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Improving mechanical and water vapor barrier properties of the parylene C film by UV-curable polyurethane acrylate coating

  • Zekun Jing , Yakun Guo EMAIL logo , Meng Ren , Xingtao Zhao , Hong Shao , Yuanlin Zhou and Maobing Shuai EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: October 27, 2021
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e-Polymers
From the journal e-Polymers Volume 21 Issue 1

Abstract

Parylene C (PC) films have been widely used in many fields, such as metal anti-corrosion, electronic packaging, etc. However, the relatively poor mechanical properties and the deteriorated water barrier performance due to the easy fracture under external stress have restricted their application. It is a relatively simple and good method to maintain the water vapor barrier and enhance the mechanical properties of PC film by covering a flexible coating on its surface. In this work, a new polyurethane acrylate (PUA) coating was prepared and coated on the PC film by ultraviolet curing technology to form the PC/PUA composite film. The results showed that the PUA coatings could improve the water vapor barrier and mechanical properties of the PC film simultaneously. The water vapor transmittance rate was reduced from 1.1791 g·(m−2·day−1) of the original PC film to 0.5636 g·(m−2·day−1) of the PC/PUA composite film. The elongation at break and the impact energy were increased to 48.36% and 41.67%, respectively, which would widen the application of PC films in the fields of flexible electronics or smart wear.

Keywords: parylene C; polyurethane acrylate coating; water vapor barrier; mechanical property; optical transmittance

1 Introduction

Polymer films, such as polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, and parylene films have been widely used in the fields of metal anti-corrosion (1,2), microelectronics, and packing (3,4,5) due to their good water vapor barrier, high optical transmittance, and excellent mechanical properties. Among them, parylene C (PC) films are more popular because they are with a better water vapor barrier, high heat resistance, and easy molding. However, the PC films are a polycrystalline and semi-brittle material, which would introduce some defects (e.g., grain boundaries or cracks) in the process of thermal decomposition and chemical vapor deposition (6,7). This would worsen their water vapor barrier and mechanical performance. Therefore, it is required to simultaneously improve the mechanical and water vapor barrier properties of PC films.

There are many ways to improve the water vapor barrier properties of polymer films, such as adjustment of crystallization (8), deposition of inorganic coatings (9,10,11), surface superhydrophobic treatment (12,13), and so on. For PC films, the priority selection is depositing an inorganic coating on their surface by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) (9,10) or thermal evaporation (11), which is conducive to obtaining an excellent water vapor barrier property. For example, Kim et al. have prepared a multilayer alternating barrier film by CVD of parylene and subsequent PECVD of SiO x or SiN x (9). The barrier performance against water vapor ingress was significantly improved with the water vapor transmittance ratio (WVTR) decreasing from 5.0 to 7.41 × 10−6 g·(m−2·day−1). Recently, Shao et al. in our group have fabricated a dense SiO2 coating with a thickness of about 200 nm on the polyacrylic-acid (PAA)-modified PC film using the PECVD method. The WVTR decreased from 0.48 g·(m−2·day−1) of the original PC film to 0.01 g·(m−2·day−1) of the PC/PAA/SiO2 film (14). The PAA modifying layer can improve the interface bonding force between the PC film and SiO2 coating. However, the inorganic coating is easy to peel off from the surface of the PC film due to its low interface energy and poor interface bonding force, which originated from the less reactive functional groups on the surface of the PC film (15,16). Moreover, most inorganic layers are prone to produce cracks or defects under the impact of internal stress because of their poor toughness, which conversely provides a rapid permeation channel for water vapor (17).

Compared with inorganic coating, the organic polymer layer is a fast, simple, and effective method to improve the mechanical properties of PC films and prevents the formation of cracks (18,19,20). Acrylate-based coating cured by ultraviolet (UV) technology has been widely used for enhancing mechanical strength due to their in situ polymerization reaction, lower energy consumption, and low cost (21,22,23). For example, Li et al. have prepared a polyurethane acrylate (PUA) coating on the surface of the PC film, which greatly improved the elongation at break and the impact resistance of the PC film but no change in the water vapor barrier property (22). They attributed this phenomenon to the high solubility of polar H2O molecules into the PUA coating containing the –OH and –COOH polar groups. Therefore, it is necessary to choose an effective means to prevent the adsorption of water molecules and improve the water vapor resistance. Adjusting the surface microstructure by techniques such as the introduction of polymer-like molecular brushes is expected to improve both mechanical properties and water resistance (24).

