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Research on a rotational speed control strategy of the mandrel in a rotary steering system

  • Liancheng Zhang , Guibin Zhang EMAIL logo and John Spillian
Published/Copyright: November 8, 2018
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Open Physics
From the journal Open Physics Volume 16 Issue 1

Abstract

Rotary steering systems are cutting-edge, intelligent oil drilling and steering equipment developed at the end of the twentieth century. The core function of the bit pointing rotary steering system is to control the eccentric shaft with bit pointing function to track the outer drill collar for reverse rotation [1]. When the relative speed thereof is offset, the mandrel tool face remains stationary, and the directive function of the drill bit is realized [2]. Therefore, it is important to precisely control mandrel rotational speed and make it follow the outer drill collar to conduct face-to-face rotation at all times. A double closed loop control method for realizing rotational speed loop and position loop through controlling mandrel rotational speed is proposed in this paper. Relative rotational speed of drill bit shaft (or mandrel) and drill collar of zero can be realized within the shortest time, thereby realizing rapid and precise rotational speed tracking. Relative positions of mandrel and drill collar at several angles on 360° circumferences, thereby proving the feasibility of the method. The method can provide a technical reference and basis for prototype production of directional rotary steering system [3].

Keywords: rotary steering; directional; rotational speed control; rotational speed tracking
PACS: 02.30.Yy; 02.60.Ed

1 Introduction

Rotary steering technology includes electronic measurement technology; power electronics technology; and multidisciplinary, comprehensive and modern frontier oil drilling technology. Rotary steering technology can adjust the mandrel direction in real time during drilling, and the mandrel drills smoothly according to the set drilling trajectory. Therefore, rotary steering technology not only can simplify the procedure of drilling operation, save drilling time, improve the drilling operation accuracy and reduce drilling cost, but also can achieve better hole cleaning effect, higher orbit control precision and stronger displacement extension ability compared with the traditional guide drilling tools. It has an excellent application in complex oil and gas reservoir ultra-deep well, difficult directional well, cluster well, large displacement horizontal well and other special craft wells. It can greatly improve operation efficiency and speed, reduce operation cost, and reduce drilling safety accidents at the same time [3, 4].

The currently used rotary steering wheel technology mainly includes pushing, directional and compound modes. The directional steering wheel system does not depend on the well wall stratigraphic conditions compared with other rotary steering systems; the deflection ability is also stronger and the technology can better adapt to the complex underground working environment [5].

Bit pointing rotary steering tools drive mandrel rotation through the motor in the drill collar. The mandrel and the drill collar are rotated in opposite directions. When the mandrel rotational speed and the drill collar rotational speed are equal, the drill bit is pointing to a set angle, thereby realizing guiding operation. The rotational speed of the mandrel must be adjusted in real time in order to realize the directing operation, thereby it can track the drilling speed of the drill collar, thereby maintaining the speed thereof equal with opposite directions. The mandrel drive and speed regulation are the most critical parts of the rotary steering system. A rotational speed control method of directional rotary steering system mandrel is proposed in the paper [6]. In this paper, a directional rotary steering system mandrel rotational speed control method is proposed. Double closed-loop control of speed loop and tool face angle position loop can be realized through controlling mandrel rotational speed, thereby realizing rapid, stable and accurate steering function.

