Home Physical Sciences Construction of renewable energy supply chain model based on LCA
Article Open Access

Construction of renewable energy supply chain model based on LCA

  • Lei Luo , Liu Yang EMAIL logo and Marlia Mohd Hanafiah
Published/Copyright: December 31, 2018
Download Article (PDF)
Open Physics
From the journal Open Physics Volume 16 Issue 1

Abstract

The current building’s energy supply chain model has the characteristics of high complexity, time-consuming, poor accuracy, and high pollution coefficient. In this paper, a renewable building’s energy supply chain model based on LCA is proposed. Based on the definition of planned supply chain, procurement, construction and delivery process, the operation reference model of renewable green building’s energy supply chain is analyzed. According to the analysis of LCA, the life cycle stage set of renewable green building’s energy supply chain is obtained. A renewable green building’s energy supply chain model with economic and low-carbon comprehensive objectives is obtained by combining the economic goal-oriented model with the low-carbon goal-oriented model and introducing the life cycle stage set. The experimental results show that the modeling complexity of the model is low and the time-consuming is less. The model fits the actual situation well. The pollution coefficient of the model is smaller than that of the current model. It is practical and provides technical reference for the field of green building.

Keywords: LCA; green building; renewable; building’s energy; supply chain; model
PACS: 88.05.Ec; 07.05.Tp; 82.20.Wt

1 Introduction

There are many different characteristics between the construction industry and other industries. The current construction enterprises generally lack the mechanism to evaluate the performance of supply chain operation as a whole in order to optimize the state. It is very likely that the construction enterprises cannot achieve the best performance by using the construction supply chain management, and it will also make that the development of construction supply chain’s management software falls into the “IT black hole” [1, 2].

Therefore, scientific and quantitative evaluation of the performance of each business process in the supply chain of construction enterprises, to find out the operation link of poor performance, improve the business process, and develop a supply chain operation reference model based on business process is the indispensable prerequisite for improving the performance of green building’s supply chain management. The construction industry is the pillar industry of China’s national economy, but the production efficiency of China’s construction projects is relatively low. And due to the delay of construction period, waste of resources, the conflict between the various parties to resolve improper, poor management and other reasons, many construction enterprises lack of core competitiveness. With the opening of China’s green construction market, it is imminent to improve the competitiveness of China’s construction enterprises. Facts have proved that the emerging supply chain management can effectively reduce enterprise operating costs, improve efficiency and enhance the core competitiveness of enterprises, so the concept of construction supply chain has been proposed at home and abroad [3, 4]. As one of the effective tools to improve the performance of the supply chain, green building’s energy supply chain model has been studied by many scholars. However, there are few research results on the energy supply chain model of green building industry in China, so it is necessary to do further research.

Zhu Xiaolong et al. put forward an iron and steel supply chain model based on the epsilon constraint method and interval number linear programming. Due to the existence of secondary energy, the energy flow in the steel supply chain interacts with each other in different processes, and there is a positive and reverse energy flow. Optimizing the energy flow in the steel supply chain can significantly improve the utilization efficiency of secondary energy, thus reducing the comprehensive energy consumption of steel enterprises. Firstly, the energy flow in iron and steel supply chain was studied, and the energy flow model of iron and steel supply chain was established. On this basis, the energy optimization model of iron and steel supply chain was constructed by considering the dual objectives and related constraints of energy optimization in iron and steel supply chain. Finally, a typical example was given to show that the model could effectively reduce the energy consumption of iron and steel enterprises, but the complexity of the model construction was high [5]. Peng Xiaofeng et al. put forward the building’s supply chain model based on CODP theory and BIM technology. According to the idea of supply chain management, CODP classification rules were introduced, and the theoretical framework of modeling was put forward. At the operational level, the implementation of supply chain modeling and simulation in BIM environment was discussed, and at the strategic level, the early warning management method of BIM project supply classification based on CODP was proposed. The purpose was to provide accurate, complete and real-time supply and logistics information for construction project management, in order to better achieve the objectives of project management. The model was relatively simple, but the environmental problems were not considered in the process of making the model, and the pollution coefficient was large after the model was implemented [6]. Wei Xia et al. put forward a PSP/ IQ based index system to evaluate information quality in supply chain. Based on the relevant theory of information quality, a method of constructing information quality evaluation index in supply chain was established by using PSP/ IQ model. Through the PSP/ IQ model, the indicators were analyzed, and classified into the corresponding four first-level indicators, the evaluation index framework was established. By introducing network analytic hierarchy process, through questionnaire survey, expert scoring and other methods, the weight of information quality indicators was calculated from qualitative and quantitative aspects. Finally, a relatively complete evaluation standard for information quality of supply chain was established. The model was more comprehensive, but taken a long time [7]. Zhang Jie et al. put forward an enterprise supply chain model based on Petri net. modeling and analyzing the perturbation problem in supply chain of manufacturing enterprises, and the main research contents included the following aspects: hierarchical integrated modeling of supply chain system of manufacturing enterprises based on Petri nets was carried out; the accessibility analysis of Petri net was used to analyze the objectives of supply chain system, once perturbation occurred, Petri net node algorithm was used to analyze the influence of disturbance on the system objectives and the strategies to deal with the disturbance, so as to provide the basis for enterprise decision makers; and the effectiveness of the method was verified by an example of supply chain in manufacturing enterprises. The model had strong stability, but the accuracy of model building was poor [8].

Aiming at the problems existing in the current models, a renewable building’s energy supply chain model based on LCA is proposed. The detailed process is as follows:

The operation reference model of renewable green building’s energy supply chain is analyzed to lay a foundation for the construction of renewable green building’s energy supply chain model based on LCA.

