selected from 5 temples in the Gannan Tibetan autonomous district of Gansu Province, of whom 876 completed the survey. A total of 1034 Tibetan residents living in a local district between the age of 18 and 70 years were simultaneously surveyed and 912 of them completed the survey. The sample size was calculated based on the formula n =ｕ2π(1-π)/δ2 to calculate. π is 0.30, which refers to the prevalence rate of the epidemiology survey of 2016. u is 1.96, which refers to the z-score for confidence level 95% of normal distribution. δ is the tolerances, which equals to the prevalence rate multiply with the sampling error (0.15). The minimum sample size is 405 (=[1.962×0.30(1-0.30]/(0.30×0.15)2). We excluded monks younger than 18 and older than 70; those with abnormal renal and liver function; those with mental illness; and those with confirmed cancer.

Concentrated investigation and household visits were performed. All participants completed a questionnaire-based interview including age, residential area, education, smoking, alcohol consumption, dietary assessment, physical activity, and history of dyslipidemia in the past one year. The anthropometric check was carried out to measure height and weight. Body mass index (BMI) was subsequently calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters. BMIs were categorized into 4 groups which were underweight (<18.5 kg/m2), normal weight (18.5-23.9 kg/m2), overweight (24-27.9 kg/m2), and obesity (≥28 kg/m2), based on the Chinese criteria [9]. The age groups were classified into young (18-39 years), middle-aged (40-59 years) and older-aged (≥60 years). Educational level groups were categorized into unschooled, primary and middle school, and above. Smoking was defined as currently smoking or having at least one cigarette per day for at least 6 months. Alcohol consumption was defined as drinking at least once per week over the last 12 months. The 24-h dietary recall method was used to record food habits which included food names, quantity and cooking method, and the intakes of macronutrients from the ingredients calculated by using the 2002 Chinese Food Composition Table [10]. Physical activity was assessed with the use of questions designed to measure work activities taking at least 30 minutes daily for 6 months or above. The heavier activities were defined as transporting and loading heavier goods, digging, shoveling, running, and playing basketball and football, etc. The moderate activities were defined as driving a vehicle, installing electrical appliance, cutting metal, sword dancing, and Taiji boxing. The lighter activities were defined as cooking, washing, sweeping, mopping, wiping, and walking.

Informed consent: Informed consent has been obtained from all individuals included in this study.

Ethical approval: The research related to human use has been complied with all the relevant national regulations, institutional policies and in accordance the tenets of the Helsinki Declaration, and has been approved by the Institutional Ethical Committee of Gansu Provincial Hospital.

2.2 Diagnostic Criteria

Blood samples were collected from an antecubital vein into vacutainer tubes containing ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) in the morning after at least 12 h of fasting. TC, LDL-C, HDL-C and TG were analyzed by an automatic biochemical analyzer (Abbott Architect C16000, Abbott Laboratories, USA) under instruction. All the samples were blindly duplicated. According to the Chinese guidelines on the prevention and treatment of dyslipidemia in adults (2007) [8], dyslipidemia was defined as the appearance of high TC, and/or high LDL-C, and/or low HDL-C and/or high TG, and/or having a history of dyslipidemia disease in the past one year, and/or currently receiving treatment with lipid-lowering medications. High levels of TC, LDL-C and TG were determined when the value was more than 6.22 mmol/L (240 mg/dL), 4.14 mmol/L (160 mg/dL), and 2.26 mmol/L (200 mg/dL), respectively. Low level of HDL-C was confirmed when the value was less than 1.04 mmol/L (40 mg/dL).

2.3 Statistical Analysis

Continuous variables were reported as mean values plus standard deviations, and categorical variables were reported as numbers and percentages. Differences between different groups were evaluated using Student’s t-test, ANOVA, and the χ2-test by performing SPSS version 19.0 software. P values less than 0.05 were considered as statistically significant.

3 Results

3.1 Demographic and Lifestyle Characteristics

During May to July 2016, 876 Tibetan monks and 912 residents completed surveys for this study. The demographic and lifestyle characteristics of the subjects are shown in Table 1. The monks were all males because of local religious custom; all control participants selected were also males. The average age of Tibetan monks and residents was 41.30±9.32 years and 42.14±8.67 years, respectively. No statistical significance was found in the average age, age groups, and heavier activity between the two populations (p>0.05). However, compared to residents (23.97±0.22 kg/m2), the average BMI of monks was lower: 22.01±0.18 kg/m2 (p=0.04). More monks had normal weight (75.9% vs 65.9%, p<0.01) and moderate activity (57.1% vs 47.6%, p<0.01). Furthermore, less monks were overweight (12.9% vs 19.2%, p<0.01), obese (8.2% vs 13.8%, p<0.01), and had lighter activity (22.9% vs 33.5%, p<0.01) and consumed cigarettes and alcohol (p<0.01). The overall education level of monks was lower than that of residents: 481 (54.9%) monks were unschooled, while 457 (50.1%) and 151 (16.6%) of residents attended primary school and middle school and above, respectively.