2 Control strategy

Any particle on the rotating mandrel is observed under the rotating state of the mandrel. The linear velocity and acceleration are changed at all times, and they belong to objects of variable speed circular motion. The mandrel rotational speed is measured at any time through a rotational speed sensor, thereby creating a closed loop control system [7]. The rotational speed tracking control method proposed in Reference 7 is shown as follows: a neural network is utilized to approximate a complex nonlinear function, and adaptive control is adopted to realize nature speed tracking [8]. Linear changes are introduced in order to realize rotational speed tracking of permanent magnet synchronous motors in Reference 8, and the time-varying models are changed into linear quantitative models [9]. These methods of rotational speed tracking are commonly used rotational speed and position tracking modes at present. Its essence is shown as follows: the gap of real value and target value can be constantly reduced through scale amplifying, integral and differential operation according to a mathematical model by controlling and measuring the difference value between target rotational speed and actual rotational speed, thereby realizing rotational speed tracking, and the only difference lies in selection closed loop error [10, 11]. The directional rotary steering system controls the mandrel wheel speed. Meanwhile, the steering of the drill bit tool face angle also can be realized. If it is necessary to investigate the rotational speed difference between the mandrel and drill collar as well as position difference between the mandrel steering tool face and target tool face at the same time in accordance with the traditional PID control strategy, the directive function of rotary steering drill bit can be realized through double closed-loop control. On the one hand, the control strategy becomes complex, while on the other hand the sensibility of the directional control is reduced at the same time [12]. A rotational speed tracking control method is introduced in this paper, the double closed-loop control of rotational speed loop and tool face angle position loop can be realized through mandrel rotational speed control, thereby simplifying the control process, and improving the control sensitivity. The control method is introduced as follows through several different initial positions of the mandrel.

2.1 Mandrel initial state analysis and control decision

Figure 1 shows plan sketch of tool face angle. The tool face angle circumference is divided into −180° ∽ +180°, initial tool face angle is β0, and target tool face angle is β. The mandrel undergoes look–ahead or lag accommodation according to actual conditions in order to ensure that α can reach β along the shortest path in one circumference, and the tool face angle can be changed clockwise or counterclockwise. It is necessary to accelerate the mandrel followed by deceleration or decelerate the mandrel followed by acceleration adjustment for decision-making; firstly in order to change the tool face angle under the condition of equal mandrel rotational speed and drill collar rotational speed at the initial time. The flow chart is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 1 Tool face angle
Figure 1

Tool face angle

Figure 2 Mandrel look–ahead or lag accommodation decision
Figure 2

Mandrel look–ahead or lag accommodation decision

Figure 2 shows the flow chart of mandrel look–ahead or lag accommodation decision.

  1. (1) Obtain initial tool face angle and target tool face angle from main control unit;

  2. (2) Calculate difference value between target and initial tool face angle.

Plan A: lag accommodation is implemented if |difference value| ≤ 180° when difference value > 0°, namely mandrel motor is decelerated followed by acceleration for accommodation, the tool face angle can be changed clockwise; plan B: look–ahead accommodation is implemented when difference value ≤ 0°, namely mandrel motor is accelerated followed by deceleration for accommodation, and tool face angle can be changed counterclockwise;

Plan B: look–ahead accommodation is implemented if |difference value| > 180° when difference value> 0°, namely mandrel motor is accelerated followed by deceleration for accommodation, the tool face angle can be changed counterclockwise; plan A: lag accommodation is implemented when difference value ≤ 0°, namely mandrel motor is decelerated followed by acceleration for accommodation, and tool face angle can be changed clockwise.

2.2 Mandrel rotational speed control algorithm

Figure 3 shows the control algorithm flow chart of mandrel look–ahead or lag speed control.

Figure 3 Control algorithm of mandrel look–ahead or lag speed control
Figure 3

Control algorithm of mandrel look–ahead or lag speed control

Mandrel motor rotational speed at one time point is shown as follows:

(1)n(i)=n(i−1)+Δn(i)

Plan A lag accommodation - mandrel motor deceleration followed by acceleration is adopted as an example. Mandrel rotational speed changes are divided into three stages for control:

  1. (1) Uniform deceleration section (initial section): mandrel rotational speed is changed according to the following formula 2:

(2)n(i)=n(i−1)−a

n(i) is always a constant(-a) at the stage, and mandrel accepts uniform deceleration motion. Uniform deceleration zone starts from the initial stage to |β − β0| * 30%.