The life cycle stages of renewable green building’s energy supply is defined and gotten.

The model of renewable green building’s energy supply chain based on LCA is constructed with the economic goal-oriented model and the low-carbon goal-oriented model.

The overall performance of the proposed model is verified by experiments and discussions.

The full text is summarized and the next research plan is proposed.

2 Methods

2.1 Operation reference model analysis of renewable green building’s energy supply chain

Planned supply chain: the planned supply chain process consists of four process elements, as shown in Figure 1. As the general contractor may contract more than one project at a time, first of all, according to the design drawings of each project, as well as the previous planning data and revised forecast data, the general contractor should determine the supply chain demand information of all the projects to be built and under construction, and sort and aggregate the requirements according to their importance [9]. Then, according to the existing inventory, material plan, financial plan, human resources plan, construction plan, delivery plan, their own production capacity, subcontracting plan and adjusted supply chain demand information, the resources of the entire supply chain is determined, and the various resources according to the importance are sorted and aggregated. After summing up the demand and resources of the supply chain, it can balance the supply and demand according to the enterprise’s strategic policy, and finally establish and communicate the supply chain plan.

Figure 1 Process of the planned supply chain
Figure 1

Process of the planned supply chain

Procurement: procurement includes four process elements, as shown in Figure 2. The general contractor determines the resources needed to complete the construction products according to the established supply chain plan, construction plan, delivery plan, material plan, schedule plan, and so on, and sorts and aggregates the resources required according to their importance. At the same time, the resources available, such as manpower, materials, funds and the products and services provided by the suppliers are determined, and the resources according to their importance are sorted and aggregated. Then the demand and resources are balanced, and finally the procurement plan is established.

Figure 2 Procurement process
Figure 2

Procurement process

Construction: construction also includes four similar process elements, as shown in Figure 3. The general contractor determines, sorts and aggregates the construction requirements according to the established supply chain plan, delivery plan, material plan, schedule, etc. The general contractor determines and aggregates the construction resources according to the purchase plan, plan data, schedule plan and existing inventory, and then balances the needs and resources according to the enterprise strategic policy. Finally, the construction plan is established to determine the production activities within a specific period of time and effectively allocate resources to meet the construction needs.

Figure 3 Construction process
Figure 3

Construction process

Delivery: the delivery process includes the following four process elements, as shown in Figure 4. The general contractor determines, ranks and aggregates the delivery requirements according to the data of the owner’s demand, supply chain plan, service level and production schedule. Meanwhile, according to the data of the purchase plan, construction plan, existing inventory, existing resources and delivery time, the resources needed for timely and quantitative delivery are determined, sorted and aggregated, then to balance demand and resources. Finally, the delivery plan is established.

Figure 4 Delivery process
Figure 4

Delivery process

2.2 LCA analysis

LCA is a comprehensive assessment method of environmental impact based on the whole life cycle. In the definition of LCA, the definition of objectives and scope is a very important first step, which needs to determine the representative value and accuracy of the assessment. There are two purposes for LCA analysis within the scope of mathematical programming. One is to optimize the environment, in which LCA is used as an endogenous tool to compare alternative topologies of the same network; the other is to compare the environmental performance of new and traditional network structures using the results of optimization [10]. Here, we define the lifecycle stages of renewable green building’s energy supply as in Figure 5.

Figure 5 Schematic diagram for each stage of LCA
Figure 5

Schematic diagram for each stage of LCA

According to Figure 5, the life cycle stage set s of the whole renewable green building’s energy supply chain can be described as follows:

(1)s=MP,MT,PP,PS,PT

where MP represents raw material production, MT represents raw material transportation, PP represents product production, PS represents product storage, and PT represents product transportation.

2.3 A renewable energy supply chain model based on LCA

Based on the analysis results of Section 2.1 and 2.2, a three-level supply chain is simulated. The raw material flow between suppliers, purchasers and green energy plants is carried out by different means. Green energy plants could produce products by different processes. The carbon emission cost is taken as a part of the supply chain cost. Considering the raw material output and the constraints of the national energy-saving and emission-limiting policies, a single objective optimization decision-making problem, i.e. the minimization of the total cost of the raw material supply chain, is proposed. The following assumptions are made:

  1. Only the operation of the supply chain within one cycle is considered;

  2. The discrepancy caused by external factors such as natural disasters and climate change will not be considered.

  3. Green energy plants are located in the central area of the region and collected within a certain radius of the region;

  4. Green energy procurement and product sales channels are fixed.

  5. The rental of premises and warehouses will remain unchanged.

  6. The demand of the processing plant can be satisfied without importing raw materials from other fields.

  7. Carbon emissions are only related to transport distance among different transport nodes.

According to the above assumptions, the complexity and the modeling time of building the renewable green building’s energy supply chain model are reduced. The construction of renewable green building energy supply chain model based on LCA is completed. The detailed process is as follows:

1) Establishment of an economic goal oriented model:

Depreciation cost of fixed assets:

(2)INV=EQU+HOU+PLA
(3)BINV=INVT

where NV represents the fixed assets of green building energy, BINV represents the depreciation cost of fixed assets, EQU represents the purchase cost of green building’s equipment, HOU represents the construction cost of green building, PLA represents the rental cost of green building’s energy sites, T represents the service life.

Procurement cost is:

(4)PUR=∑Ng⋅Ug

where PUR represents the cost of green building’s energy procurement, Ng represents the corresponding amount of g green building’s energy procurement, Ug represents the unit cost of g green building’s energy procurement. The cost of renewable green building’s energy procurement is related to the purchase price and quantity of energy units.

