Lexicographica. Series Maior

A lot of technical terms in mathematics come from standard language, which is why it makes sense to use general dictionaries when working with foreign-language texts. However, these dictionaries often do not cover the specific mathematical meaning of words. Moreover, no didactically evaluated technical dictionaries exist for mathematics. This project develops and evaluates a prototype for an e-dictionary of mathematics.

The book takes its cue from the topics of PhrasaLex, a workshop dedicated to phraseological approaches to learner’s lexicography which took place for the second time in July 2021 and is connected to the lexicographic project PhraseBase.

Considering the great interest that studies on patterns of meaning have gained in lexicology and lexicography, we not only delve into the more phraseological approach, but broaden our horizon to include further approaches, both established and new, that have as their common thread the identification and analysis of patterns of meaning in their interaction with grammatical patterns. In this way, we present the commonalities of a complex, innovative and partly interdisciplinary strand of research that currently involves disciplines such as theoretical and applied linguistics, corpus linguistics and computational linguistics.

The book provides insights into different theoretical approaches examining the interface between lexis, semantics and grammar, by dealing with methodological advances and issues regarding corpus linguistics explorations and the lexicographic process. A special focus is on the phraseological nature of language as well as on its implication for the design of (learner’s) dictionaries.

Foreign language learners often use electronic dictionaries or other information from the Internet to solve language problems. However, they seem to have great difficulty using dictionaries and online resources appropriately, profitably and successfully. Their teachers also seem unfamiliar with the current dictionary landscape and sometimes insist on using a single (monolingual) print dictionary in class. As a result, dictionaries are often banned from the classroom altogether.

However, in today’s digital, global and multilingual world, appropriate competence in the use of dictionaries is an essential communicative strategy. Dictionary didactics should thus be integrated into foreign language teaching. Against this background, the contributions in this volume discuss how dictionary use can be promoted and integrated into the classroom. They also consider how modern lexical resources and dictionaries should be designed to support learners. Last but not least, they present ideas for educational policies that could promote the use of dictionaries and lexicographic online resources.

This volume offers important insights to language teachers, authors of language teaching materials, practical lexicographers and other applied linguists.

The dictionary example is the culminating component of the information presented in articles of dictionaries intended for language learning. This study analyses the example comprehensively: its provenance, its theoretical status, its distinction from multiword lexical units (to be presented as infralemmas), types and specific functions. The example not only illustrates the data provided by the definition, the equivalent, the grammatical, collocational and pragmatic items, but also provides valuable complementary information on the use of each lexical unit described. Examples are models with which users can form other sentences but are also instantiations of the language that escape systematicity and reflect unpredictable but real uses. Theoretical reflection on the theory of the example (with special emphasis on the bilingual), analysis of how (especially bilingual) dictionaries present examples and what kind of information each type of example provides can assist lexicographers in planning their dictionaries and making theoretically based choices when it comes to the selection and presentation of examples.

The Internet has become the central publication platform for dictionaries. This profound change in the dictionary landscape gives rise to a whole range of new questions for lexicographic practice and dictionary research.

This volume provides for the first time an introduction to the central fields of work in Internet lexicography and presents the current state of scientific research and lexicographic practice. The chapters cover key aspects of dictionary creation, such as the technical framework, data modeling, and lexicographic process, linking dictionary content, access and navigation structures, automatic extraction of lexicographic information, user participation, and research on dictionary use.

The aim of this volume is to provide students and teachers (at universities) with an introductory and easy-to-read overview on Internet lexicography, thus anchoring this important and innovative field of research and practice in university teaching. All chapters convey the basic concepts and methods in a comprehensible way and are enriched by references to further and more in-depth reading.

This volume brings together contributions by international experts reflecting on Covid19-related neologisms and their lexicographic processing and representation. The papers analyze new words, new meanings of existing words, and new multiword units, where they come from, how they are transmitted (or differ) across languages, and how their use and meaning are reflected in dictionaries of all sorts. Recent trends in as many as ten languages are considered, including general and specialized language, monolingual as well as bilingual and printed as well as online dictionaries.

This study sheds light on the history of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century German-Latin lexicography, which has received very little scholarly attention to date, thus paving the way for future research. Analyzing dictionaries such as those by Kirsch, Scheller, and Kraft, it shows how the changing status and perception of Latin is reflected in the work of lexicographers.

This volume takes stock of the current state of the historical lexicography of German, sounding out the prospects for future research. It focuses on the ongoing development of dictionary projects in the digital age and the links being forged to other forms of engagement with words and dictionaries, as in literature and the museum, but also in relation to digital offerings, such as Wikipedia.

It is difficult to imagine lexicography today without the use of corpora. The authors of this edited volume show how corpora can be used to solve specific problems in lexicography and phraseography. Their chapters are the result of presentations held during the 10th colloquium on lexicography and dictionary research that took place at Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (Poland) in 2018.

How was Latin learned and taught in the Late Middle Ages? Dietrich Engelhus used an ambitious multilingual dictionary in an attempt to make the complexities of the Latin language intelligible for his students. But did he set his didactic aims too high? And what was the impact of his work in Low-German nunneries? This XML-based metalexicographic, educational historical analysis of parallel dictated manuscripts suggests answers to these questions.

The book undertakes a meta-lexicographical reflection on exemplary materials in pedagogical and valency dictionaries of German as a foreign language. Using a collected sample of verbal lemmas from seven monolingual and bilingual dictionaries, it examines the following research questions: What is a lexicological example? What is the purpose of lexicological examples? What constitutes a good lexicological example?

Discovery in Haste is the first book to survey the English printed medical dictionary, a greatly under-researched area, from Andrew Boorde's Breviary of Helthe of 1547 to Benjamin Lara’s surgical dictionary of 1796. The book begins with Andrew Boorde’s Breviary of Helthe of 1547, moves on to medical glossaries, which were produced through the whole period, the ‘physical dictionaries’ of the mid-seventeenth century which first employed ‘dictionary’ in the title, the translation into English of Steven Blancard’s dictionary, Latin medical dictionaries of the late seventeenth century by Thomas Burnet and John Cruso, the influential dictionary by John Quincy which dominated the eighteenth century, surgical dictionaries through to that by Benjamin Lara, Robert James’s massive encyclopaedic dictionary and the work derived from it by John Barrow, as well as George Motherby’s dictionary of 1775. The characteristics of each are discussed and their inter-relationships explored. Attention is also paid to the printing history and the way the publishers influenced the works and, where appropriate, to the influence each had on succeeding dictionaries. This book is the first to locate medical dictionaries within the history of lexicography.

Historical lexicography is a basic discipline for all sciences that deal with linguistically determined historical facts. The collected volume describes the ways that dictionaries open up access to “historical worlds of words,“ and reflects on the requirements, methods, and problems of historical lexicographic work. At the same time, it offers an overview of the current research landscape of historical lexicography.

Despite the extensive range of classical dictionaries and a continuously growing number of Internet-based lexicographical products, many aspects of dictionary structure remain unexplained. The volume critically examines and amplifies current theory on the structure of dictionaries, especially with regard to Internet lexicography.