  1. (2) Constant speed section (buffer section): mandrel rotational speed is changed according to the following formula 3:

(3)n(i)=n(i−1)

Mandrel rotational speed is always constant at the stage, and the mandrel maintains motion of uniform speed. Uniform speed zone starts from the initial stage to |β − β0| * 80% (the parameter can be adjusted according to actual condition). (β Stands for target tool face angle, and β0 stands for initial tool face angle).

  1. (3) Variation acceleration section (final section): mandrel rotational speed is changed according to the following formula 4:

(4)n(i)=n(i−1)+KN∗(ndrillcollar−n(i−1))+KT∗(TFtarget−TFcurrent)

KN — Mandrel rotational speed difference control coefficient , KT — Tool surface difference control conefficient.

TFtarget stands for target tool face, and TFcurrent stands for current tool face.

The increment of mandrel rotational speed at each moment of the stage is changed constantly as it approaches the target parameter. The mandrel undergoes variation acceleration motion. Acceleration is larger and the change is faster at the initial stage. When the target parameter is approached, the acceleration is decreased. When mandrel rotational speed reaches drill collar rotational speed, and tool face angle reaches the target tool face angle β, mandrel rotational speed begins to align with drill collar rotational speed.

3 Simulation result

Initial setting:

  • – Mandrel rotational speed = drill collar rotational speed = 400 rpm;

  • – Maximum acceleration (deceleration) speed: 16.67 rps2;

  • – Uniform deceleration (acceleration) zone: |β − β0| * 30%;

  • – Constant speed zone: |β − β0| * 80%;

  • – Control rate (feedback rate): 2 ms.

Since different target tool face angles and initial tool face angles are selected, 4 circumstances in section 2.1 appear, and 4 circumstances are respectively discussed accordingly:

  1. (1) |β − β0| ≤ 180° and β − β0 > 0°:

If initial tool face angle is set to be β0 = 60°, and target tool face angle is set to be β = −60°:

Figure 4 shows that when the tool face angle is changed from 60° to −60°, mandrel should first be accelerated followed by deceleration, and when the tool face angle reaches −58°, mandrel rotational speed is 401.2 rpm, and time is 2.234 s.

Figure 4 |difference value| ≤ 180° and difference value > 0°
Figure 4

|difference value| ≤ 180° and difference value > 0°

  1. (2) |β − β0| ≤ 180° and β − β0 < 0°:

If initial tool face angle is set to be β0 = −60°, and target tool face angle is set to be β = 60°:

Figure 5 shows that when the tool face angle is changed from −60° to 60°, mandrel should first be decelerated followed by acceleration, and when tool face angle reaches 58°, mandrel rotational speed is 398.8 rpm, and time is 2.234 s.

Figure 5 |difference value| ≤ 180° and difference value < 0°
Figure 5

|difference value| ≤ 180° and difference value < 0°

  1. (3) |β − β0| ≥ 180° and β − β0 > 0°:

    If initial tool face angle is set to be β0 = 60°, and target tool face angle is set to be β = −150°(210°):

    Figure 6 shows that when tool face angle is changed from 60° to −150°(210°), mandrel should first be decelerated followed by acceleration, and when tool face angle reaches 208°, mandrel rotational speed is 398.9 rpm, and time is 2.568 s.

Figure 6 |difference value| ≥ 180° and difference value > 0°
Figure 6

|difference value| ≥ 180° and difference value > 0°

  1. (4) |β − β0| ≥ 180° and β − β0 < 0°:

    If initial tool face angle is set to be β0 = −150°, and target tool face angle is set to be β = 60°(−300°):

    Figure 7 shows that when the tool face angle is changed from −150°to 60° (−300°), the mandrel should first be accelerated followed by deceleration, and when the tool face angle reaches −298°, mandrel rotational speed is 401.1 rpm, and time is 2.568 s.

