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In vitro induction and characterisation of tetraploid drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera Lam.)

  • Junjie Zhang , Ruiqi Pian , Endian Yang , Wei Zhou , Qian He and Xiaoyang Chen EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: November 18, 2020
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Open Life Sciences
From the journal Open Life Sciences Volume 15 Issue 1

Abstract

Artificial induction of polyploidy is widely used in breeding programmes to improve the agronomic traits. The drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera Lam.) has a range of potential commercial uses, as the vegetative organs have high nutritional, medicinal, and feed values. In the present study, in vitro tetraploidisation in drumstick tree was performed by treating leaf segments with colchicine and subsequently verifying the ploidy levels. For polyploidisation, explant survival and regeneration rates were affected more by exposure time than by colchicine concentration, and the highest polyploidisation efficiency was observed at 500 mg/L colchicine for 3 days, which yielded 21% tetraploids. The morphological characteristics and contents of seven fodder-related nutrients (crude protein, ether extract, ash, acid detergent fibre, neutral detergent fibre, calcium, and phosphorus) in the leaves and shoots were compared between tetraploid and diploid drumstick trees. The resulting tetraploids showed significantly enhanced leaf and stomatal size. In addition, the contents of seven fodder-related nutrients were higher, although to varying degrees, in tetraploids than in diploids. The results indicated that the tetraploid produced in this study exhibited superior agronomical traits and improved biomass yield than diploids, and may represent excellent raw materials for fodder to enhance biomass and nutrition.

Keywords: drumstick tree; colchicine; tetraploid; morphological characteristics; nutritional contents

1 Introduction

Polyploidisation is a natural phenomenon in many plants and a major force in plant genome evolution [1]. Comparative genomic analysis and large expressed sequence tag datasets have shown that all angiosperms share at least two polyploidy events in their common evolutionary history [2,3]. Polyploids, commonly defined as having more than two sets of chromosomes in a single cell, are usually superior to diploids in terms of morphological changes and genetic adaptability and have been identified as an important tool for the generation of innovative germplasm resources and plant breeding [1,4,5]. Polyploids can be valuable resources for medicinal and feed plants with functional compounds in vegetative tissue, because they often exhibit increased biomass or concentrations of effective compounds [6,7,8]. Therefore, induction of polyploidy is a useful strategy for crop improvement. Among many available induction methods, colchicine application has been adopted successfully to double the chromosome number in many species [8,9,10].

Drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera Lam.) is one of the most well-known and widely planted species in the monogeneric family Moringaceae [11,12]. This species is indigenous to the sub-Himalayan areas of India and various tropical African countries [11]. Because of its high commercial value, interest in its cultivation has been extended to many tropical and subtropical countries [11,13]. Drumstick tree is considered to be one of the most useful trees in the world because almost all parts of this plant have various medicinal properties linked to antimicrobial [14], anti-inflammatory [15], detoxification [16] and anticancer activities [17], and high nutritional values, enabling their use as vegetables, in medicine, and for industrial purposes [18,19].

Drumstick tree is a diploid with a chromosome number of 2n = 2x = 28 in somatic cells [20]. To support product development and improve raw material quality by creating superior drumstick tree cultivars, it is necessary to develop drumstick tree tetraploid plants using tissue culture techniques. Therefore, in this study, we used colchicine treatment to obtain drumstick tree polyploids from leaf explants. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of colchicine on the induction of tetraploidy in drumstick tree and to compare the characteristics of tetraploid trees with diploid trees.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Culture media and growth conditions

All media used were adjusted to pH 5.8–6.0 with 1 N NaOH or 1 N HCl solution, set using 0.45% (w/v) agar except for liquid medium, and autoclaved at 121°C for 15 min. Cylindrical, transparent polypropylene containers (10 cm height × 7 cm diameter) with an internal volume of 280 mL were used for all cultures. Each bottle was filled with 40 mL of medium and covered with a polycarbonate screw cap so that they were nearly air-tight. All cultures were kept under cool white light (about 50 µmol m−2 s−1) with a 12-h photoperiod and a temperature of 25–27°C unless otherwise stated.

2.2 Plant material and tetraploid induction

Donor plants in this study were in vitro-grown shoots of clonal drumstick tree M-2. Stage 2 leaves from M-2 were wounded and pre-cultured on shoot regeneration medium, which consisted of Murashige and Skoog basal medium supplemented with 0.8 mg/L 6-benzyladenine, 0.2 mg/L kinetin, and 0.05 mg/L 1-naphthaleneacetic acid, for 3 days to heal the cutting wound and initiate cell division [13]. Then, the explants were transferred to the same liquid medium supplemented with 100 mg/L colchicine for different durations (3, 6, 9, and 12 days) and cultured with constant shaking at 50 rpm under dark conditions. Alternatively, the explants were exposed to liquid medium supplemented with different concentrations (0, 100, 250, 500, and 1,000 mg/L) of colchicine for 3 days. After colchicine treatment, the treated explants were transferred to solid shoot regeneration medium without colchicine to induce shoot development. Each treatment consisted of 15 replicates and was repeated three times. Regenerated shoots reaching 2 cm in height were cut from the mother tissues and cultured in the rooting medium to initiate the root growth and further growth of the intact regenerated plantlets.