Transportation cost TRA:

(5)TRA=TRA1,g+TRA2,g+TRA3,g

where TRA1,g, TRA2,g and TRA3,g represent the transportation of g kinds of renewable green building’s energy transportation costs mainly include three parts: transportation, loading and unloading costs and oil charges.

Inventory cost STO:

(6)STO=∑PREg⋅STOg+STOg⋅Sg

Where PREg represents the pretreatment cost of g green energy unit, STOg represents the inventory of g green energy, Sg represents the inventory cost of g green energy unit.

The cost of taxation TAX:

(7)TAX=∑QhRhPo

where Qh denotes the number of the hth green building’s energy product, R h represents the unit price of the hth green building energy, and Po represents the tax rate.

In summary, the total cost model SC of renewable green building’s energy supply chain is:

(8)SC=BINV+PUR+TRA+STO+CON+TAX+MB

where, CON represents the daily management cost of green building’s energy, and MB represents the wages of workers.

2) Building the low carbon target oriented model

The carbon emission C o of renewable green building’s energy in procurement sector is:

(9)Co=∑Dg⋅Cm,g

where Dg represents the transportation distance of g kinds of green energy, Cm,g represents the carbon emission per unit distance of g kinds of green energy.

The carbon emission Cy of renewable green building’s energy in the transport link is:

(10)Cy=Ca+Cb

where Ca∞ stands for the carbon emissions during transportation and C b represents carbon emissions during loading and unloading. Total carbon emissions are directly related to total green energy consumption during transportation, indirectly related to transport distance, transport volume and transport green energy consumption per unit [12].

The carbon emission C d in storage link is:

(11)Cd=∑STO⋅ωq⋅Tq⋅Vq

where ⍵q represents the potential value of greenhouse gas emission of qgases, Tqrepresents the time of greenhouse gas emission of qgases, and Vq represents the greenhouse gas emission rate of q gases. Carbon emissions from storage links are related to energy storage, greenhouse gas emission rate and emission time [14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21].

In summary, the greenhouse gas emission model C to of renewable green building’s energy supply chain is:

(12)Cto=Co+Cy+Cd+Cf+Cq

where C f represents carbon emissions in production, and Cq represents carbon emissions from workers’ activities. Through the consideration of air pollution, we can reduce the pollution index of renewable green building’s energy supply.

According to the analysis and calculation of 1) and 2), the building’s energy supply chain model oriented by the comprehensive objective of economy and low carbon can be expressed as follows:

(13)Z=λSC+Cto⋅PCs

In Eq. (13), λ represents the impact parameters of normal operation of the renewable green building’s energy supply chain, the value is controlled at [1.3, 1.4], renewable green building’s energy supply chain is the most perfect, with the highest modeling accuracy. Z represents the renewable green building’s energy supply chain model based on LCA.

3 Results

The renewable green building’s energy supply chain model based on LCA is applied to Construction Company A to verify the feasibility of the proposed model. The indicators are as follows:

Complexity of model building

Time consuming in model building

Enterprise pollution coefficient after model realization

Accuracy of model building

The results are as follows:

Experiment 1:

Experiment 2:

Figures 6 and 7 show the analysis, before constructing the renewable green building’s energy supply chain model based on LCA. A series of assumptions are put forward, such as only considering the supply chain operation in one cycle, the purchase of raw materials, the fixed sales channels of products, the constant rental costs of warehouses and venues. These assumptions not only reduce the complexity of building the model. They also reduce the time consuming of model building.

Figure 6 Complexity comparison of different models
Figure 6

Complexity comparison of different models

Figure 7 Time-consuming comparison of different models
Figure 7

Time-consuming comparison of different models

Experiment 4:

In Figure 9, the current model is lower than the actual situation, that is, the modeling accuracy is low. The renewable green building energy supply chain model based on LCA is constructed by introducing the influence parameters of the normal operation of the renewable green building’s energy supply chain, and controlling them within a reasonable range, which enhances the accuracy of building’s energy supply chain model.

Figure 8 Comparison of pollution coefficients after implementation of different models
Figure 8

Comparison of pollution coefficients after implementation of different models

Figure 9 Comparison of accuracy of different models
Figure 9

Comparison of accuracy of different models

4 Discussion

Taking the influence parameter λ in the normal operation of the renewable green building’s energy supply chain as the object of discussion, and observing that the value is controlled at [1.3, 1.4], the renewable green building’s energy supply chain is the most perfect, that is, the modeling accuracy is the highest. The observation platform is built on MATLAB, and the λ value is defined in the interval [1.3, 1.4] and [1.5, 1.6], respectively. The results obtained are as follows:

In Figure 10, when the value of λ is at [1.3, 1.4], the model of renewable green building’s energy supply chain is in good agreement with the actual situation, and when the value of λ is at [1.36, 1.38], the modeling accuracy is the highest; when the value of W2LOK is at [1.5, 1.6], the modeling effect is not very ideal, and the highest degree of agreement between the model and the actual situation is 84%. It can be seen that controlling of λ at [1.3, 1.4] is correct in some extent.

Figure 10 The influence of different λ values on building’s renewable energy supply chain model
Figure 10

The influence of different λ values on building’s renewable energy supply chain model

5 Conclusions

In view of the obvious global energy crisis, greenhouse gas effects and the strong appeal for environmental protection, a renewable building’s energy supply chain model based on LCA is proposed from the perspective of economic benefits and green environmental protection. The model is constructed by combining quantitative and qualitative analysis. The reliability of the proposed model is verified by experiments and discussions, and the following suggestions are put forward for the next research: due to the limitations of data acquisition, there are still some errors in modeling accuracy, which can be improved in the next step. The above research object is renewable green building’s energy supply chain supply chain, and the next step is to explore and expand the scope of research for nonrenewable green building’s energy.

