Home Influence of inoculation with Lactobacillus on fermentation, production of 1,2-propanediol and 1-propanol as well as Maize silage aerobic stability
Article Open Access

Influence of inoculation with Lactobacillus on fermentation, production of 1,2-propanediol and 1-propanol as well as Maize silage aerobic stability

  • Marek Selwet EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: June 11, 2020
Download Article (PDF)
Open Life Sciences
From the journal Open Life Sciences Volume 15 Issue 1

Abstract

The aim of this study is to determine the influence of a commercial bacterial inoculant (L1) and a preparation (L2) containing three Lactobacillus strains capable of producing 1,2-propanediol and short-chain fatty acids on maize silage aerobic stability improvement. The research showed that during 90-day ensilage, the applied preparations significantly reduced the content of DM, water-soluble carbohydrates (WSCs), pH and DM recovery (P < 0.05). The concentration of lactic acid (LA), acetic acid (AA) and propionic acid (PA) in the inoculated samples increased significantly (P < 0.05). 1,2-Propandiol and 1-propanol were not found in control silages (without additives). The addition of L1 and L2 significantly (P < 0.05) increased the concentration of these substances. The L1 and L2 mixtures significantly extended (P < 0.05) the silage aerobic stability.

Keywords: Lactobacillus buchneri; aerobic stability; silage

1 Introduction

Lactic acid-fermenting bacteria are used as a major microbiological modifier that could improve the silage chemical composition [1]. These bacteria may increase the dry matter recovery rate [2] and improve the hygienic state of silage, which is determined by the content of moulds and yeasts [3]. It is noteworthy that acetic acid produced by heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria may alter the yeast metabolism and improve the silage aerobic stability. However, heterofermentative bacterial strains do not metabolise lactic acid efficiently as they consume large amount of energy in this process. It is a disadvantage, which causes a greater loss of nutrients [4]. Therefore, it seems reasonable to use adequate mixtures of lactic heterofermentative and homofermentative strains depending on the ensiled plant material [5]. Alternatively, enzyme preparations can be used, but they are more expensive and it is more difficult to prepare them [6]. There is a considerable divergence in the results of the latest research concerning the type of additives used. They are divided into different groups: ‘homolactic’ (homolactic bacteria), ‘hetero’ (heterofermentative bacteria), ‘combo’ (homolactic plus heterofermentative bacteria) and ‘chemical’ (chemical additives) [7]. Homofermentative bacterial inoculants ferment water-soluble carbohydrates into organic acids, especially lactic acid, which quickly acidifies silage and inhibits the undesirable bacteria growth. Heterolactic bacterial inoculants ferment water-soluble carbohydrates into antifungal acids, such as acetic and propionic acids, which inhibit the growth of spoilage-causing fungi. Commercially available inoculants contain one or both types of lactic acid bacteria. So far, few studies have simultaneously compared several commercially available inoculants with chemical additives [8]. Recently, there have been numerous studies on the use of the selected lactic acid bacterial strains, mainly Lactobacillus buchneri. According to the results, this heterofermentative strain improves the silage aerobic stability. Apart from that, it anaerobically degrades lactic acid to acetic acid and 1,2-propanediol. Probably, 1,2-propanediol is an intermediate metabolite, which becomes degraded into 1-propanol and propionic acid by Lactobacillus diolivorans [9]. Lactobacillus reuteri can synthesise cobalamin, which is a coenzyme for diol dehydratase – the enzyme catalysing 1,2-propanediol conversion into 1-propanol and propionic acid [10]. During co-fermentation, the synthesis of acetic acid, 1,2-propanediol and propionic acid is stimulated by bacterial strains from these species. They improve the aerobic stability of renewable feed silage. The research results were used to make bacterial preparations stimulating the ensilage of renewable raw materials [11].

The aim of this study is to determine the influence of a commercially available bacterial preparation and a mixture of L. buchneri strains on 1,2-propanediol and 1-propanol, the chemical composition and aerobic stability of maize silages.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Plant material

Maize (Zea mays L.) SAN cultivar (FAO 240) from the Hodowla Roślin in Smolice Ltd/Sp. z o.o. IHAR Group was ensilage. Type of use: medium-early three-line hybrid (TC) with advantages of a grain hybrid for CCM and silage. The features of maize were as follows: high yields of total dry matter and dry matter of cobs, high resistance to Fusarium stem rot and root lodging, tolerant to smut, long-lasting green leaves and stems and the height of 270 cm. Plant density is 150,000 per ha. Maize was harvested in October at the end of silage maturity (BBCH 83). It was cut/harvested at a height of 40 cm. Before ensiling, it was cut into 2–3 cm chaff. Maize was grown in monoculture.

2.2 Bacterial preparations used to silage inoculation

L1 is a commercially available preparation containing in lyophilisate the following cultures: Lactobacillus plantarum K KKP/593/p, L. plantarum C KKP/788/p, Lactobacillus brevis KKP 839 and L. buchneri KKP 907. The producer recommended a dose of 5 g t−1 of ensiled material. The concentration of bacteria in 1 g of the preparation was 109 cfu g−1.

L2 is a mixture (lyophilisate) of three strains: L. buchneri ATCC 4005, Lactobacillus dioliovorans LGM 19667, and L. reuteri ATCC 23272 (DSMZ). A dose of 5 g t−1 of ensiled material was used. The concentration of bacteria in 1 g of the mixture was 109 cfu g−1.

2.3 Ensilage and determination of aerobic stability

Silages were prepared in PVC laboratory micro silos with a capacity of 4 dm3 equipped in a closure allowing removal of gaseous products. The average temperature during ensiling was 20 ± 1°C. During the aerobic stability test, samples were aerated for 7 days at 20°C. After this period, changes in microorganism counts and silage selected chemical parameters were investigated. After 90-day ensilage, moist samples weighing 85 g were removed from micro silos and placed in 500 mL plastic containers with 4 mm holes enabling air circulation. The temperature was measured with a temperature reader (Hotmux DDC Corporation, Pennsauken, NJ, USA) every 5 min at 2 h intervals. Stability was defined as the time necessary to raise silage temperature by ≥2°C relative to the ambient temperature. The number of replications was 5.

