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Detection of the damage threshold of fused silica components and morphologies of repaired damage sites based on the beam deflection method

  • Jiangmei Zhang , Xiang Gao EMAIL logo , Kunpeng Wang , Youyong Liu , Xiuhong Yang and Yihui Ao
Published/Copyright: August 20, 2018
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Open Physics
From the journal Open Physics Volume 16 Issue 1

Abstract

This article proposes a method to quickly detect the damage threshold of the fused silica components and the characteristics of the repair point damage. With a device detecting the beam deflection, the laser damage threshold is detected, quickly and effectively. Then, based on the beam deflection though mitigated sites, the beam deflection signals of the damage repair points are measured and the morphologies of mitigated sites are analyzed. This method is helpful in the online assessment of the damage resistance of the downstream optics and provides the guidance of the repair process.

Keywords: Laser-induced breakdown; Beam deflection method; Optical materials
PACS: 42.62.-b; 42.70.Ce; 79.20.Ds

1 Introduction

The damage of the fused silica surface caused by ultraviolet laser has been the major cause that limits the development of the large aperture high-power laser system [1, 2, 3]. Accurately and effectively detecting the damage threshold is of great significance in assessing damage resistance of optical components. Traditional ways of measuring damage threshold include phase contrast microscope observation [4, 5, 6], plasma flashing [7], monitoring of the transmission [8, 9], photoacoustic technique [10] and light Scattering [11, 12], etc. The beam deflection method [13, 14, 15, 16], which is usually applied in measuring the damage threshold of thin film coating, is not often applied in detecting the damage threshold of fused silica. It is the most effective way to repair the damaged fused silica optimal components by applying CO2 laser irradiation thus restricting the growth of the damaged fused silica optimal components. However, CO2 laser treatment [17, 18] is to remove the damaged materials in this way of fusing or evaporating, thus forming a Gaussian smooth pitch [19], which generates strong optical field modulation and possibly will cause the downstream components [9, 20]. The results show that optical field modulation growth is closely connected with the morphologies of mitigated sites, and it is imperative to detect the morphological properties of mitigated sites quickly and effectively in order to analyze the influence of the mitigated sites on the damage resistance of the downstream optics. This article proposes a quick and effective method of detecting the damage threshold of the fused silica components and the morphological properties of mitigated sites.

2 Experimental set of beam deflection

The experimental set of beam deflection can be seen in Figure 1. The samples are exposed to Nd:YAG pulse laser with 355 nm wavelength and pulse width of 10 ns (1/e). An energy detector (PE25) is used to detect laser energy. The combination of a half-wave plate and polarizer is used to control the energy of each harmonic beam. During the measurements, laser spots are casted to the front of the samples. He-Ne probe beam is casted from a certain angle to the laser region and the transmission light is, via a reflector, reflected into the quadrant detector to measure the laser spot displacement. In Figure 2, the probe beam are casted from three different angles. In mode A, the incident beam is casted to the edge of the laser spot and the emergent beam is far away from the edge of laser spots. In mode B, the incident beam and the emergent beam are all in the laser region. In mode C, the incident beam is far away from the laser spots, while the emergent beam is at the edge of laser spots.

Figure 1 Experimental set of beam deflection
Figure 1

Experimental set of beam deflection

Figure 2 Three incidence modes of the probe beam
Figure 2

Three incidence modes of the probe beam

With the increase of irradiation time, the deflections of probe spot in the different modes are shown in Figure 3. In Figure 3(a), the three rows of the picture, from top to bottom, respectively denote the measuring results of mode A, mode B, and mode C. The four columns, from left to right, denote respectively the positions of the deflection beam, before working, 3 seconds later, 6 seconds later, and 9 seconds later. When the probe beam is casted in mode A, the deflection beam moves toward quadrant 1 and quadrant 4. When in mode B, the displacements of the deflection beam can’t be clearly noticed. When in mode C, the deflection beam moves toward quadrant 2 and quadrant 3. In mode A and mode C, with the increase of irradiation time, the displacements enlarge accordingly, and become stable after a period of time. The three displacements of the deflection beam with the increase of irradiation time are shown in Figure 3(b). From Figure 3(b), when probe beams are casted in mode B, the displacements of deflection beam cannot be clearly noticed. When in mode C, the deflection beam moves toward quadrant 2 and quadrant 3. In mode A and mode C, with the increase of irradiation time, the displacements increase accordingly, and become stable after 12 seconds. To improve detection sensibility of the beam deflection, mode A and mode C are adopted to detect the displacements after the irradiation time of 12 seconds.