Table 1

Demographic Characteristics and Lifestyle Factors of Adults in Tibetan Residents and Monks in Gansu Province, Northwest China

CharacteristicsTibetan residentsTibetan monks

(n=912)		p value

(n=876)
Age mean (years)42.14±8.6741.30±9.320.160
Age group (years)
18-39(n(%))486(53.3)451(51.5)0.554
40-59(n(%))273(29.9)254(29.0)0.402
≥60(n(%))153(16.8)171(19.5)0.116
BMI mean (kg/m2)23.97±0.2222.01±0.180.045
＜18.5(n(%))10(1.1)26(3.0)0.092
18.5-24(n(%))601(65.9)665(75.9)0.006
24-28(n(%))175(19.2)113(12.9)0.008
＞28(n(%))126(13.8)72(8.2)0.009
Educational level
Unschooled(n(%))304(33.3)481(54.9)0.004
Primary(n(%))457(50.1)302(34.5)0.005
Middle school and above(n(%))151(16.6)93(10.6)0.009
Cigarette smoking(n(%))335(36.7)8(0.9)0.000
Alcohol consumption(n(%))552(63.0)28(3.2)0.000
Physical activity(h/day)
Heavier(n(%))172(18.9)175(20.0)0.157
Moderate(n(%))434(47.6)500(57.1)0.008
Lighter(n(%))306(33.5)201(22.9)0.009

  1. BMI : body mass index.

3.2 Dietary Characteristic

Both Tibetan monks and residents consumed a mixed diet, but the intake of ingredients varied significantly (Table 2). When compared to local residents, monks consumed significantly less fruit, meat, eggs, milk, butter, cheese, oil and sugar, but more flour, rice and vegetables (p<0.05). In contrast, the intake of total energy, fat and protein were higher in the resident group than in the monk group (p<0.01).

Table 2

Average Diet of Adults in Tibetan Residents and Monks in Gansu Province, Northwest China

DietTibetan residentsTibetan monksp value
Flour (g/day)36.0±7.645.8±8.80.009
Rice (g/day)20.0±5.026.4±4.60.036
Vegetables (g/day)202.5±10.0257.2±12.80.008
Fruit (g/day)81.8±4.560.3±5.60.004
Meat (g/day)134.7±11.826.9±5.00.000
Egg (g/day)23.9±2.48.8±2.00.001
Milk (ml/day)325.2±25.0230.6±12.20.020
Butter (g/day)95.8±9.038.5±7.80.003
Cheese (g/day)67.2±5.920.5±6.00.000
Oil(ml/day)16.8±2.010.0±1.40.032
Sugar (g/day)87.6±5.164.8±3.90.005
Energy(kJ/day)9432.5±283.47557.8±220.60.001
Carbohydrate(% of energy)39.0±3.466.1 ±3.00.002
Fat(% of energy)38.7±3.021.0±2.70.008
Animal Fat(% of energy)23.1±3.27.0±1.80.000
Protein(% of energy)22.3±2.212.9±2.00.037
Animal protein(% of energy)13.7±1.87.8±1.90.006

3.3 Variation of Lipid Levels between Monks and Residents

Table 3 showed the mean lipid levels of all participants within specific age, BMI and educational level groups. The monks had lower average TC and LDL-C levels than Tibetan residents in young (18-39 years old) and middle-aged (40-59 years old) groups, BMI of 18.5-23.9 kg/m2 and 24-27.9 kg/m2 groups, and in lower educational level groups (p<0.05). Higher average TG levels were found in monks from middle- and older-aged group, the overweight and obesity group, and also in the lower educational level group (p<0.05). No significant difference of HDL-C level was showed between monks and residents (p>0.05).