Acknowledgement

Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Provincial Department of Education - General project (KJHS2015B13)

References

[1] Chiu C.H., Choi T.M., Supply chain risk analysis with Mean-variance models: A Technical Review, Annals Oper. Res., 2016, 240(2), 489-507.10.1007/s10479-013-1386-4Search in Google Scholar

[2] Zhang P., Qin Z.C., Lu Z., An analytical model of space backbone network capacity for space information transmission, J. China Acad. Electr. Inform. Techn., 2016, 11(1), 66-72.Search in Google Scholar

[3] Li B.X., Xie J.Y., Contract strategies and innovation investment of competing supply chain with spillovers effects, Bulletin Sci. Techn., 2017, 33(6), 32-37.Search in Google Scholar

[4] Wei G.L., Chen Z.J., A product reliability evaluation method based on multi-stress comprehensive acceleration model, Sci. Technol. Eng., 2016, 16(2), 24-29.Search in Google Scholar

[5] Zhu X.L., Ding S., Zhu W.L. et al., An energy optimization model of iron and steel supply chain using -Constraint method and interval linear programming approach, J. Industr. Eng. Eng. Manag., 2016, 30(2), 243-250.Search in Google Scholar

[6] Peng X.F., Zeng N.S., Mao C., Modeling and simulation of construction supply chain based on CODP theory and BIM technology, Constr. Technol., 2016, 45(18), 33-37.Search in Google Scholar

[7] Wei X., Fan H.S., Ren M.M. et al., Research and construction of information quality index system of supply chain based on PSP/IQ model, Modern. Manag., 2017, 37(1), 95-97.Search in Google Scholar

[8] Zhang J., Li M., Disruption analyzing modeling ofmanufacturing supply chain based on petri nets, Industr. Technol. Economy, 2017, 36(2), 126-132.Search in Google Scholar

[9] Lei Z.M., Liu C., Liao W.Z. et al., Optimal management for iron and steel enterprise logistics inventory resources scheduling, Comput. Simul., 2017, 34(7), 395-399.Search in Google Scholar

[10] Zhang S.F., Cloud computing collaborative management technology of supply chain based on personalized data mining, Comput. Meas. Contr., 2017, 25(6), 261-263.Search in Google Scholar

[11] Sahay N., Ierapetritou M., Multienterprise supply chain: simulation and optimization, Aiche J., 2016, 62(9), 3392-3403.10.1002/aic.15399Search in Google Scholar

[12] Dev N.K., Shanka R., Gunasekaran A. et al., A hybrid adaptive decision system for supply chain reconfiguration, Int. J. Prod. Res., 2016, 54(23), 7100-7114.10.1080/00207543.2015.1134842Search in Google Scholar

[13] Luo R.S., Design of drug supply chain management system based on RFID technology, Autom. Instrument., 2017, (6), 84-85.Search in Google Scholar

[14] Chen L., Peng J., Liu Z. et al., Pricing and effort decisions for a supply chain with uncertain information, Int. J. Prod. Res., 2017, 55(1), 264-284.10.1080/00207543.2016.1204475Search in Google Scholar

[15] Zhang Y.X., Li H.E., Design and implementation of material supply monitoring platform based on J2EE, Electr. Design Eng., 2017, 25(17), 65-68.Search in Google Scholar

[16] Patra S., Dhote V.W., Sarkar S., Samanta A., Evaluation of novel insecticides against diamondback moth and natural enemies in cabbage ecosystem, J. Environm. Biol., 2017, 38(6), 1383-1389.10.22438/jeb/38/6/MRN-439Search in Google Scholar

[17] Shiralashetti S., Mundewadi R.A., Modified wavelet full-approximation scheme for the numerical solution of nonlinear volterra integral and integro-differential equations, Appl. Math. Nonlin. Sci., 2016, 1(2), 529-546.10.21042/AMNS.2016.2.00042Search in Google Scholar

[18] Li Z., Han C., Wei D., Empirical research on the relationship between natural gas consumption and economic growth in the northeast Asia, Ener. Environ., 2018, 29(2), 216-231.10.1177/0958305X17745273Search in Google Scholar

[19] Ge S.B., Ma J.J., Jiang S.C., Liu Z., Peng W.X., Potential use of different kinds of carbon in production of decayed wood plastic composite, Arab. J. Chem., 2017.10.1016/j.arabjc.2017.12.026Search in Google Scholar

[20] Attia G.F., Abdelaziz A.M., Hassan I.N., Video observation of perseids meteor shower 2016 from Egypt, Appl. Math. Nonlin. Sci., 2017, 2(1), 151-156.10.21042/AMNS.2017.1.00012Search in Google Scholar

[21] Kylili A., Fokaides P.A., Ioannides A., Kalogirou S., Environmental assessment of solar thermal systems for the industrial sector, J. Cleaner Prod., 2018, 176, 99-109.10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.12.150Search in Google Scholar