In this work, a new PUA organic coating, whose surface was covered with free flexible molecular chains, was prepared. Then, the PUA coating was coated on the PC films by UV curing technology, and finally, the PC/PUA composite films were successfully obtained. The chemical reaction of PUA coating, the contact angle, surface morphology, optical performance, water vapor barrier, and mechanical and thermal properties of composite films were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, contact angle goniometer, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), differential-scanning-calorimetrythermogravimetry (DSC-TG), UV adsorption spectrometer, water vapor transmittance tester, and electro-intelligent universal testing machine.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Material

PC films with a thickness of 77 ± 3 μm were provided by Parker Nanotechnology Co, Ltd (Suzhou, China). Tetrahydrofuran acrylate (THFA, Figure 1a), dimethylacrylate ethyl amide (DMAA, Figure 1b), dishrinks tripropylene glycol diacrylate (TPGDA, Figure 1c), PUA resins (commercial name of 7290, 7600, and 1762, Table A1), photoinitiator of 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone and diphenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine oxide (184 and TPO, Figure 1d and e) were purchased from Jiangmen Hengzhiguang Environmental Protection New Material Co. Ltd (Jiangmen, China). Alcohol and acetone were purchased from Chengdu Cologne Chemicals Co. Ltd (Chengdu, China).

Figure 1 The molecule structure of reactive monomers and photoinitiators: (a) THFA, (b) DMAA, (c) TPGDA, (d) TPO, and (e) 184.
Figure 1

The molecule structure of reactive monomers and photoinitiators: (a) THFA, (b) DMAA, (c) TPGDA, (d) TPO, and (e) 184.

2.2 Preparation of PUA coatings

The PUA coatings were prepared by mixing the acrylate monomer, the oligomer of PUAs, and the photoinitiator according to Table A2. First, the monomer, oligomer, and photoinitiator were mixed uniformly in a dark place and then diluted with ethyl acetate to a 50 wt% solution. Next, the mixture was stirred for 10 h in a dark environment and stored in a brown bottle. Finally, the PUA reactive mixtures (named PUA-1, PUA-2, and PUA-3) were prepared.

2.3 Preparation of the PC/PUA composite film

PC films were cut into 14 × 14 cm square samples and cleaned with ethanol and acetone successively to remove the surface impurities. Then, the acrylate mixture was coated on the surface of the PC film using the digital display coater (JPT-12, Beijing Jinput Company, China) and heated at 50°C for 5 min to remove the ethyl acetate. Lastly, the PC films coated with PUA mixtures were cured by UV technology (365 nm) at room temperature for 15 s to crosslink them completely and the PC/PUA composite film with a thickness of about 6 ± 1 μm was obtained (named as PC/PUA-1, PC/PUA-2, and PC/PUA-3). Figure 2 gives the preparation schematic of PC/PUA composite films.

Figure 2 Preparation schematic of PC/PUA composite films by UV curing technology.
Figure 2

Preparation schematic of PC/PUA composite films by UV curing technology.