2.4 Microbiological and chemical analyses

Lactic fermentation bacteria were cultured on MRS Agar (Oxoid). Incubation time was 48 h at 35°C. Yeasts and moulds were cultured on OGYE Agar (Oxoid) with oxytetracycline (oxytetracycline-glucose-yeast-extract agar). Incubation time was 5 days at 25°C.

Lactic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, ethanol, 1-propanol and 1,2-propanediol concentrations were measured with a gas chromatograph equipped with an FID detector, 2 m long 80/100 Chromosorb® WAW glass column (Supelco), I.D. 2 mm with GP 10% SP–1,200/1% H3PO4 filling and Varian 8200 CX autosampler. Hydrogen was used as the carrier gas (flow 30 cm3 min−1) with oven temperature of 120°C, injection temperature of 250°C and detector temperature of 300°C. Fluka acid standards were used.

The basic composition of feeds was determined in accordance with AOAC [12]. pH values were measured with a pH meter (Hann Instruments) in a suspension prepared from 20 g of silage and 180 cm3 of demineralised water, which was homogenised for 10 min.

2.5 Statistical analysis

The GLM SAS procedure package was used for statistical calculations [13]. Differences between the means were tested using Tukey’s test.

3 Results

Basic chemical composition and counts of lactic acid bacteria, yeast and mould in the ensilaged maize forage are presented in Table 1.

Table 1

The chemical composition and count of microorganisms in maize green forage before ensilage

Whole crop maize
DM (g kg−1)404
pH5.62
CP (g kg−1)93
WSC (g kg−1)74.6
LAB log CFU g−16.12
Yeast log CFU g−17.2
Mould log CFU g−16.1

DM = dry matter, CP = crude protein, WSC = water-soluble carbohydrates, LAB = lactic acid bacteria.

Table 2 presents the chemical composition and counts of microorganisms after 90-day ensilage. Dry matter concentration and WSC in silages treated with bacterial inoculants L1 and L2 were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than in the control sample. The silages with Lactobacillus strains had significantly (P < 0.05) lower pH values and a lower DM recovery index. Also, concentrations of LA, AA and PA were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the inoculated samples. The inoculation did not have a significant effect (P > 0.05) on the content of ethanol and CP in silages. Mixtures of Lactobacillus strains caused a significant (P < 0.05) increase in the LAB population and a decrease (P < 0.05) in the population of yeasts and moulds. There was no 1,2-propandiol or 1-propanol found in control silage samples. The addition of L1 and L2 significantly (P < 0.05) increased concentrations of these substances. The content of 1,2-propandiol and 1-propanol in the combination with L2 was relatively 62% and 75%, respectively, greater than in the combination with L1.

Table 2

The effect of inoculation with different Lactobacillus strains on the quality, chemical composition and count of microorganisms in maize silage

ParametersTreatments
ControlL1L2
DM (g kg−1)385a370b372b
pH4.15a3.97b3.82b
CP (g kg−1 DM)92.8a93a92.7a
WSC (g kg−1 DM)42.7a36.8b32.3b
LA % DM5.2b6.8a6.9a
AA % DM1b2.7a3.1a
PA % DM0c1.0b1.4a
1,2-Propandiol % DM0c0.51b1.5a
1-Propanol % DM0c0.2b0.8a
Ethanol % DM0.9a0.7a0.8a
DM recovery (g kg−1 DM)95.29a91.58b92.08b
LAB log CFU g−16.55a8.35b8.42b
Yeast log CFU g−15.11a4.25b3.97b
Mould log CFU g−15.12a5a4.7b

LA = lactic acid, AA = acetic acid, PA = propionic acid, LAB = lactic acid bacteria.

a,b,c Means marked with different letters in a row are different at P < 0.05.

Table 3 lists changes in silages exposed to oxygen. Inoculation with L1 and L2 strains significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the growth of pH in silages. AA and PA concentrations in the samples with Lactobacillus strains were significantly (P < 0.05) greater than in the control sample, but the LA content was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced. LAB counts in the inoculated silages were significantly (P < 0.05) greater, whereas yeast and mould counts were lower (P < 0.05) than in the control samples. No 1,2-propandiol or 1-propanol was found in the control samples. The content of 1,2-propandiol and 1-propanol in the combinations with L1 and L2 was the same as in silages before the aerobic stability test.

Table 3

The chemical composition and count of microorganisms in maize silage after the aerobic stability test

ParametersTreatments
ControlL1L2
pH6.2a5.01b4.99b
LA % DM5.1a5.8a4.6b
AA % DM1.7c3.5b4.9a
PA % DM0c0.8b1.0a
1,2-Propandiol % DM0c0.5b1.5a
1-Propanol % DM0c0.2b0.8a
LAB log CFU g−16.01b8.02a8.1a,b
Yeast log CFU g−18.4a7.13b6.15c
Mould log CFU g−17.17a6.18b5.02c

LA = lactic acid, AA = acetic acid, PA = propionic acid, LAB = lactic acid bacteria.

a,b c Means marked with different letters in a row are different at P < 0.05.

Figure 1 shows temperatures taken during measurements of the silage aerobic stability. L1 and L2 mixtures significantly (P < 0.05) extended the aerobic stability. The silage temperature in control samples increased by 2°C within 72 h. The inoculated silages were characterised by longer stability, i.e., 103 h for L1 and 102 h for L2.

Figure 1 Variation in the temperature of maize silages during the aerobic stability test.
Figure 1

Variation in the temperature of maize silages during the aerobic stability test.

4 Discussion

According to the study by Rezende et al. [14], when silages are exposed to air, considerable changes in their chemical composition (significant increase in pH) occur and their temperature increases considerably during exposure to oxygen.