Table 3

Deviation of Lipid Profiles by Age, BMI and Education Level Group for Adults in Tibetan Residents and Monks in Gansu Province, Northwest China

Tibetan residents (mmol/L)Tibetan monks (mmol/L)p value
TCLDL-CHDL-CTGTCLDL-CHDL-CTG
Age group (years)
18-394.98±0.833.25±0.961.20±0.361.68±0.404.70±0.793.12±0.861.12±0.281.64±0.40<0.05
40-595.23±0.743.40±0.821.11±0.281.70±0.445.12±0.653.21±0.801.08±0.301.74±0.38<0.01
≥605.20±1.023.38±0.921.10±0.301.67±0.385.14±0.863.30±0.721.10±0.271.71±0.41<0.05
BMI group (kg/m2)
＜18.54.06±0.532.85±0.751.00±0.341.58±0.423.96±0.452.72±0.661.10±0.261.44±0.36<0.05
18.5-245.32±0.673.33±0.741.05±0.261.66±0.375.19±0.583.24±0.761.06±0.301.65±0.34<0.05
24-285.43±0.823.45±0.851.02±0.261.84±0.485.37±0.663.41±0.820.99±0.271.70±0.30<0.05
＞285.70±1.143.50±0.900.96±0.282.05±0.525.68±0.783.43±0.780.95±0.291.89±0.46<0.05
Educational level group
Unschooled5.40±0.803.35±0.761.14±0.381.78±0.425.28±0.763.22±0.661.12±0.261.70±0.42<0.01
Primary5.34±0.713.42±0.721.16±0.301.65±0.345.22±0.663.31±0.701.18±0.271.64±0.36<0.05
Middle school and above
5.30±0.723.28±0.801.20±0.321.63±0.355.34±0.763.13±0.621.10±0.201.60±0.330.20

  1. TC: total cholesterol, LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, TG: triglycerides.

3.4 Prevalence of Dyslipidemia

The overall prevalence of high TC, high LDL-C, low HDL-C and high TG in monks and residents were 10.2% vs 16.5% (P<0.01), 11.1% vs 15.8% (P<0.01), 17.9% vs 20.3% (P>0.05), and 17.8% vs 12.4% (P<0.05), respectively (Figure 1). The prevalence of dyslipidemia in the two populations with specific age, BMI and educational levels was analyzed (Table 4). Monks had lower overall prevalence of dyslipidemia than local residents (29.5% vs 37.9%, p<0.05). For both populations, the prevalence of dyslipidemia increased with age, higher BMI, and lower education level.

Figure 1 The overall prevalence of high TC, high LDL-C, low HDL-C and high TG in monks and residents.
Figure 1

The overall prevalence of high TC, high LDL-C, low HDL-C and high TG in monks and residents.

Table 4

Prevalence of Dyslipidemia by Age, BMI and Education Level Group for Adults in Tibetan Residents and Monks in Gansu Province, Northwest China

Tibetan residents

Prevalence(n(%))		Tibetan monks

Prevalence(n(%))		p value
Age group (years)
18-39152(31.3)105(23.3)0.007
40-59110(40.1)83(32.7)0.009
≥6084(54.9)70(40.9)0.005
BMI group (kg/m2)
＜18.52(20.0)5(19.2)0.431
18.5-24120(20.0)125(18.8)0.382
24-28114(65.1)68(60.2)0.043
＞28110(87.3)60(83.3)0.039
Educational level group
Unschooled138(45.4)147(30.6)0.004
Primary160(35.0)84(27.9)0.006
Middle school and above48(31.8)27(29.0)0.220
Total346(37.9)258(29.5)0.023

  1. BMI: body mass index.

4 Discussion and Conclusions

Dyslipidemia is one of the significant risk factors for coronary heart disease besides age, family history, cigarette smoking, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension [11]. The prevalence of dyslipidemia varies widely according to the ethnic, socioeconomic and cultural characteristics of distinct population groups [12]. The level of serum lipids in the Chinese population has greatly increased since improved economic development was associated with changes in ways of life and food habits [13]. A survey in China showed that the geographical distribution characteristics of dyslipidemia was higher in north than in south, and higher in the coastal area than in the inland region [14]. The Chinese national nutrition and health survey (CNHS) reported that the national average prevalence of dyslipidemia was 18.6% in 2002 [15]. Wu et al. reported that 36.5% of the population in Shanghai, one of the places with the most developed economy in China, had dyslipidemia in 2003 [4]. In Beijing, the capital city of China, there were 35.4% adults had dyslipidemia in 2008 [3]. Jun et al. found that the prevalence of dyslipidemia in Han, Uygur and Kazak populations in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous region were 58.58%, 48.27% and 49.60%, respectively [16]. We showed for the first time the prevalence of dyslipidemia in Tibetan residents was 37.9%, which was similar to the aforementioned studies. However, the prevalence of Tibetan monks was 29.5%, which was significantly lower than Tibetan residents.