2.4 Characterization

The average molecular weights ( M ¯ w ) of PUA resins were determined by high-temperature gel permeation chromatography (PL-GPC200, Polymer Laboratories Ltd, Britain). The viscosity of the PUA oligomer and reactive mixtures was measured with a viscosity meter. The chemical compositions of the acrylate monomer, PUA oligomer, photoinitiator, and the PUA reactive mixtures, and their curing process were studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR, Nicolet-iS50, Thermo Fisher Company, USA) in the range of 4,000–400 cm−1. The contact angles were measured with a contact angle goniometer (DSA-25, Siber Hegner, China). Samples were first loaded onto the stage and 3 μL of distilled water was dropped on them. The reported static angles were calculated by averaging the measurements from the left to the right sides of the droplet. The surface and interfacial morphology of PC and PC/PUA composite films were examined by the FESEM (JSM-7610F, JEOL, Japan). The surface roughness was examined by AFM (SPA300-HV, SII, Japan) using a dynamic force model (intermittent contact). The optical transmittance of PC and PC/PUA composite films was measured by using a solid-state UV absorption spectrometer (solidspec-3700, Shimazu Enterprise Management Co. Ltd, China) in the range of 200–800 nm. The thermal gravimetric analysis of PC and PC/PUA composite films was performed using a synchronous thermal analyzer (SDT Q160, TA Instruments Inc, USA) from room temperature to 800°C in the N2 atmosphere with a heating rate of 10°C·min−1. The glass transition temperature (T g) of the films was also measured using an SDT Q160 synchronous thermal analyzer in the temperature range of 0–100°C under the N2 atmosphere with a heating rate of 5°C·min−1. The WVTR was measured with a water vapor transmittance tester (C930H, Labthink Instruments, China) with a detection limit of 0.0001 g·(m−2·day−1) according to GB/T 26253-2010 (Infrared detector method) at 38°C and 90% RH. The sample with a diameter of 10 cm and a testing area of 50 cm2 was tested, and four parallel measurements were performed for each sample. The average results were recorded as the WVTR value. Mechanical performance was measured by an electro-intelligent universal testing machine (XLW, Labthink, Instruments, China) at room temperature in a relative humidity of 50 ± 3%. The samples with a size of (100 ± 1) × (15 ± 1) mm2 were tested with a crosshead speed of 20 mm·min−1 and a clamp spacing of 50 mm. Five parallel measurements were performed for each sample and the average results were recorded. Impact performance was measured with a Film impact tester (FIT-01, Labthink Instruments, China) at room temperature and a relative humidity of 50 ± 3%.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 The chemical reaction of PUA reactive mixtures

The PUA coatings were prepared by mixing acrylate monomer (THFA, DMAA, TPGDA), PUA oligomer (7290, 7600, 1762), and the photoinitiator (184 and TPO). Their chemical compositions were analyzed by FTIR (Figure 1 and Figure A1). The characteristic peaks at 1,720, 1,626, 1,450, and 1,290 cm−1 are attributed to the stretching vibration peak of the C═O group, C═C group, the bending vibration peak of C–H group in-plane, and the stretching vibration peak of the C–O group, respectively. The curing process of PUA reactive mixtures was monitored by FTIR, and the curing content was calculated according to the change in C═C groups. Figure 3a gives the FTIR spectra of PUA-3 mixtures cured for different time periods. The peak of the C═C group is gradually weakened with the increase of the curing time. When cured for 15 s, the characteristic peak of the C═C bond almost disappeared. The conversion of C═C bonds in the PUA oligomer and the reactive monomer monitored by FTIR is calculated according to the integral area method (Table A3). On the basis of C═O groups, the reactive content of C═C groups was calculated (Figure 3b). The conversion of C═C groups can attain 94.92% at 15 s and there is no obvious change observed for longer times, indicating that the C═C groups in the reactive monomer and PUA oligomers reacted with each other completely to form a 3D-crosslinking polymer initiated by 184 and TPO photoinitiators under 532 nm UV light (Figure 3c) (23,25). The monomers of THFA and DMMA with only one C═C group are inclined to form the flexible side chains like molecule brushes on the surface of the PUA coatings. Using the same methods, the reactive contents of PUA-1 and PUA-2 coatings are evaluated and the final conversions are 94.51% and 94.23%. The TPGDA monomer has two C═C groups and no side chains would be formed on the surface of PUA-1 coating.

Figure 3 (a) FTIR spectra of the PUA-3 mixture with different curing times, (b) the conversion of C═C groups, and (c) the curing mechanism of the PUA-3 mixture.
Figure 3

(a) FTIR spectra of the PUA-3 mixture with different curing times, (b) the conversion of C═C groups, and (c) the curing mechanism of the PUA-3 mixture.

