Abstract
In this work, we are concerned with the ion acoustic quasi-soliton in an electron-positron-ion plasma with superthermal electrons and positrons. By using the reductive perturbation method, the Korteweg-de Vries equation is derived from the governing equations of ion acoustic waves. An interesting soliton-cnoidal wave solution of the Korteweg-de Vries equation and its quasi-soliton behaviour are presented. The influence of electron superthermality, positron superthermality and positron concentration ratio on characteristics of the quasi-soliton is confirmed to be significant.
1 Introduction
Ion acoustic solitary waves, a fundamental mode in nonlinear plasma environments, have been a subject of extensive research for several decades [1,2,3,4,5]. There are two main approaches to study ion-acoustic solitary waves, namely, the reductive perturbation method and the pseudopotential theory. For small-amplitude excitation, the reductive perturbation technique is applicable. As is widely known, the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation and its generalizations are very useful approximation to the full set of fluid equations describing ion acoustic waves [1]. Recently, Saha et al. studied bifurcation and quasi-periodic behaviours of ion acoustic waves in a magnetized electron-ion (e-i) plasma with nonthermal electrons featuring Cairns-Tsallis distribution [6]. The Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation equation is derived by employing the reductive perturbation method, and used to analyze the existence of solitary wave solutions and periodic traveling wave solutions. In addition to solitary waves, the study of cnoidal waves in field free or magnetized plasmas is another topic of great interest due to its importance in the nonlinear transport processes in plasmas [7,8,9,10,11,12]. Recently, Saha and Chatterjee studied ion acoustic periodic waves in an unmagnetized plasma with superthermal electrons [12]. By applying a non-perturbative approach, they obtained a planar dynamical system and showed that plasma parameters significantly affect the characteristics of periodic wave structures. Besides, the interaction between solitons, such as the head-on collisions of ion acoustic waves, have been intensively studied by means of the extended Poincaré-Lighthill-Kuo perturbation method [13,14,15,16,17,18].
However, interactions among different types of nonlinear waves in e-i plasmas as well as electron-positron-ion (e-p-i) plasmas are rarely considered. Recently, Keane et al. [20] considered the propagation of Alfvén envelope solitons in a quantum plasma. It is found that the time-independent Alfvén density soliton possesses a quasi-soliton structure with the Gauss peak surrounded by small amplitude sinusoidal waves. Furthermore, it was numerically confirmed that the shape of the Gauss peak remains the same in space-time evolution. This interesting numerical phenomena reveals that the interaction between the soliton core and its surrounded oscillations is elastic. Consequently, it seems significant if one can establish an analytical solution to explain such type of wave interactions. Fortunately, analytic solutions, describing interactions between solitons and other nonlinear excitations, have been obtained by combining the symmetry reduction method with the Darboux transformation or Bäcklund transformation related nonlocal symmetries [21,22]. Then, the consistent Riccati expansion method has been proposed to find the interacting wave solutions for many integrable systems [23,24,25]. It turns out that the KdV, nonlinear Schrödinger, and sine-Gordon equations possess different types of interacting wave solutions, such as nanopteron solution [26] or topological soliton on a cnoidal wave background [27].
In this paper, we are concerned with the propagation of ion acoustic quasi-soliton in an e-p-i plasma with superthermal electrons and positrons. In the next section, the KdV equation, describing the propagation of nonlinear ion acoustic waves in an e-p-i plasma, is derived by applying the reductive perturbation method. In addition, exact soliton-cnoidal wave solution of the KdV equation and its quasi-soliton behaviour are presented. The influence of plasma parameters on characteristics of the quasi-soliton is presented in the third section. The last section is a discussion.