2.3 Chromosome observation and counting

The chromosome number was identified using the squashing method of Nilanthi with slight modifications [21]. Actively growing root tips 5–10 mm in length from each regenerated plant were excised. These root tips were treated with ice water for 4 h and fixed in Carnoy’s solution for 24 h at room temperature. The fixed root tips were hydrolysed in 1 N HCl for 10 min at 65°C, after which root tips were washed with tap water for 20 min and cut into shorter root tip segments ∼1.5 mm in length. The prepared root tips were placed on glass slides, stained with one drop of carbol fuchsin solution for 30 min, squashed under a cover glass, and observed for their chromosome numbers under a microscope (Olympus BX43) through a 100× objective lens. Photographs were taken with the associated camera. Plants with all root tip cells containing 28 chromosomes were determined to be diploid, those with some cells containing 28 and other cells containing 56 chromosomes were determined to be chimeras, and those with all cells containing 56 chromosomes were determined to be tetraploid.

2.4 Evaluation of stomatal and leaf characteristics of tetraploid plants

The stomatal and leaf characteristics of tetraploid and diploid counterparts were evaluated. Relatively mature leaves of diploid and tetraploid ex vitro plants were used to compare differences in stomata. Several excised pieces of epidermal layer from the abaxial side of leaves were mounted on glass slides with a drop of distilled water and covered with a cover slip [6,22]. The density of stomata was measured under a light microscope under a 20× objective lens, with 30 randomly selected microscopic fields per sample. The size (length) of the stomata was measured under a 100× objective lens, and 100 randomly selected stomata were used to calculate the stomatal size. The leaf characteristics, including leaf length, width, and leaf shape index, during the growing period of 1-month-old plants were compared between tetraploid and diploid plants. The values from ten plants were used to evaluate the selected characteristics.

2.5 Characterisation of fodder-related nutritional composition of tetraploid plants

The fodder-related nutritional compositions of tetraploid and diploid counterparts were evaluated. We analysed crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), ash, neutral detergent fibre (NDF), calcium (Ca), and phosphorus (P) following the methods of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists [23] and acid detergent fibre (ADF) using the method described by Van Soest et al. [24]. Three duplicate assays were performed for each characteristic.

2.6 Statistical analysis

All experiments were arranged in a randomised complete block design. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS ver. 19.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Duncan’s multiple range test was used to detect differences among the mean values. Results with P values < 0.05 were considered to be significant.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Tetraploid induction and verification

Colchicine is a highly effective mitotic spindle inhibitor that has been used with great success to improve the agronomic traits of a number of species via polyploid induction [4,6,22]. In this study, we investigated the effects of exposure time and colchicine concentration on tetraploid induction. The leaves of drumstick tree proved to be very sensitive to colchicine exposure, and prominent cytotoxic effects were observed after the treatment. The survival and regeneration rates decreased substantially with increasing concentration and exposure time (Tables 1 and 2), similar to the results of Hannweg et al. [25] and Zhang et al. [10]. Moreover, the survival and regeneration rates were affected more by exposure time than by colchicine concentration (Tables 1 and 2). Following colchicine treatment, it is important to identify the ploidy levels of regenerated plant lines. In this study, the ploidies were determined by chromosome counting (Figure 1). Tables 3 and 4 summarise the chromosome-counting results. The results showed that both tetraploids and chimeras were induced in the treatment. The most effective treatment for inducing polyploidy was 500 mg/L colchicine treatment for 3 days, which yielded 21% tetraploids. Exposure time had the greatest effect on the tetraploid induction rate, possibly due to the lower survival rate of explants after overexposure to colchicine. Chimera induction always accompanies tetraploid induction and has been reported in many species, such as Echinacea purpurea [21], Liquidambar styraciflua [10], Dendrobium officinale [26], and so on.

Table 1

Effect of different exposure time of 100 mg/L colchicine treatment on shoot regeneration in drumstick tree

Exposure time (days)% explants regenerated shootsShoots per explant
082.43 ± 10.28a3.43 ± 0.62a
332.0 ± 6.66b0.60 ± 0.14b
616.74 ± 4.73bc0.36 ± 0.21b
99.46 ± 4.02c0.12 ± 0.04b
125.42 ± 3.33c0.04 ± 0.01b

  1. Mean values followed by the same letter in the same column are not significantly different from each other at the P ≤ 0.05 level, according to Duncan’s multiple range test.