3.2 Surface morphology of PC and PC/PUA composite films

The PC/PUA composite films were prepared by coating PUA-1, PUA-2, and PUA-3 reactive mixtures on the PC films and cured for 15 s. Figure 4 gives the digital and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of PC and PC/PUA composite films. There are some nanocracks present in the PC film (Figure 4a), which may be induced by the high-temperature pyrolytic chemical vapor deposition process. In this process, the pyrolysis PC monomer is recrystallized to form the PC polymer (26) and the defects and cracks are inevitably introduced due to the crystal boundaries or the stress shrinkage, which would decrease the water vapor barrier properties. After overlaying the PUA coatings, some of the defects and cracks are repaired. Some nanoholes or wrinkles are observed for PC/PUA-1 and PC/PUA-2 composite films (Figure 4b and c), which may be caused by the high viscosity of reactive mixtures or the fast reaction of the PUA oligomer. Relatively, the PUA-3 mixture has a smooth surface due to the suitable reaction and solvent volatilization rate (Figure 4d). The oligomers of 7290 and 1762 are with two functional groups and long flexible chains, which would form fewer cross-linking points during polymerization. Moreover, the single functional monomer of THFA and DMAA would increase the mobility of mixtures and form a smooth surface. In contrast, the 7600 oligomer with six functional groups has a relatively small molecular weight (1.59 × 103 kg·mol−1), which would form a hard polymer with high crosslinking density and show a poor surface smoothness.

Figure 4 Digital and SEM images of (a) PC film, (b) PC/PUA-1, (c) PC/PUA-2, and (d) PC/PUA-3 composite films.
Figure 4

Digital and SEM images of (a) PC film, (b) PC/PUA-1, (c) PC/PUA-2, and (d) PC/PUA-3 composite films.

The surface roughnesses of PC and PC/PUA composite films were examined by atomic force microscopy (Figure 5). The PC film has a coarse surface with a roughness of about 11.95 nm, which is caused by the spherical crystal structure or the microcracks. When covered with PUA coatings, the composite films become smooth. The roughnesses of PC/PUA-1, PC/PUA-2, and PC/PUA-3 are 0.64, 5.34, and 0.36 nm, respectively. The decrease in surface roughness is ascribed to the good flow-leveling of PUA mixtures on the PC films. Compared with PUA-2 coatings, the PUA-1 and PUA-3 coatings have a lower surface roughness, which is ascribed to the reasonable polymerization rate and the good flow-leveling. The relatively high roughness of PUA-2 may originate from the fast reaction and the high crosslinking density caused by the 7600 oligomers with six functional groups.

Figure 5 AFM images of PC and different PC/PUA composite films: (a, a') PC film, (b, b') PC/PUA-1, (c, c') PC/PUA-2, and (d, d') PC/PUA-3 composite films.
Figure 5

AFM images of PC and different PC/PUA composite films: (a, a') PC film, (b, b') PC/PUA-1, (c, c') PC/PUA-2, and (d, d') PC/PUA-3 composite films.

3.3 Contact angles of PC and PC/PUA composite films

The contact angle is used for characterizing the surface wettability of the composite films. Figure 6 gives the contact angles of PC and PC/PUA composite films. The contact angles of PC, PC/PUA-1, PC/PUA-2, and PC/PUA-3 composite films are 88.0°, 71.5°, 79.7°, and 90.8°, respectively. The smaller the contact angle, the better the wettability of the surface and the easier absorption of H2O molecules on the surface of composite films, which leads to poor water vapor barrier properties (27,28). The contact angle of the PC film is relatively high (88.0°), meaning that the surface is hardly wetted and it is not easy for the H2O molecules to permeate into the inner matrix. This is the reason that PC films have been widely used as protective coatings in the electric field. When covered with PUA-1 and PUA-2 coatings, the contact angles of PC/PUA-1 and PC/PUA-2 composite films decreased, indicating that it is easier to wet than PC films. Comparatively, the PC/PUA-3 has the highest contact angle (90.8°), indicating that a good water vapor barrier would be obtained. Moreover, the contact angles of PC/PUA-2 and PC/PUA-3 composite films were higher than that of the PC/PUA-1 composite film. This is because the THFA and DMMA monomers with a single C═C group would form a free and flexible chain-like-molecule brush exposed on the surface of PC/PUA composite films, which could increase the hydrophobic properties of the PUA layer. More importantly, the furan group in THFA is a hydrophobic group and would improve the hydrophobic properties greatly.

