Thermal constitutive matrix applied to asynchronous electrical machine using the cell method

Pablo Ignacio González Domínguez; José Miguel Monzón-Verona; Leopoldo Simón Rodríguez; Adrián de Pablo Sánchez

doi:10.1515/phys-2018-0005

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Thermal constitutive matrix applied to asynchronous electrical machine using the cell method

Pablo Ignacio González Domínguez , José Miguel Monzón-Verona , Leopoldo Simón Rodríguez und Adrián de Pablo Sánchez

Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 8. März 2018

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Abstract

This work demonstrates the equivalence of two constitutive equations. One is used in Fourier’s law of the heat conduction equation, the other in electric conduction equation; both are based on the numerical Cell Method, using the Finite Formulation (FF-CM). A 3-D pure heat conduction model is proposed. The temperatures are in steady state and there are no internal heat sources. The obtained results are compared with an equivalent model developed using the Finite Elements Method (FEM). The particular case of 2-D was also studied. The errors produced are not significant at less than 0.2%. The number of nodes is the number of the unknowns and equations to resolve. There is no significant gain in precision with increasing density of the mesh.

Keywords: Finite formulation; cell method; thermal constitutive matrix; 3-D heat tansmission models; finite elements method

PACS: 44.05.+e; 89.20.Bb

1 Introduction

The Heat Transmission Equation in FF-CM (consult [1, 3, 5]) is expressed in Eq. (1) as:

GTMλGτ+MCpdτdt=W(1)

Two constitutive matrices are observed: [M_λ] and [M_Cp]. The constitutive matrix [M_λ] belongs to Fourier’s law of the heat conduction equation. The constitutive matrix [M_Cp] belongs to the Heat transmission equation with change of temperature.

Fourier’s law of the heat conduction equation applied to stator-airgap-rotor is:

−GT−MλGτ=D~qλ(2)

The heat sources, corresponding to Joule effects and magnetic hysteresis and eddy currents, are represented as the vector [W].

The heat produced by mechanical friction is not studied in this work.

The changes in the internal energy, dependent on the component materials of the asynchronous machines, are represented in the following expression:

MCpdτdt(3)

We establish an analogy between thermal conduction and electrical conduction as is indicated in Eq. (4).

−GT−MλGτ=D~qλ⇔−GT−MσGv=D~I(4)

The Fourier heat transmission equation is treated in 2-D and 3-D. The cartesian absolute coordinates of the cell are converted to local standardized coordinates. The origin is one of the four vertices of the tetrahedron used as cell [1,2,3]. The dual variables are projected to the primal using geometrical methods. Planar symmetries and axisymmetric symmetries are used. Quadratic interpolations are applied to obtain distributions of temperature [1,2,3,4, 5].

The main parameters used in this work are the following:

Assuming the analogy indicated in Eq. (4) gives:

Mλ⇔Mσ(5)

Symbol	Name	unit
D, D̃	Primal and dual discrete divergence operators.	-
dτdt	Temperature variation.	°C·s^–1
G, G̃	Primal and dual discrete gradient operators.	-
I	Electric current.	A
[M_λ]	Constitutive matrix in Fourier’s Law of Heat Conduction	W·K^–1
[M_Cp]	Constitutive matrix in heat transition in transitory state.	J·K^–1
[M_σ]	Constitutive matrix in electrical conduction.	Ω^–1
[q_λ]	Heat flow crossing a surface.	W
S, S̃	Primal and dual surfaces.	m²
V_T	Tetrahedron volume.	m³
V, Ṽ	Primal and dual volumes.	m³
[v]	Electrical potential matrix.	V
[W]	Heat generated during a process.	W
λ_k	Volumetric thermal conductivity.	W·K^–1·m^–1
σ	Electrical conductivity.	Ω^–1·m^–1

Using the expression proposed by [6], the matrices exposed in Eq. (5) are topological equivalent:

λ1VtS~→iS~→j⇔σ1VtS~→iS~→j(6)

Where matrix [S] is defined according to (8), following Specogna and F. Trevisan [6],

[S]6×6=S~→0S~→0⋯⋯⋯⋯S~→0S~→5⋮⋱⋮⋮S~→2S~→2⋮⋮⋱⋮⋮⋱⋮S~→5S~→0⋯⋯⋯⋯S~→5S~→5(7)

is the dot product of the vectors that define the dual faces of the cell and (V_T) is the volume of the tetrahedron, see Figure 1.