This edited volume on the topic of Dictionary Criticism contains 17 German and English essays that explore interconnections between dictionary criticism and dictionary research, functional theory, usage research, and cultural and scientific history. Additional topics include: the evaluation of various types of dictionaries, text types in dictionary criticism, and the methodology of dictionary criticism.

This volume collects 17 essays by experts from 5 countries under the rubric "dictionary research and lexicography" that address such issues as the presentation and commentary of lexicographic discoveries, the relationship between lexicography and linguistics, lexicographical concepts, and broad issues such as the current status and future perspectives of meta-lexicography.

Can learner dictionaries help to build vocabulary? What are the preconditions for transforming learner dictionaries into teaching dictionaries? The study draws on the related disciplines of vocabulary didactics and learning psychology to examine the usefulness of learner dictionaries for systematic vocabulary acquisition. It goes on to test its hypotheses using eye-tracking studies.

English lexicography and linguistics have always shared close ties, yet the potential of cognitive linguistics for lexicography has only been hesitantly acknowledged in the literature. This is what cognitive lexicography attempts to change by using insights gained in cognitive semantic research for the development of new dictionary features. After a short survey of the history and practice of English monolingual learner lexicography, as well as an outline of the relationship between linguistics and lexicography, three new dictionary features are developed. They cover three different cognitive semantic theories as well as three different parts of the monolingual dictionary entry, each time for a new set of lexemes. Frame semantics, conceptual metaphor theory, as well as cognitive conceptions of polysemy, are used to create a new example section for agentive nouns, a new defining structure for emotion terms and a new microstructural arrangement for particle entries. Dictionary analyses on all, as well as user studies on two of the features, complement these suggestions. The monograph thus presents a new approach to lexicography that incorporates into its description of lexical items how humans perceive and conceptualise language.

Since 1987 when the first English explanatory dictionary fully based on corpus evidence was published, considerable changes related to the choice of lexicographic evidence have affected the field of lexicography. On this background (even though the volume of the lexicographic material is ample) the English-Latvian lexicographic tradition looks rather traditional and even somewhat stagnant. Thus, there is an urgent need for a detailed analytical inventory of English-Latvian dictionaries in order to facilitate new dictionary projects.

This book provides a comprehensive survey of the development of the English-Latvian lexicographic tradition considering the various extra-linguistic factors which have influenced it. It studies the typical features of English-Latvian dictionaries traced throughout the tradition at the levels of their mega-, macro- and microstructure, pinpoints the problematic aspects of English-Latvian lexicography and offers theoretically grounded solutions for improving the quality of future English-Latvian dictionaries.

The essays in this volume address a range of problems in contrastive lexicography and present the current state of research as well as new trends in creating bilingual dictionaries. It adopts a user-friendly perspective that takes into consideration the advantages and drawbacks of print and digital dictionaries.

This book is the first comprehensive monograph on the Function Theory of Lexicography, which originated at the Aarhus School of Business (Aarhus University). Function Theory considers dictionaries to be tools that are constructed for assisting specific users with punctual needs in specific usage situations, e.g. communicative-oriented situations and cognitive-oriented situations. The book's main focus is on defending the independent academic status of lexicography and its corollary: The process of designing, compiling and updating (specialised) online dictionaries needs a theoretical framework that addresses general and specific aspects. The former are common to all types of information tools, the latter are mainly dependent on the media for which the information tool is constructed and their specific target users. This books offers both aspects and moves from the highest level of abstraction to very detailed aspects of lexicographic work, e.g. how to convert an originally-conceived polyfunctional online dictionary into several monofunctional usage-based ones.
The book illustrates that the theory and the methodology currently used by advocates of the Function Theory of Lexicography offers better results than other approaches and therefore makes its case for proposing the Function Theory for terminological/terminographical work.

Until now, there has been very little research into the use of online dictionaries. In contrast, the market for online dictionaries is increasing both for academic lexicography and for commercial lexicography, with sales figures for printed reference works in continual decline. This has led to a demand for reliable empirical information on how online dictionaries are actually being used and how they could be made more user-friendly.
The volume Using Online Dictionaries makes a substantial contribution to closing this research gap. It is divided into four parts: The first part contains articles on fundamental issues: a research review of the empirical studies on digital dictionaries which have already been carried out, and a brief methodological guideline for lexicographical researchers who are interested in conducting their own empirical research. The second part contains the results of two studies that focus on general questions about the use of online dictionaries. It presents empirical data on contexts of dictionary use, on expectations and demands regarding online dictionaries. Furthermore, innovative features, such as the use of multimedia elements or the option of a user-adaptive interface and questions of design were assessed empirically. The third part of this volume comprises more specific studies of online dictionaries: an eye-tracking study evaluating the new web design of the dictionary portal OWID and a log file study which tries to get to the bottom of the following question: Do dictionary users look up frequent words, or put differently, is there a connection between how often a word is looked up and how often it appears in a corpus? In the last chapter of this thematic section, the question of how users judge the combination of a written paraphrase and an additional illustration in illustrated online dictionaries is addressed. The last part focuses on the use of monolingual dictionaries, in particular the German online dictionary elexiko. In this context, two online questionnaire-based studies were carried out. The empirical studies were conducted in the form of online surveys combining questionnaires and experimental elements and in the form of laboratory studies using eye-tracking technology as well as using observational methods such as log file analyses.
Regarding the comprehensive research framework, this volume can be relevant to lexicographers, metalexicographers and linguists who are interested in the use of (online) dictionaries and in the development and exploration of lexicographical data for the internet, as well as linguists interested in empirical methods. It addresses a broad expert audience by presenting an academic subject which is currently the focus of much discussion.

Despite the great number and diversity of specialised dictionaries and terminologies, several major issues of specialised lexicography still remain unresolved. The articles in this volume intend to discuss and resolve such open questions and, at the same time, spawn further research.

In the literature on English lexicography there have been few attempts at a systematic study of the history of popular dictionaries that have been around for many years in English-speaking countries. A dictionary like Chambers deserves special attention because of its long tradition that goes back to the nineteenth century. Although it has gone through numerous editions, its history has received little attention from scholars. The book traces the development of the Chambers Dictionary from its origins to the present time by comparing corresponding parts of successive editions of the dictionary. This comparative approach aims to determine major trends in the evolution of the dictionary. It will provide scholars and interested students with insights into the Chambers lexicographers’ work, the goals they aimed to achieve, and the problems they had to face when revising the dictionary.

What are the principles according to which lexical data should be represented in order to form a lexical database that can serve as a basis for the construction of several different monofunctional dictionaries? Starting from the notion of lexicographic functions as defined by Henning Bergenholtz and Sven Tarp, this question is approached by analysing how current electronic dictionaries and lexical resource models attempt to satisfy the needs of different types of users in different usage situations, in order to identify general requirements on the model for a lexical resource that aims to be “multifunctional” in the above sense. Based on this analysis, this book explores the use of formalisms developed in the context of the semantic web to approach both general and specific lexicographic questions, in particular the representation of multi-word expressions and their properties and relations. In doing so, this book not only addresses several topics which are of relevance to lexicographers and computational linguists alike, but also supports its claims by providing a prototypical implementation of a multifunctional lexical resource using semantic web formalisms.

