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3-D Electromagnetic field analysis of wireless power transfer system using K computer

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Published/Copyright: May 30, 2018
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Open Physics
From the journal Open Physics Volume 16 Issue 1

Abstract

We analyze the electromagnetic field of a wireless power transfer system using the 3-D parallel finite element method on K computer, which is a super computer in Japan. It is clarified that the electromagnetic field of the wireless power transfer system can be analyzed in a practical time using the parallel computation on K computer, moreover, the accuracy of the loss calculation becomes better as the mesh division of the shield becomes fine.

Keywords: wireless power transfer system; K computer; three dimensional finite element method; eddy current loss
PACS: 02.60.Cb; 07.05.Tp; 02.30.Fn

1 Introduction

The wireless power transfer system is an open circuit and the magnetic leakage flux affects far distance. Thus, it is important to investigate the distant magnetic field of wireless power transfer systems because it is necessary to consider the influence of the magnetic flux on the human body.

In a previous study, we have calculated the distant magnetic field of a wireless power transfer system using the 3-D finite element method [1].

In order to analyze the distant magnetic field and the eddy current loss of the wireless power transfer system accurately, it is necessary to divide the mesh of the wireless power transmitter finely while analyzing the wide area. The 3-D parallel finite element method [2] is effective for such an analysis with long calculation time.

Thus, we analyze a wireless power transfer system in a wide area using the 3-D parallel finite element method on K computer, which is a super computer in Japan.

Consequently, it is clarified the distant magnetic field and the eddy current loss of the shield of the wireless power transfer system at the same time within a practical time.

2 Analysis method

2.1 Fundamental equations of magnetic field

When the magnetic flux varies sinusoidally, the fundamental equations of the electromagnetic field can be written using the magnetic vector potential A and the electric scalar potential φ as follows [3]:

rot(νrotA˙)=J˙0+J˙e(1)
J˙e=−σ(jωA˙+gradϕ˙)(2)
divJ˙e=0(3)

where ν is the reluctivity, J̇0 is the exciting current density, J̇e is the eddy current density, σ is the electrical conductivity, j is the imaginary unit and ω is the angular frequency. The dot over the letter indicates a complex function.

The analysis has been done as a linear problem.

2.2 Electrical loss calculation

The eddy current loss Wed in the aluminum plates of the shield is given as follows:

Wed=12σ∫Vc|J˙e|2dv(4)

where Vc is the region of the conductor with the eddy current.

2.3 Parallel computing using DDM and MPI

In this study, the domain decomposition method (DDM) is adopted for the parallel computing. Using the DDM, the analysis domain is divided into multiple subdomains. The parallel computing is performed in distributed memory type parallel computer using message passing interface (MPI) for data communication [4].

2.4 Speed-up and parallel efficiency

The speed-up and parallel efficiency, which represents the performance of parallel computation, are calculated using the parallel number n respectively as follows [5]:

Speed−up(ncore)=Elapsedtime(1core)Elapsedtime(ncore)(5)
ParallelEfficiency=Speed−up(ncore)n×100(%)(6)

3 Analyzed model and conditions

Figure 1 shows the analyzed model of a wireless power transfer system. The wireless power transmitter shown in Figure 1(a) is consisted of a pair of the ferrite core and the coil. The aluminum plates are located above and below the transmitter as the electromagnetic shield. The iron plate is located in the analyzed area, because it is on the ground in the experiment. The analyzed area (120m × 240m × 240m) shown in Figure 1(d) is a half of the whole region, because of the symmetry in the y-axis direction. The magnetic field at the “measured point” shown in Figures 1(b)and 1(c), is measured in the experiment.

Figure 1 Analyzed model of wireless power transfer system
Figure 1

Analyzed model of wireless power transfer system

Table 1 shows the computing environment. The K computer consists of 8 cores per node, and the main memory has 16 GB per node. In this study, two cores per node are used to calculate the electromagnetic field.

Table 1

Computing environment

ParallelK computer
computer
CPUSPARC64TM VIIIfx 128Gflops (2.0 GHz)
Cores8 cores/node
Memory16 GB/node

Table 2 shows the analysis condition. The analysis has been done using our own program.

Table 2

Analysis condition

Primary coilNumber of turns29
Current (Arms)9.1
Frequency (kHz)92.3
Phase (∘)0.0
Secondary coilNumber of turns30
Current (Arms)9.8
Frequency (kHz)92.3
Phase (∘)−35.0
Ferrite coreRelative permeability3,000
Aluminum plateRelative permeability1.0
Conductivity (S/m)3.8×107

4 Results and discussion

4.1 Elapsed time, speed-up and parallel efficiency

In this section, in order to investigate the characteristics of parallel efficiency, the magnetic field analysis was performed with various number of divisions of the analysis region.

Table 3 shows the discretization data. In order to investigate the performance of parallel computation, the analysis is performed under the condition that the number of parallel is 600 to 9600. The number of elements of the finite element model is approximately 340-380 million. The number of elements, nodes, and edges of the analysis model increases as the number of parallel increases, because the overlapping elements [4] increase.

