CPW-fed circularly-polarized antenna array with high front-to-back ratio and low-profile
-
Abstract
A novel design of a coplanar waveguide (CPW) feed antenna array with circular polarization (CP) and a high front-to-back ratio is described. The proposed CP array is achieved by using a compact CPW–slotline transition network etched in the ground plane. The measured results show that this kind of feeding method can improve the impedance bandwidth, as well as the axial ratio bandwidth of the CP antenna array and provide adequate gain. The proposed array can achieve a 6.08% impedance bandwidth and a 4.10% CP bandwidth. Details of the antenna design and experimental results are presented and discussed.
1 Introduction
Circularly polarized (CP) antenna arrays with a single layer structure are very attractive in modern communication systems because of several inherent advantages, such as insensitivity to depolarization and reduced multi-path effects. However, these arrays usually suffer from narrow axial ratio (AR) bandwidths, and especially when the dielectric slab is thin, the performance of such antenna arrays will be greatly limited due to their low bandwidths [1]. To solve this problem, printed aperture antennas are commonly used since they can provide a wide CP bandwidth, but they exhibit a low gain due to their bidirectional radiation properties [2]. Bidirectional radiation not only results in a low gain in forward radiation but also wastes half of the input power in the backward direction. The multilayer substrate technique is another common method to improve the CP bandwidth and provides directional radiation [3].Unfortunately, this approach, which requires complicated antenna structures, will not only increase the profiles of microstrip arrays, but also increases the manufacturing costs.
A CPW-fed microstrip antenna, similar to an aperture-coupled microstrip antenna, has a simplified structure with only two metallic layers. The electromagnetic energy can be coupled from the slot to the radiating patch. Furthermore, due to the slot cut in the ground plane, the electromagnetic energy within the cavity between the microstrip patch and the ground plane will be less confined, which lowers the quality factor of the cavity and in turn leads to a higher bandwidth [4]. This kind of antenna can be easily applied onto the surface of aircraft without influencing their aerodynamic configuration [5, 6]. The CPW-fed antenna also has several advantages over traditional microstrip antenna, such as easy integration with active and passive elements, high circuit density, low dispersion, low radiation loss, and avoidance of ground vias. However, CPW has been rarely applied to feed antenna arrays until now, with most research focusing mainly on linearly polarized slot antenna arrays and printed monopole arrays [7, 8, 9]. As mentioned above, these printed aperture antenna arrays usually have bad front-to-back ratio due to their bidirectional radiation properties. The previously reported CPW antenna arrays are based on a complex power divider [10, 11], which needs air-bridges and multilayer construction [12]. This kind of power divider will increase the total weight of the antenna array and complicate the design processing of the CP antenna array.
2 Antenna design
The geometry of the antenna is shown in Figure 1. An initial antenna back fed by a CPW–slotline network is proposed. The circular antenna patch is dual-fed by two slotlines with transverse ends. The resonance frequency depends mainly on the radius of the circular patch. By selecting suitable lengths, the two feeding slotlines can have a length difference of one quarter wavelength and excite two orthogonal current components with the same magnitude and a 90° phase difference on the circular patch surface for CP radiation.
Configuration of the initial antenna
The antenna patch and the CPW–slotline feeding network are placed on opposite sides of the substrate. This kind of antenna structure maximizes the use of space and can provide a broader bandwidth without using multilayer construction [4]. The low-cost FR4 substrate, h = 1 mmand Er = 4.4, is used in experiments. The widths of the strip and slot of the CPWare set to be 3 mmand 0.3 mmrespectively to make sure that the characteristic impedance of the CPW is 50 . For simplicity, the widths of all slotlines are also set at 0.3 mmand all antennas are simulated by the ANSYS HFSS 15.0 simulation software.
3 Feeding network design
Antenna arrays prevail in point-to-point [13] communications because they can provide a high gain and betterdirectionality. A 2 × 2 array based on the initial CPW-fed antenna is also proposed. Since a CPW feeding network poses a challenge in the design of CPW-fed arrays, the normal CPW feeding network needs CPW feeding lines with different characteristic impedances as well as air-bridge structures. Those requirements will enlarge the size of the feeding network, resulting in a diffculty to machine the antenna arrays. To reduce the complexity of the feeding network design, a feeding network based on a bridgeless CPW power splitter is thus proposed. The power splitter exploits the CPW odd mode, instead of suppressing it using air bridges, and it consists of one CPW–slotline T-junction and two slotline–CPW transition structures [14, 15, 16]. The CPW–slotline T-junction transforms the input CPW even mode to a CPW odd mode, and the characteristic impedances of the CPW and theslotlines within the junction are set to be 50 and 100 respectively in order to match the structure. The layout of the slotline/CPW transition, shown in Figure 2, has one slotline input port and one CPW output, with the two remaining ports terminated with simple stubs. By optimizing the geometric shapes of the two stubs, the CPW odd mode will be transformed back to a CPW even mode and a realized power distribution.