Table 2

Effect of different colchicine concentration in vitro treatments on shoot regeneration in drumstick tree

Colchicine (mg/L)% explants regenerated shootsShoots per explant
082.43 ± 10.28a3.43 ± 0.62a
10032.0 ± 6.66b0.60 ± 0.14b
25021.67 ± 5.36bc0.49 ± 0.10bc
50017.50 ± 6.08bc0.43 ± 0.19bc
1,0006.67 ± 4.63c0.07 ± 0.05c

  1. Mean values followed by the same letter in the same column are not significantly different from each other at the P ≤ 0.05 level, according to Duncan’s multiple range test.

Figure 1 Chromosomes in the root tips of drumstick tree: (a) diploid, (b) chimeras, and (c) tetraploid.
Figure 1

Chromosomes in the root tips of drumstick tree: (a) diploid, (b) chimeras, and (c) tetraploid.

Table 3

Effect of different exposure time of 100 mg/L colchicine treatment on polyploid induction in drumstick tree

Exposure time (days)No. of plants examined% individuals by ploidy level
DiploidChimerasTetraploid
010100a0c0c
32781.48 ± 7.62b14.81 ± 6.97ab3.70 ± 3.70b
61668.75 ± 11.97c25.0 ± 11.18ab6.25 ± 3.39b
9650.0 ± 22.36c33.33 ± 21.08a16.67 ± 5.94a
122100a0c0c

  1. Mean values followed by the same letter in the same column are not significantly different from each other at the P ≤ 0.05 level, according to Duncan’s multiple range test.

Table 4

Effect of different colchicine concentration in vitro treatments on polyploidy induction in drumstick tree

Colchicine (mg/L)No. of plants examined% individuals by ploidy level
DiploidChimerasTetraploid
010100a0c0c
1002781.48 ± 7.62b14.81 ± 6.97b3.70 ± 3.70c
2502263.64 ± 10.50b27.27 ± 9.72a9.09 ± 6.27b
5001952.63 ± 11.77c26.32 ± 10.38a21.05 ± 9.61a
1,000366.67 ± 33.33b33.33 ± 33.33a0c

  1. Mean values followed by the same letter in the same column are not significantly different from each other at the P ≤ 0.05 level, according to Duncan’s multiple range test.

3.2 Morphological characterisation of tetraploid drumstick tree plants

A number of studies have demonstrated that polyploid plants can vary in their morphology, ecology, physiology, and cytology compared to the parental line [1,6,9,27]. Such variations have been used successfully in plant breeding programmes to develop superior cultivars [8,28,29,30]. Here, we assessed a range of selected characteristics to identify significant differences between the diploid and tetraploid plants. The morphological characteristics of the tetraploid drumstick tree leaves differed significantly from those of their diploid counterparts. The tetraploids had obviously larger size (Figure 2a) and leaves (Table 5 and Figure 2b) than the diploids. In addition, the leaf shape index (leaf length/width) was lower in the tetraploid plants than the diploid plants (Table 5). The stomatal density of the leaves on the tetraploid plants was lower and the size was larger than that of diploid plants (Table 5 and Figure 2c–f). In addition, the tetraploids had nearly twice the number of chloroplasts in the guard cells (Figure 2e and f). The larger mean size of the tetraploid stomata than diploid stomata suggested that the tetraploids had larger cells.

Figure 2 Comparison of morphology and stomata between diploid and tetraploid drumstick tree plants. (a) Plantlets of tetraploid (1) and diploid (2) drumstick tree. (b) Leaves of tetraploid (1) and diploid (2) drumstick tree. (c and e) Stomata of diploid plants. (d and f) Stomata of tetraploid plants. Bar = 50 µm (c and d) and 10 µm (e and f).
Figure 2

Comparison of morphology and stomata between diploid and tetraploid drumstick tree plants. (a) Plantlets of tetraploid (1) and diploid (2) drumstick tree. (b) Leaves of tetraploid (1) and diploid (2) drumstick tree. (c and e) Stomata of diploid plants. (d and f) Stomata of tetraploid plants. Bar = 50 µm (c and d) and 10 µm (e and f).

Table 5

Morphological and stomatal comparisons of diploid and tetraploid drumstick tree

CharacteristicsDiploidTetraploid
Leaf length (cm)2.08 ± 0.052.95 ± 0.19
Leaf width (cm)1.15 ± 0.042.37 ± 0.16
Leaf shape index (leaf length/width)1.82 ± 0.031.26 ± 0.08
Stomatal length (µm)27.10 ± 0.7241.90 ± 0.64
Stomatal density (N/mm2)151.73 ± 3.4293.47 ± 1.49

Analysing the morphology of diploid and tetraploid drumstick tree plants revealed typical features of polyploids. Polyploidy affects plant developmental rate and, frequently, the overall size of cells, organs, and the entire organism [1,27,31,32]. Chromosome doubling translates into doubling the number of genes, and this can increase the gene expression level associated with a particular beneficial feature [33,34]. The increases in stomatal and leaf size might have been due to increases in cell size, while genetic changes in cells might have enhanced the gene activity.