This book is concerned with bilingual thematic dictionaries (BTDs). The three chief aims of the research project are: 1) to identify the characteristic features of the bilingual thematic dictionary, 2) to gauge its usefulness, and 3) to make suggestions as to how it could be improved. Various approaches are adopted in order to reveal the nature of the BTD. The typological approach considers the lexicographic genres (bilingual, thematic, and pedagogical) which have been combined to create this hybrid reference work. Particular attention is paid to the BTD's immediate forerunner and closest lexicographic relative: the monolingual thematic learner's dictionary. Detailed textual analyses of contemporary thematic dictionaries identify the characteristic features of the macrostructure, microstructure, and other components from a structural perspective. In order to evaluate the usefulness of the BTD features identified, the textual analyses are supplemented by three pieces of user research involving a questionnaire (to elicit learners' opinions), a test (on the effectiveness of the access structure), and an experiment (to discover how a learner uses a BTD).

This volume covers more than 200 years of recording specific language in German explanatory dictionaries. For the first time, the comparative analysis of six dictionaries from the 18th to the 20th century provides reliable data which subject areas were covered lexicographically and which special methods of marking were used. Nautical language serves as an example to show constancy and changes in adding new specific vocabularies in the above mentioned time period. A broad overview of specific language research since the 19th century rounds off the book.

Bilingual dictionaries are an important aid in foreign language acquisition and in interlingual communication. However, when speaking and writing one needs to be able to formulate whole sentences instead of using single words. The term syntagmatics encompasses all that surrounds a word in a sentence. The monograph Syntagmatics in the Bilingual Dictionary explores what one needs to know about a word to use it correctly in a sentence and how a dictionary should be structured to convey this information.

The need for constructing a lexicographical theory with a particular focus on specialised dictionaries for learners is well documented in recent publications. This will imply paying attention to, at least, four basic lexicographic categories: learners; the learner's situation; the learner's needs; dictionary assistance. In one or other way, these categories are analysed in this book, whose eleven chapters are grouped into three parts. Part 1 reflects on some of the main ideas defended by the function theory of lexicography, perhaps the theoretical framework that has paid more attention to specialised lexicography. Part 2 presents some proposals that have already being explored in the field of general learner's dictionary and must be incorporated into specialised metalexicography: cultural aspects; figurative meaning; the inclusion of grammatical information; the use of corpora. Part 3 introduces the state of play regarding specialised dictionaries in China and offers some ideas for coping with the proliferation of terminological glossaries in Internet. The book also describes Enrique Alcaraz's academic achievements, together with some personal anecdotes, and a personal short tribute to his memory.

The present collected volume contains eleven papers by internationally renowned phraseologists and dictionary compilers giving an overview of the present state of the art in research into lexicographical phraseology from an intra-lingual and interlingual perspective. Selected individual examples are presented to document positive recent developments in the compilation of idiomatic dictionaries, with particular acknowledgement of the achievements of computational linguistics.

The book contains a state-of-the-art summary of the theoretical discussions within the field of lexicography during the last decades. On this basis it presents and argues for a new general theory, called the function theory. It goes on to develop this theory in one single field, i.e. learners lexicography where it both formulates the basic elements of a general theory for learners’ dictionaries as well as a number of specific theories for special subfields such as selection, meaning, semantic relations, morphology, syntactic properties and word combinations. It contains a big number of examples extracted from existing dictionaries which are discussed from the point of view of the theories formulated.

Selection of 24 essays by the dictionary researcher Reinhard Hartmann on ‘Interlingual Lexicography’, a genre much neglected in the literature, including interdisciplinary approaches to translation equivalence, its analysis in contrastive text linguistics and its treatment in the bilingual dictionary, with particular attention to the user perspective, in English and German.

This book analyses Noah Webster's and Samuel Johnson's use of verbal examples in their dictionaries as a means of giving guidance on word usage. The author's major interest lies in elucidating how uniquely Webster, who was originally a grammarian, made use of verbal examples. In order to achieve this purpose, the author provides chapters based on types of entry words in their functional contexts. Johnson's selection of sources of citations and the frequency of his quoting citations tended to vary strongly according to the type of entry word; he also supplied invented examples rather than citations when he thought it especially necessary to clarify the use of a word. By contrast, with the exception of biblical ones, almost all of Webster's citations were taken from Johnson's »Dictionary«. However, Webster significantly made full use of such citations to express his view on word usage, which differs essentially from Johnson's. Besides, Webster had a strong tendency to quote phrases and sentences from the Bible for the same purpose.

The book takes up the subject of dictionary use from the perspective of advanced learners. The study aims to explore the effects of the use of a monolingual learner’s dictionary on students’ performance in a complex comprehension task, i.e. the task of interpreting fragments with modified idioms, which often disrupt the fluent reading process. The theoretical part summarises the results of lexicographic research in the field of receptive dictionary use and discusses its methodological aspects. Moreover, it introduces relevant elements of the reading theory and analyses the nature of idiomatic expressions, their transformations in particular, from a psycholinguistic point of view. Finally, problems connected with the presentation of idioms in monolingual learner’s dictionaries are highlighted. The major, empirical part reports on an experiment, whose aim was to find connections between the consultation process, the way of presenting lexicographic information on idioms, and comprehension scores. The results reveal a mildly positive influence of the monolingual learner’s dictionary on reading comprehension performance. Among the reasons for underachievement were misinterpretation of entries and insufficient processing of dictionary information in context.

The study examines the user-friendliness of sources of verb syntax in pedagogical dictionaries of English. It relies mainly on the results of an experiment, where the user-friendliness was measured by the frequency with which the properly identified and useful syntactic information was located in entries compiled for the purpose of the research. 606 subjects, divided into two groups of different proficiency in English, underlined there the information helpful in answering multiple choice questions. The study ends with the recommendation of the most user-friendly solutions.

Professor Zgusta’s work in lexicography and linguistics proper is built upon a multilingual command of linguistic theory, literary history, the history of linguistics, and his experience as a ›practical‹ lexicographer. The topic under consideration may be the organization and development of a standard variety of a language; explorations of the consequences of linguistic theory on the practical lexicographic applications in making dictionaries that range from Ahtna to Zoque and Batad Ifuagao to Yolngu-Matha; the method of definition in bilingual dictionaries; the state of affairs in Russian lexicography; learner’s dictionaries; ancient Greek lexicography; pragmatics; scripts and morphological types; the history of English lexicography; or behind the scenes at the making of the Czech-Chinese dictionary. The reader will not only be offered a careful and wide-ranging study of these important topics in the discipline, but will be taken on a guided comparative and historical tour that illuminates the strengths and weaknesses of current practice and theory. His work reminds those linguists and lexicographers who are locked into ›paradigm‹ battles of the Kuhnian kind that the wheel has already been invented. Most of the articles in this volume have been updated. The editors have also conflated six articles on the history of dictionaries into one seamless narrative with connective tissue supplied by Zgusta.

The study focuses on problems posed by the differentiation of equivalents in German-English dictionaries for German users. Alongside a theoretical discussion of equivalence relations and differentiation potentialities it provides a qualitative and quantitative analysis of various widely-used dictionaries. The results of the study are used as a basis for example dictionary entries designed to illustrate potential improvements in differentiation method.

