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MOFs/PVA hybrid membranes with enhanced mechanical and ion-conductive properties

  • Chao Lu , Hang Xiao and Xi Chen EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: February 1, 2021
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e-Polymers
From the journal e-Polymers Volume 21 Issue 1

Abstract

Nanomaterials have been treated as effective dopants for enhancing mechanical and ion-conductive properties of polymer membranes. Among various nanomaterials, metal–organic frameworks are attracting enormous attention from researchers because of their intriguing structural and functional properties. Here we report a gentle and simple synthesis method of ZIF-8 nanomaterials, which are applied as dopants for polyvinyl alcohol composite membranes. This nanomaterials display uniform size distribution and high purity through various structural investigations. The as-prepared polymer composite membranes present enhanced mechanical and ion-conductive properties compared to pristine samples. This work provides a novel ideal on the design of nanomaterial dopants for high-performance polymer membranes.

Keywords: gentle synthesis; metal–organic frameworks; dopants; polymer membranes; enhanced properties

1 Introduction

Nanomaterials are emerging as mainstream materials in the modern world by the virtue of their special structural and functional properties, which are usually essential to specific application scenarios (1,2,3,4). Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are these kinds of functional nanomaterials composed of organic ligands and transitional metal centers (5,6,7). Zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) is a typical category of MOFs with high chemical stability and good functionality, which has been widely studied and applied in catalysis and energy fields (8,9,10). Even if MOF nanomaterials have been successfully utilized in many scientific fields including energy storage and conversion, their synthesis conditions are complicated and the costs are very high when compared with conventional materials (11,12,13). Thus, it is critical to develop simple synthesis method of MOF nanomaterials under gentle conditions for reducing the production costs and then obtaining widespread applications in modern industry.

In this work, a simple but effective synthesis method of ZIF-8 nanomaterials under gentle conditions has been reported, and the as-synthesized nanomaterials are verified to be an effective dopant with a capability of enhancing mechanical and ion-conductive properties of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) membranes. It is observed that the as-prepared ZIF-8 nanomaterials present uniform size distribution according to the morphology characterizations. And the nanomaterials are investigated with high chemical purity by the structural spectra, which is important for subsequent doping processes. The ZIF-8/PVA composite membrane gives tensile modulus of 13.03 MPa and break elongation of 15.64%, whose performances are higher than those of pristine PVA sample. In addition, the composite membrane displays higher ion conductivity of 0.26 × 10−4 S cm−1 than that of pristine one of 0.14 × 10−4 S cm−1. The enhanced ion conductivity of composite membrane improves its electrochemical properties, which are greatly critical to the energy storage applications. It is hoped that this work will shed light on gentle and simple synthesis of MOFs nanomaterials for polymer composite doping applications.

2 Experimental section

2.1 Materials

Zn(NO3)·6H2O and 2-methylimidazole were bought from Millipore Sigma company. Methanol and dimethyl formamide (DMF) were obtained from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent. PVA was got from Aladdin Reagent.

2.2 Synthesis of ZIF-8 nanomaterials

First, 100 mg Zn(NO3)2·6H2O was mixed with 50 mL methanol under stirring for 2 h to form Solution 1. Second, 150 mg 2-methylimidazole was mixed with 30 mL methanol to make Solution 2. Third, Solution 2 was dropped into Solution 1 with stirring condition. Fourth, the mixture was put on desk without touching for 24 h after stirring for 1 h. Fifth, the ZIF-8 resultant was obtained after rinsing with methanol for three times and drying in vacuum condition at 70°C for 12 h.

2.3 Preparation of polymer membranes

First, 100 mg PVA materials and 3 mg ZIF-8 nanomaterials were dispersed with 10 mL DMF under ultrasonic conditions. Second, the uniform dispersion was poured on Teflon mold under 50°C. Third, the PVA/ZIF-8 membrane was peeled off from the mold after drying for 24 h in vacuum condition. The pristine PVA membrane was prepared following the same process without addition of ZIF-8 nanomaterials.