Figure 3 Deflection displacement of probe beams in the three modes with the growing irradiation time
Figure 3

Deflection displacement of probe beams in the three modes with the growing irradiation time

When laser damage occurs, the deflection displacement of probe beam will increase dramatically, 1-2 order of magnitudes. To verify the accuracy of detecting laser damage threshold with this method, the traditional phase contrast microscope observation is applied to compare the average fluence, respectively, at damage probability of 0%, 50% and 100%, which is shown in Table 1.

Table 1

Damage probability comparison

Damage probability0%50%100%
Average fluence (J/cm2)Phase contrast microscope9.519.325.4
Beam deflection method9.619.826.1

From Table 1, the discrepancy between the two methods is within 3%. The beam deflection method developed in this article can be applied to large-aperture, high-power laser systems to quickly detect laser damage threshold in situ. The shift of laser spot and the fluctuation of energy will cause uncertainty of the measurement. The energy detector connected to a computer is used to monitor the average energy of 100 pulses (during 10 seconds). The fluctuation of the measured fluence for each pulse is less than 2.5%. The changes in the microstructure and the refractive index of surrounding medium could occur on the surface of fused silica samples irradiated by the laser pulse with fluence near LIDT, which seriously shortens the lifetime of optical components. The size of these damage sites is too small to be observed by the phase contrast microscopy, used in the experiment, with a resolution of 1.5 μm for these minor sites. Thus, compared to analysis of morphologies, there is less uncertainty using beam deflection method, because this method can detect smaller damage site by adjusting the quadrant detector farther from the sample.

3 Analysis of morphologies of mitigated sites

In the experiment, fused silica samples were 50 × 50 × 5 mm3in size, with the surface roughness (RMS) of less than10 nm. The samples were immersed in HF solution first to remove the redeposition on the surface. Then, irradiated by the 355 nm wavelength and 300 μm diameter laser pulse, a mass of damage sites occur. The range of laser fluence used in the experiment is 5-27 J/cm2 with the fluctuation of fluence ±3%. The damaged fused silica samples were immersed in ultra-high-purity HF solution repeatedly to remove the fragments, and irradiated by 97 W CO2 laser with 7 mmin diameter and the irradiation time for 4 seconds. Subsequently, damage sites became smooth again. The mitigated sites has a Gaussian spatial profile, and their lateral sizes range from 50 μm to 550μm. Lastly, the deflection of the probe beam (He-Ne laser) passing the mitigated sites is detected by the location detector, which is shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4 Deflection of the probe beam passing the mitigated sites
Figure 4

Deflection of the probe beam passing the mitigated sites

The characteristics of mitigated sites H(r) is denoted as [9]

H(r)=H0exp−r2R02(1)

where, H0 is the maximum repair depth, and R0 is the effective half width (at 1/e).

When the probe beam is vertically incident to a mitigated site as shown in Figure 4, the tangent value of incidence angle α is denoted as

tan⁡(α)=dH(r)dr=H02rR02exp−r2R02(2)

where

sin⁡(α)=tan⁡(α)/1+tan2(α)cos⁡(α)=1/1+tan2(α)(3)

From the refraction theorem:

sin⁡(β)=sin⁡(α)/n=tan⁡(α)/n1+tan2(α),(4)
cos⁡(β)=1−tan2(α)/n2[1+tan2(α)],(5)

Where β is the refraction angle and n is the refractive index of the medium. According to angle conversion, the sine value of the emergent angle γ can be denoted as

sin⁡(γ)=nsin⁡(α−β)=nsin⁡(α)cos⁡(β)−sin⁡(β)cos⁡(α).(6)