Many strains of Lactobacillus can be used to improve the silage aerobic stability of maize. In our experiment, the effect of a commercially available preparation was compared with a preparation containing heterofermentative strains, namely, L. buchneri, L. dioliovorans and L. reuteri. Zielińska et al. [15] and Muck et al. [16] described the synergistic effects of the combination of various Lactobacillus strains and their improvement of silage stability. It seems very important that these strains can metabolise 1,2-propandiol into propionic acid and 1-propanol. According to the scientific reports, L. buchneri [17], L. dioliovorans [18] and L. reuteri [10,19,20] exhibit these properties.

Driehuis et al. [21] and Jungbluth et al. [22] observed that L. buchneri strains increased acetic acid and 1,2-propandiol concentrations and decreased lactic acid content in silages. Our research findings were similar. However, it is noteworthy that too high concentrations of acetic acid may affect the silage taste.

Oliveira et al. [23] observed that when one strain or a mixture of Lactobacillus strains were applied to silages, they reduced pH values and WSC concentrations. The same observations were made in our research. However, contrary to the results of our research, Oliveira et al. also found a lower concentration of acetic acid in samples with Lactobacillus strains. Similar results were recorded when the concentration of lactic acid in the inoculated samples was greater than in the control samples. At the same time, these authors concluded that the observed effects depended on the type of plant ensiled.

When the aerobic stability of silages was checked, the concentration of acetic acid was found increased in inoculated samples (concentration of bacteria in 1 g of preparation was 109 cfu g−1). Basso et al. [24] noted similar results but at a concentration of 5 × 105 cfu g−1. According to the study by Ranjit and Kung [25], acetate production by Lactobacillus can be continued during exposure to oxygen. Acetic acid concentration tended to increase, whereas the content of lactic acid was found to decrease in inoculated silage samples subjected to aerobic incubation. In consequence, pH decreased because acetic acid exhibited higher pKa values than lactic acid [9]. Inoculants used in our research did not affect changes in the CP content. Silva et al. [26] used L. buchneri strains and noted an increase in the CP level compared with that in the control sample. Similar results were reported by Bumbieris et al. [27], who observed that the CP content in inoculated samples (7.47%) was greater than in the control samples (6.87%). Lactobacillus strains used in our study reduced yeast and mould counts. The L2 preparation exhibited a stronger fungistatic effect. It is noteworthy that the production of substances inhibiting fungal growth, including acetic and propionic acid, may largely depend on the phase of their growth as well as temperature, chemical composition and pH of the substrate [28].

5 Conclusions

The performed research showed that silages inoculated with Lactobacillus strains revealed better aerobic stability than control samples due to higher acetic and propionic acid concentrations, which reduced pH as well as yeast and mould counts. At the same time, silages inoculated with heterofermentative strains of Lactobacillus had a higher content of 1,2-propandiol and 1-propanol. This fact may indicate that mixtures of these bacterial strains are excellent inoculants that improve the aerobic stability of silage.

tel: +48 61 846 67 21

  1. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

References

[1] Kleinschmit DH, Kung Jr L. Ameta-analysis of the effects of Lactobacillus buchneri on the fermentation and aerobic stability of corn and grass and small-grain silages. J Dairy Sci. 2006a;89:4005–13.10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72444-4Search in Google Scholar

[2] Dehghani MR, Weisbjerg MR, Hvelplund T, Kristensen NB. Effect of enzyme addition to forage at ensiling on silage chemical composition and NDF degradation characteristics. Livest Sci. 2012;150:51–58.10.1016/j.livsci.2012.07.031Search in Google Scholar

[3] Dorszewski P, Grabowicz M. The mycological status of green forages and silages from a mixture of legumes with grasses and whole crop maize. Folia Pomer Univ Technol Stetin Agric Aliment Pisc Zootech. 2017;33:33–40.10.21005/AAPZ2017.44.4.04Search in Google Scholar

[4] Filya I. The effect of Lactobacillus buchneri, with or without homofermentative lactic acid bacteria, on the fermentation, aerobic stability and ruminal degradability of wheat, sorghum and maize silages. J Appl Microbiol. 2010;95:1080–6.10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.02081.xSearch in Google Scholar

[5] Kleinschmit DH, Kung Jr L. The effects of Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 and Pediococcus pentosaceus R1094 on the fermentation of corn silage. J Dairy Sci. 2006b;89:3999–4004.10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72443-2Search in Google Scholar

[6] Silva TH, Takiya CS, Vendramini THA, de Jesus EF, Zanferari F, Rennó FP. Effects of dietary fibrolytic enzymes on chewing time, ruminal fermentation, and performance of mid-lactating dairy cows. Anim Feed Sci Tech. 2016;221:35–43.10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.08.013Search in Google Scholar

[7] Morais G, Daniel JLP, Kleinshmitt C, Carvalho CPA, Fernandes J, Nussio LG. Additives for grain silages: a review. Slovak J Anim Sci. 2017;50:42–54.Search in Google Scholar

[8] Queiroz OCM, Arriola KG, Daniel JLP, Adesogan AT. Effects of 8 chemical and bacterial additives on the quality of corn silage. J Dairy Sci. 2013;96:5836–43.10.3168/jds.2013-6691Search in Google Scholar

[9] Choińska R, Giryn H, Bartosiak E, Kotyrba D. Effect of dry mass and bacterial silage inoculant on the content of organic acids in silages. Postępy Nauki i Technologii Przemysłu Rolno-Spożywczego. 2013;68:15–14.Search in Google Scholar

[10] Toraya T. The structure and mechanism of action coenzyme B12 dependent diol dehydratase. J Mol Catal B Enzym. 2011;10:87–106.10.1016/S1381-1177(00)00117-XSearch in Google Scholar

[11] Zielinska K, Fabiszewska A, Swiatek M, Szymanowska-Powałowska D. Evaluation of the ability to metabolize 1,2-propanediol by heterofermentative bacteria of the genus Lactobacillus. Electron J Biotechnol. 2017;26:60–63.10.1016/j.ejbt.2017.01.002Search in Google Scholar

[12] AOAC. International. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International. 21st ed. Arlington, VA, USA; 2019.Search in Google Scholar