Figure 7 | |difference value| ≥ 180° and difference value < 0°
Figure 7

| |difference value| ≥ 180° and difference value < 0°

In summary, the above four conditions are simulated, and it is known that the formulated control strategy can realize tool face angle change along the shortest path. Control mandrel rotational speed can reach drill collar rotational speed [13, 14]. Meanwhile, the tool face also can reach the anticipated control position. In other words, the double control of the mandrel nature speed closed loop and tool face angle position closed loop can be realized at the same time. The simulation result proves the feasibility and correctness of the formulated control strategy and algorithm.

4 Key parameter selection method

The control equation in formula 4 as follows in the drill collar acceleration (deceleration) motion through kinematics analysis:

In formula 4, KN and KT are two control coefficients, and they are the two most critical parameters in the whole control flow, which determines the rapidity and stability of the whole set control system. Selection method of the two parameters is mainly analyzed as follows [15]:

(4)n(i)=n(i−1)+KN∗(ndrillcollar−n(i−1))+KT∗(TFtarget−TFcurrent)

  1. (1) KN: it is determined by drill collar rotation acceleration. Constant can be set for KN accordingly, KN = 16.67rps2 in simulation result, and it is equal to acceleration (deceleration) speed of uniform acceleration (deceleration) motion.

  2. (2) KT: It is determined by difference value between target tool face angle and initial tool face angle, if KT is also set as constant: When KT = 0.5, the initial tool face angle = 0°, and when the target tool face angles are 30°, 60° and 120° respectively, the simulation results of the mandrel rotational speeds variation are shown as Figures 8(a), 8(b) and 8(c).

Figure 8 Simulation results of Mandrel rotational speeds
Figure 8

Simulation results of Mandrel rotational speeds

The position marked by the red circle in Figure 8 shows the change of rotational speed transition stage of constant speed zone and variation acceleration zone. The acceleration in Figure 8(a) is increased quickly;a = 206.94 rps2. This acceleration is higher than the maximum acceleration of the actual mandrel motor. The acceleration in Figure 8(b) is increased more gently, acceleration a = 45.4 rps2, which is close to maximum acceleration of actual mandrel motor. Figure 8(c) shows vibration, which leads to poor system stability.

It is obvious that the difference values of target tool face angle and initial tool face angle are different. KT is not constant. The parameter KT needs to change with the difference value of target tool face angle and initial tool face angle in order to guarantee system stability and rapidity so as to realize the adaptive change and achieve the optimal control. Table 1 shows the optimum value of KT under difference value conditions of different target tool face angles and initial tool face angles.

Data in Table 1 undergo curve fitting for obtaining the functional relationship between KT and the difference value Theta_delta of target tool face angle and initial tool face angle.

Curve fitting results are shown as follows:

(5)KT=3.8451∗(Theta_delta)−0.499

The autocorrelation coefficient R2 = 0.9996 ≈ 1 , which proves that equation 5 has good fitting result, which is close to the ideal curve.

Table 1

the optimum value of KT

Theta5101520304050
KT1.751.210.850.70.60.55
Theta60708090100110120
KT0.50.460.430.410.390.370.35
Theta130140150160170180
KT0.340.330.310.30.2950.29
Figure 9 Curve fitting results
Figure 9

Curve fitting results

Therefore, the parameter KT obtained from formula 5 is substituted into formula 4 for realizing the optimal control of the acceleration (deceleration) section.

5 Conclusion

Double closed-loop control of rotational speed loop and tool face angle position loop is realized through controlling mandrel rotational speed, relative rotational speed as zero of drill bit shaft (or mandrel) and drill collar is realized within the shortest time. The rotational speed accommodation decision control flow under mandrel lookahead or lag circumstance is proposed. Mandrel lag condition is adopted as an example for analyzing the control flow and algorithm. The two most critical parameters, KN and KT, in the control flow are discussed, and the reliability of parameter selection is verified by autocorrelation algorithm and curve fitting. The simulation result shows that the method can better realize mandrel rotational speed adjustment and tool face change at any position aloge a 360° circumference regardless of relative position of the mandrel and the drill collar.The mandrel can quickly track the rotational speed change of the outer drill collar, thereby realizing quick, stable and accurate steering functions. This paper has significance as a reference for the prototype production of a directional rotary steering wheel system.

