Abstract
The influence of alumina (Al2O3) content and diameter on the viscosity characteristics of the alumina/linear low-density polyethylene (Al2O3/LLDPE) composites was discussed. The composites were fabricated by melt mixing with the two-rotor continuous mixer. The equivalent surface average particle diameter (
1 Introduction
Adding fillers and additives is an important method for modifying the physical and rheological properties of polymers. Most advanced polymers are modified by adding inorganic or organic fillers to get better functionality, such as electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, optical properties, and biological functions (1,2,3). The particle diameter and the content of the filler can affect not only the modification effect of the composites but also the rheological properties. Rheological behavior can be an indicator of the composites microstructure, which is an important factor affecting the final performance. Meanwhile, the addition of fillers will have a direct effect on the rheological behavior of the composites and affect the process. Therefore, the study of fillers’ influence on the rheological behavior of the composites can optimize the processing technology and improve the properties of composites. It is of great significance for the intelligent control and online monitoring of the composite products preparation.
The rheological behavior of the composites reflects the molecular chain structure of the material. A series of studies (4,5,6,7,8) demonstrated that the rheological behavior of composites is mainly determined by the interaction between filler particles and polymer matrix and the interaction among filler particles. The surface tension between filler particles and polymer matrix is one of the main factors in forming the filler’s network structure. Meanwhile, the relative distance between particles was also an important factor (9). The rheological behavior is not only related to the characteristics of the polymer matrix but also related to the physical and chemical properties of the filler particles. Many detailed influence factors on rheological behavior have been studied before, such as the content of particle filler (10,11,12,13,14,15,16), shape (17,18,19), particle diameter (20,21,22,23,24), surface treatment (25,26,27,28,29,30), and dispersion state in the composites (22). As a kind of rigid spherical particles, Al2O3 particles are widely used as fillers in functional composite materials because of their resistance to agglomeration and excellent thermal conductivity. However, most of the researches have focused on the performance of products (31–34). There were some researches that focus on the rheological behavior of the Al2O3/polymer matrix composites (35–37).
In this article, a series of Al2O3/LLDPE composites were prepared with different Al2O3 contents and particle diameters. Steady-state and dynamic rheological tests were used to reveal changes in the molecular chain internal structure of the composites. Then, influences of the particle diameter and the content of Al2O3 particles on the rheological behavior of the composites were analyzed. The content parameters and average surface particle diameter parameters were proposed to optimize the Carreau model, and the optimized model was verified. With the optimized Carreau model, the viscosity of the Al2O3 filled composites could be predicted. This article provides a research method for studying the rheological behavior of filled polymers, which can evaluate the processing properties of composites and provide guidance for the design of composite material formulations for new applications.
2 Experiment and characterization
2.1 Materials
Spherical Al2O3 (the diameters of Al2O3 particle are 1, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 70 μm, respectively) are supplied from Zhengzhou Sanhe New Material Co., Ltd. Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), of 1,002 kW, density of 0.918 g·cm−3, and melting index of 2 g·10 min−1, is supplied by Suzhou Renfa Plastic Chemical Co., Ltd. Antioxidant 1010 (1,178 g·mol−1) is purchased from BASF (China) Co., Ltd.
2.2 Experiment and characterization
Al2O3 and LLDPE were vacuum dried at 80°C for 8 h. The Al2O3/LLDPE composites were prepared by two-rotor continuous mixer (rotor diameter is 30 mm). The rotor speed was 600 rpm, the orifice setting was 50%, and the feed rate was 4,000 g·h−1. The barrel temperature of the solid conveying section and the melt mixing section were 55°C and 145°C, respectively. The samples for the measurement were made by a plate vulcanizer at 160°C.
SEM was used to characterize the dispersion and distribution of Al2O3 particles in the composites. The samples were cryo-fractured in liquid nitrogen and etched in concentrated hydrochloric acid. The etched surfaces of the samples were coated with gold before SEM observation. The surface morphologies under different magnifications were obtained by vacuum SEM (JSM-6300LV).