[13] SAS, User’s Guide: Statistics, Version 9.1 ed. SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC, USA; 2002.Search in Google Scholar

[14] Rezende AV, Rabelo CHS, Rabelo FHS, Nogueira DA, Faria Jr DCNA, Barbosa LA. Perdas fermentativas e estabilidade aeróbia de silagens de cana-de-açúcar tratadas com cal virgem e cloreto de sódio. R Bras Zootec. 2011;40:739–46.10.1590/S1516-35982011000400006Search in Google Scholar

[15] Zielińska K, Miecznikowski A, Stecka K, Stefańska I, Fabiszewska A, Kupryś-Caruk M, et al. Badania nad poprawą aktywności biologicznej preparatów bakteryjnych do kiszenia roślin wysokoskrobiowych. Sprawozdanie z realizacji tematu BST o symbolu: 500-01-ZF-05. Poland: IBPRS w Warszawie; 2015.Search in Google Scholar

[16] Muck RE, Nadeau EMG, McAllister TA, Contreras-Govea FE, Santos MC, Kung Jr L. Silage review: recent advances and future uses of silage additives. J Dairy Sci. 2017;101:3980–4000. 10.3168/jds.2017-13839.Search in Google Scholar

[17] Zielińska K, Fabiszewska A, Stecka K, Swiatek M. A new strain of Lactobacillus buchneri A, composition, a multi-component preparation for starch-rich plant preservation, their use and a method for plant preservation. EP 2 785826, 2014.Search in Google Scholar

[18] Charley R, Kung JR. Treatment of silage with Lactobacillus diolivorans. US 2005/0281917 A1, 2005.Search in Google Scholar

[19] Hammes WP, Hertel C. Genus Lactobacillus beijerinck 1901, 212AL. In: De Vos P, Garrity GM, Jones D, Krieg NR, Ludwig W, Rainey FA, Schleifer K, Whitman WB, editors. Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. Vol. 3, 2nd edn. New York, NY: Springer; 2009. pp. 465–90.Search in Google Scholar

[20] Sun Z, Yu J, Dan T, Zhang W, Zhang H. Phylogenesis and Evolution of lactic acid bacteria. In: Zhang H, Cai Y, editors. Lactic Acid Bacteria, Fundamentals and Practice. New York, NY: Springer Science+Business Media; 2014. p. 1–101.10.1007/978-94-017-8841-0_1Search in Google Scholar

[21] Driehuis F, Oude Elferink SJ, Van Wikselaar PG. Fermentation Characteristics and aerobic stability of grass silage inoculated with Lactobacillus buchneri, with or without homofermentative lactic acid bacteria. Grass Forage Sci. 2001;56:330–43.10.1046/j.1365-2494.2001.00282.xSearch in Google Scholar

[22] Jungbluth KH, Trimborn M, Maack GK, Büscher W, Li M, Cheng H, et al. Effects of three different additives and two different bulk densities on maize silage characteristics, temperature profiles, CO2 and O2-dynamics in small scale silos during aerobic exposure. Appl Sci. 2017;7:545. 10.3390/app7060545.Search in Google Scholar

[23] Oliveira AS, Weinberg ZG, Ogunade IM, Cervantes AAP, Arriola KG, Jiang Y, et al. Meta-analysis of effects of inoculation with homofermentative and facultative heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria on silage fermentation, aerobic stability, and the performance of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2017;100:4587–603.10.3168/jds.2016-11815Search in Google Scholar

[24] Basso FC, Bernardes TF, Toledo AP, Roth P, Lodo BN, Berchielli TT, et al. Fermentation and aerobic stability of corn silage inoculated with Lactobacillus buchneri. R Bras Zootec. 2012;41:1789–94.10.1590/S1516-35982012000700032Search in Google Scholar

[25] Ranjit NK, Kung Jr L. The effect of Lactobacillus buchneri, Lactobacillus plantarum, or a chemical preservative on the fermentation and stability of corn silage. J Dairy Sci. 2000;83:526–35.10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(00)74912-5Search in Google Scholar

[26] Silva NC, Santos JP, Ávila CLS, Evangelista AR, Casagrande DR, Bernardes TF. Evaluation of the effects of two Lactobacillus buchneri strains and sodium benzoate on the characteristics of corn silage in a hot-climate environment. Grassl Sci. 2014;60:169–77.Search in Google Scholar

[27] Bumbieris Jr VH, Guimarães VAP, Fortaleza APS, Massaro Jr FL, Moraes GJ, Meza DAR. Aerobic stability in corn silage (Zea mays L.) ensiled with different microbial additives. Acta Sci Anim Sci. 2017;39:357–62.10.4025/actascianimsci.v39i4.34426Search in Google Scholar

[28] Fabiszewska AU, Zielińska KJ, Wróbel B. Trends in designing microbial silage quality by biotechnological methods using lactic acid bacteria inoculants: a minireview. World J Microb Biot. 2019;35:76. 10.1007/s11274-019-2649-2.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Received: 2019-11-25
Revised: 2020-02-26
Accepted: 2020-04-21
Published Online: 2020-06-11