As one of the minority nationalities, the Tibetan residents have their own genetic characteristics, lifestyle, and religious beliefs. They live in high altitude regions and traditionally consume a diet with more meat, butter, sugar and oil, which contained a higher proportion of saturated fatty acids and salt [17, 18]. Because of the colder weather, the residents have less exercise and drink strong wine. However, the monks live in monasteries and experienced a relatively simper life since they were young. According to their religious rules, they are unmarried, abstain from drinking and smoking, are strict vegetarians, and consume less sodium and lower saturated fatty acids in the diet. Furthermore, the monks have more moderate physical exercise than local residents [19, 20]. It is possible that the different customs between monks and residents mainly contributed to the difference in prevalence of dyslipidemia in the two populations within the same area.

It has been previously reported that the prevalence of dyslipidemia increased with age [21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26], which were consistent with our study. We found that mean lipid concentration levels increased from 18-to-59-year-old group, but did not increase further in older participants. The effects of age on lipid levels are not exactly known. With the aging population trend in China, more individuals may be affected by dyslipidemia. In addition, our findings showed that the mean levels of lipids and prevalence of dyslipidemia increased with BMI, which also was consistent with previous studies [23, 27, 28]. Compared with the local residents, the percentage of the overweight and obese was relatively lower in monks. The prevalence of dyslipidemia was significantly lower in subjects who achieved higher education than those illiterate or less schooled. It is possible that people having higher education level were more aware of their health, and tended to seek early management of any adverse health condition [29, 30]. This trend was demonstrated in Tibetans residents, but not obvious among monks. We speculate that the stronger religious belief had an important influence than other factors on dyslipidemia of Tibetan monks.

In this study, 10.2% monks had elevated TC, 11.1% had elevated LDL-C, 17.9% had decreased HDL-C, and 17.8% had elevated TG concentrations. These parameters were 16.5%, 15.8%, 20.3% and 12.4%, respectively, for local residents. The prevalence of high TG was greater in monks, while the prevalence of low HDL-C was greater in residents. It has been reported that low HDL-cholesterol combined with high TG could dramatically increase the risk of CHD [31, 32, 33]. The lipid levels in different regions may be influenced by economic development, urbanization, dietary pattern changes in transitional periods, and possibly genetic susceptibility [34, 35]. The subjects who lived in remote and poverty areas may not undergo clinical detection and treatment since dyslipidemia is almost asymptomatic. Furthermore, some patients who rejected to see a doctor believed that the disease was predestined by Buddha. Therefore, the monks still faced the challenges of dyslipidemia although they had a relatively lower prevalence of this disease.

There were some limitations of our study. Firstly, all monks are male, unmarried, abstained from smoking and drinking, because of religious rules. Therefore, we did not analyze the prevalence of dyslipidemia by reported risk factors such as gender, smoking and drinking. Secondly, the sample capacity was relatively small because of religious regulations and resource constraints. Finally, other risk factors (such as stress, genetic factors) were not analyzed in the study.

In conclusion, our study showed that the prevalence of dyslipidemia was lower in Tibetan monks than in local residents, which could be related to their ways of diet and lifestyle. Moreover, it suggested that the result of this disease would become more serious in consideration of the religious influence and relatively lower level of economic development. Comprehensive strategies, such as training the local Tibetan doctor and increasing public awareness of dyslipidemia, are needed in the future to prevent the harm of this condition.

  1. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2019-04-29
Accepted: 2019-11-22
Published Online: 2020-05-07