2 KdV equation and its quasi-soliton solution
We are interested in studying ion acoustic quasi-soliton in a fully ionized, collisionless unmagnetized plasma, whose components are cold ions, superthermal electrons and superthermal positrons. Adopting a one dimensional fluid formulation, the dynamics of the cold inertial ion component, ignoring the thermal pressure effect, is governed by the following dimensionless set of fluid equations
where ui is the dimensionless ion hydrodynamic velocity normalized by the ion acoustic speed Cs = (Te/mi)(1/2) with the electron temperature Te and the rest ion mass mi. ni, ne, and np are ion, positron and electron number densities normalized by their equilibrium values ni0, ne0, and np0, respectively. Under the slow ion acoustic wave time scale, annihilation between electrons and positrons is negligible. Thus, we assume that the number density of electrons and positrons satisfies the following distribution functions
with σ = Te/Tp being the electron to positron temperature ratio, ϕ is the ion acoustic wave potential normalized by Te/e, and p = np0/ne0 is the fractional concentration of positrons with respect to electrons in the equilibrium state. It is noted that time variable t is normalized ion plasma period
Under the weak perturbation assumption with eϕ/ Te ≪ 1, we obtain the following approximation of the Poisson’s equation by substituting the distribution functions of electrons and positrons (4) into equation (3)
where
In order to investigate the nonlinear excitations of small-amplitude ion acoustic waves, we employ the reductive perturbation technique. A set of stretched variables are introduced as
with ϵ is a small parameter lies in the range 0 < ϵ < 1, and V is the normalized phase speed to be determined later. The perturbed quantities are expanded about their equilibrium states as
Substituting equations (8)-(11) into equations (1)-(3) and setting the coefficients of different powers of ϵ to zero, one finds a sequence of differential equations. From the order of ϵ3/2, we obtain the compatibility conditions about n1, u1 and ϕ1, which can be solved as
The second order terms in ϵ yield a further set of compatibility conditons. Together with the known results (12), we have
and
Eliminating the second order quantities, we obtain the KdV equation
where the nonlinear and dispersive coefficients A and B are given by
The soliton-cnoidal wave solution of the KdV equation as well as its quasi-soliton behaviour has been studied in detail [26], which reads
with
and the wave parameters are determined as
Obviously, under the ultralimit conditon m = 0 (G = 1), V1 = V and V2 = −V, the soliton-cnoidal wave solution (17) degenerates to the classical soliton solution of the KdV equation
Consequently, the solution (17) has an interesting quasi-soliton behaviour under the asymptotic condition V1 = V, V2 = −V, and m → 0. It is found that the soliton core profile tends to the classical soliton of the KdV equation while the surrounded conidal wave becomes small amplitude sinusoidal vibrations around zero. Thus, the solution (17) can be viewed as a quasi-soliton solution for its quasi-soliton behaviour.
3 Parametric investigation
In this section, we illustrate the space-time evolution of the soliton-cnoidal solution (17), and subsequently discuss the influence of relevant plasma parameters on characteristics of the quasi-soliton.
Since V1 and V2 are taken as the velocities of the soliton and the cnoidal wave, respectively, remain arbitrary, the soliton-cnoidal wave solution (17) can display different types of interactions. For instance, if setting V2 = 0, then the cnoidal wave degenerates into a standing wave, and one can view a scenario in which a soliton moves on a standing cnoidal wave background. Fig. 1 (a) depicts a right-moving soliton colliding with a standing cnoidal wave. Fig. 1 (b) shows an elastic overtaking interaction. Fig. 1 (c) displays an elastic head-on collision between a right-going soliton and a left-going cnoidal wave. It is evident from Fig. 1 that the interaction between the soliton and every peak of the cnoidal wave is elastic with phase shifts. Interestingly, it has been shown that the collision-induced phase shift of the cnoidal wave is half wavelength [26]

Density plot of the collisions between a soliton and a cnoidal wave, given by equations (17) and (18), with the plasma parameters are κe = 2, κp = 5, p = 0.2, σ = 0.5, and the wave parameters are (a) m = 1/3, V1 = 0.5, V2 = 0, δ = 1; (b) m = 1/3, V1 = 0.5, V2 = 0.25, δ = 1; and (c) m = 1/3, V1 = 0.5, V2 = −0.25, δ = 1, respectively.
To demonstrate the effect of electron superthermal parameter κe, we have presented the quasi-soliton structure for fixed values of the plasma parameters, and κe = 2, 5, 50 denoting the red, green and blue curves, respectively, in Fig. 2. From the figure, one observes that the amplitude and width of the quasi-soliton flourish with increasing κe. Physically, the electron pressure provides the needed restoring force of the ion acoustic wave. Consequently, the increase in κe, which can be interpreted as an equivalent process of increasing electron pressure, makes the amplitude higher of the soliton core as well as the surrounded vibrations. On the other hand, the increase of κe causes a larger value of the dispersion term in the KdV equation, and leads to wider quasi-solitons. So increasing superthermality (smaller κe) leads to lower amplitude and narrower quai-solitons. It also should be noted that the amplitude and the width of the quasi-soliton will reach a maximum in the Maxwellian limit κe → ∞. In Fig. 3, a similar effect can be observed with varying positron superthermal parameter κp.

Variations of the ion acoustic quasi-soliton with respect to the electron superthermal parameter κe. Other plasma parameters are taken as κp = 50, p = 0.1, σ = 0.9, and the wave parameters are m = 0.04, V1 = −V2 = 0.05 and δ = −1.