© 2020 Marek Selwet, published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Plant Sciences
  2. Dependence of the heterosis effect on genetic distance, determined using various molecular markers
  3. Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) Regulated Phyto and Microbial Beneficial Protein Interactions
  4. Role of strigolactones: Signalling and crosstalk with other phytohormones
  5. An efficient protocol for regenerating shoots from paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera) leaf explants
  6. Functional divergence and adaptive selection of KNOX gene family in plants
  7. In silico identification of Capsicum type III polyketide synthase genes and expression patterns in Capsicum annuum
  8. In vitro induction and characterisation of tetraploid drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera Lam.)
  9. CRISPR/Cas9 or prime editing? – It depends on…
  10. Study on the optimal antagonistic effect of a bacterial complex against Monilinia fructicola in peach
  11. Natural variation in stress response induced by low CO2 in Arabidopsis thaliana
  12. The complete mitogenome sequence of the coral lily (Lilium pumilum) and the Lanzhou lily (Lilium davidii) in China
  13. Ecology and Environmental Sciences
  14. Use of phosphatase and dehydrogenase activities in the assessment of calcium peroxide and citric acid effects in soil contaminated with petrol
  15. Analysis of ethanol dehydration using membrane separation processes
  16. Activity of Vip3Aa1 against Periplaneta americana
  17. Thermostable cellulase biosynthesis from Paenibacillus alvei and its utilization in lactic acid production by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation
  18. Spatiotemporal dynamics of terrestrial invertebrate assemblages in the riparian zone of the Wewe river, Ashanti region, Ghana
  19. Antifungal activity of selected volatile essential oils against Penicillium sp.
  20. Toxic effect of three imidazole ionic liquids on two terrestrial plants
  21. Biosurfactant production by a Bacillus megaterium strain
  22. Distribution and density of Lutraria rhynchaena Jonas, 1844 relate to sediment while reproduction shows multiple peaks per year in Cat Ba-Ha Long Bay, Vietnam
  23. Biomedical Sciences
  24. Treatment of Epilepsy Associated with Common Chromosomal Developmental Diseases
  25. A Mouse Model for Studying Stem Cell Effects on Regeneration of Hair Follicle Outer Root Sheaths
  26. Morphine modulates hippocampal neurogenesis and contextual memory extinction via miR-34c/Notch1 pathway in male ICR mice
  27. Composition, Anticholinesterase and Antipedicular Activities of Satureja capitata L. Volatile Oil
  28. Weight loss may be unrelated to dietary intake in the imiquimod-induced plaque psoriasis mice model
  29. Construction of recombinant lentiviral vector containing human stem cell leukemia gene and its expression in interstitial cells of cajal
  30. Knockdown of lncRNA KCNQ1OT1 inhibits glioma progression by regulating miR-338-3p/RRM2
  31. Protective effect of asiaticoside on radiation-induced proliferation inhibition and DNA damage of fibroblasts and mice death
  32. Prevalence of dyslipidemia in Tibetan monks from Gansu Province, Northwest China
  33. Sevoflurane inhibits proliferation, invasion, but enhances apoptosis of lung cancer cells by Wnt/β-catenin signaling via regulating lncRNA PCAT6/ miR-326 axis
  34. MiR-542-3p suppresses neuroblastoma cell proliferation and invasion by downregulation of KDM1A and ZNF346
  35. Calcium Phosphate Cement Causes Nucleus Pulposus Cell Degeneration Through the ERK Signaling Pathway
  36. Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Exhibit Osteogenic Differentiation Potential
  37. MiR-489-3p inhibits cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, and induces apoptosis, by targeting the BDNF-mediated PI3K/AKT pathway in glioblastoma
  38. Long non-coding RNA TUG1 knockdown hinders the tumorigenesis of multiple myeloma by regulating the microRNA-34a-5p/NOTCH1 signaling pathway
  39. Large Brunner’s gland adenoma of the duodenum for almost 10 years
  40. Neurotrophin-3 accelerates reendothelialization through inducing EPC mobilization and homing
  41. Hepatoprotective effects of chamazulene against alcohol-induced liver damage by alleviation of oxidative stress in rat models
  42. FXYD6 overexpression in HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma with cirrhosis
  43. Risk factors for elevated serum colorectal cancer markers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
  44. Effect of hepatic sympathetic nerve removal on energy metabolism in an animal model of cognitive impairment and its relationship to Glut2 expression
  45. Progress in research on the role of fibrinogen in lung cancer
  46. Advanced glycation end product levels were correlated with inflammation and carotid atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes patients
  47. MiR-223-3p regulates cell viability, migration, invasion, and apoptosis of non-small cell lung cancer cells by targeting RHOB
  48. Knockdown of DDX46 inhibits trophoblast cell proliferation and migration through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in preeclampsia
  49. Buformin suppresses osteosarcoma via targeting AMPK signaling pathway
  50. Effect of FibroScan test in antiviral therapy for HBV-infected patients with ALT <2 upper limit of normal
  51. LncRNA SNHG15 regulates osteosarcoma progression in vitro and in vivo via sponging miR-346 and regulating TRAF4 expression
  52. LINC00202 promotes retinoblastoma progression by regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis, and aerobic glycolysis through miR-204-5p/HMGCR axis
  53. Coexisting flavonoids and administration route effect on pharmacokinetics of Puerarin in MCAO rats
  54. GeneXpert Technology for the diagnosis of HIV-associated tuberculosis: Is scale-up worth it?
  55. Circ_001569 regulates FLOT2 expression to promote the proliferation, migration, invasion and EMT of osteosarcoma cells through sponging miR-185-5p
  56. Lnc-PICSAR contributes to cisplatin resistance by miR-485-5p/REV3L axis in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma
  57. BRCA1 subcellular localization regulated by PI3K signaling pathway in triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells and hormone-sensitive T47D cells
  58. MYL6B drives the capabilities of proliferation, invasion, and migration in rectal adenocarcinoma through the EMT process
  59. Inhibition of lncRNA LINC00461/miR-216a/aquaporin 4 pathway suppresses cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and chemoresistance in glioma