© 2020 Yan Fang et al. published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  1. Plant Sciences
  2. Dependence of the heterosis effect on genetic distance, determined using various molecular markers
  3. Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) Regulated Phyto and Microbial Beneficial Protein Interactions
  4. Role of strigolactones: Signalling and crosstalk with other phytohormones
  5. An efficient protocol for regenerating shoots from paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera) leaf explants
  6. Functional divergence and adaptive selection of KNOX gene family in plants
  7. In silico identification of Capsicum type III polyketide synthase genes and expression patterns in Capsicum annuum
  8. In vitro induction and characterisation of tetraploid drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera Lam.)
  9. CRISPR/Cas9 or prime editing? – It depends on…
  10. Study on the optimal antagonistic effect of a bacterial complex against Monilinia fructicola in peach
  11. Natural variation in stress response induced by low CO2 in Arabidopsis thaliana
  12. The complete mitogenome sequence of the coral lily (Lilium pumilum) and the Lanzhou lily (Lilium davidii) in China
  13. Ecology and Environmental Sciences
  14. Use of phosphatase and dehydrogenase activities in the assessment of calcium peroxide and citric acid effects in soil contaminated with petrol
  15. Analysis of ethanol dehydration using membrane separation processes
  16. Activity of Vip3Aa1 against Periplaneta americana
  17. Thermostable cellulase biosynthesis from Paenibacillus alvei and its utilization in lactic acid production by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation
  18. Spatiotemporal dynamics of terrestrial invertebrate assemblages in the riparian zone of the Wewe river, Ashanti region, Ghana
  19. Antifungal activity of selected volatile essential oils against Penicillium sp.
  20. Toxic effect of three imidazole ionic liquids on two terrestrial plants
  21. Biosurfactant production by a Bacillus megaterium strain
  22. Distribution and density of Lutraria rhynchaena Jonas, 1844 relate to sediment while reproduction shows multiple peaks per year in Cat Ba-Ha Long Bay, Vietnam
  23. Biomedical Sciences
  24. Treatment of Epilepsy Associated with Common Chromosomal Developmental Diseases
  25. A Mouse Model for Studying Stem Cell Effects on Regeneration of Hair Follicle Outer Root Sheaths
  26. Morphine modulates hippocampal neurogenesis and contextual memory extinction via miR-34c/Notch1 pathway in male ICR mice
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  28. Weight loss may be unrelated to dietary intake in the imiquimod-induced plaque psoriasis mice model
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  34. MiR-542-3p suppresses neuroblastoma cell proliferation and invasion by downregulation of KDM1A and ZNF346
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  57. BRCA1 subcellular localization regulated by PI3K signaling pathway in triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells and hormone-sensitive T47D cells
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  61. Long non-coding RNA LINC00704 promotes cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in papillary thyroid carcinoma via miR-204-5p/HMGB1 axis
  62. Neuroanatomy of melanocortin-4 receptor pathway in the mouse brain
  63. Lipopolysaccharides promote pulmonary fibrosis in silicosis through the aggravation of apoptosis and inflammation in alveolar macrophages
  64. Influences of advanced glycosylation end products on the inner blood–retinal barrier in a co-culture cell model in vitro
  65. MiR-4328 inhibits proliferation, metastasis and induces apoptosis in keloid fibroblasts by targeting BCL2 expression
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  67. Long non-coding RNA SNHG3 accelerates progression in glioma by modulating miR-384/HDGF axis
  68. Long non-coding RNA NEAT1 mediates MPTP/MPP+-induced apoptosis via regulating the miR-124/KLF4 axis in Parkinson’s disease
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  74. Circ_0084043 promotes cell proliferation and glycolysis but blocks cell apoptosis in melanoma via circ_0084043-miR-31-KLF3 axis
  75. CircSAMD4A contributes to cell doxorubicin resistance in osteosarcoma by regulating the miR-218-5p/KLF8 axis
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  78. LncRNA SNHG15 contributes to doxorubicin resistance of osteosarcoma cells through targeting the miR-381-3p/GFRA1 axis
  79. miR-339-3p regulated acute pancreatitis induced by caerulein through targeting TNF receptor-associated factor 3 in AR42J cells
  80. LncRNA RP1-85F18.6 affects osteoblast cells by regulating the cell cycle
  81. MiR-203-3p inhibits the oxidative stress, inflammatory responses and apoptosis of mice podocytes induced by high glucose through regulating Sema3A expression
  82. MiR-30c-5p/ROCK2 axis regulates cell proliferation, apoptosis and EMT via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in HG-induced HK-2 cells
  83. CTRP9 protects against MIA-induced inflammation and knee cartilage damage by deactivating the MAPK/NF-κB pathway in rats with osteoarthritis
  84. Relationship between hemodynamic parameters and portal venous pressure in cirrhosis patients with portal hypertension