The Slotline-to-CPW transition
4 Antenna array design
By integrating the initial antenna with the CPW power splitter, a basic 1 × 2 array can be realized. Sequential rotation feeding is used to improve the array bandwidth, and the feeding network should be adjusted to provide proper spatial rotation and phase compensation for the left–handcircularly polarized (LHCP) 1 × 2 linear array. Each element of antenna 2, including the patch and its feeding structure, is physically rotated 90° anticlockwise from the previous element. Furthermore, to ensure the in-phase radiation of the two patches after the rotation, the total length of the feeding slotline of patch 2 should be one quarter guided wavelength longer than that of patch 1. By extending and rotating the basic 1 × 2 linear array by 180°, the proposed 2 × 2 array is constructed. The configuration of the proposed array is shown in Figure 3. As in the case of the 1 × 2 linear array design, a half-wavelength delay slotline is inserted before feeding patches 3 and 4 to ensure that the two linear arrays can still radiate in-phase.An important strength of the sequential rotation array is that the refiections caused by mismatched elements can cancel each other out at the corporate feed input terminal [17, 18, 19]. Therefore, the working bandwidth of CP antenna arrays can be improved. Figure 4 and Figure 5 denotes the simulated return loss and AR bandwidths of the initial antenna element and the 2 × 2 array. It can be observed that the return loss bandwidths remain almost the same but there is an improvement in the AR bandwidth with the 2 × 2 array.
Configuration of the proposed array
Simulated return loss of a CP antenna element and a 2 × 2 array
Simulated AR of CP antenna element and 2 × 2 array
5 Results and discussion
Figure 6 shows photographs of the 2 × 2 array. The measured and simulated return loss (S11), AR and gain of the 2 × 2 array are demonstrated in Figure 7 and Figure 8.
Photographs of the proposed 2 × 2 array
Measured and simulated return loss of the proposed array
Measured and simulated gain and AR of the proposed array
The discrepancy is probably caused by fabrication errors and by the welds between the SMA connector and the CPW structure. The measured 3-dB AR bandwidth of the 2 × 2 array is 4.10 % higher from 5.660 GHz to 5.897 GHz and the measured impedance bandwidth is 6.08 %higher from 5.605 GHz to 5.957 GHz. The S11 is lower than 10 dB over the whole 3-dB AR bandwidth. The array gains in the boresight direction are measured by using the substitute method with a horn antenna of known gain, the maximum measured gain is 10.25 dB in the 3-dB AR bandwidth. The proposed design can be used as a unit block to form a larger array when a higher gain level is required.
Figures 9(a) and (b) depict the simulated and measured LHCP and RHCP radiation patterns of the proposed 2 × 2 array in the x-z (phi = 0°) and y-z (phi = 90°) planes at 5.8 GHz respectively. Good left-hand CP radiation is observed and the main beams are somewhat shifted away from the +z-direction due to the asymmetry of the CPW–slotline feeding network. Moreover, the front-to-back ratio of the proposed array is better than 18 dB in both the x-z and y-z planes.
Measured and simulated radiation patterns of 2 × 2 array
The measured AR against azimuth angle of the initial antenna and the 2 × 2 plane array in the x-z (phi = 0) and y-z (phi = 90) planes at 5.8 GHz are shown in Figure 10. It can be observed that the CP microwaves radiate to +z directions.
Measured AR against azimuth angle of the 2 × 2 array
In order to further evaluate the performance of the proposed design, a comparison between the 2 × 2 array and other similar arrays is shown in Table 1. It can be clearly seen that the proposed 2 × 2 array, with a simple configuration and a low profile, has an adequate gain within an adequate working bandwidth. Moreover, it is easy to fabricate owing to the simple structure and vialess single layer.
A comparison between the proposed array and other CP arrays
| Reference | This work | [1] | [2] | [3] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frequency (GHz) | 5.8 | 2.5 | 6.0 | 5.8 |
| Structure | Single Layer | Single Layer | Single Layer | Multiple Layer |
| 3 dB AR BW | 4.10 % | 0.67 % | 31.40 % | 4.60 % |
| Gain (dB) | 10.25 | 9 | 7.5 | 14 |
| Thickness (mm) | 1.0 | 3.18 | 0.8 | 2.85 |
6 Conclusion
A novel 2 × 2 CPW–slotline fed CP microstrip array with high front-to-back ratio has been proposed. The validity of this design has been established by comparison with the experimental results on return loss, axial ratios, radiation patterns and gains of a CP antenna element and a 2 × 2 array. The present designs have simple geometries, thin planar profiles and are relatively easier to be fabricated because of their single-layer structure. Additionally, due to the thin substrate and the reduced metal use, the proposed design is very lightweight, only about 10.13 g (0.211 g/cm2), which is a big advantage for aerospace applications.