Eq. 1 is used to calculate the equivalent average surface diameter (
To eliminate the statistical error and obtain the particle diameter accurately, five samples were prepared for each kind of the composites, and eight different regions were recorded for each sample. A comparison table of the original particle diameter d and
A comparison of the original particle diameter and equivalent average surface diameter of Al2O3
|
1 | 5 | 10 | 20 | 40 | 70 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
0.4 | 6.5 | 10.2 | 26.7 | 37.8 | 48.6 |
The viscosity tests versus the shear rate among shear rate of 0.01–10 s−1 were measured by Malvern plate rheometer (Bohlin Gemini&CVO), and the viscosity versus shear rate among shear rate of 10–1,000 s−1 was measured by capillary rheometer (Rosand RH10-D). The dynamic viscosity was conducted with frequency scanning by Malvern plate rheometer, and the strain amplitude was 5% (the composites in this strain amplitude range were always in the linear viscoelastic region).
3 Results and discussion
3.1 Micro morphology analysis
The fracture surface SEM morphologies of the Al2O3/LLDPE composites are illustrated in Figure 1. The spherical Al2O3 particles were indicated with white circles, and the holes where the Al2O3 particles were pulled out were indicated with red circles. It could be seen that spherical Al2O3 was uniformly dispersed in the composites, and Al2O3 particles with different particle diameters still maintained rigid spheres. Many Al2O3 particles were embedded in the LLDPE matrix, as shown in Figure 1a. When

SEM micrographs of composite fracture surfaces with different
3.2 Effect of Al2O3 content on rheological behavior of nano-Al2O3/LLDPE composites
A series of steady-state viscosity and dynamic viscosity measurements were conducted for the composites with different Al2O3 contents, which varied from 4 to 20 wt% with a fixed particle diameter of Al2O3 (

Shear viscosity versus shear rate of the nano Al2O3/LLDPE composites with different Al2O3 contents.
The dynamic frequency scanning test of nano-Al2O3/LLDPE composites with different contents is presented in Figure 3. As shown in Figure 3a, the complex viscosity of the pure LLDPE sample showed a plateau around 104 Pa‧s when the frequency was less than 10−1 rad·s−1. Besides, the complex viscosity of the composites increased with the addition of Al2O3 particles, and the platform disappeared gradually. Meanwhile, the complex viscosity of the composites gradually increased with the increasing of the filling content. Similar to Figure 2, the complex viscosity curves of the composites had a significant upward shift when the nano-Al2O3 particles filling content increased from 8 to 12 wt%. When the filling content was lower, the blocking effect of Al2O3 particles on polymer melt mainly dominated the hindrance effect of Al2O3 particles on the movement of the polymer molecular chain. This blocking effect increased with the increasing filling content. When the content of Al2O3 particles increased to 12%, the distance among particles would be closer, and the particles no longer distributed individually in the composites. The interaction force among particles was strengthened, and the particle network structure began to form in the composites. Thus, the viscosity of the composites was affected by both the interaction force among particles and the interaction force between particles and polymer molecular chain. As a result, the viscosity increased obviously at this stage.

Dynamic rheological properties of the nano Al2O3/LLDPE composites with different Al2O3 contents: (a) complex viscosity, (b) storage modulus G′, (c) loss modulus G″, and (d) Han plots.
Figure 3b and c show that the storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G″) of the composites changed with the varying nano-Al2O3 filling content. The pure LLDPE exhibited typical end effect of linear high molecular polymers in the low-frequency range (10−1 rad·s−1) because the ratio of lg G′ to lg ω was close to 2, and the ratio of lg G″ to lg ω was close to 1. When the Al2O3 filling content increased from 8 to 12 wt%, the storage modulus G′ and loss modulus G″ showed an obvious increase in the low-frequency range. The ratio of lg G′ to lg ω and the ratio of lg G″ to lg ω were similar when the Al2O3 content increased to 12 wt%. In the low-frequency range, the ratio of lg G′ to lg ω gradually decreased with the increasing filling content, implying that the particle network structure started to form in the composites. When the content of Al2O3 increased to 20 wt%, the ratio of lg G′ to lg ω was less than 0.5, and the storage modulus G′ of the composites was almost independent of the frequency in the low-frequency range. At the same time, the storage modulus curve appeared at an approximate platform region. Such response characteristic of storage modulus to the frequency indicated that the more complete internal particle network structure was formed, and the elastic characteristics were more obvious.