  85. Long noncoding RNA FTX ameliorates hydrogen peroxide-induced cardiomyocyte injury by regulating the miR-150/KLF13 axis
  86. Ropivacaine inhibits proliferation, migration, and invasion while inducing apoptosis of glioma cells by regulating the SNHG16/miR-424-5p axis
  87. CD11b is involved in coxsackievirus B3-induced viral myocarditis in mice by inducing Th17 cells
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  94. Food Science
  95. Bread making potential of Triticum aestivum and Triticum spelta species
  96. Modeling the effect of heat treatment on fatty acid composition in home-made olive oil preparations
  97. Effect of addition of dried potato pulp on selected quality characteristics of shortcrust pastry cookies
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  99. Animal Sciences
  100. Changes in the fecal microbiome of the Yangtze finless porpoise during a short-term therapeutic treatment
  101. Agriculture
  102. Influence of inoculation with Lactobacillus on fermentation, production of 1,2-propanediol and 1-propanol as well as Maize silage aerobic stability
  103. Application of extrusion-cooking technology in hatchery waste management
  104. In-field screening for host plant resistance to Delia radicum and Brevicoryne brassicae within selected rapeseed cultivars and new interspecific hybrids
  105. Studying of the promotion mechanism of Bacillus subtilis QM3 on wheat seed germination based on β-amylase
  106. Rapid visual detection of FecB gene expression in sheep
  107. Effects of Bacillus megaterium on growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, antioxidant capacity, and immune function in suckling calves
  108. Effects of center pivot sprinkler fertigation on the yield of continuously cropped soybean
  109. Special Issue On New Approach To Obtain Bioactive Compounds And New Metabolites From Agro-Industrial By-Products
  110. Technological and antioxidant properties of proteins obtained from waste potato juice
  111. The aspects of microbial biomass use in the utilization of selected waste from the agro-food industry
  112. Special Issue on Computing and Artificial Techniques for Life Science Applications - Part I
  113. Automatic detection and segmentation of adenomatous colorectal polyps during colonoscopy using Mask R-CNN
  114. The impedance analysis of small intestine fusion by pulse source
  115. Errata
  116. Erratum to “Diagnostic performance of serum CK-MB, TNF-α and hs-CRP in children with viral myocarditis”
  117. Erratum to “MYL6B drives the capabilities of proliferation, invasion, and migration in rectal adenocarcinoma through the EMT process”
  118. Erratum to “Thermostable cellulase biosynthesis from Paenibacillus alvei and its utilization in lactic acid production by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation”
https://doi.org/10.1515/biol-2020-0016
Keywords for this article
atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases; dyslipidemia; low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; triglycerides; body mass index; Tibetan monks
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Plant Sciences
  2. Dependence of the heterosis effect on genetic distance, determined using various molecular markers
  3. Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) Regulated Phyto and Microbial Beneficial Protein Interactions
  4. Role of strigolactones: Signalling and crosstalk with other phytohormones
  5. An efficient protocol for regenerating shoots from paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera) leaf explants
  6. Functional divergence and adaptive selection of KNOX gene family in plants
  7. In silico identification of Capsicum type III polyketide synthase genes and expression patterns in Capsicum annuum
  8. In vitro induction and characterisation of tetraploid drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera Lam.)
  9. CRISPR/Cas9 or prime editing? – It depends on…
  10. Study on the optimal antagonistic effect of a bacterial complex against Monilinia fructicola in peach
  11. Natural variation in stress response induced by low CO2 in Arabidopsis thaliana
  12. The complete mitogenome sequence of the coral lily (Lilium pumilum) and the Lanzhou lily (Lilium davidii) in China
  13. Ecology and Environmental Sciences
  14. Use of phosphatase and dehydrogenase activities in the assessment of calcium peroxide and citric acid effects in soil contaminated with petrol
  15. Analysis of ethanol dehydration using membrane separation processes
  16. Activity of Vip3Aa1 against Periplaneta americana
  17. Thermostable cellulase biosynthesis from Paenibacillus alvei and its utilization in lactic acid production by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation
  18. Spatiotemporal dynamics of terrestrial invertebrate assemblages in the riparian zone of the Wewe river, Ashanti region, Ghana
  19. Antifungal activity of selected volatile essential oils against Penicillium sp.
  20. Toxic effect of three imidazole ionic liquids on two terrestrial plants
  21. Biosurfactant production by a Bacillus megaterium strain
  22. Distribution and density of Lutraria rhynchaena Jonas, 1844 relate to sediment while reproduction shows multiple peaks per year in Cat Ba-Ha Long Bay, Vietnam
  23. Biomedical Sciences
  24. Treatment of Epilepsy Associated with Common Chromosomal Developmental Diseases
  25. A Mouse Model for Studying Stem Cell Effects on Regeneration of Hair Follicle Outer Root Sheaths