The study discusses the specific problems posed by the handling of collocations in two-language lexicography with reference to modern French-Russian dictionaries. Throughout the study, the situation of the dictionary user is kept in mind, thus making it possible to propose both general and very concrete improvements enhancing user-friendliness in modern two-language dictionaries. The improvements proposed are put into practice in the form of model dictionary articles with explanatory commentaries.

This volume is a collection of papers from the 1st International Conference on Historical Lexicography and Lexicology at the University of Leicester in 2002. The purpose of the conference was to bring together scholars and academics from around the world working as scholars and editors on historical dictionaries or as practising lexicographers. The papers are, accordingly, arranged in two sections, reflecting the distinction between those individuals working on the historical development of dictionaries and those considering the lexicological problems and challenges facing the lexicographer in attempting to represent as fully and justly as possible historical forms of the English language.

This study concentrates on three major issues creating a basis for the making of the "Czech-English Law Dictionary with Explanations", namely language, including terminology, in both the Czech and Anglo-American systems of law; the process of legal translation; and the lexicographic method of producing a bilingual law dictionary. Terminology has been considered the most significant feature of language for legal purposes. It encompasses a wide range of special-purpose vocabulary and higher syntactic units, including legal jargon. Conceptual analysis is to be pursued whenever an identical term in the target language does not exist or its full equivalent is in doubt. Legal translation should be based primarily on comparative legal, linguistic and genre analysis in order to make the transfer of legal information as precise, accurate and comprehensible as possible. The primary objective of legal translation is for the target recipient to be provided as explicit, extensive and precise legal information in the target language as is contained in the source text, complemented (by the translator) with facts rendering the original information fully comprehensible in the different legal environment and culture. A dictionary which will help its users to produce legal texts in the target language should be founded upon a profound comparative legal and linguistic analysis that will (a) determine equivalents at the levels of vocabulary, syntax and genre, (b) select the appropriate lexicographic material to be included in the dictionary, and (c) create entries in a user-friendly manner.

This study provides an answer to the question of how dictionaries should be read. For this purpose, articles taken from an outline for a Guaraní-German dictionary geared to established lexicographic practice are provided with standardized interpretations. Each article is systematically assigned a formal sentence making its meaning explicit both for content words (including polysemes) and functional words or affixes. Integrative Linguistics proves its theoretical and practical value both for the description of Guaraní (indigenous Indian language spoken in Paraguay, Argentina and Brazil) and in metalexicographic terms.

Is the bilingual dictionary really the translator’s best friend? Or is it the case that all translators hate all dictionaries? The truth probably lies half-way. It is difficult to verify anyway, as the literature on the subject(s) is limited, not helped by the fact that Lexicography and Translation have stood apart for decades despite their commonality of purpose. Here is a volume, based on the proceedings of a successful conference at Hong Kong, that may at last provide some answers.

Inhalt:Vorwort: Zwischen common sense und angewandter Theorie. - Konrad Schröder, Zur Rolle des Wörterbuchs in der Fremdsprachendidaktik der frühen Neuzeit. - Hildegard Schäffler, Wörterbücher und Medienwandel aus bibliothekarischer Sicht. - Wolfram Bublitz/Monika Bednarek, Nur im begrenzten Rahmen: Frames im Wörterbuch. - Günter Jehle, Prototype Semantics and Learners' Dictionaries of English. - Ulrike Rothe, Das einsprachige Wörterbuch als Produkt von >Kultur<: Lexikographische Definitionen und Artikelbaupläne im Licht semantischer Theorien. - Hans Wellmann, Der Definitionswortschatz des einsprachigen Wörterbuchs. - Heike Kamm, Stilistische Angaben in einsprachigen Lernerwörterbüchern des Englischen: Fortschritte, Probleme, Grenzen. - Uta Lenk, Korpuslinguistik und Lexikographie am Beispiel eines hochfrequenten Lexems. - Brigitta Mittmann, Pragmatik und Wörterbücher: prefabs und gesprochene Sprache. - Gunter Lorenz, Gilding the Lily? Überlegungen zur zweisprachigen Idiom-Lexikographie. - Martin Schnell, Zum Problem der Äquivalenz in zweisprachigen juristischen Fachwörterbüchern Englisch-Deutsch/Deutsch-Englisch. - Ernst Burgschmidt, Theorie der Wortbildung und ihr Reflex im Wörterbuch. - Thomas Herbst, Valenzlexikografie und Valenztheorie. Grenzen der Beschreibbarkeit eines sprachlichen Phänomens.

The research has provided insights into the area of look-up behaviour, in particular, look-up strategies. A coding scheme of 51 executive, cognitive and metacognitive operations has been derived from the think-aloud data. On the basis of the codes, seven types of strategies were identified: Ignoring, Assuming, Minimizing, Checking, Paraphrasing, Stretching, and Maximizing. The results also indicated that the look-up strategies preferred one part (either L1 translation equivalents or L2 definitions) rather than both parts (L1 translation equivalents and L2 definitions) of the bilingualised entries. Four other factors i.e. language preference, language proficiency, target words and L2 definitions could also influence the use of the bilingualised entries in various degrees. Learners were shown to have common as well as different patterns of strategy use. Most learners attempted a variety of strategies while one learner repeatedly utilized one type of strategy. The frequency of strategy use for individual learners usually fluctuated when different types of strategies were used. Although a wide variety of strategies were used, not every strategy was used frequently. The most frequently used strategy was maximizing, which was used in 112 look-ups out of a total of 264. It appears that the learners repeatedly used strategies they are familiar with or they think are effective, and do not spontaneously try other strategies that they may know and that may be effective.

What has hitherto militated against the provision of a syntagmatic German-Hungarian learner dictionary is the absence not only of empirical methods for data retrieval and selection, but also of criteria for a typology of word combinations and a user-friendly form of presentation for foreign-language learners. This study is the first to combine IDS (Institute of the German Language) corpora with the COSMAS research system in an attempt to remedy this situation. The discussion of the subject matter of the dictionary generates a proposal for a typology of word combinations. The form of the dictionary is outlined on the basis of the theory advanced by H.E. Wiegand. The study also contains a substantial amount of empirical material.

Until now, learner lexicography has been based more on lexicographic principles than on empirical knowledge of user needs. This book outlines some investigations into the use of dictionaries by intermediate learners. Research was aimed at identifying problems encountered by learners during dictionary consultation, as well as factors that help or prevent the understanding of dictionary definitions. The results show that actual user needs and reference skills do not coincide with lexicographers’ assumptions, and have led to a number of specific lexicographic and pedagogical recommendations.

We may justifiably assume that 18th century German-Latvian dictionaries display both traditional and regional features of dual-language lexicography involving German. The present study draws on the findings of contact linguistics and sets out to define the place of one such dictionary (J. Lange's »Lexicon«) within this tradition of two-way lexicography and to pinpoint its regional characteristics. The results demonstrate that the work was influenced by the design of one-language German dictionaries. Its regional nature manifests itself in the vocabulary (e.g. handling of separable prefix verbs) and is grounded in influences from Lower German and Latvian.