Variations of the ion acoustic quasi-soliton with respect to the positron superthermal parameter κp. Other parameters are κe = 3, p = 0.1, σ = 0.9, m = 0.025, V1 = −V2 = 0.05 and δ = −1.
The effect of positron-to-electron concentration ratio p = np0/ne0 on characteristics of the ion acoustic quasi-soliton is also investigated. It is quite evident from Fig. 4 that the amplitude as well as the width of the quasi-soliton diminishes with increasing positron concentration. As is widely known, the driving force of the ion acoustic wave is offered by the ion inertia and the increasing positron concentration p implies the depopulation of ions. So increasing positron concentration ratio p leads to lower amplitude and narrower quai-solitons.

Variations of the ion acoustic quasi-soliton with respect to positron-to-electron concentration ratio p. Other plasma parameters are selected as κe = 3, p = 0.1, σ = 0.9, and wave parameters are m = 0.025, V1 = −V2 = 0.05 and δ = 1.
4 Summary and discussion
In this work, we are concerned with the propagation of ion acoustic quasi-soliton in an e-p-i plasma with superthermal electrons and positrons. Quasi-soliton behaviour of the soliton-cnoidal wave solution has been presented from its connection with the classical soliton solution. Numerical study shows that plasma parameters affect characteristics of the quasi-soliton significantly. It is hoped that the quasi-soliton can be observed in real nonlinear plasma environments.
Acknowledgement
The work is sponsored by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 11475052, 11605102, 11675055, 51605252).
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- Stabilization and Analytic Approximate Solutions of an Optimal Control Problem
- On the equations of electrodynamics in a flat or curved spacetime and a possible interaction energy
- New prediction method for transient productivity of fractured five-spot patterns in low permeability reservoirs at high water cut stages
- The collinear equilibrium points in the restricted three body problem with triaxial primaries
- Detection of the damage threshold of fused silica components and morphologies of repaired damage sites based on the beam deflection method
- On the bivariate spectral quasi-linearization method for solving the two-dimensional Bratu problem
- Ion acoustic quasi-soliton in an electron-positron-ion plasma with superthermal electrons and positrons
- Analysis of projectile motion in view of conformable derivative
- Computing multiple ABC index and multiple GA index of some grid graphs
- Terahertz pulse imaging: A novel denoising method by combing the ant colony algorithm with the compressive sensing
- Characteristics of microscopic pore-throat structure of tight oil reservoirs in Sichuan Basin measured by rate-controlled mercury injection
- An activity window model for social interaction structure on Twitter
- Transient thermal regime trough the constitutive matrix applied to asynchronous electrical machine using the cell method
- On the zagreb polynomials of benzenoid systems
- Integrability analysis of the partial differential equation describing the classical bond-pricing model of mathematical finance
- The Greek parameters of a continuous arithmetic Asian option pricing model via Laplace Adomian decomposition method
- Quantifying the global solar radiation received in Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal to motivate the consumption of solar technologies
- Sturm-Liouville difference equations having Bessel and hydrogen atom potential type
- Study on the response characteristics of oil wells after deep profile control in low permeability fractured reservoirs
- Depiction and analysis of a modified theta shaped double negative metamaterial for satellite application
- An attempt to geometrize electromagnetism
- Structure of traveling wave solutions for some nonlinear models via modified mathematical method
- Thermo-convective instability in a rotating ferromagnetic fluid layer with temperature modulation
- Construction of new solitary wave solutions of generalized Zakharov-Kuznetsov-Benjamin-Bona-Mahony and simplified modified form of Camassa-Holm equations
- Effect of magnetic field and heat source on Upper-convected-maxwell fluid in a porous channel
- Physical cues of biomaterials guide stem cell fate of differentiation: The effect of elasticity of cell culture biomaterials
- Shooting method analysis in wire coating withdrawing from a bath of Oldroyd 8-constant fluid with temperature dependent viscosity
- Rank correlation between centrality metrics in complex networks: an empirical study
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering
- Modeling of electric and heat processes in spot resistance welding of cross-wire steel bars
- Dynamic characteristics of triaxial active control magnetic bearing with asymmetric structure
- Design optimization of an axial-field eddy-current magnetic coupling based on magneto-thermal analytical model
- Thermal constitutive matrix applied to asynchronous electrical machine using the cell method
- Temperature distribution around thin electroconductive layers created on composite textile substrates
- Model of the multipolar engine with decreased cogging torque by asymmetrical distribution of the magnets
- Analysis of spatial thermal field in a magnetic bearing
- Use of the mathematical model of the ignition system to analyze the spark discharge, including the destruction of spark plug electrodes