  26. Morphine modulates hippocampal neurogenesis and contextual memory extinction via miR-34c/Notch1 pathway in male ICR mice
  27. Composition, Anticholinesterase and Antipedicular Activities of Satureja capitata L. Volatile Oil
  28. Weight loss may be unrelated to dietary intake in the imiquimod-induced plaque psoriasis mice model
  29. Construction of recombinant lentiviral vector containing human stem cell leukemia gene and its expression in interstitial cells of cajal
  30. Knockdown of lncRNA KCNQ1OT1 inhibits glioma progression by regulating miR-338-3p/RRM2
  31. Protective effect of asiaticoside on radiation-induced proliferation inhibition and DNA damage of fibroblasts and mice death
  32. Prevalence of dyslipidemia in Tibetan monks from Gansu Province, Northwest China
  33. Sevoflurane inhibits proliferation, invasion, but enhances apoptosis of lung cancer cells by Wnt/β-catenin signaling via regulating lncRNA PCAT6/ miR-326 axis
  34. MiR-542-3p suppresses neuroblastoma cell proliferation and invasion by downregulation of KDM1A and ZNF346
  35. Calcium Phosphate Cement Causes Nucleus Pulposus Cell Degeneration Through the ERK Signaling Pathway
  36. Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Exhibit Osteogenic Differentiation Potential
  37. MiR-489-3p inhibits cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, and induces apoptosis, by targeting the BDNF-mediated PI3K/AKT pathway in glioblastoma
  38. Long non-coding RNA TUG1 knockdown hinders the tumorigenesis of multiple myeloma by regulating the microRNA-34a-5p/NOTCH1 signaling pathway
  39. Large Brunner’s gland adenoma of the duodenum for almost 10 years
  40. Neurotrophin-3 accelerates reendothelialization through inducing EPC mobilization and homing
  41. Hepatoprotective effects of chamazulene against alcohol-induced liver damage by alleviation of oxidative stress in rat models
  42. FXYD6 overexpression in HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma with cirrhosis
  43. Risk factors for elevated serum colorectal cancer markers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
  44. Effect of hepatic sympathetic nerve removal on energy metabolism in an animal model of cognitive impairment and its relationship to Glut2 expression
  45. Progress in research on the role of fibrinogen in lung cancer
  46. Advanced glycation end product levels were correlated with inflammation and carotid atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes patients
  47. MiR-223-3p regulates cell viability, migration, invasion, and apoptosis of non-small cell lung cancer cells by targeting RHOB
  48. Knockdown of DDX46 inhibits trophoblast cell proliferation and migration through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in preeclampsia
  49. Buformin suppresses osteosarcoma via targeting AMPK signaling pathway
  50. Effect of FibroScan test in antiviral therapy for HBV-infected patients with ALT <2 upper limit of normal
  51. LncRNA SNHG15 regulates osteosarcoma progression in vitro and in vivo via sponging miR-346 and regulating TRAF4 expression
  52. LINC00202 promotes retinoblastoma progression by regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis, and aerobic glycolysis through miR-204-5p/HMGCR axis
  53. Coexisting flavonoids and administration route effect on pharmacokinetics of Puerarin in MCAO rats
  54. GeneXpert Technology for the diagnosis of HIV-associated tuberculosis: Is scale-up worth it?
  55. Circ_001569 regulates FLOT2 expression to promote the proliferation, migration, invasion and EMT of osteosarcoma cells through sponging miR-185-5p
  56. Lnc-PICSAR contributes to cisplatin resistance by miR-485-5p/REV3L axis in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma
  57. BRCA1 subcellular localization regulated by PI3K signaling pathway in triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells and hormone-sensitive T47D cells
  58. MYL6B drives the capabilities of proliferation, invasion, and migration in rectal adenocarcinoma through the EMT process
  59. Inhibition of lncRNA LINC00461/miR-216a/aquaporin 4 pathway suppresses cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and chemoresistance in glioma
  60. Upregulation of miR-150-5p alleviates LPS-induced inflammatory response and apoptosis of RAW264.7 macrophages by targeting Notch1
  61. Long non-coding RNA LINC00704 promotes cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in papillary thyroid carcinoma via miR-204-5p/HMGB1 axis
  62. Neuroanatomy of melanocortin-4 receptor pathway in the mouse brain
  63. Lipopolysaccharides promote pulmonary fibrosis in silicosis through the aggravation of apoptosis and inflammation in alveolar macrophages
  64. Influences of advanced glycosylation end products on the inner blood–retinal barrier in a co-culture cell model in vitro
  65. MiR-4328 inhibits proliferation, metastasis and induces apoptosis in keloid fibroblasts by targeting BCL2 expression
  66. Aberrant expression of microRNA-132-3p and microRNA-146a-5p in Parkinson’s disease patients
  67. Long non-coding RNA SNHG3 accelerates progression in glioma by modulating miR-384/HDGF axis
  68. Long non-coding RNA NEAT1 mediates MPTP/MPP+-induced apoptosis via regulating the miR-124/KLF4 axis in Parkinson’s disease
  69. PCR-detectable Candida DNA exists a short period in the blood of systemic candidiasis murine model