3.3 Comparison of fodder-related nutritional composition between diploid and tetraploid drumstick tree plants

The CP, EE, ash, NDF, ADF, Ca, and P contents of plants are important indicators for evaluating the nutritional values of forage. Therefore, we examined the contents of these seven fodder-related nutritional components. Table 6 presents the results. The contents of all seven nutritional components were higher, albeit to different degrees, in tetraploid plants. The analysis indicated that chromosome duplication had a significant influence on bioactive compound concentrations. This phenomenon in tetraploids has been reported for other plant species. For example, tetraploid Anoectochilus formosanus Hayata had significantly higher gastrodin and flavonoid contents than diploids [6]. And, most of the tetraploid Sophora tonkinensis Gapnep. lines exhibited higher productivity of total contents of matrine and oxymatrine than diploids [35]. In addition, tetraploid E. purpurea had higher caffeic acid derivative and alkamide contents [8]. Finally, tetraploid Thymus persicus Jalas plants showed a significant increase in triterpenoids compared to diploid plants [31]. Polyploidy does not simply result in chromosome doubling and is also accompanied by changes in genome structure and gene expression [36,37]. In addition, genomic plasticity has downstream effects on the transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome that can generate phenotypic variations in polyploids that exceed the performance of the parents [38,39]. However, detailed mechanisms associated with variations in the chemical composition due to polyploidisation remain unclear. Understanding these mechanisms will help promote breeding programmes.

Table 6

Fodder-related quality comparisons (g/kg) in leaves of diploid and tetraploid drumstick tree

Nutrition compositionDiploidTetraploid
Crude protein262.30 ± 29.91325.94 ± 40.20
Crude fat40.43 ± 4.7345.69 ± 3.34
Crude ash content90.61 ± 4.80119.61 ± 6.57
Acid detergent fibre128.98 ± 2.61149.55 ± 1.08
Neutral detergent fibre153.08 ± 12.78187.82 ± 14.70
Calcium16.42 ± 1.7123.15 ± 1.94
Phosphorus3.45 ± 0.524.68 ± 0.62

4 Conclusion

In this study, we obtained tetraploid drumstick tree plants from colchicine-treated leaf explants. This protocol is effective, not limited by flowering period, and relatively simple. The duplication of genetic information was correlated with variations in the traits investigated in this species. The tetraploid plants had larger leaves and stomata and exhibited higher nutritional values than the original diploid plants. Additional research is required to determine the detailed effects of polyploidy on harvest yield and nutritional composition under field conditions. The tetraploid drumstick tree plants induced in this study are promising materials for obtaining a superior variety with high biomass and nutritional values.

These authors contributed equally to this work.

Acknowledgments

This work was funded by the Forestry Technology Innovation Program, the Department of Forestry of Guangdong Province (2018KJCX001); Guangzhou Science, Technology and Innovation Commission (201707010462); and Characteristic Innovation Program (Natural Science), the Department of Education of Guangdong Province (2018KTSCX018; 2019KQNCX010).

  1. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  2. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Received: 2020-05-22
Revised: 2020-07-14
Accepted: 2020-08-01
Published Online: 2020-11-18