Figure 6 Contact angles of PC film and PC/PUA composite films.
Figure 6

Contact angles of PC film and PC/PUA composite films.

3.4 Adhesion of PUA with the PC film

The adhesion between PUA and the PC film would influence the performance of composite films, such as water vapor barrier and impact performance (29). The QHF cross-cut tester was used to analyze the adhesion of composite films, and the results are shown in Figure 7. All of the PUA coatings had a good adhesion (zero level) with the PC film and no peeling phenomenon occurred for any of the PUA coatings.

Figure 7 The adhesion of (a, a') PC/PUA-1, (b, b') PC/PUA-2, and (c, c') PC/PUA-3 composite films.
Figure 7

The adhesion of (a, a') PC/PUA-1, (b, b') PC/PUA-2, and (c, c') PC/PUA-3 composite films.

3.5 Water vapor barrier properties

The water vapor barrier properties of PC and PC/PUA composite films were determined at 38°C and 90% RH (Figure 8). The WVTRs of PC, PC/PUA-1, PC/PUA-2, and PC/PUA-3 composite films were 1.1791, 1.0926, 1.0055, and 0.5636 g·(m−2·day−1), respectively, which is reduced with the increase of the surface contact angle. The PC/PUA-3 coating has the lowest WVTR, which is ascribed to its smoother surface and higher hydrophobicity. Therefore, it is difficult for the water droplets to moisten and condense on the surface of PC/PUA-3 composite films.

Figure 8 Water vapor barrier of PC and PC/PUA composite films.
Figure 8

Water vapor barrier of PC and PC/PUA composite films.

The possible water vapor permeation mechanisms for PC and PC/PUA composite films are illustrated in Figure 9. The permeation process is generally divided into four steps:

  1. The water vapor molecules adsorb on the surface of the film (absorption).

  2. They dissolve on the surface of the film and form a certain concentration difference across the film (dissolution).

  3. The molecules spread from the high concentration side to the low concentration side (diffusion).

  4. Molecules desorb when they reach the other side of the film (desorption).

Figure 9 Water vapor permeation mechanism of (a) PC film, (b) PC/PUA-1, (c) PC/PUA-2, and (d) PC/PUA-3 composite films.
Figure 9

Water vapor permeation mechanism of (a) PC film, (b) PC/PUA-1, (c) PC/PUA-2, and (d) PC/PUA-3 composite films.

Therefore, the hydrophobic degree will influence the adsorption and dissolution of water molecules on the surface of the film, and the defects on the film would provide the fast permeation channels for water molecules (30). The PC film has a high WVTR (Figure 9a) due to the cracks and defects in its matrix. The PUA-1 coating forms a flat layer on the surface of PC films but there are some wrinkles, and no flexible molecule chains are present on the surface of the PC/PUA-1 composite film; therefore, the water molecules prefer to absorb and dissolve on the surface of the PC/PUA-1 film and the WVTR is not obviously improved (Figure 9b). Theoretically, the PUA-2 and PUA-3 coatings containing the free furan groups and flexible molecule chains like-molecule brush would possess good water barrier properties but the surface of PUA-2 coating is uneven, which leads to a little increase of the water vapor barrier (Figure 9c). Compared with PUA-2 coating, the surface of the PUA-3 layer is flat and covered with the regular arrangement of flexible molecule chains that increase the contact angle significantly. Also, the defects are few, which makes the absorption, dissolution, and diffusion difficult, resulting in the significant decrease of WVTR (Figure 9d).