Received: 2018-10-24
Accepted: 2018-11-14
Published Online: 2018-12-31

© 2018 Lei Luo et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. A modified Fermi-Walker derivative for inextensible flows of binormal spherical image
  3. Algebraic aspects of evolution partial differential equation arising in the study of constant elasticity of variance model from financial mathematics
  4. Three-dimensional atom localization via probe absorption in a cascade four-level atomic system
  5. Determination of the energy transitions and half-lives of Rubidium nuclei
  6. Three phase heat and mass transfer model for unsaturated soil freezing process: Part 1 - model development
  7. Three phase heat and mass transfer model for unsaturated soil freezing process: Part 2 - model validation
  8. Mathematical model for thermal and entropy analysis of thermal solar collectors by using Maxwell nanofluids with slip conditions, thermal radiation and variable thermal conductivity
  9. Constructing analytic solutions on the Tricomi equation
  10. Feynman diagrams and rooted maps
  11. New type of chaos synchronization in discrete-time systems: the F-M synchronization
  12. Unsteady flow of fractional Oldroyd-B fluids through rotating annulus
  13. A note on the uniqueness of 2D elastostatic problems formulated by different types of potential functions
  14. On the conservation laws and solutions of a (2+1) dimensional KdV-mKdV equation of mathematical physics
  15. Computational methods and traveling wave solutions for the fourth-order nonlinear Ablowitz-Kaup-Newell-Segur water wave dynamical equation via two methods and its applications
  16. Siewert solutions of transcendental equations, generalized Lambert functions and physical applications
  17. Numerical solution of mixed convection flow of an MHD Jeffery fluid over an exponentially stretching sheet in the presence of thermal radiation and chemical reaction
  18. A new three-dimensional chaotic flow with one stable equilibrium: dynamical properties and complexity analysis
  19. Dynamics of a dry-rebounding drop: observations, simulations, and modeling
  20. Modeling the initial mechanical response and yielding behavior of gelled crude oil
  21. Lie symmetry analysis and conservation laws for the time fractional simplified modified Kawahara equation
  22. Solitary wave solutions of two KdV-type equations
  23. Applying industrial tomography to control and optimization flow systems
  24. Reconstructing time series into a complex network to assess the evolution dynamics of the correlations among energy prices
  25. An optimal solution for software testing case generation based on particle swarm optimization
  26. Optimal system, nonlinear self-adjointness and conservation laws for generalized shallow water wave equation
  27. Alternative methods for solving nonlinear two-point boundary value problems
  28. Global model simulation of OH production in pulsed-DC atmospheric pressure helium-air plasma jets
  29. Experimental investigation on optical vortex tweezers for microbubble trapping
  30. Joint measurements of optical parameters by irradiance scintillation and angle-of-arrival fluctuations
  31. M-polynomials and topological indices of hex-derived networks
  32. Generalized convergence analysis of the fractional order systems
  33. Porous flow characteristics of solution-gas drive in tight oil reservoirs
  34. Complementary wave solutions for the long-short wave resonance model via the extended trial equation method and the generalized Kudryashov method
  35. A Note on Koide’s Doubly Special Parametrization of Quark Masses
  36. On right-angled spherical Artin monoid of type Dn
  37. Gas flow regimes judgement in nanoporous media by digital core analysis
  38. 4 + n-dimensional water and waves on four and eleven-dimensional manifolds
  39. Stabilization and Analytic Approximate Solutions of an Optimal Control Problem
  40. On the equations of electrodynamics in a flat or curved spacetime and a possible interaction energy
  41. New prediction method for transient productivity of fractured five-spot patterns in low permeability reservoirs at high water cut stages
  42. The collinear equilibrium points in the restricted three body problem with triaxial primaries
  43. Detection of the damage threshold of fused silica components and morphologies of repaired damage sites based on the beam deflection method
  44. On the bivariate spectral quasi-linearization method for solving the two-dimensional Bratu problem
  45. Ion acoustic quasi-soliton in an electron-positron-ion plasma with superthermal electrons and positrons
  46. Analysis of projectile motion in view of conformable derivative
  47. Computing multiple ABC index and multiple GA index of some grid graphs
  48. Terahertz pulse imaging: A novel denoising method by combing the ant colony algorithm with the compressive sensing
  49. Characteristics of microscopic pore-throat structure of tight oil reservoirs in Sichuan Basin measured by rate-controlled mercury injection
  50. An activity window model for social interaction structure on Twitter
  51. Transient thermal regime trough the constitutive matrix applied to asynchronous electrical machine using the cell method
  52. On the zagreb polynomials of benzenoid systems
  53. Integrability analysis of the partial differential equation describing the classical bond-pricing model of mathematical finance
  54. The Greek parameters of a continuous arithmetic Asian option pricing model via Laplace Adomian decomposition method
  55. Quantifying the global solar radiation received in Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal to motivate the consumption of solar technologies
  56. Sturm-Liouville difference equations having Bessel and hydrogen atom potential type
  57. Study on the response characteristics of oil wells after deep profile control in low permeability fractured reservoirs
  58. Depiction and analysis of a modified theta shaped double negative metamaterial for satellite application
  59. An attempt to geometrize electromagnetism
  60. Structure of traveling wave solutions for some nonlinear models via modified mathematical method
  61. Thermo-convective instability in a rotating ferromagnetic fluid layer with temperature modulation
  62. Construction of new solitary wave solutions of generalized Zakharov-Kuznetsov-Benjamin-Bona-Mahony and simplified modified form of Camassa-Holm equations
  63. Effect of magnetic field and heat source on Upper-convected-maxwell fluid in a porous channel
  64. Physical cues of biomaterials guide stem cell fate of differentiation: The effect of elasticity of cell culture biomaterials
  65. Shooting method analysis in wire coating withdrawing from a bath of Oldroyd 8-constant fluid with temperature dependent viscosity
  66. Rank correlation between centrality metrics in complex networks: an empirical study