© 2020 Junjie Zhang et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  10. Study on the optimal antagonistic effect of a bacterial complex against Monilinia fructicola in peach
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  12. The complete mitogenome sequence of the coral lily (Lilium pumilum) and the Lanzhou lily (Lilium davidii) in China
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  14. Use of phosphatase and dehydrogenase activities in the assessment of calcium peroxide and citric acid effects in soil contaminated with petrol
  15. Analysis of ethanol dehydration using membrane separation processes
  16. Activity of Vip3Aa1 against Periplaneta americana
  17. Thermostable cellulase biosynthesis from Paenibacillus alvei and its utilization in lactic acid production by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation
  18. Spatiotemporal dynamics of terrestrial invertebrate assemblages in the riparian zone of the Wewe river, Ashanti region, Ghana
  19. Antifungal activity of selected volatile essential oils against Penicillium sp.
  20. Toxic effect of three imidazole ionic liquids on two terrestrial plants
  21. Biosurfactant production by a Bacillus megaterium strain
  22. Distribution and density of Lutraria rhynchaena Jonas, 1844 relate to sediment while reproduction shows multiple peaks per year in Cat Ba-Ha Long Bay, Vietnam
  23. Biomedical Sciences
  24. Treatment of Epilepsy Associated with Common Chromosomal Developmental Diseases
  25. A Mouse Model for Studying Stem Cell Effects on Regeneration of Hair Follicle Outer Root Sheaths
  26. Morphine modulates hippocampal neurogenesis and contextual memory extinction via miR-34c/Notch1 pathway in male ICR mice
  27. Composition, Anticholinesterase and Antipedicular Activities of Satureja capitata L. Volatile Oil
  28. Weight loss may be unrelated to dietary intake in the imiquimod-induced plaque psoriasis mice model
  29. Construction of recombinant lentiviral vector containing human stem cell leukemia gene and its expression in interstitial cells of cajal
  30. Knockdown of lncRNA KCNQ1OT1 inhibits glioma progression by regulating miR-338-3p/RRM2
  31. Protective effect of asiaticoside on radiation-induced proliferation inhibition and DNA damage of fibroblasts and mice death
  32. Prevalence of dyslipidemia in Tibetan monks from Gansu Province, Northwest China
  33. Sevoflurane inhibits proliferation, invasion, but enhances apoptosis of lung cancer cells by Wnt/β-catenin signaling via regulating lncRNA PCAT6/ miR-326 axis
  34. MiR-542-3p suppresses neuroblastoma cell proliferation and invasion by downregulation of KDM1A and ZNF346
  35. Calcium Phosphate Cement Causes Nucleus Pulposus Cell Degeneration Through the ERK Signaling Pathway
  36. Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Exhibit Osteogenic Differentiation Potential
  37. MiR-489-3p inhibits cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, and induces apoptosis, by targeting the BDNF-mediated PI3K/AKT pathway in glioblastoma
  38. Long non-coding RNA TUG1 knockdown hinders the tumorigenesis of multiple myeloma by regulating the microRNA-34a-5p/NOTCH1 signaling pathway
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  41. Hepatoprotective effects of chamazulene against alcohol-induced liver damage by alleviation of oxidative stress in rat models
  42. FXYD6 overexpression in HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma with cirrhosis
  43. Risk factors for elevated serum colorectal cancer markers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
  44. Effect of hepatic sympathetic nerve removal on energy metabolism in an animal model of cognitive impairment and its relationship to Glut2 expression
  45. Progress in research on the role of fibrinogen in lung cancer
  46. Advanced glycation end product levels were correlated with inflammation and carotid atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes patients
  47. MiR-223-3p regulates cell viability, migration, invasion, and apoptosis of non-small cell lung cancer cells by targeting RHOB
  48. Knockdown of DDX46 inhibits trophoblast cell proliferation and migration through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in preeclampsia
  49. Buformin suppresses osteosarcoma via targeting AMPK signaling pathway
  50. Effect of FibroScan test in antiviral therapy for HBV-infected patients with ALT <2 upper limit of normal
  51. LncRNA SNHG15 regulates osteosarcoma progression in vitro and in vivo via sponging miR-346 and regulating TRAF4 expression
  52. LINC00202 promotes retinoblastoma progression by regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis, and aerobic glycolysis through miR-204-5p/HMGCR axis
  53. Coexisting flavonoids and administration route effect on pharmacokinetics of Puerarin in MCAO rats
  54. GeneXpert Technology for the diagnosis of HIV-associated tuberculosis: Is scale-up worth it?
  55. Circ_001569 regulates FLOT2 expression to promote the proliferation, migration, invasion and EMT of osteosarcoma cells through sponging miR-185-5p
  56. Lnc-PICSAR contributes to cisplatin resistance by miR-485-5p/REV3L axis in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma
  57. BRCA1 subcellular localization regulated by PI3K signaling pathway in triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells and hormone-sensitive T47D cells
  58. MYL6B drives the capabilities of proliferation, invasion, and migration in rectal adenocarcinoma through the EMT process
  59. Inhibition of lncRNA LINC00461/miR-216a/aquaporin 4 pathway suppresses cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and chemoresistance in glioma
  60. Upregulation of miR-150-5p alleviates LPS-induced inflammatory response and apoptosis of RAW264.7 macrophages by targeting Notch1
  61. Long non-coding RNA LINC00704 promotes cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in papillary thyroid carcinoma via miR-204-5p/HMGB1 axis
  62. Neuroanatomy of melanocortin-4 receptor pathway in the mouse brain
  63. Lipopolysaccharides promote pulmonary fibrosis in silicosis through the aggravation of apoptosis and inflammation in alveolar macrophages