  70. CircHIPK3/miR-381-3p axis modulates proliferation, migration, and glycolysis of lung cancer cells by regulating the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway
  71. Reversine and herbal Xiang–Sha–Liu–Jun–Zi decoction ameliorate thioacetamide-induced hepatic injury by regulating the RelA/NF-κB/caspase signaling pathway
  72. Therapeutic effects of coronary granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on rats with chronic ischemic heart disease
  73. The effects of yam gruel on lowering fasted blood glucose in T2DM rats
  74. Circ_0084043 promotes cell proliferation and glycolysis but blocks cell apoptosis in melanoma via circ_0084043-miR-31-KLF3 axis
  75. CircSAMD4A contributes to cell doxorubicin resistance in osteosarcoma by regulating the miR-218-5p/KLF8 axis
  76. Relationship of FTO gene variations with NAFLD risk in Chinese men
  77. The prognostic and predictive value of platelet parameters in diabetic and nondiabetic patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss
  78. LncRNA SNHG15 contributes to doxorubicin resistance of osteosarcoma cells through targeting the miR-381-3p/GFRA1 axis
  79. miR-339-3p regulated acute pancreatitis induced by caerulein through targeting TNF receptor-associated factor 3 in AR42J cells
  80. LncRNA RP1-85F18.6 affects osteoblast cells by regulating the cell cycle
  81. MiR-203-3p inhibits the oxidative stress, inflammatory responses and apoptosis of mice podocytes induced by high glucose through regulating Sema3A expression
  82. MiR-30c-5p/ROCK2 axis regulates cell proliferation, apoptosis and EMT via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in HG-induced HK-2 cells
  83. CTRP9 protects against MIA-induced inflammation and knee cartilage damage by deactivating the MAPK/NF-κB pathway in rats with osteoarthritis
  84. Relationship between hemodynamic parameters and portal venous pressure in cirrhosis patients with portal hypertension
  85. Long noncoding RNA FTX ameliorates hydrogen peroxide-induced cardiomyocyte injury by regulating the miR-150/KLF13 axis
  86. Ropivacaine inhibits proliferation, migration, and invasion while inducing apoptosis of glioma cells by regulating the SNHG16/miR-424-5p axis
  87. CD11b is involved in coxsackievirus B3-induced viral myocarditis in mice by inducing Th17 cells
  88. Decitabine shows anti-acute myeloid leukemia potential via regulating the miR-212-5p/CCNT2 axis
  89. Testosterone aggravates cerebral vascular injury by reducing plasma HDL levels
  90. Bioengineering and Biotechnology
  91. PL/Vancomycin/Nano-hydroxyapatite Sustained-release Material to Treat Infectious Bone Defect
  92. The thickness of surface grafting layer on bio-materials directly mediates the immuno-reacitivity of macrophages in vitro
  93. Silver nanoparticles: synthesis, characterisation and biomedical applications
  94. Food Science
  95. Bread making potential of Triticum aestivum and Triticum spelta species
  96. Modeling the effect of heat treatment on fatty acid composition in home-made olive oil preparations
  97. Effect of addition of dried potato pulp on selected quality characteristics of shortcrust pastry cookies
  98. Preparation of konjac oligoglucomannans with different molecular weights and their in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activities
  99. Animal Sciences
  100. Changes in the fecal microbiome of the Yangtze finless porpoise during a short-term therapeutic treatment
  101. Agriculture
  102. Influence of inoculation with Lactobacillus on fermentation, production of 1,2-propanediol and 1-propanol as well as Maize silage aerobic stability
  103. Application of extrusion-cooking technology in hatchery waste management
  104. In-field screening for host plant resistance to Delia radicum and Brevicoryne brassicae within selected rapeseed cultivars and new interspecific hybrids
  105. Studying of the promotion mechanism of Bacillus subtilis QM3 on wheat seed germination based on β-amylase
  106. Rapid visual detection of FecB gene expression in sheep
  107. Effects of Bacillus megaterium on growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, antioxidant capacity, and immune function in suckling calves
  108. Effects of center pivot sprinkler fertigation on the yield of continuously cropped soybean
  109. Special Issue On New Approach To Obtain Bioactive Compounds And New Metabolites From Agro-Industrial By-Products
  110. Technological and antioxidant properties of proteins obtained from waste potato juice
  111. The aspects of microbial biomass use in the utilization of selected waste from the agro-food industry
  112. Special Issue on Computing and Artificial Techniques for Life Science Applications - Part I
  113. Automatic detection and segmentation of adenomatous colorectal polyps during colonoscopy using Mask R-CNN
  114. The impedance analysis of small intestine fusion by pulse source
  115. Errata
  116. Erratum to “Diagnostic performance of serum CK-MB, TNF-α and hs-CRP in children with viral myocarditis”
  117. Erratum to “MYL6B drives the capabilities of proliferation, invasion, and migration in rectal adenocarcinoma through the EMT process”
  118. Erratum to “Thermostable cellulase biosynthesis from Paenibacillus alvei and its utilization in lactic acid production by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation”
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