  67. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering
  68. Modeling of electric and heat processes in spot resistance welding of cross-wire steel bars
  69. Dynamic characteristics of triaxial active control magnetic bearing with asymmetric structure
  70. Design optimization of an axial-field eddy-current magnetic coupling based on magneto-thermal analytical model
  71. Thermal constitutive matrix applied to asynchronous electrical machine using the cell method
  72. Temperature distribution around thin electroconductive layers created on composite textile substrates
  73. Model of the multipolar engine with decreased cogging torque by asymmetrical distribution of the magnets
  74. Analysis of spatial thermal field in a magnetic bearing
  75. Use of the mathematical model of the ignition system to analyze the spark discharge, including the destruction of spark plug electrodes
  76. Assessment of short/long term electric field strength measurements for a pilot district
  77. Simulation study and experimental results for detection and classification of the transient capacitor inrush current using discrete wavelet transform and artificial intelligence
  78. Magnetic transmission gear finite element simulation with iron pole hysteresis
  79. Pulsed excitation terahertz tomography – multiparametric approach
  80. Low and high frequency model of three phase transformer by frequency response analysis measurement
  81. Multivariable polynomial fitting of controlled single-phase nonlinear load of input current total harmonic distortion
  82. Optimal design of a for middle-low-speed maglev trains
  83. Eddy current modeling in linear and nonlinear multifilamentary composite materials
  84. The visual attention saliency map for movie retrospection
  85. AC/DC current ratio in a current superimposition variable flux reluctance machine
  86. Influence of material uncertainties on the RLC parameters of wound inductors modeled using the finite element method
  87. Cogging force reduction in linear tubular flux switching permanent-magnet machines
  88. Modeling hysteresis curves of La(FeCoSi)13 compound near the transition point with the GRUCAD model
  89. Electro-magneto-hydrodynamic lubrication
  90. 3-D Electromagnetic field analysis of wireless power transfer system using K computer
  91. Simplified simulation technique of rotating, induction heated, calender rolls for study of temperature field control
  92. Design, fabrication and testing of electroadhesive interdigital electrodes
  93. A method to reduce partial discharges in motor windings fed by PWM inverter
  94. Reluctance network lumped mechanical & thermal models for the modeling and predesign of concentrated flux synchronous machine
  95. Special Issue Applications of Nonlinear Dynamics
  96. Study on dynamic characteristics of silo-stock-foundation interaction system under seismic load
  97. Microblog topic evolution computing based on LDA algorithm
  98. Modeling the creep damage effect on the creep crack growth behavior of rotor steel
  99. Neighborhood condition for all fractional (g, f, n′, m)-critical deleted graphs
  100. Chinese open information extraction based on DBMCSS in the field of national information resources
  101. 10.1515/phys-2018-0079
  102. CPW-fed circularly-polarized antenna array with high front-to-back ratio and low-profile
  103. Intelligent Monitoring Network Construction based on the utilization of the Internet of things (IoT) in the Metallurgical Coking Process
  104. Temperature detection technology of power equipment based on Fiber Bragg Grating
  105. Research on a rotational speed control strategy of the mandrel in a rotary steering system
  106. Dynamic load balancing algorithm for large data flow in distributed complex networks
  107. Super-structured photonic crystal fiber Bragg grating biosensor image model based on sparse matrix
  108. Fractal-based techniques for physiological time series: An updated approach
  109. Analysis of the Imaging Characteristics of the KB and KBA X-ray Microscopes at Non-coaxial Grazing Incidence
  110. Application of modified culture Kalman filter in bearing fault diagnosis
  111. Exact solutions and conservation laws for the modified equal width-Burgers equation
  112. On topological properties of block shift and hierarchical hypercube networks
  113. Elastic properties and plane acoustic velocity of cubic Sr2CaMoO6 and Sr2CaWO6 from first-principles calculations
  114. A note on the transmission feasibility problem in networks
  115. Ontology learning algorithm using weak functions
  116. Diagnosis of the power frequency vacuum arc shape based on 2D-PIV
  117. Parametric simulation analysis and reliability of escalator truss
  118. A new algorithm for real economy benefit evaluation based on big data analysis
  119. Synergy analysis of agricultural economic cycle fluctuation based on ant colony algorithm
  120. Multi-level encryption algorithm for user-related information across social networks
  121. Multi-target tracking algorithm in intelligent transportation based on wireless sensor network
  122. Fast recognition method of moving video images based on BP neural networks
  123. Compressed sensing image restoration algorithm based on improved SURF operator
  124. Design of load optimal control algorithm for smart grid based on demand response in different scenarios
  125. Face recognition method based on GA-BP neural network algorithm
  126. Optimal path selection algorithm for mobile beacons in sensor network under non-dense distribution
  127. Localization and recognition algorithm for fuzzy anomaly data in big data networks
  128. Urban road traffic flow control under incidental congestion as a function of accident duration
  129. Optimization design of reconfiguration algorithm for high voltage power distribution network based on ant colony algorithm
  130. Feasibility simulation of aseismic structure design for long-span bridges
  131. Construction of renewable energy supply chain model based on LCA
  132. The tribological properties study of carbon fabric/ epoxy composites reinforced by nano-TiO2 and MWNTs
  133. A text-Image feature mapping algorithm based on transfer learning
  134. Fast recognition algorithm for static traffic sign information
  135. Topical Issue: Clean Energy: Materials, Processes and Energy Generation
  136. An investigation of the melting process of RT-35 filled circular thermal energy storage system
  137. Numerical analysis on the dynamic response of a plate-and-frame membrane humidifier for PEMFC vehicles under various operating conditions
  138. Energy converting layers for thin-film flexible photovoltaic structures
  139. Effect of convection heat transfer on thermal energy storage unit
https://doi.org/10.1515/phys-2018-0132
Keywords for this article
LCA; green building; renewable; building’s energy; supply chain; model