Figure 3d shows that the Han curves of the composites were significantly higher than that of pure LLDPE. The Han values became higher with the increase in the filling content, which meant that the composites would undergo a longer relaxation process. Meanwhile, an approximate platform region appeared in the low-frequency range when the Al2O3 content exceeded 12 wt%. This phenomenon revealed that the terminal effect was restrained in the composites. The longer relaxation process of the composites and the appearance of nonterminal effects proved that the Al2O3/LLDPE composites transformed from the quasi-liquid state to the quasi-solid state, and the particle network structure was generated in the composites.
3.3 Effect of Al2O3 diameter on rheological behavior of micron-Al2O3/LLDPE composites
A series of steady-state viscosity and dynamic viscosity measurements were conducted, and the

Shear viscosity versus shear rate of the Al2O3/LLDPE composites with different Al2O3 diameters.
The dynamic frequency scanning rheological tests of Al2O3/LLDPE composites with different

Dynamic rheological properties of the Al2O3/LLDPE composites with different Al2O3 particles diameters: (a) complex viscosity, (b) storage modulus G′, (c) loss modulus G″, and (d) Han plots.
In Figure 5b and c, the storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G″) of the composites showed an increasing trend at first and then decreased in the low-frequency range (below 10−1 rad·s−1). When
Figure 5d shows that the Han curves of the composites with micron-Al2O3 particles were significantly higher than that of pure LLDPE. However, the change of
3.4 The optimization rheological model of Al2O3/LLDPE composites
To analyze the influence of the nano Al2O3 content and the
where η 0 is the zero-shear viscosity, Pa·s; λ is the time constant, s; γ is the shear rate, s−1; n is the power law index; and η is the shear viscosity, Pa·s.
Fitting results for the Al2O3/LLDPE composites with different filling contents via the Carreau model
Material |
|
|
|
|
---|---|---|---|---|
Pure LLDPE | 9,572 | 0.86 | 0.54 | 0.99 |
400 nm–4 wt% | 31,790 | 10.85 | 0.52 | 0.98 |
400 nm–8 wt% | 44,655 | 11.31 | 0.49 | 0.98 |
400 nm–12 wt% | 75,306 | 14.53 | 0.43 | 0.98 |
400 nm–16 wt% | 88,184 | 14.72 | 0.42 | 0.98 |
400 nm–20 wt% | 98,743 | 15.48 | 0.39 | 0.98 |
Fitting results for the Al2O3/LLDPE composites with different particle diameters via the Carreau model
Material |
|
|
|
|
---|---|---|---|---|
Pure LLDPE | 9,572 | 0.86 | 0.54 | 0.99 |
6.5 μm–12 wt% | 32607.51 | 11.37 | 0.57 | 0.98 |
10.2 μm–12 wt% | 41021.37 | 12.38 | 0.51 | 0.99 |
26.7 μm–12 wt% | 62577.27 | 14.63 | 0.44 | 0.98 |
37.8 μm–12 wt% | 40726.74 | 12.43 | 0.53 | 0.98 |
48.6 μm–12 wt% | 40974.63 | 12.94 | 0.53 | 0.98 |
Under the same pressure and the temperature condition, the main factors affecting the rheological behavior of the filler composites were surface modification, diameter, shape, and content of fillers. It was assumed that there was a certain relationship between the viscosity model of the composites and the viscosity model of the polymer matrix. The relationship is defined in Eqs. 3–5:
where f(s c), f(φ c), f(ϕ), and f(ω) represented the adhesion coefficient, particle shape coefficient, filler particle diameter coefficient, and filler content coefficient, respectively. η 0, λ, n, η pure, λ pure, and n pure represented the zero-shear viscosity, time constant, and power law exponent in the Carreau model parameters of the composites and the polymer matrix under the same pressure and temperature, respectively.