The volume assembles 30 articles discussing the following aspects of the DGWDAF: grammar and word formation, phonetics and orthography, pragmatics and semantics, collocations and examples, the lexicographic handling of selected lexical units, dictionary functions and various textual structures, text condensation, and dictionary usage in text reception and text production. All articles are metalexicographic in their approach, productively critical in their stance, and concerned to further the development of lexicographic theory.

The proceedings cover new perspectives in the field of lexicography, including both theoretical and practical topics, and new aspects of special and bilingual dictionaries. The volume also includes contributions dealing with corpus-based dictionaries, anglicisms, valency, collocations, equivalents, semantics, grammar, etymology, vocabulary, phonetics, euphemisms, pragmatics, and the techniques of computerized dictionary production.

The dictionary as a cultural product stands at the heart of this study, which examines nine monolingual dictionaries of English and French and their socio-cultural contexts. Of central import is the inquiry to what extent lexicographic methods can be described as culturally determined. Empirical studies demonstrate that there are systematic differences in the design of elements and structures of dictionaries stemming from different dictionary landscapes and that to a certain extent these differences have their origins in the more general contexts in which the dictionaries took shape.

The purpose of this book is to conceptualise the research on dictionary use within a more general overview of language learning. It brings together some of the findings of studies on dictionary users and uses and shows how research into dictionary use can contribute to the improvement of dictionary design and the clarification of issues in language learning. The book also provides reports on a series of empirical studies on dictionary use in decoding activities (reading comprehension and L2/L1 translation) , which will shed some light on the nature of the issues discussed throughout the book. The book falls into two parts. Part I, »Research on Dictionary Use - State of the Art« is, as its title suggests, a summary of previous studies to tease out relevant issues in each area of inquiry. Part 2, »Empirical Studies« reports on a series of studies the author has conducted in the past 15 years. The first three studies (Chapter 5, 6, and 7) investigate dictionary use in the broader context of language learning. The next four studies (Chapter 8, 9, 10 and 11) report on a series of controlled experiments on the relationship between the macro- and microstructure of the dictionary and reference skills. Finally, the last two chapters (Chapter 12 and 13) report the use of learner language data for a better lexicographical output.

The study proceeds from the study of proper names as direct etymological sources in word-formation. The authors inquire into the way these onomastic lexical units interrelate with the general vocabulary of a language from a lexicographic point of view. Their central interest is in the quantitative proportion and functional value of proper names in the micro- and macro-structural organization of general French-language dictionaries. They also compile sub-groups of words originating from proper nouns (eponyms, derivatives, complex lexical units, etc.) and integrated into the nomenclatures, proceeding from there to analyze their principal predicative roles in dictionary headings.

After proposing a definition of the term "lemma sign type", the study proceeds to construct the lemma sign types for verbs in present-day German for use in general one-language dictionaries. As the definition of meaning plays a central role in general one-language dictionaries, the author also advances a "method for semanticization approaches" and a "method for lexicographic elicitation of meaning". Finally, the theoretical ideas are illustrated via practical application.

The proceedings cover new perspectives in the field of lexicography, including both theoretical and practical topics, and new aspects of special and bilingual dictionaries. The volume also includes contributions dealing with corpus-based dictionaries, neologisms, valency, collocations, equivalents semantics, grammar, etymology, vocabulary, homonymy, euphemisms, the history of lexicography, and the techniques of computerized dictionary production.

The »Dictionary of Yiddish Loan-Words in German Dialects« documents contact between the German and Yiddish languages, with special reference to German dialects. The material was taken from German dialect dictionaries, compiled systematically and revised lexicographically and etymologically. The introductory chapters of the dictionary deal with aspects of historical and linguistic integration, the state of research on the subject, the sources drawn upon, and Hebrew and Aramaic etymologies.

The volume assembles papers held at an international symposium on present-day German and relating to various aspects of lexicology and lexicography. The topics range from corpus-based approaches and sensitive observation and evaluation of recent changes in vocabulary to studies on specific areas of lexis, practical dictionary work and constructive dictionary criticism. The perspectives taken by the 12 contributors thus form a stimulating panoply of findings, desiderata and ongoing projects in the lexicological and lexicographic research on present-day German.

The present collection is the fourth and last volume in a series titled »Dictionaries Under Discussion« (cf. Lexicographica. Series Maior 27, 70, 84) in which all the participating scholars have been concerned to provide new impulses for lexicographic research in its four major fields: user research, systematic lexicographic research, historical dictionary research, and dictionary criticism. Like the last volume, this one containing papers held at the Heidelberg Lexicographic Colloquium in the course of the winter semester 1997/98 and summer semester 1998, charts out the potential research paths for lexicography on its way into the new millennium.

Matthias Kramer (1640-1729), language teacher and lexicographer in Nuremberg, was one of the most important foreign-language experts of his age. His life and work are described here in detail. The theory and practice of bilingual French-German lexicography are discussed with reference to Kramer's »Dictionnaire roïal« (1712-1715). The volume also contains the first edited collection of Kramer's dictionary prefaces, which document the surprisingly modern perspective of his theories. The chapters of the book are: 1. Reception of Kramer's Work; 2. Biography; 3. Bibliography; 4. Origins of the Dictionary; 5. Macrostructure; 6. Microstructure; 7. Edited Collection of Metalexicographic Prefaces.

This volume examines some of the ways in which dictionary use has been studied, considers the problems encountered by researchers in this field, and presents a series of experiments which explore fundamental questions concerning the use of dictionaries by learners of English as a foreign language. - Are dictionaries helpful in examinations? Does defining style affect consultation success? Do dictionaries benefit some kinds of learners more than others? How useful are illustrative examples? The author concludes with an analysis of current trends in the design of dictionaries for learners of English, and considers the possible impact of new elctronic formats on dictionary use.

This volume is a compilation of nine articles, translated from German. They deal with those lexicographic texts or text excerpts which have been formulated in order to convey the meaning of a lexical unit to a potential dictionary user who is not familiar with that meaning. The articles not only critically analyze lexicographic practice, in particular the so-called lexicographic definitions and the items giving the synonyms in correlation with the examples, in the light of different semantic approaches. They also present ways towards a common understanding in the context of lexicographically imparting knowledge of meaning, i.e. on the basis of an actional-semantics approach which takes into account results obtained from analyses of everyday dialogs about word meanings. Moreover, they discuss how meaning-conveying texts can serve their purposes in dictionary look-up situations, and they lay out all those aspects which are particularly to be taken into consideration in the formulation of lexicographic texts aimed at conveying meaning, in dictionaries belonging to different types.

The aim of this monograph, which has rich and evaluative annotations, is to contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the issues in a major developing area of pedagogical lexicography. With this monograph researchers and students can have access to a set of 521 articles from a diverse array of publications, many in hard-to-find sources, that will prove valuable in reviewing the literature of the area. Because articles on language users and dictionary users are published in journals devoted to reading research, language acquisition, second language teaching, linguistics, and lexicography, most of the past research in the area has not shown critical awareness of this diffuse collection of research.