Creative Commons
BY-NC-ND 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. A modified Fermi-Walker derivative for inextensible flows of binormal spherical image
  3. Algebraic aspects of evolution partial differential equation arising in the study of constant elasticity of variance model from financial mathematics
  4. Three-dimensional atom localization via probe absorption in a cascade four-level atomic system
  5. Determination of the energy transitions and half-lives of Rubidium nuclei
  6. Three phase heat and mass transfer model for unsaturated soil freezing process: Part 1 - model development
  7. Three phase heat and mass transfer model for unsaturated soil freezing process: Part 2 - model validation
  8. Mathematical model for thermal and entropy analysis of thermal solar collectors by using Maxwell nanofluids with slip conditions, thermal radiation and variable thermal conductivity
  9. Constructing analytic solutions on the Tricomi equation
  10. Feynman diagrams and rooted maps
  11. New type of chaos synchronization in discrete-time systems: the F-M synchronization
  12. Unsteady flow of fractional Oldroyd-B fluids through rotating annulus
  13. A note on the uniqueness of 2D elastostatic problems formulated by different types of potential functions
  14. On the conservation laws and solutions of a (2+1) dimensional KdV-mKdV equation of mathematical physics
  15. Computational methods and traveling wave solutions for the fourth-order nonlinear Ablowitz-Kaup-Newell-Segur water wave dynamical equation via two methods and its applications
  16. Siewert solutions of transcendental equations, generalized Lambert functions and physical applications
  17. Numerical solution of mixed convection flow of an MHD Jeffery fluid over an exponentially stretching sheet in the presence of thermal radiation and chemical reaction
  18. A new three-dimensional chaotic flow with one stable equilibrium: dynamical properties and complexity analysis
  19. Dynamics of a dry-rebounding drop: observations, simulations, and modeling
  20. Modeling the initial mechanical response and yielding behavior of gelled crude oil
  21. Lie symmetry analysis and conservation laws for the time fractional simplified modified Kawahara equation
  22. Solitary wave solutions of two KdV-type equations
  23. Applying industrial tomography to control and optimization flow systems
  24. Reconstructing time series into a complex network to assess the evolution dynamics of the correlations among energy prices
  25. An optimal solution for software testing case generation based on particle swarm optimization
  26. Optimal system, nonlinear self-adjointness and conservation laws for generalized shallow water wave equation
  27. Alternative methods for solving nonlinear two-point boundary value problems
  28. Global model simulation of OH production in pulsed-DC atmospheric pressure helium-air plasma jets
  29. Experimental investigation on optical vortex tweezers for microbubble trapping
  30. Joint measurements of optical parameters by irradiance scintillation and angle-of-arrival fluctuations
  31. M-polynomials and topological indices of hex-derived networks
  32. Generalized convergence analysis of the fractional order systems
  33. Porous flow characteristics of solution-gas drive in tight oil reservoirs
  34. Complementary wave solutions for the long-short wave resonance model via the extended trial equation method and the generalized Kudryashov method
  35. A Note on Koide’s Doubly Special Parametrization of Quark Masses
  36. On right-angled spherical Artin monoid of type Dn
  37. Gas flow regimes judgement in nanoporous media by digital core analysis
  38. 4 + n-dimensional water and waves on four and eleven-dimensional manifolds
  39. Stabilization and Analytic Approximate Solutions of an Optimal Control Problem
  40. On the equations of electrodynamics in a flat or curved spacetime and a possible interaction energy
  41. New prediction method for transient productivity of fractured five-spot patterns in low permeability reservoirs at high water cut stages
  42. The collinear equilibrium points in the restricted three body problem with triaxial primaries
  43. Detection of the damage threshold of fused silica components and morphologies of repaired damage sites based on the beam deflection method
  44. On the bivariate spectral quasi-linearization method for solving the two-dimensional Bratu problem
  45. Ion acoustic quasi-soliton in an electron-positron-ion plasma with superthermal electrons and positrons
  46. Analysis of projectile motion in view of conformable derivative
  47. Computing multiple ABC index and multiple GA index of some grid graphs
  48. Terahertz pulse imaging: A novel denoising method by combing the ant colony algorithm with the compressive sensing
  49. Characteristics of microscopic pore-throat structure of tight oil reservoirs in Sichuan Basin measured by rate-controlled mercury injection
  50. An activity window model for social interaction structure on Twitter
  51. Transient thermal regime trough the constitutive matrix applied to asynchronous electrical machine using the cell method
  52. On the zagreb polynomials of benzenoid systems
  53. Integrability analysis of the partial differential equation describing the classical bond-pricing model of mathematical finance
  54. The Greek parameters of a continuous arithmetic Asian option pricing model via Laplace Adomian decomposition method
  55. Quantifying the global solar radiation received in Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal to motivate the consumption of solar technologies
  56. Sturm-Liouville difference equations having Bessel and hydrogen atom potential type
  57. Study on the response characteristics of oil wells after deep profile control in low permeability fractured reservoirs
  58. Depiction and analysis of a modified theta shaped double negative metamaterial for satellite application
  59. An attempt to geometrize electromagnetism
  60. Structure of traveling wave solutions for some nonlinear models via modified mathematical method
  61. Thermo-convective instability in a rotating ferromagnetic fluid layer with temperature modulation
  62. Construction of new solitary wave solutions of generalized Zakharov-Kuznetsov-Benjamin-Bona-Mahony and simplified modified form of Camassa-Holm equations
  63. Effect of magnetic field and heat source on Upper-convected-maxwell fluid in a porous channel
  64. Physical cues of biomaterials guide stem cell fate of differentiation: The effect of elasticity of cell culture biomaterials
  65. Shooting method analysis in wire coating withdrawing from a bath of Oldroyd 8-constant fluid with temperature dependent viscosity
  66. Rank correlation between centrality metrics in complex networks: an empirical study
  67. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering
  68. Modeling of electric and heat processes in spot resistance welding of cross-wire steel bars
  69. Dynamic characteristics of triaxial active control magnetic bearing with asymmetric structure
  70. Design optimization of an axial-field eddy-current magnetic coupling based on magneto-thermal analytical model
  71. Thermal constitutive matrix applied to asynchronous electrical machine using the cell method
  72. Temperature distribution around thin electroconductive layers created on composite textile substrates
  73. Model of the multipolar engine with decreased cogging torque by asymmetrical distribution of the magnets
  74. Analysis of spatial thermal field in a magnetic bearing
  75. Use of the mathematical model of the ignition system to analyze the spark discharge, including the destruction of spark plug electrodes
  76. Assessment of short/long term electric field strength measurements for a pilot district
  77. Simulation study and experimental results for detection and classification of the transient capacitor inrush current using discrete wavelet transform and artificial intelligence
  78. Magnetic transmission gear finite element simulation with iron pole hysteresis
  79. Pulsed excitation terahertz tomography – multiparametric approach
  80. Low and high frequency model of three phase transformer by frequency response analysis measurement
  81. Multivariable polynomial fitting of controlled single-phase nonlinear load of input current total harmonic distortion
  82. Optimal design of a for middle-low-speed maglev trains
  83. Eddy current modeling in linear and nonlinear multifilamentary composite materials
  84. The visual attention saliency map for movie retrospection
  85. AC/DC current ratio in a current superimposition variable flux reluctance machine
  86. Influence of material uncertainties on the RLC parameters of wound inductors modeled using the finite element method
  87. Cogging force reduction in linear tubular flux switching permanent-magnet machines
  88. Modeling hysteresis curves of La(FeCoSi)13 compound near the transition point with the GRUCAD model
  89. Electro-magneto-hydrodynamic lubrication
  90. 3-D Electromagnetic field analysis of wireless power transfer system using K computer
  91. Simplified simulation technique of rotating, induction heated, calender rolls for study of temperature field control
  92. Design, fabrication and testing of electroadhesive interdigital electrodes
  93. A method to reduce partial discharges in motor windings fed by PWM inverter
  94. Reluctance network lumped mechanical & thermal models for the modeling and predesign of concentrated flux synchronous machine
  95. Special Issue Applications of Nonlinear Dynamics
  96. Study on dynamic characteristics of silo-stock-foundation interaction system under seismic load
  97. Microblog topic evolution computing based on LDA algorithm
  98. Modeling the creep damage effect on the creep crack growth behavior of rotor steel
  99. Neighborhood condition for all fractional (g, f, n′, m)-critical deleted graphs
  100. Chinese open information extraction based on DBMCSS in the field of national information resources
  101. 10.1515/phys-2018-0079
  102. CPW-fed circularly-polarized antenna array with high front-to-back ratio and low-profile
  103. Intelligent Monitoring Network Construction based on the utilization of the Internet of things (IoT) in the Metallurgical Coking Process
  104. Temperature detection technology of power equipment based on Fiber Bragg Grating
  105. Research on a rotational speed control strategy of the mandrel in a rotary steering system
  106. Dynamic load balancing algorithm for large data flow in distributed complex networks
  107. Super-structured photonic crystal fiber Bragg grating biosensor image model based on sparse matrix
  108. Fractal-based techniques for physiological time series: An updated approach
  109. Analysis of the Imaging Characteristics of the KB and KBA X-ray Microscopes at Non-coaxial Grazing Incidence
  110. Application of modified culture Kalman filter in bearing fault diagnosis
  111. Exact solutions and conservation laws for the modified equal width-Burgers equation
  112. On topological properties of block shift and hierarchical hypercube networks
  113. Elastic properties and plane acoustic velocity of cubic Sr2CaMoO6 and Sr2CaWO6 from first-principles calculations
  114. A note on the transmission feasibility problem in networks
  115. Ontology learning algorithm using weak functions
  116. Diagnosis of the power frequency vacuum arc shape based on 2D-PIV
  117. Parametric simulation analysis and reliability of escalator truss
  118. A new algorithm for real economy benefit evaluation based on big data analysis
  119. Synergy analysis of agricultural economic cycle fluctuation based on ant colony algorithm
  120. Multi-level encryption algorithm for user-related information across social networks
  121. Multi-target tracking algorithm in intelligent transportation based on wireless sensor network
  122. Fast recognition method of moving video images based on BP neural networks
  123. Compressed sensing image restoration algorithm based on improved SURF operator
  124. Design of load optimal control algorithm for smart grid based on demand response in different scenarios
  125. Face recognition method based on GA-BP neural network algorithm
  126. Optimal path selection algorithm for mobile beacons in sensor network under non-dense distribution
  127. Localization and recognition algorithm for fuzzy anomaly data in big data networks
  128. Urban road traffic flow control under incidental congestion as a function of accident duration
  129. Optimization design of reconfiguration algorithm for high voltage power distribution network based on ant colony algorithm
  130. Feasibility simulation of aseismic structure design for long-span bridges
  131. Construction of renewable energy supply chain model based on LCA
  132. The tribological properties study of carbon fabric/ epoxy composites reinforced by nano-TiO2 and MWNTs
  133. A text-Image feature mapping algorithm based on transfer learning
  134. Fast recognition algorithm for static traffic sign information
  135. Topical Issue: Clean Energy: Materials, Processes and Energy Generation
  136. An investigation of the melting process of RT-35 filled circular thermal energy storage system
  137. Numerical analysis on the dynamic response of a plate-and-frame membrane humidifier for PEMFC vehicles under various operating conditions
  138. Energy converting layers for thin-film flexible photovoltaic structures
  139. Effect of convection heat transfer on thermal energy storage unit
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2026 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 12.2.2026 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/phys-2018-0132/html
Scroll to top button