3.6 Mechanical performance

Figure 10 illustrates the mechanical properties of PC and PC/PUA composite films. The tensile strength of the PC film is 53.36 MPa and the elongation at break is 21.92%. This is because the PC polymer is a polycrystalline and semi-brittle material, in which the grains and molecular chains would break without alignment and slip under a tensile rate of 20 mm/min, and then a relatively low elongation at break is obtained. When covered with PUA coatings, the elongation at break of PC/PUA composite films improved a lot, while there was a slight decrease of tensile strengths. The elongation at break and the impact energy of the PC/PUA-3 composite film increases by about 48.36% and 41.67% (Figure 10b and c), meaning that the toughness of the composite film was greatly improved. It is easy for the PC film to produce cracks due to its crystal structure, which has been evaluated with a simple film folding instrument made by our laboratory (Figure A3). When the PC film was folded three times, it would fracture into pieces immediately (Figure A4a). When covered with a layer of flexible PUA coating on its surface, the PUA layer has a high impact performance and a good interface bonding force with the PC matrix (Figure 11), which would hinder the cracks produced or slow down this process and increase the shelf time (31). Hence, the flexibility of the PC film was greatly improved (Figure A4b).

Figure 10 (a) Tensile strength, (b) elongation at break, and (c) impact energy of PC and different PC/PUA composite films.
Figure 10

(a) Tensile strength, (b) elongation at break, and (c) impact energy of PC and different PC/PUA composite films.

Figure 11 The cross-sectional image of the PC/PUA-3 composite film.
Figure 11

The cross-sectional image of the PC/PUA-3 composite film.

3.7 Optical performance

The optical transmittance is also important for polymer films applied in the electric instrument. Figure 12 gives the UV-Vis spectra of PC and PC/PUA composite films. The transmittances of PC and PC/PUA composite films are all greater than 80% in the wavelength range from 350 to 800 nm, indicating they had a well visible light transmittance. The PC/PUA-1 and PC/PUA-3 composite films have a similar optical transmittance with the PC film, indicating that the PUA coating has less influence on the optical transmittance of the PC film. The PC/PUA-2 composite film has relatively low transmittance, which may be ascribed to its surface roughness.

Figure 12 Optical transmittance of the PC film and different PC/PUA composite films.
Figure 12

Optical transmittance of the PC film and different PC/PUA composite films.

3.8 Thermal properties

The thermal properties of PC and PC/PUA composite films were evaluated using an SDT Q160. Figure 13 gives the TG and T g of PC and PC/PUA composite films. The T g of the PC film is 70.5°C and the T g of PC/PUA composite films changed a little (71.1°C, 70.7°C, and 70.7°C for PC/PUA-1, PC/PUA-2, and PC/PUA-3, respectively), meaning that the thin flexible PUA coatings have no obvious change for the PC matrix. The TG curves of different samples are also similar (Figure 13b), illustrating that the PUA coatings have no obvious influence on the thermal stability of PC films. Their final weight losses are 70.64%, 70.60%, 70.65%, and 70.62%, respectively. All these results demonstrate that the PC/PUA composite films have good thermal stability as that of PC film, which is helpful for their application in the field of heat resistance.

Figure 13 (a) DSC and (b) TG curves of PC and PC/PUA composite films.
Figure 13

(a) DSC and (b) TG curves of PC and PC/PUA composite films.

Table 1 gives the comprehensive performance of PC and PC/PUA composite films. It has been reported by Li that the PUA coating can improve greatly the mechanical performance of the PC film, especially the elongation at break, which was 108.26% (22). Unfortunately, the water vapor barrier properties were not improved, which would limit the application of PC/PUA composite films in some fields. Compared with Li’s work, PUA-3 coating in this article could improve the water vapor barrier and mechanical properties simultaneously, which would widen the application of PC films in the fields of flexible electronics or smart wear. In order to further evaluate the comprehensive performance of these three different PUA coatings, the radar image is given (Figure 14). Here, TS represents the tensile strength, EP represents the elongation at break, IP represents the impact performance. It can be seen that the PC/PUA-3 composite film had the largest area (green diamond), which means that it has the best comprehensive performance.

Table 1

The mechanical properties and the WVTRs of PC and PC/PUA composite films

Properties PC (80 μm) PC/PUA-1 PC/PUA-2 PC/PUA-3 PC (115 μm) (22) PC/PUA (22)
WVTR 1.18 1.09 1.01 0.56 0.72 0.72
Reduced rate (%) — 7.63 14.41 52.54 — 0.0
Tensile strength (MPa) 53.36 49.18 48.32 49.54 64.57 56.33
Reduced rate (%) — 7.83 9.45 7.16 — 12.76
Elongation at break (%) 21.92 23.04 26.56 32.52 7.51 15.64
Increased rate (%) — 5.11 21.17 48.40 — 108.26
Impact performance 0.036 J 0.045 J 0.042 J 0.051 J 18.5 cm·kg 33.5 cm·kg
Increased rate (%) — 25.00 16.67 41.67 — 81.08
Optical transmittance (%) >84 >84 >82 >84 >84 >84
Figure 14 Radar image of PC/PUA composite films.
Figure 14

Radar image of PC/PUA composite films.