In the previous section, the effects of Al2O3 content and particle diameter on the viscosity of composites were studied. The Al2O3 particles had a spherical structure and hence, the effects of the adhesion coefficient and the particle shape coefficient on the rheological properties of the composites could be simplified in Eqs. 6–8:
where f
(1;2;3)(ω) and f
(1;2;3)(ϕ) represent the coefficients related to the filler content and the
The Carreau viscosity model formula of Al2O3/LLDPE composites with different contents and particle diameters could be optimized as presented in Eq. 9:
where f (1;2;3)(ω) and f (1;2;3)(ϕ) represent the coefficient of zero-shear viscosity, time constant, and power law index when the effect of the filling content and the diameter of the filler particle were considered. η pure, λ pure, and n pure represent the zero-shear viscosity, time constant, and power law exponent of the matrix material, respectively; γ was the shear rate, s−1; η was the shear viscosity, Pa·s.
As shown in Figure 6, the number of Al2O3 particles in the composites was proportional to the filling content with the same

Diagrams of Al2O3 morphology with difference particle diameters and contents in the composites.
Combined with the aforementioned analysis, there were three kinds of interactions mainly affecting the rheological behavior (39). The first kind was the hydrodynamic effect of fillers. When the particle diameter of the filler and the content of filler increased, the hydrodynamic effect would be enhanced, as well as the viscosity of the composites. Therefore, the hydrodynamic effect was positively related to the number and content of Al2O3 particles. The second kind was the interaction between filler particles and polymer molecular chain, which mainly depended on the spherical surface area of Al2O3 particles. In another word, the interaction between filler particles and polymer molecular chain was related to the square of
For nano-Al2O3 composites with the same
where a (1;2;3) and b (1;2;3) represented the undetermined coefficients related to the filling content.
The black square points in Figure 7 represented the function values fitted by the Carreau viscosity model for the composites with different filling contents (Table 2). The straight lines in the figure were the curves fitted according to Eqs. 10–12. The fitting data and the R 2 are shown in Figure 7. It could be seen that three parameters exhibited excellent fitting accuracy (R 2 > 0.99). With the increase of the nano-Al2O3 content, the zero-shear viscosity η 0 and time constant λ increased proportionally, and the slope of the straight line was positive. While the power law index n decreased and the slope of the straight line was negative. This was due to the increase in the number of particles in the composites, leading to the interaction between particles and the formation of the filler network structure. It was worth noting that the three functions deviated most from the fitting curves when the filling content of nano-Al2O3 particles was 12 wt%.

Carreau model parameters of the Al2O3/LLDPE composites as a function of nano Al2O3 content: (a)
To verify the reliability of the equations, the steady-state rheological properties of nano-Al2O3/LLDPE composites with 2 and 10 wt% filling contents were used. The three parameters were fitted according to the Carreau viscosity model, and the results are presented in Figure 7, with the red solid triangle. It could be seen that the five verification points were near the fitting line, and the error was acceptable. The fitting equations could reflect the evolution law of the three parameters of Carreau. At the same time, there was an error as Figure 7 illustrated when the filling content of Al2O3 was 10 wt%. Such variation might be due to the interaction between particles and the formation of the network structure.
According to the analysis for Figure 6, the effect of micron Al2O3 particles on the rheology of the composites mainly depended on the diameter of Al2O3 particles, the surface area of the spherical particle, and the number of particles. The relationship between the number of Al2O3 particles and the equivalent average surface diameter
where z is the number of filler particles in the composites and
Therefore, the function f(ϕ) of the particle diameter coefficient could be expressed as Eqs. 14–16:
where c (1;2;3), d (1;2;3), and e (1;2;3) represent the undetermined coefficients of the function, respectively.