  64. Influences of advanced glycosylation end products on the inner blood–retinal barrier in a co-culture cell model in vitro
  65. MiR-4328 inhibits proliferation, metastasis and induces apoptosis in keloid fibroblasts by targeting BCL2 expression
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  67. Long non-coding RNA SNHG3 accelerates progression in glioma by modulating miR-384/HDGF axis
  68. Long non-coding RNA NEAT1 mediates MPTP/MPP+-induced apoptosis via regulating the miR-124/KLF4 axis in Parkinson’s disease
  69. PCR-detectable Candida DNA exists a short period in the blood of systemic candidiasis murine model
  70. CircHIPK3/miR-381-3p axis modulates proliferation, migration, and glycolysis of lung cancer cells by regulating the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway
  71. Reversine and herbal Xiang–Sha–Liu–Jun–Zi decoction ameliorate thioacetamide-induced hepatic injury by regulating the RelA/NF-κB/caspase signaling pathway
  72. Therapeutic effects of coronary granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on rats with chronic ischemic heart disease
  73. The effects of yam gruel on lowering fasted blood glucose in T2DM rats
  74. Circ_0084043 promotes cell proliferation and glycolysis but blocks cell apoptosis in melanoma via circ_0084043-miR-31-KLF3 axis
  75. CircSAMD4A contributes to cell doxorubicin resistance in osteosarcoma by regulating the miR-218-5p/KLF8 axis
  76. Relationship of FTO gene variations with NAFLD risk in Chinese men
  77. The prognostic and predictive value of platelet parameters in diabetic and nondiabetic patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss
  78. LncRNA SNHG15 contributes to doxorubicin resistance of osteosarcoma cells through targeting the miR-381-3p/GFRA1 axis
  79. miR-339-3p regulated acute pancreatitis induced by caerulein through targeting TNF receptor-associated factor 3 in AR42J cells
  80. LncRNA RP1-85F18.6 affects osteoblast cells by regulating the cell cycle
  81. MiR-203-3p inhibits the oxidative stress, inflammatory responses and apoptosis of mice podocytes induced by high glucose through regulating Sema3A expression
  82. MiR-30c-5p/ROCK2 axis regulates cell proliferation, apoptosis and EMT via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in HG-induced HK-2 cells
  83. CTRP9 protects against MIA-induced inflammation and knee cartilage damage by deactivating the MAPK/NF-κB pathway in rats with osteoarthritis
  84. Relationship between hemodynamic parameters and portal venous pressure in cirrhosis patients with portal hypertension
  85. Long noncoding RNA FTX ameliorates hydrogen peroxide-induced cardiomyocyte injury by regulating the miR-150/KLF13 axis
  86. Ropivacaine inhibits proliferation, migration, and invasion while inducing apoptosis of glioma cells by regulating the SNHG16/miR-424-5p axis
  87. CD11b is involved in coxsackievirus B3-induced viral myocarditis in mice by inducing Th17 cells
  88. Decitabine shows anti-acute myeloid leukemia potential via regulating the miR-212-5p/CCNT2 axis
  89. Testosterone aggravates cerebral vascular injury by reducing plasma HDL levels
  90. Bioengineering and Biotechnology
  91. PL/Vancomycin/Nano-hydroxyapatite Sustained-release Material to Treat Infectious Bone Defect
  92. The thickness of surface grafting layer on bio-materials directly mediates the immuno-reacitivity of macrophages in vitro
  93. Silver nanoparticles: synthesis, characterisation and biomedical applications
  94. Food Science
  95. Bread making potential of Triticum aestivum and Triticum spelta species
  96. Modeling the effect of heat treatment on fatty acid composition in home-made olive oil preparations
  97. Effect of addition of dried potato pulp on selected quality characteristics of shortcrust pastry cookies
  98. Preparation of konjac oligoglucomannans with different molecular weights and their in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activities
  99. Animal Sciences
  100. Changes in the fecal microbiome of the Yangtze finless porpoise during a short-term therapeutic treatment
  101. Agriculture
  102. Influence of inoculation with Lactobacillus on fermentation, production of 1,2-propanediol and 1-propanol as well as Maize silage aerobic stability
  103. Application of extrusion-cooking technology in hatchery waste management
  104. In-field screening for host plant resistance to Delia radicum and Brevicoryne brassicae within selected rapeseed cultivars and new interspecific hybrids
  105. Studying of the promotion mechanism of Bacillus subtilis QM3 on wheat seed germination based on β-amylase
  106. Rapid visual detection of FecB gene expression in sheep
  107. Effects of Bacillus megaterium on growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, antioxidant capacity, and immune function in suckling calves
  108. Effects of center pivot sprinkler fertigation on the yield of continuously cropped soybean
  109. Special Issue On New Approach To Obtain Bioactive Compounds And New Metabolites From Agro-Industrial By-Products
  110. Technological and antioxidant properties of proteins obtained from waste potato juice
  111. The aspects of microbial biomass use in the utilization of selected waste from the agro-food industry
  112. Special Issue on Computing and Artificial Techniques for Life Science Applications - Part I
  113. Automatic detection and segmentation of adenomatous colorectal polyps during colonoscopy using Mask R-CNN
  114. The impedance analysis of small intestine fusion by pulse source
  115. Errata
  116. Erratum to “Diagnostic performance of serum CK-MB, TNF-α and hs-CRP in children with viral myocarditis”
  117. Erratum to “MYL6B drives the capabilities of proliferation, invasion, and migration in rectal adenocarcinoma through the EMT process”
  118. Erratum to “Thermostable cellulase biosynthesis from Paenibacillus alvei and its utilization in lactic acid production by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation”
https://doi.org/10.1515/biol-2020-0087
Keywords for this article
drumstick tree; colchicine; tetraploid; morphological characteristics; nutritional contents
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