The distance from the samples to the position detector is d, and the deflection displacement can be denoted as

S=dtan⁡(γ)=dsin⁡(γ)/1−sin2(γ).(7)

When d[tan(α)]/dr = 0, which means that r = (1/2)1/2R0, the deflection displacement takes its maximum value. Then, equation (2) can be rewritten as

tan⁡(α)=H02R0exp−12.(8)

The data measured by the stylus profilometer indicates that the depth of mitigated sites is much smaller than their width (H0 << R0, that is, tan(α) <<), and the results of equations (3), (4) and (5) can be simplified as

sin⁡(α)≈H02R0exp−12sin⁡(β)≈H02nR0exp−12cos⁡(α)≈1cos⁡(β)≈1(9)

Applying equations (6) and (9), the maximum deflection displacement according to equation (7) can be expressed as

Sm≈d(n−1)H02R0exp−12.(10)

From equation (10), the maximum value of deflection displacements grows with the growing repair points pitch depth. However, the maximum value of deflection displacements decreases with the enlarging repair points width.

Figure 5 indicates the deflection displacements of two different types of mitigated sites at different points. With the probe beam moving toward repairing pitches, the deflection displacements increase first and then decrease. With the beam moving to the bottoms of repairing pitches, the deflection displacements reversely increase first and then decrease. With the beam shifting out of mitigated site, deflection signals return to the equilibrium position.

Figure 5 Deflection displacements of two different types of mitigated sites at different positions (Site A R0 = 130 μm, H0 = 3.2 μm; Site B R0 = 280 μm, H0 = 4.5 μm)
Figure 5

Deflection displacements of two different types of mitigated sites at different positions (Site A R0 = 130 μm, H0 = 3.2 μm; Site B R0 = 280 μm, H0 = 4.5 μm)

Figure 6 reveals the changes of maximum deflection with depth-to-width ratios. The experiment values have good agreement with the results from equation (10), which indicates the maximum deflection displacement increases linearly with the increase of depth-to-width ratio. According to the equation (10), the depth-to-width ratios of mitigated sites can be obtained based on the measured maximum deflection displacement. The mitigated sites left from the mitigation process by CO2 laser which will result in light modulation to the downstream optics and the modulation intensity is affected by the morphology of mitigated sites. Thus, the morphology characteristics of mitigated sites obtained by beam deflection method could assess instantaneously damage resistance of the downstream optics in situ.

Figure 6 Maximum deflection varies with depth-to-width ratio
Figure 6

Maximum deflection varies with depth-to-width ratio

4 Conclusion

In this work, a method of beam deflection is developed by adjusting the incident way of the probe beam. The damage threshold of fused silica was quickly detected, with the same result as the one obtained by applying the phase contrast microscope. Then the deflection displacements of the mitigated sites were measured and the morphologies of mitigated sites were analyzed. A method to quickly detect damage threshold of the fused silica components and the morphology characteristics of mitigated sites is proposed, which can provide significant reference as to the online assessment of the damage resistance of the downstream optics and provides the guidance of the repair process.

Acknowledgement

This work is supported in part by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61505171), a project supported by Scientific Research Fund of Sichuan Provincial Education Department, China (No. 18CZ0014), and was also supported in part by National Nuclear Energy Development Project of China (No. 18zg6103).

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Received: 2018-01-29
Accepted: 2018-07-05
Published Online: 2018-08-20

© 2018 J. Zhang et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/phys-2018-0070
Keywords for this article
Laser-induced breakdown; Beam deflection method; Optical materials
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BY-NC-ND 4.0