The black square points in Figure 8 represent the values fitted by the Carreau viscosity model for the composites with different

Carreau model parameters of the Al2O3/LLDPE composites as a function of mic-Al2O3 particle diameter: (a)
4 Conclusion
The influences of the particle diameter and the filling content of spherical Al2O3 particles on the steady-state and dynamic rheological behavior of Al2O3/LLDPE composites were studied. For the nano-Al2O3/LLDPE composites, the viscosity of the composites increased greatly at the low shear rate range because of its large specific surface area and the interaction among filler particles. Meanwhile, the viscosity increased gradually with the increase in the filling content of Al2O3, and the filling content was proportional to the viscosity of the composites. For the micron-Al2O3/LLDPE composites, the effect of micron Al2O3 particle diameter on the rheological behavior of the composites mainly depended on the equivalent average surface diameter of the particles. Finally, the optimized Carreau viscosity model considering the two factors was established, and the model of nano-Al2O3/LLDPE composites with different filling contents was preliminarily verified. With the help of the optimized rheological model, the viscosity of Al2O3/LLDPE composites could be predicted quantitatively when the content of spherical Al2O3 particles was less than 20% and
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Funding information: The authors state no funding involved.
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Author contributions: Guo Li performed the experiments, analyzed the data, and wrote the paper; Mitao Zhang, Huajian Ji, and Tao Chen analyzed some of the data; Yulu Ma and Linsheng Xie designed the experiments and revised the paper.
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Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.
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- Enhanced dielectric properties and breakdown strength of polymer/carbon nanotube composites by coating an SrTiO3 layer
- Analysis of effect of modification of silica and carbon black co-filled rubber composite on mechanical properties
- Polytriazole resins toughened by an azide-terminated polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (OADTP)
- Phosphine oxide for reducing flammability of ethylene-vinyl-acetate copolymer
- Study on preparation and properties of bentonite-modified epoxy sheet molding compound
- Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS)-modified phenolic resin: Synthesis and anti-oxidation properties
- Study on structure and properties of natural indigo spun-dyed viscose fiber
- Biodegradable thermoplastic copolyester elastomers: Methyl branched PBAmT
- Investigations of polyethylene of raised temperature resistance service performance using autoclave test under sour medium conditions
- Investigation of corrosion and thermal behavior of PU–PDMS-coated AISI 316L
- Modification of sodium bicarbonate and its effect on foaming behavior of polypropylene
- Effect of coupling agents on the olive pomace-filled polypropylene composite
- High strength and conductive hydrogel with fully interpenetrated structure from alginate and acrylamide
- Removal of methylene blue in water by electrospun PAN/β-CD nanofibre membrane
- Theoretical and experimental studies on the fabrication of cylindrical-electrode-assisted solution blowing spinning nanofibers
- Influence of l-quebrachitol on the properties of centrifuged natural rubber
- Ultrasonic-modified montmorillonite uniting ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether to reinforce protein-based composite films
- Experimental study on the dissolution of supercritical CO2 in PS under different agitators
- Experimental research on the performance of the thermal-reflective coatings with liquid silicone rubber for pavement applications
- Study on controlling nicotine release from snus by the SIPN membranes
- Catalase biosensor based on the PAni/cMWCNT support for peroxide sensing
- Synthesis and characterization of different soybean oil-based polyols with fatty alcohol and aromatic alcohol
- Molecularly imprinted electrospun fiber membrane for colorimetric detection of hexanoic acid
- Poly(propylene carbonate) networks with excellent properties: Terpolymerization of carbon dioxide, propylene oxide, and 4,4ʹ-(hexafluoroisopropylidene) diphthalic anhydride
- Polypropylene/graphene nanoplatelets nanocomposites with high conductivity via solid-state shear mixing
- Mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced asphalt concrete: Finite element simulation and experimental study
- Applying design of experiments (DoE) on the properties of buccal film for nicotine delivery
- Preparation and characterizations of antibacterial–antioxidant film from soy protein isolate incorporated with mangosteen peel extract
- Preparation and adsorption properties of Ni(ii) ion-imprinted polymers based on synthesized novel functional monomer
- Rare-earth doped radioluminescent hydrogel as a potential phantom material for 3D gel dosimeter
- Effects of cryogenic treatment and interface modifications of basalt fibre on the mechanical properties of hybrid fibre-reinforced composites
- Stable super-hydrophobic and comfort PDMS-coated polyester fabric
- Impact of a nanomixture of carbon black and clay on the mechanical properties of a series of irradiated natural rubber/butyl rubber blend
- Preparation and characterization of a novel composite membrane of natural silk fiber/nano-hydroxyapatite/chitosan for guided bone tissue regeneration
- Study on the thermal properties and insulation resistance of epoxy resin modified by hexagonal boron nitride
- A new method for plugging the dominant seepage channel after polymer flooding and its mechanism: Fracturing–seepage–plugging
- Analysis of the rheological property and crystallization behavior of polylactic acid (Ingeo™ Biopolymer 4032D) at different process temperatures
- Hybrid green organic/inorganic filler polypropylene composites: Morphological study and mechanical performance investigations
- In situ polymerization of PEDOT:PSS films based on EMI-TFSI and the analysis of electrochromic performance
- Effect of laser irradiation on morphology and dielectric properties of quartz fiber reinforced epoxy resin composite
- The optimization of Carreau model and rheological behavior of alumina/linear low-density polyethylene composites with different alumina content and diameter
- Properties of polyurethane foam with fourth-generation blowing agent
- Hydrophobicity and corrosion resistance of waterborne fluorinated acrylate/silica nanocomposite coatings
- Investigation on in situ silica dispersed in natural rubber latex matrix combined with spray sputtering technology
- The degradable time evaluation of degradable polymer film in agriculture based on polyethylene film experiments
- Improving mechanical and water vapor barrier properties of the parylene C film by UV-curable polyurethane acrylate coating
- Thermal conductivity of silicone elastomer with a porous alumina continuum
- Copolymerization of CO2, propylene oxide, and itaconic anhydride with double metal cyanide complex catalyst to form crosslinked polypropylene carbonate
- Combining good dispersion with tailored charge trapping in nanodielectrics by hybrid functionalization of silica
- Thermosensitive hydrogel for in situ-controlled methotrexate delivery
- Analysis of the aging mechanism and life evaluation of elastomers in simulated proton exchange membrane fuel cell environments
- The crystallization and mechanical properties of poly(4-methyl-1-pentene) hard elastic film with different melt draw ratios
- Review Articles
- Aromatic polyamide nonporous membranes for gas separation application
- Optical elements from 3D printed polymers
- Evidence for bicomponent fibers: A review
- Mapping the scientific research on the ionizing radiation impacts on polymers (1975–2019)
- Recent advances in compatibility and toughness of poly(lactic acid)/poly(butylene succinate) blends
- Topical Issue: (Micro)plastics pollution - Knowns and unknows (Guest Editor: João Pinto da Costa)
- Simple pyrolysis of polystyrene into valuable chemicals
- Topical Issue: Recent advances of chitosan- and cellulose-based materials: From production to application (Guest Editor: Marc Delgado-Aguilar)
- In situ photo-crosslinking hydrogel with rapid healing, antibacterial, and hemostatic activities
- A novel CT contrast agent for intestinal-targeted imaging through rectal administration
- Properties and applications of cellulose regenerated from cellulose/imidazolium-based ionic liquid/co-solvent solutions: A short review
- Towards the use of acrylic acid graft-copolymerized plant biofiber in sustainable fortified composites: Manufacturing and characterization
Articles in the same Issue
- Research Articles
- Research on the mechanism of gel accelerator on gel transition of PAN solution by rheology and dynamic light scattering
- Gel point determination of gellan biopolymer gel from DC electrical conductivity