Table 3

Discretization data (tetrahedral element)

Number of parallel60012002400
Number of elements351,998,312356,076,245361,138,171
Number of nodes61,893,53663,727,25565,987,137
Number of edges420,245,083428,374,801438,384,168
Number of unknown variables442,377,124451,063,881461,831,437
Number of parallel480072009600
Number of elements368,822,433374,349,636378,617,471
Number of nodes69,451,74071,959,15373,918,884
Number of edges453,641,230464,630,082473,164,131
Number of unknown variables478,262,848490,140,622499,342,885

Figure 2 shows the elapsed time. The calculation time is approximately 400 minutes when number of parallel is 600 and that is approximately 30 minutes when number of parallel is 9600.

Figure 2 Elapsed time
Figure 2

Elapsed time

Figure 3 shows the speed-up. The calculation time of 1 division is calculated from the elapsed times of 600 and 9600 divisions by Amdahl’s law. From Figure 3, we can see that the speed-up close to the ideal can be obtained when number of parallel is 2400 or less. The speed-up falls below the ideal as the number of parallel increases.

Figure 3 Speed-up
Figure 3

Speed-up

Figure 4 shows the parallel efficiency. The parallel efficiency is over 90% when number of parallel is 1200, and that is over 70% even when number of parallel is 9600.

Figure 4 Parallel efficiency
Figure 4

Parallel efficiency

From these results, we confirmed that using parallel computation by K computer, we can analyze the electromagnetic field of the wireless power transfer system in a wide area within a practical time. Moreover, it is confirmed that the electromagnetic field can be calculated with high efficiency even if the number of parallel is increased.

4.2 Mesh division of aluminum plate and analysis accuracy

In this section, we investigated the effects of mesh division of the aluminum plate on the eddy current loss and the distant magnetic field strength. From the results of the previous section, the number of parallel is set to 2400 for the efficient analysis.

Figure 5 shows the aluminum plate and its surrounding meshes. Each figure is an enlarged view of (i) primary side- and (ii) secondary side-aluminum plates shown in Figure 1(a). In order to investigate the effect of the fineness of the aluminum plate mesh on the eddy current loss and the distant magnetic field strength, the analysis is performed under the condition that the number of mesh divisions of the secondary side aluminum plate is 1 to 16. The primary side aluminum plate mesh is divided so as to have the same aspect ratio as the secondary side aluminum plate mesh.

Figure 5 Enlarged view of the aluminum plate and its surrounding meshes
Figure 5

Enlarged view of the aluminum plate and its surrounding meshes

Figure 6 shows the distributions of eddy current loss in the aluminum plate. We can see that the eddy current loss at secondary side is larger than that at primary side. Moreover, we can also see that the eddy current loss is concentrated on the surface of the aluminum plate by dividing the mesh finely.

Figure 6 Distributions of eddy current loss of aluminum plate
Figure 6

Distributions of eddy current loss of aluminum plate

Figure 7 shows the distant magnetic field strength at “measured point” shown in Figure 1 and the eddy current loss of the aluminum plate. The distant magnetic field strength is almost the same regardless of the mesh division of aluminum plate. However, the eddy current loss of the aluminum plate increases as the mesh becomes fine, and finally that converges to a certain value.

Figure 7 Distant magnetic field strength and eddy current loss
Figure 7

Distant magnetic field strength and eddy current loss

Table 4 shows the discretization data and elapsed time. The number of elements and calculation time also becomes to increase as the mesh division of the aluminum plate becomes finer.

Table 4

Discretization data and elapsed time

Number of mesh divisions81216
Number of parallel2,400
Number of elements330,484,691361,138,171361,979,701
Number of nodes60,616,45565,987,13766,458,832
Number of edges401,907,573438,384,168440,406,975
Number of unknown variables417,892,720461,831,437460,144,958
MRTR convergence criterion5.0×10−4
Number of MRTR Iterations18,19764,89877,818
Elapsed time (hours)0.51.82.2

5 Conclusion

In this paper, we analyzed a wireless power transfer system in a wide area using the 3-D parallel finite element method on K computer. Consequently, it is clarified that using parallel computation by K computer, we can analyze the electromagnetic field of the wireless power transfer system in a wide area within a practical time and efficiently calculate even high number of parallel. Moreover, the distant magnetic field strength hardly changes when making the mesh of the aluminum plate finer, however, the eddy current loss of the aluminum plate increases and finally that converges to a certain value.

Acknowledgement

This research used computational resources of the K computer provided by the RIKEN Advanced Institute for Computational Science through the HPCI System Research project (Project ID:hp160188).

References

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Received: 2017-11-01
Accepted: 2018-01-16
Published Online: 2018-05-30

© 2018 Yoshihiro Kawase et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/phys-2018-0044
Keywords for this article
wireless power transfer system; K computer; three dimensional finite element method; eddy current loss
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