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  38. 4 + n-dimensional water and waves on four and eleven-dimensional manifolds
  39. Stabilization and Analytic Approximate Solutions of an Optimal Control Problem
  40. On the equations of electrodynamics in a flat or curved spacetime and a possible interaction energy
  41. New prediction method for transient productivity of fractured five-spot patterns in low permeability reservoirs at high water cut stages
  42. The collinear equilibrium points in the restricted three body problem with triaxial primaries
  43. Detection of the damage threshold of fused silica components and morphologies of repaired damage sites based on the beam deflection method
  44. On the bivariate spectral quasi-linearization method for solving the two-dimensional Bratu problem
  45. Ion acoustic quasi-soliton in an electron-positron-ion plasma with superthermal electrons and positrons
  46. Analysis of projectile motion in view of conformable derivative
  47. Computing multiple ABC index and multiple GA index of some grid graphs
  48. Terahertz pulse imaging: A novel denoising method by combing the ant colony algorithm with the compressive sensing
  49. Characteristics of microscopic pore-throat structure of tight oil reservoirs in Sichuan Basin measured by rate-controlled mercury injection
  50. An activity window model for social interaction structure on Twitter
  51. Transient thermal regime trough the constitutive matrix applied to asynchronous electrical machine using the cell method
  52. On the zagreb polynomials of benzenoid systems
  53. Integrability analysis of the partial differential equation describing the classical bond-pricing model of mathematical finance
  54. The Greek parameters of a continuous arithmetic Asian option pricing model via Laplace Adomian decomposition method
  55. Quantifying the global solar radiation received in Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal to motivate the consumption of solar technologies
  56. Sturm-Liouville difference equations having Bessel and hydrogen atom potential type
  57. Study on the response characteristics of oil wells after deep profile control in low permeability fractured reservoirs
  58. Depiction and analysis of a modified theta shaped double negative metamaterial for satellite application
  59. An attempt to geometrize electromagnetism
  60. Structure of traveling wave solutions for some nonlinear models via modified mathematical method
  61. Thermo-convective instability in a rotating ferromagnetic fluid layer with temperature modulation
  62. Construction of new solitary wave solutions of generalized Zakharov-Kuznetsov-Benjamin-Bona-Mahony and simplified modified form of Camassa-Holm equations
  63. Effect of magnetic field and heat source on Upper-convected-maxwell fluid in a porous channel
  64. Physical cues of biomaterials guide stem cell fate of differentiation: The effect of elasticity of cell culture biomaterials
  65. Shooting method analysis in wire coating withdrawing from a bath of Oldroyd 8-constant fluid with temperature dependent viscosity
  66. Rank correlation between centrality metrics in complex networks: an empirical study
  67. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering
  68. Modeling of electric and heat processes in spot resistance welding of cross-wire steel bars
  69. Dynamic characteristics of triaxial active control magnetic bearing with asymmetric structure
  70. Design optimization of an axial-field eddy-current magnetic coupling based on magneto-thermal analytical model
  71. Thermal constitutive matrix applied to asynchronous electrical machine using the cell method
  72. Temperature distribution around thin electroconductive layers created on composite textile substrates
  73. Model of the multipolar engine with decreased cogging torque by asymmetrical distribution of the magnets
  74. Analysis of spatial thermal field in a magnetic bearing
  75. Use of the mathematical model of the ignition system to analyze the spark discharge, including the destruction of spark plug electrodes
  76. Assessment of short/long term electric field strength measurements for a pilot district
  77. Simulation study and experimental results for detection and classification of the transient capacitor inrush current using discrete wavelet transform and artificial intelligence
  78. Magnetic transmission gear finite element simulation with iron pole hysteresis
  79. Pulsed excitation terahertz tomography – multiparametric approach
  80. Low and high frequency model of three phase transformer by frequency response analysis measurement
  81. Multivariable polynomial fitting of controlled single-phase nonlinear load of input current total harmonic distortion
  82. Optimal design of a for middle-low-speed maglev trains
  83. Eddy current modeling in linear and nonlinear multifilamentary composite materials
  84. The visual attention saliency map for movie retrospection