Acknowledgement

This work was co-supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2016YFC0600301 and 2017YFC0602204-01).

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Received: 2018-07-30
Accepted: 2018-08-20
Published Online: 2018-11-08

© 2018 Liancheng Zhang et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/phys-2018-0085
Keywords for this article
rotary steering; directional; rotational speed control; rotational speed tracking
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  8. Mathematical model for thermal and entropy analysis of thermal solar collectors by using Maxwell nanofluids with slip conditions, thermal radiation and variable thermal conductivity
  9. Constructing analytic solutions on the Tricomi equation
  10. Feynman diagrams and rooted maps
  11. New type of chaos synchronization in discrete-time systems: the F-M synchronization
  12. Unsteady flow of fractional Oldroyd-B fluids through rotating annulus
  13. A note on the uniqueness of 2D elastostatic problems formulated by different types of potential functions
  14. On the conservation laws and solutions of a (2+1) dimensional KdV-mKdV equation of mathematical physics
  15. Computational methods and traveling wave solutions for the fourth-order nonlinear Ablowitz-Kaup-Newell-Segur water wave dynamical equation via two methods and its applications
  16. Siewert solutions of transcendental equations, generalized Lambert functions and physical applications
  17. Numerical solution of mixed convection flow of an MHD Jeffery fluid over an exponentially stretching sheet in the presence of thermal radiation and chemical reaction
  18. A new three-dimensional chaotic flow with one stable equilibrium: dynamical properties and complexity analysis
  19. Dynamics of a dry-rebounding drop: observations, simulations, and modeling
  20. Modeling the initial mechanical response and yielding behavior of gelled crude oil
  21. Lie symmetry analysis and conservation laws for the time fractional simplified modified Kawahara equation
  22. Solitary wave solutions of two KdV-type equations
  23. Applying industrial tomography to control and optimization flow systems
  24. Reconstructing time series into a complex network to assess the evolution dynamics of the correlations among energy prices
  25. An optimal solution for software testing case generation based on particle swarm optimization
  26. Optimal system, nonlinear self-adjointness and conservation laws for generalized shallow water wave equation
  27. Alternative methods for solving nonlinear two-point boundary value problems
  28. Global model simulation of OH production in pulsed-DC atmospheric pressure helium-air plasma jets
  29. Experimental investigation on optical vortex tweezers for microbubble trapping
  30. Joint measurements of optical parameters by irradiance scintillation and angle-of-arrival fluctuations
  31. M-polynomials and topological indices of hex-derived networks
  32. Generalized convergence analysis of the fractional order systems
  33. Porous flow characteristics of solution-gas drive in tight oil reservoirs
  34. Complementary wave solutions for the long-short wave resonance model via the extended trial equation method and the generalized Kudryashov method
  35. A Note on Koide’s Doubly Special Parametrization of Quark Masses
  36. On right-angled spherical Artin monoid of type Dn
  37. Gas flow regimes judgement in nanoporous media by digital core analysis
  38. 4 + n-dimensional water and waves on four and eleven-dimensional manifolds
  39. Stabilization and Analytic Approximate Solutions of an Optimal Control Problem
  40. On the equations of electrodynamics in a flat or curved spacetime and a possible interaction energy
  41. New prediction method for transient productivity of fractured five-spot patterns in low permeability reservoirs at high water cut stages
  42. The collinear equilibrium points in the restricted three body problem with triaxial primaries
  43. Detection of the damage threshold of fused silica components and morphologies of repaired damage sites based on the beam deflection method
  44. On the bivariate spectral quasi-linearization method for solving the two-dimensional Bratu problem
  45. Ion acoustic quasi-soliton in an electron-positron-ion plasma with superthermal electrons and positrons
  46. Analysis of projectile motion in view of conformable derivative
  47. Computing multiple ABC index and multiple GA index of some grid graphs