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  2. Dependence of the heterosis effect on genetic distance, determined using various molecular markers
  3. Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) Regulated Phyto and Microbial Beneficial Protein Interactions
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  6. Functional divergence and adaptive selection of KNOX gene family in plants
  7. In silico identification of Capsicum type III polyketide synthase genes and expression patterns in Capsicum annuum
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  9. CRISPR/Cas9 or prime editing? – It depends on…
  10. Study on the optimal antagonistic effect of a bacterial complex against Monilinia fructicola in peach
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  12. The complete mitogenome sequence of the coral lily (Lilium pumilum) and the Lanzhou lily (Lilium davidii) in China
  13. Ecology and Environmental Sciences
  14. Use of phosphatase and dehydrogenase activities in the assessment of calcium peroxide and citric acid effects in soil contaminated with petrol
  15. Analysis of ethanol dehydration using membrane separation processes
  16. Activity of Vip3Aa1 against Periplaneta americana
  17. Thermostable cellulase biosynthesis from Paenibacillus alvei and its utilization in lactic acid production by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation
  18. Spatiotemporal dynamics of terrestrial invertebrate assemblages in the riparian zone of the Wewe river, Ashanti region, Ghana
  19. Antifungal activity of selected volatile essential oils against Penicillium sp.
  20. Toxic effect of three imidazole ionic liquids on two terrestrial plants
  21. Biosurfactant production by a Bacillus megaterium strain
  22. Distribution and density of Lutraria rhynchaena Jonas, 1844 relate to sediment while reproduction shows multiple peaks per year in Cat Ba-Ha Long Bay, Vietnam
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  26. Morphine modulates hippocampal neurogenesis and contextual memory extinction via miR-34c/Notch1 pathway in male ICR mice
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  28. Weight loss may be unrelated to dietary intake in the imiquimod-induced plaque psoriasis mice model
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  31. Protective effect of asiaticoside on radiation-induced proliferation inhibition and DNA damage of fibroblasts and mice death
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  34. MiR-542-3p suppresses neuroblastoma cell proliferation and invasion by downregulation of KDM1A and ZNF346
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  44. Effect of hepatic sympathetic nerve removal on energy metabolism in an animal model of cognitive impairment and its relationship to Glut2 expression
  45. Progress in research on the role of fibrinogen in lung cancer
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  50. Effect of FibroScan test in antiviral therapy for HBV-infected patients with ALT <2 upper limit of normal
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  52. LINC00202 promotes retinoblastoma progression by regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis, and aerobic glycolysis through miR-204-5p/HMGCR axis
  53. Coexisting flavonoids and administration route effect on pharmacokinetics of Puerarin in MCAO rats
  54. GeneXpert Technology for the diagnosis of HIV-associated tuberculosis: Is scale-up worth it?
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  56. Lnc-PICSAR contributes to cisplatin resistance by miR-485-5p/REV3L axis in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma
  57. BRCA1 subcellular localization regulated by PI3K signaling pathway in triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells and hormone-sensitive T47D cells
  58. MYL6B drives the capabilities of proliferation, invasion, and migration in rectal adenocarcinoma through the EMT process
  59. Inhibition of lncRNA LINC00461/miR-216a/aquaporin 4 pathway suppresses cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and chemoresistance in glioma
  60. Upregulation of miR-150-5p alleviates LPS-induced inflammatory response and apoptosis of RAW264.7 macrophages by targeting Notch1
  61. Long non-coding RNA LINC00704 promotes cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in papillary thyroid carcinoma via miR-204-5p/HMGB1 axis
  62. Neuroanatomy of melanocortin-4 receptor pathway in the mouse brain
  63. Lipopolysaccharides promote pulmonary fibrosis in silicosis through the aggravation of apoptosis and inflammation in alveolar macrophages
  64. Influences of advanced glycosylation end products on the inner blood–retinal barrier in a co-culture cell model in vitro
  65. MiR-4328 inhibits proliferation, metastasis and induces apoptosis in keloid fibroblasts by targeting BCL2 expression
  66. Aberrant expression of microRNA-132-3p and microRNA-146a-5p in Parkinson’s disease patients
  67. Long non-coding RNA SNHG3 accelerates progression in glioma by modulating miR-384/HDGF axis
  68. Long non-coding RNA NEAT1 mediates MPTP/MPP+-induced apoptosis via regulating the miR-124/KLF4 axis in Parkinson’s disease
  69. PCR-detectable Candida DNA exists a short period in the blood of systemic candidiasis murine model