The annotated bibliography found in this monograph supplies scholars in all the different fields of enquiry a critical guide to past and current work in pedagogical lexicography. Because this subfield of lexicography has developed in a variety of disciplines, it is difficult for researchers in any single discipline or sub-discipline to find relevant and important articles; this annotated bibliography not only provides a highly defined topical index based on a key-word analysis of the literature, but also annotations and commentary that provide the reader with a critical understanding of the important issues and debates in the development of the study of learners' dictionaries and dictionary users. The authors of this monograph have written the critical annotations in a manner that foregrounds the points of debate within the area which helps to define the concerns of the area.

This volume undertakes a detailed analysis of the latest generation of learners' dictionaries of English. It assembles the papers delivered at the eponymous symposium held at the University of Erlangen-Nürnberg in April 1997. There are a number of reasons why these dictionaries are of special lexicographic interest: 1. the type of learners' dictionary associated notably with the name of Hornby can look back on a long tradition in British lexicography; 2. competition between various publishers since the late 70s has given crucial impetus to the development of these dictionaries; 3. these new dictionaries are decisively marked by the evaluation of large-scale computer corpora. Central to the volume is the in-depth comparison of four dictionaries published in 1995: OALD5, LDOCE3, COBUILD2, CIDE. The aim is to exemplify specific differences of approach in the four dictionaries from a wide range of viewpoints (definitions, information on valency and collocations, policy on usage examples, political correctness, etc.). A number of articles also enlarge on the history of learners' dictionaries of English, the significance of corpus linguistics for lexicography, and perspectives for the future, notably in connection with the electronic media.

The object of the volume is the analysis of the main dictionaries and glossaries of the canting language (the particular jargon spoken by thieves and vagabonds) that appeared in the 17th and 18th centuries. The scholars' attention has mostly concentrated on the earliest publications - particulary those appearing in the Elizabethan period -, while relatively little research has investigated subsequent canting dictionaries and glossaries. The aim of the present volume is to fill this gap. The main works on canting published in the 17th and 18th centuries are analysed in chapters 3 to 10. The first two chapters provide a necessary introduction to the investigation carried out in the subsequent sections, examining the great increase in the numbers of vagabonds and criminals in England in that period from a sociohistorical perspective and reviewing the 16th-century English literature about the underworld. The subsequent eight chapters give a detailed analysis of the main works on canting which appeared in the second part of the 17th century and during the whole of the 18th century. The specific features of each publication are identified, as well as the method adopted by its author in the compilation of his dictionary/glossary and the most likely sources of its entries, in order to determine the degree of novelty and relevance that his contribution has brought to this field. The final chapter deals with the evolution in the meaning of the term 'cant' itself in the period taken into consideration.

The subject of this volume is the metalexicographic analysis of German-Polish dictionaries. It draws on seven dictionaries compiled in a period of almost 100 years between 1772 and 1868, discussing them chronologically in accordance with an identical schema for each work: information on the lexicographers, their works and the sources they drew on; analysis of the micro- and macrostructure (lemmatization and arrangement of vocabulary items); grammatical, phonetic and syntagmatic information; equivalence; diasystematic marking; function of the dictionary). Findings are substantiated by copious examples from the dictionaries discussed.

This book describes and evaluates the usefulness of a recently developed lexicographical hybrid: the encyclopedic learner's dictionary (ELD). First, the ELD is analysed from a typological perspective. Two encyclopedic learners' dictionaries are dissected and compared, and a checklist of ELD design features is drawn up. A survey of previous user-based studies is then provided, followed by a description of the questionnaire-based methodology used in this user-centred investigation. Next, a critical analysis of each ELD design feature is provided. Finally, the implications of this research for the future production of ELDs are presented as a checklist of recommendations.

This study presents the usage markings (diastratic, diachronic, dianormative etc.) assigned to a selected sample of words and usages by fourteen 19th century French dictionaries, from "Lavaux" (1820) to the "Nouveau Larousse Illustré" of 1904. The development discernible is related to the history of linguistics and society. This points up the sometimes considerable significance of relatively little known dictionaries, without in any way gainsaying the originality of the "Littré" or the specific merits of the "Dictionnaire Général", the first dictionary to reflect the influence of theoretical linguistics (Darmesteter, Gilliéron etc.).

The proceedings cover new perspectives in the field of lexicography, including both theoretical and practical topics, and new aspects of special and bilingual dictionaries. The volume also includes contributions dealing with corpus-based dictionaries, neologisms, valency, collocations, equivalents, the history of lexicography, and the techniques of computerized dictionary production.

This volume proposes a new concept for the lexicographic representation of proverbial sayings (phrasemes). For dictionary users these phenomena are especially problematic when it comes to learning the phrasemes of a foreign language. This new approach thus pays particular attention to a number of factors of crucial importance for correct dictionary usage: 'emotions' conveyed by phrasemes, speaker intentions reflected by phrasemes, 'familiarity' between speaker and recipient, and finally the 'transaction level' between speaker and recipient, i.e. differences in social status.

This volume draws together highly detailed studies of how dictionaries are used by different types of users, from school students to senior professors, working with a foreign language with the help of different types of dictionaries, from monolingual dictionaries for native speakers of the foreign language, through bilingual dictionaries, to monolingual dictionaries in the language of the user. The tasks being carried out include L2-L1 translation, L1-L2 translation, L2 comprehension, self-expression in L2, and various project-specific linguistic exercises. The authors have tried to include enough detail to allow readers to replicate the tests, and adapt them to serve their own interests.

This is the first scholarly edition of the "Dictionnaire Républicain et Révolutionnaire" (DRR) by Jean Rodoni. It also includes a collection of anecdotes (1795) assembled by Rodoni and very closely bound up with the Dictionary. The volume opens with a detailed Introduction by the editors. Unlike other contemporary revolutionary dictionaries, the DRR centers largely on everyday vocabulary and draws in a variety of ways on the "Dictionnaire de l'Académie Française". The DRR is only the third homonym dictionary in the entire history of French lexicography. It not only describes linguistic phenomena but also conveys a graphic impression of everyday life during the French Revolution.

The present volume is divided into 9 chapters containing 19 articles by 23 authors and closing with a bibliography of 589 titles. Its organisation is systematic. First, "Langenscheidts Großwörterbuch Deutsch als Fremdsprache" is situated in the historical context of European learner lexicography. Analysis of the entries on grammar is followed by that of the various semantic and pragmatic aspects covered. There follows a discussion of the lexicographic handling of selected lexical units (particles, compounds, prepositions, conjunctions) and an analysis of the cotexts. This leads on to a discussion of central aspects of the macrostructure followed by analyses of the mediostructure and the accompanying texts. The volume closes with an article by the editors of the dictionary. The contributions deal with the general metalexicographic issues and selected lexicological aspects posed by their subject and are not restricted to a critique of the dictionary in question.

This book takes a metalexicographic perspective on 20th-century German-Turkish dictionaries. The total of eight major general-purpose dictionaries are analyzed for their macro- and micro-structural features on the basis of the relatively uniform method of lexicographic description employed in the study of modern dictionaries. The chronological treatment of the dictionaries performs the additional function of providing a historical overview of German-Turkish lexicography. One of the main aims of the study is to point up weaknesses in German-Turkish dictionaries (which have displayed an irregular publication record so far) and thus provide assistance for budding lexicographers embarking on future dictionary compilation projects.