  60. Upregulation of miR-150-5p alleviates LPS-induced inflammatory response and apoptosis of RAW264.7 macrophages by targeting Notch1
  61. Long non-coding RNA LINC00704 promotes cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in papillary thyroid carcinoma via miR-204-5p/HMGB1 axis
  62. Neuroanatomy of melanocortin-4 receptor pathway in the mouse brain
  63. Lipopolysaccharides promote pulmonary fibrosis in silicosis through the aggravation of apoptosis and inflammation in alveolar macrophages
  64. Influences of advanced glycosylation end products on the inner blood–retinal barrier in a co-culture cell model in vitro
  65. MiR-4328 inhibits proliferation, metastasis and induces apoptosis in keloid fibroblasts by targeting BCL2 expression
  66. Aberrant expression of microRNA-132-3p and microRNA-146a-5p in Parkinson’s disease patients
  67. Long non-coding RNA SNHG3 accelerates progression in glioma by modulating miR-384/HDGF axis
  68. Long non-coding RNA NEAT1 mediates MPTP/MPP+-induced apoptosis via regulating the miR-124/KLF4 axis in Parkinson’s disease
  69. PCR-detectable Candida DNA exists a short period in the blood of systemic candidiasis murine model
  70. CircHIPK3/miR-381-3p axis modulates proliferation, migration, and glycolysis of lung cancer cells by regulating the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway
  71. Reversine and herbal Xiang–Sha–Liu–Jun–Zi decoction ameliorate thioacetamide-induced hepatic injury by regulating the RelA/NF-κB/caspase signaling pathway
  72. Therapeutic effects of coronary granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on rats with chronic ischemic heart disease
  73. The effects of yam gruel on lowering fasted blood glucose in T2DM rats
  74. Circ_0084043 promotes cell proliferation and glycolysis but blocks cell apoptosis in melanoma via circ_0084043-miR-31-KLF3 axis
  75. CircSAMD4A contributes to cell doxorubicin resistance in osteosarcoma by regulating the miR-218-5p/KLF8 axis
  76. Relationship of FTO gene variations with NAFLD risk in Chinese men
  77. The prognostic and predictive value of platelet parameters in diabetic and nondiabetic patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss
  78. LncRNA SNHG15 contributes to doxorubicin resistance of osteosarcoma cells through targeting the miR-381-3p/GFRA1 axis
  79. miR-339-3p regulated acute pancreatitis induced by caerulein through targeting TNF receptor-associated factor 3 in AR42J cells
  80. LncRNA RP1-85F18.6 affects osteoblast cells by regulating the cell cycle
  81. MiR-203-3p inhibits the oxidative stress, inflammatory responses and apoptosis of mice podocytes induced by high glucose through regulating Sema3A expression
  82. MiR-30c-5p/ROCK2 axis regulates cell proliferation, apoptosis and EMT via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in HG-induced HK-2 cells
  83. CTRP9 protects against MIA-induced inflammation and knee cartilage damage by deactivating the MAPK/NF-κB pathway in rats with osteoarthritis
  84. Relationship between hemodynamic parameters and portal venous pressure in cirrhosis patients with portal hypertension
  85. Long noncoding RNA FTX ameliorates hydrogen peroxide-induced cardiomyocyte injury by regulating the miR-150/KLF13 axis
  86. Ropivacaine inhibits proliferation, migration, and invasion while inducing apoptosis of glioma cells by regulating the SNHG16/miR-424-5p axis
  87. CD11b is involved in coxsackievirus B3-induced viral myocarditis in mice by inducing Th17 cells
  88. Decitabine shows anti-acute myeloid leukemia potential via regulating the miR-212-5p/CCNT2 axis
  89. Testosterone aggravates cerebral vascular injury by reducing plasma HDL levels
  90. Bioengineering and Biotechnology
  91. PL/Vancomycin/Nano-hydroxyapatite Sustained-release Material to Treat Infectious Bone Defect
  92. The thickness of surface grafting layer on bio-materials directly mediates the immuno-reacitivity of macrophages in vitro
  93. Silver nanoparticles: synthesis, characterisation and biomedical applications
  94. Food Science
  95. Bread making potential of Triticum aestivum and Triticum spelta species
  96. Modeling the effect of heat treatment on fatty acid composition in home-made olive oil preparations
  97. Effect of addition of dried potato pulp on selected quality characteristics of shortcrust pastry cookies
  98. Preparation of konjac oligoglucomannans with different molecular weights and their in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activities
  99. Animal Sciences
  100. Changes in the fecal microbiome of the Yangtze finless porpoise during a short-term therapeutic treatment
  101. Agriculture
  102. Influence of inoculation with Lactobacillus on fermentation, production of 1,2-propanediol and 1-propanol as well as Maize silage aerobic stability
  103. Application of extrusion-cooking technology in hatchery waste management
  104. In-field screening for host plant resistance to Delia radicum and Brevicoryne brassicae within selected rapeseed cultivars and new interspecific hybrids
  105. Studying of the promotion mechanism of Bacillus subtilis QM3 on wheat seed germination based on β-amylase
  106. Rapid visual detection of FecB gene expression in sheep
  107. Effects of Bacillus megaterium on growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, antioxidant capacity, and immune function in suckling calves
  108. Effects of center pivot sprinkler fertigation on the yield of continuously cropped soybean
  109. Special Issue On New Approach To Obtain Bioactive Compounds And New Metabolites From Agro-Industrial By-Products
  110. Technological and antioxidant properties of proteins obtained from waste potato juice
  111. The aspects of microbial biomass use in the utilization of selected waste from the agro-food industry
  112. Special Issue on Computing and Artificial Techniques for Life Science Applications - Part I
  113. Automatic detection and segmentation of adenomatous colorectal polyps during colonoscopy using Mask R-CNN
  114. The impedance analysis of small intestine fusion by pulse source
  115. Errata
  116. Erratum to “Diagnostic performance of serum CK-MB, TNF-α and hs-CRP in children with viral myocarditis”
  117. Erratum to “MYL6B drives the capabilities of proliferation, invasion, and migration in rectal adenocarcinoma through the EMT process”
  118. Erratum to “Thermostable cellulase biosynthesis from Paenibacillus alvei and its utilization in lactic acid production by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation”
https://doi.org/10.1515/biol-2020-0038
Keywords for this article
Lactobacillus buchneri; aerobic stability; silage
