Startseite Detection of inter-turn short-circuit at start-up of induction machine based on torque analysis
Artikel Open Access

Detection of inter-turn short-circuit at start-up of induction machine based on torque analysis

  • Wojciech Pietrowski und Konrad Górny EMAIL logo
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 29. Dezember 2017

Abstract

Recently, interest in new diagnostics methods in a field of induction machines was observed. Research presented in the paper shows the diagnostics of induction machine based on torque pulsation, under inter-turn short-circuit, during start-up of a machine. In the paper three numerical techniques were used: finite element analysis, signal analysis and artificial neural networks (ANN). The elaborated numerical model of faulty machine consists of field, circuit and motion equations. Voltage excited supply allowed to determine the torque waveform during start-up. The inter-turn short-circuit was treated as a galvanic connection between two points of the stator winding. The waveforms were calculated for different amounts of shorted-turns from 0 to 55. Due to the non-stationary waveforms a wavelet packet decomposition was used to perform an analysis of the torque. The obtained results of analysis were used as input vector for ANN. The response of the neural network was the number of shorted-turns in the stator winding. Special attention was paid to compare response of general regression neural network (GRNN) and multi-layer perceptron neural network (MLP). Based on the results of the research, the efficiency of the developed algorithm can be inferred.

PACS: 85.80.Jm

1 Introduction

One of the most common requirement in modern industrial applications is to minimize costs associated with repair and exploitation. Recently, in the industrial processes, induction motors are most often used as drive systems. Therefore, providing them continues and failure-free work is closely linked to the aforementioned cost minimization. The development of electronics as well as low cost of production will increase the number of induction motors which are used in industrial applications [1]. The use of semiconductor devices to control induction motors makes it easy to adjust the system and thus greatly improves its flexibility. With the variety of uses of induction motors, the importance of fault diagnostics is also increased. Diagnosis of faults has to ensure reliable and continuous operation of the motors [2]. One of the most common damage of induction motors are damage of the stator circuit. Stator circuit damage accounts for about 36% of damages [3, 4]. Damage to the stator circuit is very often triggered by inter-turn short-circuits [3, 5]. Inter-turn short-circuits are caused by insulation damage between the single windings of coil and this can lead to spread short-circuit to the whole coil and even between adjacent coils. Damage to the insulation may be associated with mechanical stress, over-current or thermal impact. In addition, inter-turn short-circuits may cause asymmetry of the magnetic field that can lead to the generation of vibration and the occurrence of higher harmonics in a torque waveform, which can significantly affect the reduction of system performance. As a result of the process described above, it may be possible to stop the motor which can involve high costs of a production process.

Current trends in the field of diagnostics of electrical machines focuses on early and non-invasive failure detection. Most common non-invasive diagnostic techniques use such methods as Discrete Variation Transform (DFT) or Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). The input signal to the above mentioned methods is usually the current, the pulsation of the torque or the machine vibrations. One of the most popular methods is motor current signature analysis (MCSA). The MCSA method allows to monitor the state of machine without the use of additional sensors and thus does not interfere with its operation [2, 6]. Another example of a diagnostic method related to inter-turn short-circuit is a method that is similar to the MCSA method which involves analysis of back-electromotive force (emf) in the frequency domain. This method is more fully described in [7]. The above mentioned methods, apart from numerous advantages, also have disadvantages, frequency analysis can be used only for stationary signals. Analysis of non-periodic signals that occur, for example, during start-up of a motor, it is necessary to use another method which allows analysis of non-stationary signals such a method is based on wavelet transform. Furthermore, modern diagnostic systems use artificial neural networks as decision support systems to automate the diagnostic process [8, 9, 10].

In the paper, a finite element method (FEM) which is shown, among others, in the paper [11, 12, 13, 14, 15] and a field-circuit model were used. The use of a field-circuit model of the machine makes it unlike the circuit model to take into account such electromagnetic phenomena as for example: eddy currents or a saturation of magnetic core. For the field-circuit model equations of motion, supply system and magnetic field were formulated. These equations allow to describe the magnetic fields distribution as well as description of stator connection with power supply. As mentioned earlier, the finite element method was used. The FEM is one of the most popular methods used in the analysis of electrical machines. The advantage of FEM is the ability to determine in a simple way mechanical and electrical parameters or response of the motor. An additional argument for using FEM was the simplicity that it gives with modelling of motor faults. Other methods are, for example: winding function theory (WFT), magnetic equivalent circuit (MEC) or dq0 conversion method [16].

The paper focuses on the analysis of torque pulsation of an induction motor. The presented results concern two cases: the first in which the machine is unloaded and the second when the load is equal to 15 Nm. Moreover, the paper describes the effect of inter-turn short-circuit on torque pulsations in transient state. Furthermore, results of the learning process of two types of neuronal networks were presented: the first GRNN and the second MLP. This paper presents an extension of the methods described in article [17].

2 Modeling of inter-turn short-circuit

The result of the inter-turn short circuit in a phase winding is a division of the phase winding into two parts (Figure 1).