  70. CircHIPK3/miR-381-3p axis modulates proliferation, migration, and glycolysis of lung cancer cells by regulating the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway
  71. Reversine and herbal Xiang–Sha–Liu–Jun–Zi decoction ameliorate thioacetamide-induced hepatic injury by regulating the RelA/NF-κB/caspase signaling pathway
  72. Therapeutic effects of coronary granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on rats with chronic ischemic heart disease
  73. The effects of yam gruel on lowering fasted blood glucose in T2DM rats
  74. Circ_0084043 promotes cell proliferation and glycolysis but blocks cell apoptosis in melanoma via circ_0084043-miR-31-KLF3 axis
  75. CircSAMD4A contributes to cell doxorubicin resistance in osteosarcoma by regulating the miR-218-5p/KLF8 axis
  76. Relationship of FTO gene variations with NAFLD risk in Chinese men
  77. The prognostic and predictive value of platelet parameters in diabetic and nondiabetic patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss
  78. LncRNA SNHG15 contributes to doxorubicin resistance of osteosarcoma cells through targeting the miR-381-3p/GFRA1 axis
  79. miR-339-3p regulated acute pancreatitis induced by caerulein through targeting TNF receptor-associated factor 3 in AR42J cells
  80. LncRNA RP1-85F18.6 affects osteoblast cells by regulating the cell cycle
  81. MiR-203-3p inhibits the oxidative stress, inflammatory responses and apoptosis of mice podocytes induced by high glucose through regulating Sema3A expression
  82. MiR-30c-5p/ROCK2 axis regulates cell proliferation, apoptosis and EMT via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in HG-induced HK-2 cells
  83. CTRP9 protects against MIA-induced inflammation and knee cartilage damage by deactivating the MAPK/NF-κB pathway in rats with osteoarthritis
  84. Relationship between hemodynamic parameters and portal venous pressure in cirrhosis patients with portal hypertension
  85. Long noncoding RNA FTX ameliorates hydrogen peroxide-induced cardiomyocyte injury by regulating the miR-150/KLF13 axis
  86. Ropivacaine inhibits proliferation, migration, and invasion while inducing apoptosis of glioma cells by regulating the SNHG16/miR-424-5p axis
  87. CD11b is involved in coxsackievirus B3-induced viral myocarditis in mice by inducing Th17 cells
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  89. Testosterone aggravates cerebral vascular injury by reducing plasma HDL levels
  90. Bioengineering and Biotechnology
  91. PL/Vancomycin/Nano-hydroxyapatite Sustained-release Material to Treat Infectious Bone Defect
  92. The thickness of surface grafting layer on bio-materials directly mediates the immuno-reacitivity of macrophages in vitro
  93. Silver nanoparticles: synthesis, characterisation and biomedical applications
  94. Food Science
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  96. Modeling the effect of heat treatment on fatty acid composition in home-made olive oil preparations
  97. Effect of addition of dried potato pulp on selected quality characteristics of shortcrust pastry cookies
  98. Preparation of konjac oligoglucomannans with different molecular weights and their in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activities
  99. Animal Sciences
  100. Changes in the fecal microbiome of the Yangtze finless porpoise during a short-term therapeutic treatment
  101. Agriculture
  102. Influence of inoculation with Lactobacillus on fermentation, production of 1,2-propanediol and 1-propanol as well as Maize silage aerobic stability
  103. Application of extrusion-cooking technology in hatchery waste management
  104. In-field screening for host plant resistance to Delia radicum and Brevicoryne brassicae within selected rapeseed cultivars and new interspecific hybrids
  105. Studying of the promotion mechanism of Bacillus subtilis QM3 on wheat seed germination based on β-amylase
  106. Rapid visual detection of FecB gene expression in sheep
  107. Effects of Bacillus megaterium on growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, antioxidant capacity, and immune function in suckling calves
  108. Effects of center pivot sprinkler fertigation on the yield of continuously cropped soybean
  109. Special Issue On New Approach To Obtain Bioactive Compounds And New Metabolites From Agro-Industrial By-Products
  110. Technological and antioxidant properties of proteins obtained from waste potato juice
  111. The aspects of microbial biomass use in the utilization of selected waste from the agro-food industry
  112. Special Issue on Computing and Artificial Techniques for Life Science Applications - Part I
  113. Automatic detection and segmentation of adenomatous colorectal polyps during colonoscopy using Mask R-CNN
  114. The impedance analysis of small intestine fusion by pulse source
  115. Errata
  116. Erratum to “Diagnostic performance of serum CK-MB, TNF-α and hs-CRP in children with viral myocarditis”
  117. Erratum to “MYL6B drives the capabilities of proliferation, invasion, and migration in rectal adenocarcinoma through the EMT process”
  118. Erratum to “Thermostable cellulase biosynthesis from Paenibacillus alvei and its utilization in lactic acid production by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation”
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