- Composite of polylactic acid and microcellulose from kombucha membranes
- Synthesis of highly branched water-soluble polyester and its surface sizing agent strengthening mechanism
- Fabrication and characterization of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) modified with nano-montmorillonite biocomposite
- Fabrication of N-halamine polyurethane films with excellent antibacterial properties
- Formulation and optimization of gastroretentive bilayer tablets of calcium carbonate using D-optimal mixture design
- Sustainable nanocomposite films based on SiO2 and biodegradable poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBH) for food packaging
- Evaluation of physicochemical properties of film-based alginate for food packing applications
- Electrically conductive and light-weight branched polylactic acid-based carbon nanotube foams
- Structuring of hydroxy-terminated polydimethylsiloxane filled by fumed silica
- Surface functionalization of nanostructured Cu/Ag-deposited polypropylene fiber by magnetron sputtering
- Influence of composite structure design on the ablation performance of ethylene propylene diene monomer composites
- MOFs/PVA hybrid membranes with enhanced mechanical and ion-conductive properties
- Improvement of the electromechanical properties of thermoplastic polyurethane composite by ionic liquid modified multiwall carbon nanotubes
- Natural rubber latex/MXene foam with robust and multifunctional properties
- Rheological properties of two high polymers suspended in an abrasive slurry jet
- Two-step polyaniline loading in polyelectrolyte complex membranes for improved pseudo-capacitor electrodes
- Preparation and application of carbon and hollow TiO2 microspheres by microwave heating at a low temperature
- Properties of a bovine collagen type I membrane for guided bone regeneration applications
- Fabrication and characterization of thermoresponsive composite carriers: PNIPAAm-grafted glass spheres
- Effect of talc and diatomite on compatible, morphological, and mechanical behavior of PLA/PBAT blends
- Multifunctional graphene nanofiller in flame retarded polybutadiene/chloroprene/carbon black composites
- Strain-dependent wicking behavior of cotton/lycra elastic woven fabric for sportswear
- Enhanced dielectric properties and breakdown strength of polymer/carbon nanotube composites by coating an SrTiO3 layer
- Analysis of effect of modification of silica and carbon black co-filled rubber composite on mechanical properties
- Polytriazole resins toughened by an azide-terminated polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (OADTP)
- Phosphine oxide for reducing flammability of ethylene-vinyl-acetate copolymer
- Study on preparation and properties of bentonite-modified epoxy sheet molding compound
- Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS)-modified phenolic resin: Synthesis and anti-oxidation properties
- Study on structure and properties of natural indigo spun-dyed viscose fiber
- Biodegradable thermoplastic copolyester elastomers: Methyl branched PBAmT
- Investigations of polyethylene of raised temperature resistance service performance using autoclave test under sour medium conditions
- Investigation of corrosion and thermal behavior of PU–PDMS-coated AISI 316L
- Modification of sodium bicarbonate and its effect on foaming behavior of polypropylene
- Effect of coupling agents on the olive pomace-filled polypropylene composite
- High strength and conductive hydrogel with fully interpenetrated structure from alginate and acrylamide
- Removal of methylene blue in water by electrospun PAN/β-CD nanofibre membrane
- Theoretical and experimental studies on the fabrication of cylindrical-electrode-assisted solution blowing spinning nanofibers
- Influence of l-quebrachitol on the properties of centrifuged natural rubber
- Ultrasonic-modified montmorillonite uniting ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether to reinforce protein-based composite films
- Experimental study on the dissolution of supercritical CO2 in PS under different agitators
- Experimental research on the performance of the thermal-reflective coatings with liquid silicone rubber for pavement applications
- Study on controlling nicotine release from snus by the SIPN membranes
- Catalase biosensor based on the PAni/cMWCNT support for peroxide sensing
- Synthesis and characterization of different soybean oil-based polyols with fatty alcohol and aromatic alcohol
- Molecularly imprinted electrospun fiber membrane for colorimetric detection of hexanoic acid