Figure 1 Scheme of stator winding taking into account inter-turn short-circuits
Figure 1

Scheme of stator winding taking into account inter-turn short-circuits

In the Figure 1, the phase stator windings are highlighted as follows: phase A is highlighted in red, phase B in green, and phase C in blue. However, the part of phase A winding, which has been shorted is in yellow. The red part denotes the faulty phase winding with the number of turns equal to NAf, the resistance RAf and the inductance LAf. The yellow part represents shorted turns has a number of turns equal to Nf, the resistance Rf and the inductance Lf. The short circuit has been treated as a metal-metal connection. Therefore, there is no additional resistance in the shorted circuit.

3 Wavelet analysis of torque waveforms

3.1 The torque waveforms during the start of the machine

Calculations were made for a squirrel cage induction machine. Its rated parameters were: the power was 2.2kW, the speed was 1410 rpm, the supply voltage was 400 V (stator windings connected in a star configuration), and the frequency of supply system was 50 Hz. The machine had 24 stator slots, and 22 rotor slots. The number of coils per phase winding was 4, the number of turns per winding was 220. The rotor cage was made of aluminum. The nonlinear B-H curve of the stator and rotor core was taken into account. The skewing of the rotor was included into the field-circuit model. It was assumed that the supply voltage was sinusoidal, symmetrically and mutually displaced by the angle of 2/3π. On the basis of the technical documentation of the tested machine, the FEM model of a machine was developed.

Simulations were performed for two cases: the first at no-load test (TL = 0 Nm) and the second at rated load (TL = 15 Nm). In the first step, the torque waveforms for a healthy motor was calculated. In the second step, the torque waveforms for a faulty motor were calculated. The calculations were performed for a set of selected numbers of shorted turns from Nf = 0 turns to Nf =55 turns. The obtained waveforms as results of calculations in case of TL = 0 Nm and TL = 15 Nm are presented in Figure 2a and Figure 2b, respectively. The amplitudes of the torque waveforms are presented in Table 1. The calculations were carried out in Maxwell computing software.

Figure 2 Torque waveforms of a faulty motor: a) at no-load (TL = 0 Nm), b) at rated torque (TL = 15 Nm)
Figure 2

Torque waveforms of a faulty motor: a) at no-load (TL = 0 Nm), b) at rated torque (TL = 15 Nm)

Table 1

Amplitudes of the torque during start-up.

NfTL = 0 NmTL = 15 Nm
5590.58999.471
5090.36599.702
4089.14899.567
3087.41098.583
2091.72796.986
1092.68995.689
391.93897.009
292.07697.286
192.22097.599
092.30597.974

3.2 Wavelet analysis torque waveforms

The obtained waveforms of torque have been analysed using wavelet transform. In this analysis, the Discrete Wavelet Transform using the wavelet Daubechies “db3” was used [18]. The analysis relies upon a decomposition process which split the signal (torque waveform) into approximation and detail. The calculations were performed up to the 5th level of the decomposition tree (Figure 3). The results of decomposition, i.e. approximation “A” and detail “D”, for number of shorted turns equal to 55 at no-load and nominal load, are presented in Figure 4 and Figure 5, respectively.

Figure 3 Five-level decomposition tree
Figure 3

Five-level decomposition tree

Figure 4 Results of decomposition of torque waveform in case of Nf = 55 turns at no-load: a) approximation of the torque waveform, b) details of the torque waveform
Figure 4

Results of decomposition of torque waveform in case of Nf = 55 turns at no-load: a) approximation of the torque waveform, b) details of the torque waveform

Figure 5 Results of decomposition of torque waveform in case of Nf = 55 turns at rated torque: a) approximation of the torque waveform, b) details of the torque waveform
Figure 5

Results of decomposition of torque waveform in case of Nf = 55 turns at rated torque: a) approximation of the torque waveform, b) details of the torque waveform

4 Implementation of generalized regression neural network

The numerical technique in signal analysis, classification problems and deduction is a difficult task. The artificial neural network could be very helpful and stand in for this task.

In this paper a generalized regression neural network (GRNN) was developed. The GRNN consist of two-layers and two types of activation function (Figure 6a). A radial basis function was used as an activation function for neurons in the first layer of network. Neurons in the second layer were activated using a linear function. The radial basis function of neurons of the first layer is defined as:

ϕ(x,ci)=ϕ(xci)=exci22σi2(1)

where ci is the center, and σi is the spread.

Figure 6 Structure of ANN: a) generalized regression (GRNN) b) multi-layer perceptron (MLP)
Figure 6

Structure of ANN: a) generalized regression (GRNN) b) multi-layer perceptron (MLP)

An issue related to the classification of faults in a machine as the number of shorted turns through the neural network was based on a sum of radial basis functions which can be described by following formula:

f(x)=i=1nwiϕ(xci)(2)

where φ is the activation function and wi is the weight.

Expected value of a number of shorted turns as well as the answer of GRNN and MLP in cases of TL = 0 Nm and TL = 15 Nm are shown in Figure 7. The multilayer perceptron network (MLP) was chosen as the reference for performance of GRNN. The structure of MLP was as follows: ten neurons with a sigmoid activation function in the first layer and one neuron with a linear activation function in the second layer of network (Figure 6b). The elaborated MLP network was trained using Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm.