- Assessment of short/long term electric field strength measurements for a pilot district
- Simulation study and experimental results for detection and classification of the transient capacitor inrush current using discrete wavelet transform and artificial intelligence
- Magnetic transmission gear finite element simulation with iron pole hysteresis
- Pulsed excitation terahertz tomography – multiparametric approach
- Low and high frequency model of three phase transformer by frequency response analysis measurement
- Multivariable polynomial fitting of controlled single-phase nonlinear load of input current total harmonic distortion
- Optimal design of a for middle-low-speed maglev trains
- Eddy current modeling in linear and nonlinear multifilamentary composite materials
- The visual attention saliency map for movie retrospection
- AC/DC current ratio in a current superimposition variable flux reluctance machine
- Influence of material uncertainties on the RLC parameters of wound inductors modeled using the finite element method
- Cogging force reduction in linear tubular flux switching permanent-magnet machines
- Modeling hysteresis curves of La(FeCoSi)13 compound near the transition point with the GRUCAD model
- Electro-magneto-hydrodynamic lubrication
- 3-D Electromagnetic field analysis of wireless power transfer system using K computer
- Simplified simulation technique of rotating, induction heated, calender rolls for study of temperature field control
- Design, fabrication and testing of electroadhesive interdigital electrodes
- A method to reduce partial discharges in motor windings fed by PWM inverter
- Reluctance network lumped mechanical & thermal models for the modeling and predesign of concentrated flux synchronous machine
- Special Issue Applications of Nonlinear Dynamics
- Study on dynamic characteristics of silo-stock-foundation interaction system under seismic load
- Microblog topic evolution computing based on LDA algorithm
- Modeling the creep damage effect on the creep crack growth behavior of rotor steel
- Neighborhood condition for all fractional (g, f, n′, m)-critical deleted graphs
- Chinese open information extraction based on DBMCSS in the field of national information resources
- 10.1515/phys-2018-0079
- CPW-fed circularly-polarized antenna array with high front-to-back ratio and low-profile
- Intelligent Monitoring Network Construction based on the utilization of the Internet of things (IoT) in the Metallurgical Coking Process
- Temperature detection technology of power equipment based on Fiber Bragg Grating
- Research on a rotational speed control strategy of the mandrel in a rotary steering system
- Dynamic load balancing algorithm for large data flow in distributed complex networks
- Super-structured photonic crystal fiber Bragg grating biosensor image model based on sparse matrix
- Fractal-based techniques for physiological time series: An updated approach
- Analysis of the Imaging Characteristics of the KB and KBA X-ray Microscopes at Non-coaxial Grazing Incidence
- Application of modified culture Kalman filter in bearing fault diagnosis
- Exact solutions and conservation laws for the modified equal width-Burgers equation
- On topological properties of block shift and hierarchical hypercube networks
- Elastic properties and plane acoustic velocity of cubic Sr2CaMoO6 and Sr2CaWO6 from first-principles calculations
- A note on the transmission feasibility problem in networks
- Ontology learning algorithm using weak functions
- Diagnosis of the power frequency vacuum arc shape based on 2D-PIV
- Parametric simulation analysis and reliability of escalator truss
- A new algorithm for real economy benefit evaluation based on big data analysis
- Synergy analysis of agricultural economic cycle fluctuation based on ant colony algorithm
- Multi-level encryption algorithm for user-related information across social networks
- Multi-target tracking algorithm in intelligent transportation based on wireless sensor network
- Fast recognition method of moving video images based on BP neural networks
- Compressed sensing image restoration algorithm based on improved SURF operator
- Design of load optimal control algorithm for smart grid based on demand response in different scenarios
- Face recognition method based on GA-BP neural network algorithm
- Optimal path selection algorithm for mobile beacons in sensor network under non-dense distribution
- Localization and recognition algorithm for fuzzy anomaly data in big data networks
- Urban road traffic flow control under incidental congestion as a function of accident duration
- Optimization design of reconfiguration algorithm for high voltage power distribution network based on ant colony algorithm
- Feasibility simulation of aseismic structure design for long-span bridges
- Construction of renewable energy supply chain model based on LCA
- The tribological properties study of carbon fabric/ epoxy composites reinforced by nano-TiO2 and MWNTs
- A text-Image feature mapping algorithm based on transfer learning
- Fast recognition algorithm for static traffic sign information
- Topical Issue: Clean Energy: Materials, Processes and Energy Generation
- An investigation of the melting process of RT-35 filled circular thermal energy storage system
- Numerical analysis on the dynamic response of a plate-and-frame membrane humidifier for PEMFC vehicles under various operating conditions
- Energy converting layers for thin-film flexible photovoltaic structures
- Effect of convection heat transfer on thermal energy storage unit