- Poly(propylene carbonate) networks with excellent properties: Terpolymerization of carbon dioxide, propylene oxide, and 4,4ʹ-(hexafluoroisopropylidene) diphthalic anhydride
- Polypropylene/graphene nanoplatelets nanocomposites with high conductivity via solid-state shear mixing
- Mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced asphalt concrete: Finite element simulation and experimental study
- Applying design of experiments (DoE) on the properties of buccal film for nicotine delivery
- Preparation and characterizations of antibacterial–antioxidant film from soy protein isolate incorporated with mangosteen peel extract
- Preparation and adsorption properties of Ni(ii) ion-imprinted polymers based on synthesized novel functional monomer
- Rare-earth doped radioluminescent hydrogel as a potential phantom material for 3D gel dosimeter
- Effects of cryogenic treatment and interface modifications of basalt fibre on the mechanical properties of hybrid fibre-reinforced composites
- Stable super-hydrophobic and comfort PDMS-coated polyester fabric
- Impact of a nanomixture of carbon black and clay on the mechanical properties of a series of irradiated natural rubber/butyl rubber blend
- Preparation and characterization of a novel composite membrane of natural silk fiber/nano-hydroxyapatite/chitosan for guided bone tissue regeneration
- Study on the thermal properties and insulation resistance of epoxy resin modified by hexagonal boron nitride
- A new method for plugging the dominant seepage channel after polymer flooding and its mechanism: Fracturing–seepage–plugging
- Analysis of the rheological property and crystallization behavior of polylactic acid (Ingeo™ Biopolymer 4032D) at different process temperatures
- Hybrid green organic/inorganic filler polypropylene composites: Morphological study and mechanical performance investigations
- In situ polymerization of PEDOT:PSS films based on EMI-TFSI and the analysis of electrochromic performance
- Effect of laser irradiation on morphology and dielectric properties of quartz fiber reinforced epoxy resin composite
- The optimization of Carreau model and rheological behavior of alumina/linear low-density polyethylene composites with different alumina content and diameter
- Properties of polyurethane foam with fourth-generation blowing agent
- Hydrophobicity and corrosion resistance of waterborne fluorinated acrylate/silica nanocomposite coatings
- Investigation on in situ silica dispersed in natural rubber latex matrix combined with spray sputtering technology
- The degradable time evaluation of degradable polymer film in agriculture based on polyethylene film experiments
- Improving mechanical and water vapor barrier properties of the parylene C film by UV-curable polyurethane acrylate coating
- Thermal conductivity of silicone elastomer with a porous alumina continuum
- Copolymerization of CO2, propylene oxide, and itaconic anhydride with double metal cyanide complex catalyst to form crosslinked polypropylene carbonate
- Combining good dispersion with tailored charge trapping in nanodielectrics by hybrid functionalization of silica
- Thermosensitive hydrogel for in situ-controlled methotrexate delivery
- Analysis of the aging mechanism and life evaluation of elastomers in simulated proton exchange membrane fuel cell environments
- The crystallization and mechanical properties of poly(4-methyl-1-pentene) hard elastic film with different melt draw ratios
- Review Articles
- Aromatic polyamide nonporous membranes for gas separation application
- Optical elements from 3D printed polymers
- Evidence for bicomponent fibers: A review
- Mapping the scientific research on the ionizing radiation impacts on polymers (1975–2019)
- Recent advances in compatibility and toughness of poly(lactic acid)/poly(butylene succinate) blends
- Topical Issue: (Micro)plastics pollution - Knowns and unknows (Guest Editor: João Pinto da Costa)
- Simple pyrolysis of polystyrene into valuable chemicals
- Topical Issue: Recent advances of chitosan- and cellulose-based materials: From production to application (Guest Editor: Marc Delgado-Aguilar)
- In situ photo-crosslinking hydrogel with rapid healing, antibacterial, and hemostatic activities
- A novel CT contrast agent for intestinal-targeted imaging through rectal administration
- Properties and applications of cellulose regenerated from cellulose/imidazolium-based ionic liquid/co-solvent solutions: A short review
- Towards the use of acrylic acid graft-copolymerized plant biofiber in sustainable fortified composites: Manufacturing and characterization