4 Conclusion

In this work, a series of PUA coatings were prepared by mixing the acrylate monomer, PUAs oligomer, and photoinitiator. The conversion of C═C groups was greater than 99% when cured by UV for 15 s. The PUA coatings were covered onto the PC film and formed the PC/PUA composite films, which had good optical transmittance, water vapor barrier, and mechanical performance. The water vapor transmittance rate reduced from 1.1791 g·(m−2·day−1) of the original PC film to 0.5636 g·(m−2·day−1) of the PC/PUA composite film while the elongation at break and the impact energy were increased by about 48.36% and 41.67%, respectively, which would widen the application of PC films in the fields of flexible electronics or smart wear.

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge the help and support from all the testing teachers in the Institute of Materials.

  1. Funding information: This work was financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21805252), the SPC-Lab Research Fund (No. WDZC202001), and the Open Project of State Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials (No. 19kfhg04).

  2. Author contributions: Zekun Jing: experiment, writing – original draft, methodology, formal analysis; Yakun Guo: writing – review and editing, project administration, resources, visualization; Meng Ren: assistance in testing, advice; Xingtao Zhao: assistance in the experiment; Hong Shao: assistance in the experiment; Yuanlin Zhou: review, advice; Maobing Shuai: review, project administration, resources.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

Appendix

Table A1

The parameters of PUA resins

Name Appearance Viscosity (cP) Functional groups Average molecular weight (kg·mol−1)
PUA 7290 Transparent and viscous liquid 3,000–4,000 (60°C) 2 2.22 × 104
PUA 7600 Transparent and viscous liquid 55,000–75,000 (25°C) 6 1.59 × 103
PUA 1762 Transparent and viscous liquid 6,000–15,000 (25°C) 2 7.58 × 103
Table A2

The formulations of different PUA mixtures

No. TPGDA (g) THFA (g) DMMA (g) 184 (g) TPO (g) 7290 (g) 7600 (g) 1762 (g) Viscosity (cP)
PUA-1 20 3 3 37 37 20.1
PUA-2 25 15 2 1 30 30 25.4
PUA-3 25 15 2 1 30 30 19.6
Table A3

The calculation of the double bond conversion

Time (s) Area (C═C) Area (C═O) Ratio (X) Conversion (x) (%)
0 876.071 4952.301 0.177 0
1 276.792 19.30 0.070 60.452
3 288.073 3.52 0.012 93.220
6 5.024 464.158 0.011 93.785
9 4.095 437.192 0.009 94.915
15 4.04 422.983 0.009 94.915
Figure A1 FT-IR spectra of (a) THFA, DMAA, and TPGDA monomers; (b) 7290, 7600, and 1762 PUA resins; (c and d) PUA-3 and its compounds.
Figure A1

FT-IR spectra of (a) THFA, DMAA, and TPGDA monomers; (b) 7290, 7600, and 1762 PUA resins; (c and d) PUA-3 and its compounds.

Figure A2 Contact angle of PUA-3 coating at different curing times.
Figure A2

Contact angle of PUA-3 coating at different curing times.

Figure A3 Equipment sketch for film folding.
Figure A3

Equipment sketch for film folding.

Figure A4 Folding embrittlement pictures of (a) PC and (b) PC/PUA composite films.
Figure A4

Folding embrittlement pictures of (a) PC and (b) PC/PUA composite films.

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Received: 2021-02-15
Revised: 2021-05-13
Accepted: 2021-05-15
Published Online: 2021-10-27

© 2021 Zekun Jing et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2021-0047
Keywords for this article
parylene C; polyurethane acrylate coating; water vapor barrier; mechanical property; optical transmittance
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

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