  85. AC/DC current ratio in a current superimposition variable flux reluctance machine
  86. Influence of material uncertainties on the RLC parameters of wound inductors modeled using the finite element method
  87. Cogging force reduction in linear tubular flux switching permanent-magnet machines
  88. Modeling hysteresis curves of La(FeCoSi)13 compound near the transition point with the GRUCAD model
  89. Electro-magneto-hydrodynamic lubrication
  90. 3-D Electromagnetic field analysis of wireless power transfer system using K computer
  91. Simplified simulation technique of rotating, induction heated, calender rolls for study of temperature field control
  92. Design, fabrication and testing of electroadhesive interdigital electrodes
  93. A method to reduce partial discharges in motor windings fed by PWM inverter
  94. Reluctance network lumped mechanical & thermal models for the modeling and predesign of concentrated flux synchronous machine
  95. Special Issue Applications of Nonlinear Dynamics
  96. Study on dynamic characteristics of silo-stock-foundation interaction system under seismic load
  97. Microblog topic evolution computing based on LDA algorithm
  98. Modeling the creep damage effect on the creep crack growth behavior of rotor steel
  99. Neighborhood condition for all fractional (g, f, n′, m)-critical deleted graphs
  100. Chinese open information extraction based on DBMCSS in the field of national information resources
  101. 10.1515/phys-2018-0079
  102. CPW-fed circularly-polarized antenna array with high front-to-back ratio and low-profile
  103. Intelligent Monitoring Network Construction based on the utilization of the Internet of things (IoT) in the Metallurgical Coking Process
  104. Temperature detection technology of power equipment based on Fiber Bragg Grating
  105. Research on a rotational speed control strategy of the mandrel in a rotary steering system
  106. Dynamic load balancing algorithm for large data flow in distributed complex networks
  107. Super-structured photonic crystal fiber Bragg grating biosensor image model based on sparse matrix
  108. Fractal-based techniques for physiological time series: An updated approach
  109. Analysis of the Imaging Characteristics of the KB and KBA X-ray Microscopes at Non-coaxial Grazing Incidence
  110. Application of modified culture Kalman filter in bearing fault diagnosis
  111. Exact solutions and conservation laws for the modified equal width-Burgers equation
  112. On topological properties of block shift and hierarchical hypercube networks
  113. Elastic properties and plane acoustic velocity of cubic Sr2CaMoO6 and Sr2CaWO6 from first-principles calculations
  114. A note on the transmission feasibility problem in networks
  115. Ontology learning algorithm using weak functions
  116. Diagnosis of the power frequency vacuum arc shape based on 2D-PIV
  117. Parametric simulation analysis and reliability of escalator truss
  118. A new algorithm for real economy benefit evaluation based on big data analysis
  119. Synergy analysis of agricultural economic cycle fluctuation based on ant colony algorithm
  120. Multi-level encryption algorithm for user-related information across social networks
  121. Multi-target tracking algorithm in intelligent transportation based on wireless sensor network
  122. Fast recognition method of moving video images based on BP neural networks
  123. Compressed sensing image restoration algorithm based on improved SURF operator
  124. Design of load optimal control algorithm for smart grid based on demand response in different scenarios
  125. Face recognition method based on GA-BP neural network algorithm
  126. Optimal path selection algorithm for mobile beacons in sensor network under non-dense distribution
  127. Localization and recognition algorithm for fuzzy anomaly data in big data networks
  128. Urban road traffic flow control under incidental congestion as a function of accident duration
  129. Optimization design of reconfiguration algorithm for high voltage power distribution network based on ant colony algorithm
  130. Feasibility simulation of aseismic structure design for long-span bridges
  131. Construction of renewable energy supply chain model based on LCA
  132. The tribological properties study of carbon fabric/ epoxy composites reinforced by nano-TiO2 and MWNTs
  133. A text-Image feature mapping algorithm based on transfer learning
  134. Fast recognition algorithm for static traffic sign information
  135. Topical Issue: Clean Energy: Materials, Processes and Energy Generation
  136. An investigation of the melting process of RT-35 filled circular thermal energy storage system
  137. Numerical analysis on the dynamic response of a plate-and-frame membrane humidifier for PEMFC vehicles under various operating conditions
  138. Energy converting layers for thin-film flexible photovoltaic structures
  139. Effect of convection heat transfer on thermal energy storage unit
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