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Plant Sciences
  2. Dependence of the heterosis effect on genetic distance, determined using various molecular markers
  3. Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) Regulated Phyto and Microbial Beneficial Protein Interactions
  4. Role of strigolactones: Signalling and crosstalk with other phytohormones
  5. An efficient protocol for regenerating shoots from paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera) leaf explants
  6. Functional divergence and adaptive selection of KNOX gene family in plants
  7. In silico identification of Capsicum type III polyketide synthase genes and expression patterns in Capsicum annuum
  8. In vitro induction and characterisation of tetraploid drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera Lam.)
  9. CRISPR/Cas9 or prime editing? – It depends on…
  10. Study on the optimal antagonistic effect of a bacterial complex against Monilinia fructicola in peach
  11. Natural variation in stress response induced by low CO2 in Arabidopsis thaliana
  12. The complete mitogenome sequence of the coral lily (Lilium pumilum) and the Lanzhou lily (Lilium davidii) in China
  13. Ecology and Environmental Sciences
  14. Use of phosphatase and dehydrogenase activities in the assessment of calcium peroxide and citric acid effects in soil contaminated with petrol
  15. Analysis of ethanol dehydration using membrane separation processes
  16. Activity of Vip3Aa1 against Periplaneta americana
  17. Thermostable cellulase biosynthesis from Paenibacillus alvei and its utilization in lactic acid production by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation
  18. Spatiotemporal dynamics of terrestrial invertebrate assemblages in the riparian zone of the Wewe river, Ashanti region, Ghana
  19. Antifungal activity of selected volatile essential oils against Penicillium sp.
  20. Toxic effect of three imidazole ionic liquids on two terrestrial plants
  21. Biosurfactant production by a Bacillus megaterium strain
  22. Distribution and density of Lutraria rhynchaena Jonas, 1844 relate to sediment while reproduction shows multiple peaks per year in Cat Ba-Ha Long Bay, Vietnam
  23. Biomedical Sciences
  24. Treatment of Epilepsy Associated with Common Chromosomal Developmental Diseases
  25. A Mouse Model for Studying Stem Cell Effects on Regeneration of Hair Follicle Outer Root Sheaths
  26. Morphine modulates hippocampal neurogenesis and contextual memory extinction via miR-34c/Notch1 pathway in male ICR mice
  27. Composition, Anticholinesterase and Antipedicular Activities of Satureja capitata L. Volatile Oil
  28. Weight loss may be unrelated to dietary intake in the imiquimod-induced plaque psoriasis mice model
  29. Construction of recombinant lentiviral vector containing human stem cell leukemia gene and its expression in interstitial cells of cajal
  30. Knockdown of lncRNA KCNQ1OT1 inhibits glioma progression by regulating miR-338-3p/RRM2
  31. Protective effect of asiaticoside on radiation-induced proliferation inhibition and DNA damage of fibroblasts and mice death
  32. Prevalence of dyslipidemia in Tibetan monks from Gansu Province, Northwest China
  33. Sevoflurane inhibits proliferation, invasion, but enhances apoptosis of lung cancer cells by Wnt/β-catenin signaling via regulating lncRNA PCAT6/ miR-326 axis
  34. MiR-542-3p suppresses neuroblastoma cell proliferation and invasion by downregulation of KDM1A and ZNF346
  35. Calcium Phosphate Cement Causes Nucleus Pulposus Cell Degeneration Through the ERK Signaling Pathway
  36. Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Exhibit Osteogenic Differentiation Potential
  37. MiR-489-3p inhibits cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, and induces apoptosis, by targeting the BDNF-mediated PI3K/AKT pathway in glioblastoma
  38. Long non-coding RNA TUG1 knockdown hinders the tumorigenesis of multiple myeloma by regulating the microRNA-34a-5p/NOTCH1 signaling pathway
  39. Large Brunner’s gland adenoma of the duodenum for almost 10 years
  40. Neurotrophin-3 accelerates reendothelialization through inducing EPC mobilization and homing
  41. Hepatoprotective effects of chamazulene against alcohol-induced liver damage by alleviation of oxidative stress in rat models
  42. FXYD6 overexpression in HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma with cirrhosis
  43. Risk factors for elevated serum colorectal cancer markers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
  44. Effect of hepatic sympathetic nerve removal on energy metabolism in an animal model of cognitive impairment and its relationship to Glut2 expression
  45. Progress in research on the role of fibrinogen in lung cancer
  46. Advanced glycation end product levels were correlated with inflammation and carotid atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes patients
  47. MiR-223-3p regulates cell viability, migration, invasion, and apoptosis of non-small cell lung cancer cells by targeting RHOB
  48. Knockdown of DDX46 inhibits trophoblast cell proliferation and migration through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in preeclampsia
  49. Buformin suppresses osteosarcoma via targeting AMPK signaling pathway
  50. Effect of FibroScan test in antiviral therapy for HBV-infected patients with ALT <2 upper limit of normal
  51. LncRNA SNHG15 regulates osteosarcoma progression in vitro and in vivo via sponging miR-346 and regulating TRAF4 expression
  52. LINC00202 promotes retinoblastoma progression by regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis, and aerobic glycolysis through miR-204-5p/HMGCR axis
  53. Coexisting flavonoids and administration route effect on pharmacokinetics of Puerarin in MCAO rats
  54. GeneXpert Technology for the diagnosis of HIV-associated tuberculosis: Is scale-up worth it?
  55. Circ_001569 regulates FLOT2 expression to promote the proliferation, migration, invasion and EMT of osteosarcoma cells through sponging miR-185-5p
  56. Lnc-PICSAR contributes to cisplatin resistance by miR-485-5p/REV3L axis in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma
  57. BRCA1 subcellular localization regulated by PI3K signaling pathway in triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells and hormone-sensitive T47D cells
  58. MYL6B drives the capabilities of proliferation, invasion, and migration in rectal adenocarcinoma through the EMT process
  59. Inhibition of lncRNA LINC00461/miR-216a/aquaporin 4 pathway suppresses cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and chemoresistance in glioma