2.4 Characterization

SEM and TEM results are made on SIGMA VP and FEI TALOS F200X. X-ray powder diffraction pattern is obtained from Antron-Paar TTK 450. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra is made on Nicolet 6700. Strain–stress curves are conducted with AGS-X equipment. Ionic conductivity is tested by Bio-logic Potentiostat VMP3 equipment.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Synthesis method of ZIF-8 nanomaterials

Schematic for the synthesis process of ZIF-8 nanomaterials is presented in Figure 1, including nucleation and crystallization processes. Typically, Zn(NO3)2 was mixed into methanol under ultrasonic condition for achieving uniform solution. Subsequently, the nucleation and crystallization of ZIF-8 nanomaterials were realized by adding 2-methylimidazole solution dropwise into the above solution. The reaction was made in aqueous solutions under gentle conditions at room temperature owing to the reduction of nucleation energy and thus promoting coordination organic ligands. Growth mechanism is mainly based on the formation of covalent bonds between metal ions and organic ligands. Water is not an appropriate solvent for ZIF-8 synthesis because of the instability under water solutions. Conventional synthesis of MOF nanomaterials is realized by hydrothermal methods, which always needs complicated manipulations and high temperature above 100°C with high production cost (14,15,16). The high cost and complicated synthesis processes of MOF nanomaterials will definitely impede their wide applications in catalysis and energy fields.

Figure 1 Scheme of the synthesis process of ZIF-8 nanomaterials.
Figure 1

Scheme of the synthesis process of ZIF-8 nanomaterials.

3.2 Morphology of ZIF-8 nanomaterials

Morphology is a key factor for evaluating the quality and purity of ZIF-8 nanomaterials, and morphology analysis is carried out with the aid of SEM and TEM techniques. The SEM images of ZIF-8 nanomaterials synthesized in this work are presented in Figure 2a and b. It is observed that the as-prepared ZIF-8 nanomaterials display homogeneous and hierarchical structure with regular polyhedron shapes. The materials also show no obvious aggregation. The size distribution is analyzed and presented in the inset. It can be found that the particle size is distributed in the range from 80 to 140 nm and mainly concentrated around 100 nm. The TEM images of ZIF-8 nanomaterials are shown in Figure 2c and d. The particle size of polyhedrons distributes uniformly with nearly the same size and is about 100 nm. The inorganic nanoparticles with uniform size and high modulus are potential dopants for polymer membranes with the purpose of improving their mechanical properties (17,18). And the hierarchical porous structures are also believed to be promising to enhance ionic concerning the properties of polymer membranes, since the polymer membranes may be utilized as solid electrolytes in electrochemical and electrocatalytic applications.

Figure 2 (a and b) SEM images and (c and d) TEM images of ZIF-8 nanomaterials under different magnifications. Inset shows the size distribution.
Figure 2

(a and b) SEM images and (c and d) TEM images of ZIF-8 nanomaterials under different magnifications. Inset shows the size distribution.

3.3 Structural characterization of ZIF-8 nanomaterials

X-ray diffraction (XRD) characterization is made to examine the chemical composition of the nanomaterials, and the corresponding XRD spectra is displayed in Figure 3a. As a result, the XRD pattern of prepared ZIF-8 nanomaterials is in accordance with the reported simulated spectra, whose typical peaks show the good crystallinity degree of ZIF-8 nanomaterials (19,20). The inset of Figure 3a presents the optical image of the nanomaterials as synthesized, and the nanomaterials are in fine powder state displaying white color. The FTIR spectra of ZIF-8 nanomaterials is shown in Figure 3b for evaluation of the chemical groups in molecular structures. The obvious band at the wavenumber of 421 cm−1 belongs to the formation of Zn–N bonds during synthesis process (21). Peak positions at wavenumbers of 3325 and 1637 cm−1 belong to the stretching and bending states of hydroxyl, and the peak value at 2222 cm−1 is attributed to the stretching vibration mode of N–H in imidazole rings (22,23).