The twelve contributions assembled here have been selected from the papers delivered at the Heidelberg Lexicography Symposium in the winter semester 1997/98 and summer semester 1998. They centre on the various kinds and aspects of lexicography. Electronic lexicography, learner lexicography and text lexicography are represented in a number of contributions, as are historical lexicography and synchronic general lexicography. Detailed consideration is also given to the language-theoretical, grammatical and lexicological spadework that is a necessary prerequisite for any kind of lexicographic practice.

The author inquires into the quality standards required for a two-language special-language dictionary to enable its users to make active use of the special language in question. The dictionary examined here is a lexicon of German-French accounting terms. In order to function, such a dictionary must transcend a terminologically restricted concept of special(ist) language and establish and reflect the links with so-called 'everyday' language. The (meta)lexicographic 'workshop report' presented here investigates three quality criteria: 1. the composition of the corpus, 2. the 'cut' of collocations, 3. the question of equivalence.

The articles revolve around a central aspect of the common ground where linguistic theory and lexicographic practice meet and where certain tensions become apparent. One major emphasis is on the results of linguistic - and more especially lexicological - research and the way these can be turned to account in lexicography and applied fields. The other main concern is detailed analysis of types of lexicographic data collection, capture and presentation with a view to elaborating new standards for lexicography.

The study has three main sections. The first gives an up-to-date outline of essential elements of a theory of bilingual dictionaries, examined and further elaborated with specific reference to the handling of grammar in bilingual lexicography. Part two analyzes five German/Spanish dictionaries with regard to the selection and presentation of grammatical information on Spanish. The third and final section proposes improvements to customary lexicographic practice in connection with the points discussed.

El núclo del trabajo se divide en tres partes principales. En primer lugar se ofrece un resumen de los elementos más importantes de una teoría de la lexicografía bilingüe. Estos elementos se revisan y desarrollan bajo el punto de vista concreto del tratamiento de la gramática en la lexicografía bilingüe. La segunda parte reúne un análisis de cinco diccionarios bilingües de las lenguas español y alemán. Por último, en la tercera parte se presentan propuestas para la mejora de la práxis lexicográfica en los puntos tratados en el trabajo.

Based on a small sample of some 1300 expressions, the study advances an innovative model for an exhaustive onomasiological dictionary. The approach is geared to deep semantics. Literal and figurative meanings are listed. All expressions are numbered in each of the lists, thus facilitating precise cross-referencing. The dictionary proper is preceded by an exposé on the lexis of the body and its treatment in thesauruses and synonym dictionaries. The volume closes with a detailed study of the figurative expressions encountered.

This volume addresses the complex problem of the use and exploitation of bilingual lexical resources available in machine-readable form. The reusability of lexical resources has indeed attracted a lot of attention in the past few years, but NLP researchers have tended to concentrate mainly on monolingual English learners' dictionaries, somewhat neglecting bilingual dictionaries.

Despite all the effort that has gone into bringing about a spelling reform for German, astonishingly little research has been done into the use of spelling dictionaries. The present study sets out to test the utility of generally available dictionaries of this kind (including the DUDEN). Can spelling dictionaries be made more user-friendly? The findings of the study are crystallized in 14 suggestions for improvement pertaining both to the dictionary section proper (the handling of the entries themselves) and the sections on spelling rules.

This volume discusses problems of the organization of monolingual and bilingual dictionaries. The objective is the production of flexible multi-purpose monolingual dictionaries which can be combined for contrastive applications. The discussion is based on a metalexicographic analysis of mono- and bilingual dictionaries. The book proposes a modeling of a verb lexicon fragment, represented by means of a constraint-based computational linguistic formalism (Typed Feature Structures). The bi-a-d multilingual applications of the lexicon are based on a detailed classification of contrastive lexical problems.

The proceedings cover new perspectives in the field of lexicography, including both theoretical and practical topics, and new aspects of special and bilingual dictionaries. The volume also includes contributions dealing with morphology, word-formation, semantics, neologisms, the history of lexicography, and the techniques of computerized dictionary production.

This study examines the use of one category of prefabricated language (restricted lexical collocations) in native and non-native academic English in the social sciences, in an attempt to throw light on a neglected aspect of learner competence. It first surveys the existing theoretical viewpoints on word combinations and then reviews experimental research into the psycholinguistic processing of prefabricated language, which suggest that the role of conventional expressions is to facilitate fluent production and rapid comprehension. A computer-based corpus of native academic writing is analysed to discover to what extent and how such collocations are used in formal written English. Conventionality of style, it is suggested, aids precision of expression, clearly a quality highly valued in academic argument. A corpus of non-native writing is then subjected to a similar analysis. While the collocational errors learners make do not on the whole seriously destroy intelligibility, they can lead to a lack of precision and obscure the clarity of expression required in academic communication. Pedagogical implications are then considered, and it is seen that for the most part published teaching materials have failed to recognize the nature of collocations in general and offer little help. The final part of the study examines the treatment of restricted collocations in both general and phraseological dictionaries for learners. These are evaluated on their selection and presentation of collocations shown by the preceding research to be problematic for advanced learners. The conclusion suggests that, for such learners, who are mostly studying the language independently, good reference works are needed in the form of specialist collocational dictionaries. The results of this research help to establish principles for the design of such dictionaries.

Here the attempt is made to establish how and to what extent lexical collocations are listed in one-language dictionaries for advanced learners of English. Various representatives of this type of dictionary are analyzed and compared on the basis of a corpus of over 1000 collocations of the V+N type. The study also contains a chapter on collocation dictionaries of English. Finally a number of approaches to the treatment of lexical collocations in various other types of dictionary are discussed.

This collection of papers stems from a workshop "Lexicon and Text" that was held at the University of Tübingen on February 17-18, 1994. The papers focus on the development of tools for maschine readable dictionaries and for corpus analysis. Of equal importance is the development of theoretical criteria and of practical standards for the representation of textual and lexical information. While most of the papers deal with the applications for German, an international perspective is reflected by the description of the European MULTEXT project and by a Swedish tagset and part-of-speech tagger.

The study examines two series of French dictionaries from the 17th/18th centuries and the way they interrelate: the "Diction(n)aire universel, Contenant generalement tous les mots françois [...]" by Antoine Furetière, and the anonymous "Dictionnaire universel françois et latin [...]" called "Dictionnaire de Trévoux" after the town where the first edition appeared. The study takes the form of a >généalogie des dictionnaires<, showing the precise nature of the links between the various editions of the Furetière series and tracing the line in which the first edition of the Trévoux series stands (i.e. is based on).

The articles in this volume centre around theoretical and practical of two-language lexicography. The frame of reference ist the ongoing work being done in preparation for a new German-Hungarian dictionary. Discussion revolves firstly around the alternatives available for the overall conception of the dictionary and secondly around areas of the vocabulary of German and the way these can best be described in the context of a two-language dictionary. This discussion takes equal account of research results and the actual requirements to be fulfilled by the dictionary itself. The phenomena specifically discussed - word-formation, phraseology and particles - have been selected because they present particular problems with respect to equivalences between German and Hungarian and have not been given (adequate) attention in the relevant literature.