  48. Terahertz pulse imaging: A novel denoising method by combing the ant colony algorithm with the compressive sensing
  49. Characteristics of microscopic pore-throat structure of tight oil reservoirs in Sichuan Basin measured by rate-controlled mercury injection
  50. An activity window model for social interaction structure on Twitter
  51. Transient thermal regime trough the constitutive matrix applied to asynchronous electrical machine using the cell method
  52. On the zagreb polynomials of benzenoid systems
  53. Integrability analysis of the partial differential equation describing the classical bond-pricing model of mathematical finance
  54. The Greek parameters of a continuous arithmetic Asian option pricing model via Laplace Adomian decomposition method
  55. Quantifying the global solar radiation received in Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal to motivate the consumption of solar technologies
  56. Sturm-Liouville difference equations having Bessel and hydrogen atom potential type
  57. Study on the response characteristics of oil wells after deep profile control in low permeability fractured reservoirs
  58. Depiction and analysis of a modified theta shaped double negative metamaterial for satellite application
  59. An attempt to geometrize electromagnetism
  60. Structure of traveling wave solutions for some nonlinear models via modified mathematical method
  61. Thermo-convective instability in a rotating ferromagnetic fluid layer with temperature modulation
  62. Construction of new solitary wave solutions of generalized Zakharov-Kuznetsov-Benjamin-Bona-Mahony and simplified modified form of Camassa-Holm equations
  63. Effect of magnetic field and heat source on Upper-convected-maxwell fluid in a porous channel
  64. Physical cues of biomaterials guide stem cell fate of differentiation: The effect of elasticity of cell culture biomaterials
  65. Shooting method analysis in wire coating withdrawing from a bath of Oldroyd 8-constant fluid with temperature dependent viscosity
  66. Rank correlation between centrality metrics in complex networks: an empirical study
  67. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering
  68. Modeling of electric and heat processes in spot resistance welding of cross-wire steel bars
  69. Dynamic characteristics of triaxial active control magnetic bearing with asymmetric structure
  70. Design optimization of an axial-field eddy-current magnetic coupling based on magneto-thermal analytical model
  71. Thermal constitutive matrix applied to asynchronous electrical machine using the cell method
  72. Temperature distribution around thin electroconductive layers created on composite textile substrates
  73. Model of the multipolar engine with decreased cogging torque by asymmetrical distribution of the magnets
  74. Analysis of spatial thermal field in a magnetic bearing
  75. Use of the mathematical model of the ignition system to analyze the spark discharge, including the destruction of spark plug electrodes
  76. Assessment of short/long term electric field strength measurements for a pilot district
  77. Simulation study and experimental results for detection and classification of the transient capacitor inrush current using discrete wavelet transform and artificial intelligence
  78. Magnetic transmission gear finite element simulation with iron pole hysteresis
  79. Pulsed excitation terahertz tomography – multiparametric approach
  80. Low and high frequency model of three phase transformer by frequency response analysis measurement
  81. Multivariable polynomial fitting of controlled single-phase nonlinear load of input current total harmonic distortion
  82. Optimal design of a for middle-low-speed maglev trains
  83. Eddy current modeling in linear and nonlinear multifilamentary composite materials
  84. The visual attention saliency map for movie retrospection
  85. AC/DC current ratio in a current superimposition variable flux reluctance machine
  86. Influence of material uncertainties on the RLC parameters of wound inductors modeled using the finite element method
  87. Cogging force reduction in linear tubular flux switching permanent-magnet machines
  88. Modeling hysteresis curves of La(FeCoSi)13 compound near the transition point with the GRUCAD model
  89. Electro-magneto-hydrodynamic lubrication
  90. 3-D Electromagnetic field analysis of wireless power transfer system using K computer