Figure 3 (a) XRD result of ZIF-8 nanomaterials. Inset is an optimal image of the materials. (b) FTIR spectra of ZIF-8 nanomaterials.
Figure 3

(a) XRD result of ZIF-8 nanomaterials. Inset is an optimal image of the materials. (b) FTIR spectra of ZIF-8 nanomaterials.

3.4 Mechanical and ion-conductive properties of ZIF-8-doped polymer membranes

Stress–strain analysis of the polymer membranes was made to evaluate their mechanical properties. As shown in Figure 4a, the ZIF-8/PVA membrane gives higher tensile modulus and break elongation compared to pristine PVA sample. The tensile modulus of ZIF-8/PVA membrane is 13.03 MPa with a break ratio of 15.64%, and those of PVA membrane are 9.65 MPa and 13.58%, respectively. The enhanced mechanical properties are mainly due to the plastication effect of ZIF-8 polyhedrons in PVA membranes. As illustrated in Figure 4b, ionic conductivity of ZIF-8/PVA membrane is achieved at 0.26 × 10−4 S cm−1, which is nearly two times higher than that of pristine PVA sample (0.14 × 10−4 S cm−1). Based on the cyclic voltammetry (CV) curves in Figure 4c, the rectangular types indicate capacitive ion storage mechanism and the ZIF-8/PVA membrane gives higher current density. The nearly triangular shapes in charge–discharge curves in Figure 4d verify good coulombic efficiency, and the composite membrane delivers better ion storage performance than pristine PVA membrane. The results absolutely indicate that ZIF-8 nanomaterials are ideal dopants for polymer membranes, which will significantly improve mechanical and ion-storage properties. This hybrid membrane with good mechanical property and ionic conductivity has great potentials as separators for flexible electrochemical devices, including supercapacitors, batteries and fuel cells. In addition, the cost-effective preparation method will enable mass production for industrial applications.

Figure 4 (a) Mechanical characterizations of pristine PVA and ZIF-8 material-doped PVA membranes. (b) Comparison of ionic conductivity of the two membranes. (c) CV curves of the two membranes at scan rate of 5 mV s−1. (d) Charge–discharge curves of the two membranes at a current density of 0.5 A g−1.
Figure 4

(a) Mechanical characterizations of pristine PVA and ZIF-8 material-doped PVA membranes. (b) Comparison of ionic conductivity of the two membranes. (c) CV curves of the two membranes at scan rate of 5 mV s−1. (d) Charge–discharge curves of the two membranes at a current density of 0.5 A g−1.

4 Conclusions

In conclusion, a simple and gentle synthesis method of ZIF-8 nanomaterials has been reported and then the nanomaterials are supplied as effective dopants for polymer membranes. The high-quality powder of ZIF-8 nanomaterials is obtained under gentle reactive conditions and also verified as narrow size distribution and regular polyhedron shapes through morphology and structural characterizations. Since the plasticization effect of nanomaterials on polymer membranes, the composite membrane in this work displays higher mechanical and ion-conductive properties compared with the pristine samples. The mechanical and electrochemical measurements obviously verify the enhanced performances, possessing a great potential for ion kinetic applications in the future. This study presents a new design method of nanodopants for polymer membranes.

  1. Research funding: This work was supported by the Earth Engineering Center, and Center for Advanced Materials for Energy and Environment at Columbia University.