The volume is based on papers given during the winter semester 1994/95 in the framework of the Heidelberg Lexicography Colloquium organized by the Department of German of Heidelberg University. Although all the papers deal with lexicography and/or metalexicography in some form, the range of topics is extremely broad, extending from designs for new or further developed metalexicographic part-theories and concrete dictionary analyses to practical dictionary work and thoughts on the changes in lexicography occasioned by the increasing significance of the electronic media and the progress being made in computer-aided lexicography.

This is an edition of the first dictionary of a Creole language, compiled in 1767/8, together with a more or less contemporaneous vocabulary of that same language, the Negerhollands spoken on the Virgin Islands, under Danish rule at that period. There are more than 3400 entries, varying greatly in nature and length and ranging from a simple translation of the respective German lemma to extended articles containing examples of phraseology and syntax and also providing metalinguistic commentaries. The dictionary is a major document of the early stages of a Creole language. The same is true to a lesser extent of the vocabulary, which displays obvious Danish influences. Over and above this, the dictionary is also of outstanding value as a testimony of early 18th century lexicography in the German-speaking area.

In dieser Arbeit geht es darum zu zeigen, wie der Computer bei der praktischen Wörterbucharbeit eingesetzt werden kann. Als Gegenstand der Exemplifizierung wurde das "Frühneuhochdeutsche Wörterbuch" gewählt, da es aufgrund seiner komplexen Struktur nicht wenige Probleme aufwirft. Nachdem kurz in die Theorie der Mikro- und Makrostruktur nach Wiegand eingeführt wurde, wird das Konzept der Positionsstruktur vorgestellt, das für diese Arbeit grundlegend ist. Im Anschluß daran wird die erste Lieferung des "Frühneuhochdeutschen Wörterbuchs" bezüglich des Artikelaufbaus exhaustiv analysiert. Die Ergebnisse werden in einer Konstituentenstrukturgrammatik zusammengefaßt. Danach werden die Beziehungen zwischen Lemmazeichentyp und Wörterbuchartikeltyp näher beleuchtet mit dem Resultat, daß ersteres zusammen mit dem Wörterbuchprogramm letzteres determiniert. Nachdem diese Interdependenzen geklärt sind, wird eine Eingabeoberfläche unter dem Textretrievalsystem FAUST definiert, mit der selbst die komplexeren Artikel des "Frühneuhochdeutschen Wörterbuchs" erfaßt werden können. An zwei Beispielen wird abschließend gezeigt, wie die Dateneingabe durch die Lexikographen aussehen könnte. Dabei zeigt sich, daß sich selbst Konsistenzprobleme (wie Verweise auf andere Wörterbuchartikel, insbesondere jene, die noch nicht geschrieben sind) in den Griff bekommen lassen.

"A Bibliography of Dutch Dictionaries" gives an overview of printed Dutch lexicography in the period 1477 to 1990. The bibliography contains approximately 4500 references to monolingual, bilingual and multilingual dictionaries, both general and specialized: terminological dictionaries, dialectological dictionaries, dictionaries of synonyms, biographical dictionaries and encyclopedias. For each dictionary, the following data are indicated: author, title, place of publication, publisher, year of publication, number of pages and all the various editions. The bibliography has been conceived as a practical reference work: all dictionaries are categorized into thematic groups, listed in the table of contents. Within every group, a further distinction is made between monolingual and multilingual dictionaries. This makes the bibliography easy to consult for all sorts of lexicographical questions. The accessibility is also increased by indexes of authors and languages. The bibliography is based on a systematically compiled corpus of sources as well as on the expertise of several specialists working in the field of Dutch lexicography.

Kontrastive Lexikologie ist als Grundlagenwissenschaft der zweisprachigen Lexikographie für metatheoretische Zwecke und praktische Wörterbucharbeit unentbehrlich. Dabei scheint sie ein etwas vernachlässigter Bereich der Linguistik zu sein. Der Sammelband enthält die Beiträge des diesem Thema gewidmeten Werkstattgesprächs, das vom 29.-31. Oktober 1994 in Kopenhagen unter der Leitung von Hans-Peder Kromann (+ 1995) abgehalten wurde. Die Beiträge behandeln grundlegende Fragen des Kontrastierens (lohnen sich Wortschatzvergleiche überhaupt oder sind sie wegen der Anisomorphie der am Vergleich beteiligten Sprachen und Kulturen letztendlich unmöglich?) sowie die Methodik des Kontrastierens (zur Gültigkeit lexikologischer Untersuchungen, von der 'Optik' und 'Mikroskopie' des Sprachvergleichs). Außerdem werden die Ergebnisse durchgeführter kontrastiver Untersuchungen vorgelegt.

Dictionaries contain a wealth of linguistic data which, given the customary alphabetical arrangement encountered in most cases, are neither readily accessible to the user nor susceptible to control by the lexicographer. The present volume sets out the most important types of covert lexicographic data, dicusses ways of improving access to them by means of philologically organised indexing systems, illustrates these possibilities with the help of copious examples and thus provides a key for the exploitation of covert lexicographic information both for language-historical research purposes and for the improvement of lexicographic practice.

A pioneering volume addressing issues related to cultures, ideologies, and the dictionary. A cross-cultural and cross-linguistic study with focus on selected Western and non-Western languages. A number of in-depth case studies illustrates the dominant role ideology and other types of bias play in the making of a dictionary. The volume includes invited papers of 40 internationally recognized scholars.

This study represents an exhaustive review of the French vocabulary used in connection with the galleys. The centerpiece is an alphabetical listing of 3911 entries providing abundant study material and containing detailed source references, precise semantic, chronological and historical information and a brief article on the etymology of the term in question. The introduction looks at this essentially Mediterranean vocabulary from two points of view: a) origins and geographical provenance and b) utilization by five categories of authors not generally to be regarded as specialists in this field. Various objects referred to by the vocabulary are illustrated by drawings and plates. Finally, an onomasiological survey divides the terms listed into 112 conceptual fields.

The present study examines the most important German-Hungarian and Hungarian-German dictionaries from the turn of the century to the end of World War II from a meta-lexicographical point-of-view. The detailed analysis of the individual dictionaries is preceded by an overview over the history of German-Hungarian and Hungarian-German lexicography. The appendix contains an alphabetical as well as a chronological list of all German-Hungarian and Hungarian-German dictionaires.

The "Dictionaire (sic!) Critique de la Langue Française" by abbé Jean-François Féraud (1725-1807) is incontestably the best-documented record of the 18th century French that has come down to us from that period. Published in 1787 (by Mossy of Marseille) it pursues the innovative aim of providing a comprehensive portable French dictionary designed specifically as an aid for foreigners, the young and people from the provinces. Data culled by the author from previous metalinguistic works are carefully compared, criticised, source-referenced and supplemented, particularly in the field of neologisms, which Féreud includes to a degree that puts him well ahead of most contemporary lexicographers. With the exception of etymology, there is extensive coverage of the linguistic information to be expected of such a dictionary, with especial attention given to usage restrictions (style, pragmatic range, communication situation, frequency, acceptability etc.) and critism of misspellings. In terms of quality and information the work stands alone and is self-recommending for all interested in 18th century France and French.