  60. Upregulation of miR-150-5p alleviates LPS-induced inflammatory response and apoptosis of RAW264.7 macrophages by targeting Notch1
  61. Long non-coding RNA LINC00704 promotes cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in papillary thyroid carcinoma via miR-204-5p/HMGB1 axis
  62. Neuroanatomy of melanocortin-4 receptor pathway in the mouse brain
  63. Lipopolysaccharides promote pulmonary fibrosis in silicosis through the aggravation of apoptosis and inflammation in alveolar macrophages
  64. Influences of advanced glycosylation end products on the inner blood–retinal barrier in a co-culture cell model in vitro
  65. MiR-4328 inhibits proliferation, metastasis and induces apoptosis in keloid fibroblasts by targeting BCL2 expression
  66. Aberrant expression of microRNA-132-3p and microRNA-146a-5p in Parkinson’s disease patients
  67. Long non-coding RNA SNHG3 accelerates progression in glioma by modulating miR-384/HDGF axis
  68. Long non-coding RNA NEAT1 mediates MPTP/MPP+-induced apoptosis via regulating the miR-124/KLF4 axis in Parkinson’s disease
  69. PCR-detectable Candida DNA exists a short period in the blood of systemic candidiasis murine model
  70. CircHIPK3/miR-381-3p axis modulates proliferation, migration, and glycolysis of lung cancer cells by regulating the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway
  71. Reversine and herbal Xiang–Sha–Liu–Jun–Zi decoction ameliorate thioacetamide-induced hepatic injury by regulating the RelA/NF-κB/caspase signaling pathway
  72. Therapeutic effects of coronary granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on rats with chronic ischemic heart disease
  73. The effects of yam gruel on lowering fasted blood glucose in T2DM rats
  74. Circ_0084043 promotes cell proliferation and glycolysis but blocks cell apoptosis in melanoma via circ_0084043-miR-31-KLF3 axis
  75. CircSAMD4A contributes to cell doxorubicin resistance in osteosarcoma by regulating the miR-218-5p/KLF8 axis
  76. Relationship of FTO gene variations with NAFLD risk in Chinese men
  77. The prognostic and predictive value of platelet parameters in diabetic and nondiabetic patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss
  78. LncRNA SNHG15 contributes to doxorubicin resistance of osteosarcoma cells through targeting the miR-381-3p/GFRA1 axis
  79. miR-339-3p regulated acute pancreatitis induced by caerulein through targeting TNF receptor-associated factor 3 in AR42J cells
  80. LncRNA RP1-85F18.6 affects osteoblast cells by regulating the cell cycle
  81. MiR-203-3p inhibits the oxidative stress, inflammatory responses and apoptosis of mice podocytes induced by high glucose through regulating Sema3A expression
  82. MiR-30c-5p/ROCK2 axis regulates cell proliferation, apoptosis and EMT via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in HG-induced HK-2 cells
  83. CTRP9 protects against MIA-induced inflammation and knee cartilage damage by deactivating the MAPK/NF-κB pathway in rats with osteoarthritis
  84. Relationship between hemodynamic parameters and portal venous pressure in cirrhosis patients with portal hypertension
  85. Long noncoding RNA FTX ameliorates hydrogen peroxide-induced cardiomyocyte injury by regulating the miR-150/KLF13 axis
  86. Ropivacaine inhibits proliferation, migration, and invasion while inducing apoptosis of glioma cells by regulating the SNHG16/miR-424-5p axis
  87. CD11b is involved in coxsackievirus B3-induced viral myocarditis in mice by inducing Th17 cells
  88. Decitabine shows anti-acute myeloid leukemia potential via regulating the miR-212-5p/CCNT2 axis
  89. Testosterone aggravates cerebral vascular injury by reducing plasma HDL levels
  90. Bioengineering and Biotechnology
  91. PL/Vancomycin/Nano-hydroxyapatite Sustained-release Material to Treat Infectious Bone Defect
  92. The thickness of surface grafting layer on bio-materials directly mediates the immuno-reacitivity of macrophages in vitro
  93. Silver nanoparticles: synthesis, characterisation and biomedical applications
  94. Food Science
  95. Bread making potential of Triticum aestivum and Triticum spelta species
  96. Modeling the effect of heat treatment on fatty acid composition in home-made olive oil preparations
  97. Effect of addition of dried potato pulp on selected quality characteristics of shortcrust pastry cookies
  98. Preparation of konjac oligoglucomannans with different molecular weights and their in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activities
  99. Animal Sciences
  100. Changes in the fecal microbiome of the Yangtze finless porpoise during a short-term therapeutic treatment
  101. Agriculture
  102. Influence of inoculation with Lactobacillus on fermentation, production of 1,2-propanediol and 1-propanol as well as Maize silage aerobic stability
  103. Application of extrusion-cooking technology in hatchery waste management
  104. In-field screening for host plant resistance to Delia radicum and Brevicoryne brassicae within selected rapeseed cultivars and new interspecific hybrids
  105. Studying of the promotion mechanism of Bacillus subtilis QM3 on wheat seed germination based on β-amylase
  106. Rapid visual detection of FecB gene expression in sheep
  107. Effects of Bacillus megaterium on growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, antioxidant capacity, and immune function in suckling calves
  108. Effects of center pivot sprinkler fertigation on the yield of continuously cropped soybean
  109. Special Issue On New Approach To Obtain Bioactive Compounds And New Metabolites From Agro-Industrial By-Products
  110. Technological and antioxidant properties of proteins obtained from waste potato juice
  111. The aspects of microbial biomass use in the utilization of selected waste from the agro-food industry
  112. Special Issue on Computing and Artificial Techniques for Life Science Applications - Part I
  113. Automatic detection and segmentation of adenomatous colorectal polyps during colonoscopy using Mask R-CNN
  114. The impedance analysis of small intestine fusion by pulse source
  115. Errata
  116. Erratum to “Diagnostic performance of serum CK-MB, TNF-α and hs-CRP in children with viral myocarditis”
  117. Erratum to “MYL6B drives the capabilities of proliferation, invasion, and migration in rectal adenocarcinoma through the EMT process”
  118. Erratum to “Thermostable cellulase biosynthesis from Paenibacillus alvei and its utilization in lactic acid production by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation”
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 8.9.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/biol-2020-0038/html
Scroll to top button