  2. Author contributions: Chao Lu: writing – original draft, methodology, formal analysis; Hang Xiao: formal analysis, visualization; Xi Chen: writing – review and editing, project administration, resources.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

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Received: 2020-11-24
Revised: 2020-12-14
Accepted: 2020-12-15
Published Online: 2021-02-01

© 2021 Chao Lu et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2021-0010
Keywords for this article
gentle synthesis; metal–organic frameworks; dopants; polymer membranes; enhanced properties
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  54. Preparation and adsorption properties of Ni(ii) ion-imprinted polymers based on synthesized novel functional monomer
  55. Rare-earth doped radioluminescent hydrogel as a potential phantom material for 3D gel dosimeter
  56. Effects of cryogenic treatment and interface modifications of basalt fibre on the mechanical properties of hybrid fibre-reinforced composites
  57. Stable super-hydrophobic and comfort PDMS-coated polyester fabric
  58. Impact of a nanomixture of carbon black and clay on the mechanical properties of a series of irradiated natural rubber/butyl rubber blend
  59. Preparation and characterization of a novel composite membrane of natural silk fiber/nano-hydroxyapatite/chitosan for guided bone tissue regeneration
  60. Study on the thermal properties and insulation resistance of epoxy resin modified by hexagonal boron nitride
  61. A new method for plugging the dominant seepage channel after polymer flooding and its mechanism: Fracturing–seepage–plugging
  62. Analysis of the rheological property and crystallization behavior of polylactic acid (Ingeo™ Biopolymer 4032D) at different process temperatures
  63. Hybrid green organic/inorganic filler polypropylene composites: Morphological study and mechanical performance investigations
  64. In situ polymerization of PEDOT:PSS films based on EMI-TFSI and the analysis of electrochromic performance
  65. Effect of laser irradiation on morphology and dielectric properties of quartz fiber reinforced epoxy resin composite
  66. The optimization of Carreau model and rheological behavior of alumina/linear low-density polyethylene composites with different alumina content and diameter
  67. Properties of polyurethane foam with fourth-generation blowing agent
  68. Hydrophobicity and corrosion resistance of waterborne fluorinated acrylate/silica nanocomposite coatings
  69. Investigation on in situ silica dispersed in natural rubber latex matrix combined with spray sputtering technology
  70. The degradable time evaluation of degradable polymer film in agriculture based on polyethylene film experiments
  71. Improving mechanical and water vapor barrier properties of the parylene C film by UV-curable polyurethane acrylate coating
  72. Thermal conductivity of silicone elastomer with a porous alumina continuum
  73. Copolymerization of CO2, propylene oxide, and itaconic anhydride with double metal cyanide complex catalyst to form crosslinked polypropylene carbonate
  74. Combining good dispersion with tailored charge trapping in nanodielectrics by hybrid functionalization of silica
  75. Thermosensitive hydrogel for in situ-controlled methotrexate delivery
  76. Analysis of the aging mechanism and life evaluation of elastomers in simulated proton exchange membrane fuel cell environments
  77. The crystallization and mechanical properties of poly(4-methyl-1-pentene) hard elastic film with different melt draw ratios
  78. Review Articles
  79. Aromatic polyamide nonporous membranes for gas separation application
  80. Optical elements from 3D printed polymers
  81. Evidence for bicomponent fibers: A review
  82. Mapping the scientific research on the ionizing radiation impacts on polymers (1975–2019)
  83. Recent advances in compatibility and toughness of poly(lactic acid)/poly(butylene succinate) blends
  84. Topical Issue: (Micro)plastics pollution - Knowns and unknows (Guest Editor: João Pinto da Costa)
  85. Simple pyrolysis of polystyrene into valuable chemicals
  86. Topical Issue: Recent advances of chitosan- and cellulose-based materials: From production to application (Guest Editor: Marc Delgado-Aguilar)
  87. In situ photo-crosslinking hydrogel with rapid healing, antibacterial, and hemostatic activities
  88. A novel CT contrast agent for intestinal-targeted imaging through rectal administration
  89. Properties and applications of cellulose regenerated from cellulose/imidazolium-based ionic liquid/co-solvent solutions: A short review
  90. Towards the use of acrylic acid graft-copolymerized plant biofiber in sustainable fortified composites: Manufacturing and characterization
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