Figure 1

Dual faces vectors of a tetrahedrical cell with baricentric

The matrix [M_σ] must be calculated for the electro-thermal phenomena occurring in the asynchronous machine. So why do the calculations twice? Several numerical experiments were designed to confirm this assumption.

The obtained results were contrasted with the results obtained from the same model developed with Finite Element Methods (FEM). The particular caseof 2-D was also studied.

2 Numerical experiments

2.1 Numerical experiments description

In the numerical experiments, pure conduction of heat is assumed, there are no inner heat sources, and temperatures are stationary, as shown in Eq. (8).

−MλGτ=qλ(8)

Two boundary conditions, of type Dirichlet, were established. Two temperatures, τ_out = 30 °C and τ_in = 80 °C were fixed on two faces of a tube, which represents the rotor or stator of an electric machine.

These faces are axial sides to thetube. The other top face and down face of the tube were considered as perfect heat insulators.

The temperatures are considered in steady state. There are no internal heat sources. Various structural materials with different volumetric thermal conductivity coefficients were reviewed. The volumetric thermal conductivity is λ₁ = 50 Wm^–1K^–1 for the inner tube and λ₂ = 193 Wm^–1K^–1 for the outer one. As there is no heat source inside the domain, the heat flows in a radial direction.

Temperatures are measured in a parametric cut line as shown in Figure 3.

An example square in 2-D, is shown in Figure 2, with sides of 200 cm and a superficial thermal conductivity coefficient equal to 1 WK^–1. The rectangular perforations have assigned a temperature τ_in = 150 °C to their edges. The outer square edge has a temperature τ_out = 50 °C.The temperatures are considered in steady state.

Figure 2

(a) Square 2-D with three holes. Dimensions are in meters. (b) FF-CM model. (c) FEM model

Figure 3

Tube, as stator of an electric machine, with two different structural materials, also two different thermal conductivity coefficients

Temperatures are measured in a horizontal parametric cut line at 1 meter from the base of the square, see Figure 2(a).

2.2 Results

Different meshes have been used in the model and the temperatures calculated with FF-CM. The meshing and the post-processing of the model in CM have been performed with Gmsh software [7]. The resulting temperatures are compared with the temperatures obtained with a 2-D axisymmetric FEM model using the software FEMM [8]. For a tube in 3-D, the results are showed in Figures 4 and 6.

Figure 4

Temperatures in a tube with two thermal conductivity

For a square in 2-D, with one superficial thermal conductivity coefficient, the results are showed in Figure 5.

Figure 5

Temperatures in square 2-D with three holes

The difference between the normal distribution and the distribution obtained in the error histogram is due to the measurement method (see Figure 6). A parametric cutline is used in the FF-MC model and in the FEMM model, too. Although both parametric cut lines are made at the same distance, the meshes do not match exactly.

Figure 6

(a) 2-D axisymmetric FEM model using the software FEMM of a stator with two different structural materials, also two different thermal conductivity coefficients. (b) Errors histogram when are compared FF-CM model with FEM model

Unfortunately, the interpolations between the values of the nodes of the mesh and the values in the points of the cutline disagree. This is because the mesher of the GMSH is not the same as that of the FEMM.

3 Conclusions

The FF-CM is a strong method because we face a 3-D model in FF-CM, with a not very dense tetrahedral mesh, with a planar axisymmetric model calculated with FEM and very dense triangular mesh. The errors produced are not significant at less than 0.2%. The number of nodes is the number of unknowns and equations to resolve. There is no significant gain in precision with increasing density of the mesh. In the Figure 4, with 9,679 nodes and 13,136 nodes the errors are similar.

Acknowledgement

The authors thank the project TEC2014-60527-C2-1-R “SURF: Sistema Subacuático RFID para Acuicultura” from Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO) for their contribution to the realization of this work.

References

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Received: 2017-11-01

Accepted: 2017-11-24

Published Online: 2018-03-08

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Artikel in diesem Heft

https://doi.org/10.1515/phys-2018-0005

Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel

Finite formulation; cell method; thermal constitutive matrix; 3-D heat tansmission models; finite elements method

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