  91. Simplified simulation technique of rotating, induction heated, calender rolls for study of temperature field control
  92. Design, fabrication and testing of electroadhesive interdigital electrodes
  93. A method to reduce partial discharges in motor windings fed by PWM inverter
  94. Reluctance network lumped mechanical & thermal models for the modeling and predesign of concentrated flux synchronous machine
  95. Special Issue Applications of Nonlinear Dynamics
  96. Study on dynamic characteristics of silo-stock-foundation interaction system under seismic load
  97. Microblog topic evolution computing based on LDA algorithm
  98. Modeling the creep damage effect on the creep crack growth behavior of rotor steel
  99. Neighborhood condition for all fractional (g, f, n′, m)-critical deleted graphs
  100. Chinese open information extraction based on DBMCSS in the field of national information resources
  101. 10.1515/phys-2018-0079
  102. CPW-fed circularly-polarized antenna array with high front-to-back ratio and low-profile
  103. Intelligent Monitoring Network Construction based on the utilization of the Internet of things (IoT) in the Metallurgical Coking Process
  104. Temperature detection technology of power equipment based on Fiber Bragg Grating
  105. Research on a rotational speed control strategy of the mandrel in a rotary steering system
  106. Dynamic load balancing algorithm for large data flow in distributed complex networks
  107. Super-structured photonic crystal fiber Bragg grating biosensor image model based on sparse matrix
  108. Fractal-based techniques for physiological time series: An updated approach
  109. Analysis of the Imaging Characteristics of the KB and KBA X-ray Microscopes at Non-coaxial Grazing Incidence
  110. Application of modified culture Kalman filter in bearing fault diagnosis
  111. Exact solutions and conservation laws for the modified equal width-Burgers equation
  112. On topological properties of block shift and hierarchical hypercube networks
  113. Elastic properties and plane acoustic velocity of cubic Sr2CaMoO6 and Sr2CaWO6 from first-principles calculations
  114. A note on the transmission feasibility problem in networks
  115. Ontology learning algorithm using weak functions
  116. Diagnosis of the power frequency vacuum arc shape based on 2D-PIV
  117. Parametric simulation analysis and reliability of escalator truss
  118. A new algorithm for real economy benefit evaluation based on big data analysis
  119. Synergy analysis of agricultural economic cycle fluctuation based on ant colony algorithm
  120. Multi-level encryption algorithm for user-related information across social networks
  121. Multi-target tracking algorithm in intelligent transportation based on wireless sensor network
  122. Fast recognition method of moving video images based on BP neural networks
  123. Compressed sensing image restoration algorithm based on improved SURF operator
  124. Design of load optimal control algorithm for smart grid based on demand response in different scenarios
  125. Face recognition method based on GA-BP neural network algorithm
  126. Optimal path selection algorithm for mobile beacons in sensor network under non-dense distribution
  127. Localization and recognition algorithm for fuzzy anomaly data in big data networks
  128. Urban road traffic flow control under incidental congestion as a function of accident duration
  129. Optimization design of reconfiguration algorithm for high voltage power distribution network based on ant colony algorithm
  130. Feasibility simulation of aseismic structure design for long-span bridges
  131. Construction of renewable energy supply chain model based on LCA
  132. The tribological properties study of carbon fabric/ epoxy composites reinforced by nano-TiO2 and MWNTs
  133. A text-Image feature mapping algorithm based on transfer learning
  134. Fast recognition algorithm for static traffic sign information
  135. Topical Issue: Clean Energy: Materials, Processes and Energy Generation
  136. An investigation of the melting process of RT-35 filled circular thermal energy storage system
  137. Numerical analysis on the dynamic response of a plate-and-frame membrane humidifier for PEMFC vehicles under various operating conditions
  138. Energy converting layers for thin-film flexible photovoltaic structures
  139. Effect of convection heat transfer on thermal energy storage unit
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