Acknowledgement
The work is supported by the Youth Fund of Ministry of Education of China (Grant No. 6141A02033506) and the Defense Industrial Technology Development Program of China (Grant No. JCKY2016110B001).
References
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© 2018 Yilin Liu and Kama Huang, published by De Gruyter
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.
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- Eddy current modeling in linear and nonlinear multifilamentary composite materials
- The visual attention saliency map for movie retrospection
- AC/DC current ratio in a current superimposition variable flux reluctance machine
- Influence of material uncertainties on the RLC parameters of wound inductors modeled using the finite element method
- Cogging force reduction in linear tubular flux switching permanent-magnet machines
- Modeling hysteresis curves of La(FeCoSi)13 compound near the transition point with the GRUCAD model
- Electro-magneto-hydrodynamic lubrication
- 3-D Electromagnetic field analysis of wireless power transfer system using K computer
- Simplified simulation technique of rotating, induction heated, calender rolls for study of temperature field control
- Design, fabrication and testing of electroadhesive interdigital electrodes
- A method to reduce partial discharges in motor windings fed by PWM inverter
- Reluctance network lumped mechanical & thermal models for the modeling and predesign of concentrated flux synchronous machine
- Special Issue Applications of Nonlinear Dynamics
- Study on dynamic characteristics of silo-stock-foundation interaction system under seismic load
- Microblog topic evolution computing based on LDA algorithm
- Modeling the creep damage effect on the creep crack growth behavior of rotor steel
- Neighborhood condition for all fractional (g, f, n′, m)-critical deleted graphs
- Chinese open information extraction based on DBMCSS in the field of national information resources
- 10.1515/phys-2018-0079
- CPW-fed circularly-polarized antenna array with high front-to-back ratio and low-profile
- Intelligent Monitoring Network Construction based on the utilization of the Internet of things (IoT) in the Metallurgical Coking Process
- Temperature detection technology of power equipment based on Fiber Bragg Grating
- Research on a rotational speed control strategy of the mandrel in a rotary steering system
- Dynamic load balancing algorithm for large data flow in distributed complex networks
- Super-structured photonic crystal fiber Bragg grating biosensor image model based on sparse matrix
- Fractal-based techniques for physiological time series: An updated approach
- Analysis of the Imaging Characteristics of the KB and KBA X-ray Microscopes at Non-coaxial Grazing Incidence
- Application of modified culture Kalman filter in bearing fault diagnosis
- Exact solutions and conservation laws for the modified equal width-Burgers equation
- On topological properties of block shift and hierarchical hypercube networks
- Elastic properties and plane acoustic velocity of cubic Sr2CaMoO6 and Sr2CaWO6 from first-principles calculations
- A note on the transmission feasibility problem in networks
- Ontology learning algorithm using weak functions
- Diagnosis of the power frequency vacuum arc shape based on 2D-PIV
- Parametric simulation analysis and reliability of escalator truss
- A new algorithm for real economy benefit evaluation based on big data analysis
- Synergy analysis of agricultural economic cycle fluctuation based on ant colony algorithm
- Multi-level encryption algorithm for user-related information across social networks
- Multi-target tracking algorithm in intelligent transportation based on wireless sensor network
- Fast recognition method of moving video images based on BP neural networks
- Compressed sensing image restoration algorithm based on improved SURF operator
- Design of load optimal control algorithm for smart grid based on demand response in different scenarios
- Face recognition method based on GA-BP neural network algorithm
- Optimal path selection algorithm for mobile beacons in sensor network under non-dense distribution
- Localization and recognition algorithm for fuzzy anomaly data in big data networks
- Urban road traffic flow control under incidental congestion as a function of accident duration
- Optimization design of reconfiguration algorithm for high voltage power distribution network based on ant colony algorithm
- Feasibility simulation of aseismic structure design for long-span bridges
- Construction of renewable energy supply chain model based on LCA
- The tribological properties study of carbon fabric/ epoxy composites reinforced by nano-TiO2 and MWNTs
- A text-Image feature mapping algorithm based on transfer learning
- Fast recognition algorithm for static traffic sign information
- Topical Issue: Clean Energy: Materials, Processes and Energy Generation
- An investigation of the melting process of RT-35 filled circular thermal energy storage system
- Numerical analysis on the dynamic response of a plate-and-frame membrane humidifier for PEMFC vehicles under various operating conditions
- Energy converting layers for thin-film flexible photovoltaic structures
- Effect of convection heat transfer on thermal energy storage unit