The process of training an artificial neural network consists in modifying network parameters such as weights and biases. The learning process ends when the objective function reaches its minimum value. The objective function can be describe by following formula:

E=i=1p[j=1nwjϕ(xci)di]2(3)

where di is the target value.

The performance of ANN (GRNN, MLP) was determined by the answer error. The error was calculated as a relative difference between the answer of the ANN and the expected value in the following form:

ε=NfNANNNf100%(4)

where Nf is expected value, NANN is answer of ANN (GRNN, MLP).

This error indicates how well the ANN has been trained. The goal of training process it to get the lowest value of the error. The results of training process are presented in Figure 8.

One of parameters of GRNN which can be modified is a spread σ(1). Therefore, the results of error of GRNN answer are presented as a function of spread in case of selected number of shorted turns (Figure 9).

5 Summary

In the paper, the analysis of the torque of the squirrel cage induction motor with use of DFT and ANN was shown. Torque waveforms were obtained from finite element analysis for two cases: first one when induction motor was loaded by rated torque equal of 15 Nm and second for a load equal 0 Nm. The wavelet decomposition of torque waveforms was made up to 5th level of decomposition tree. Results presented in Figure 7. i.e. answer of ANN in relation to expected value, show advantage GRNN over MLP. It should be noted that in the case in which motor is loaded by rated torque, the error of MLP is lower than in the case of an unloaded motor. Furthermore, one can observe that the biggest error of answer is in case of few shorted turns at rated torque. Regardless of the load of the motor, MLP generates larger errors than GRNN which is shown on Figure 8. Moreover, it should be noticed that for GRNN influence of spread on mean square error (mse) is significant only for small number of shorted turns. Increasing the number of shorted turns reduces the effect of the spread parameter on the mse.

Figure 7 The expected value, the answer of GRNN and the answer of MLP: a) TL= 0 Nm, b) TL= 15 Nm
Figure 7

The expected value, the answer of GRNN and the answer of MLP: a) TL= 0 Nm, b) TL= 15 Nm

Figure 8 Error of answer of ANN (GRNN, MLP), at TL= 0 Nm and TL= 15 Nm
Figure 8

Error of answer of ANN (GRNN, MLP), at TL= 0 Nm and TL= 15 Nm

Figure 9 The error of GRNN for the selected number of shorted turns as a function of the spread
Figure 9

The error of GRNN for the selected number of shorted turns as a function of the spread

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Received: 2017-11-2
Accepted: 2017-11-12
Published Online: 2017-12-29

© 2017 Wojciech Pietrowski and Konrad Górny

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

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  184. Simulation of counter-current imbibition in water-wet fractured reservoirs based on discrete-fracture model
  185. Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
  186. Investigation effect of wettability and heterogeneity in water flooding and on microscopic residual oil distribution in tight sandstone cores with NMR technique
  187. Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
  188. Analytical modeling of coupled flow and geomechanics for vertical fractured well in tight gas reservoirs
  189. Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
  190. Special Issue: Ever New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
  191. Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
  192. The ultimate loophole in Bell’s theorem: The inequality is identically satisfied by data sets composed of ±1′s assuming merely that they exist
  193. Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
  194. Erratum to: The ultimate loophole in Bell’s theorem: The inequality is identically satisfied by data sets composed of ±1′s assuming merely that they exist
  195. Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
  196. Rhetoric, logic, and experiment in the quantum nonlocality debate
  197. Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
  198. What If Quantum Theory Violates All Mathematics?
  199. Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
  200. Relativity, anomalies and objectivity loophole in recent tests of local realism
  201. Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
  202. The photon identification loophole in EPRB experiments: computer models with single-wing selection
  203. Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
  204. Bohr against Bell: complementarity versus nonlocality
  205. Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
  206. Is Einsteinian no-signalling violated in Bell tests?
  207. Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
  208. Bell’s “Theorem”: loopholes vs. conceptual flaws
  209. Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
  210. Nonrecurrence and Bell-like inequalities
  211. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  212. Three-dimensional computer models of electrospinning systems
  213. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  214. Electric field computation and measurements in the electroporation of inhomogeneous samples
  215. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  216. Modelling of magnetostriction of transformer magnetic core for vibration analysis
  217. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  218. Comparison of the fractional power motor with cores made of various magnetic materials
  219. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  220. Dynamics of the line-start reluctance motor with rotor made of SMC material
  221. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  222. Inhomogeneous dielectrics: conformal mapping and finite-element models
  223. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  224. Topology optimization of induction heating model using sequential linear programming based on move limit with adaptive relaxation
  225. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  226. Detection of inter-turn short-circuit at start-up of induction machine based on torque analysis
  227. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  228. Current superimposition variable flux reluctance motor with 8 salient poles
  229. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  230. Modelling axial vibration in windings of power transformers
  231. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  232. Field analysis & eddy current losses calculation in five-phase tubular actuator
  233. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  234. Hybrid excited claw pole generator with skewed and non-skewed permanent magnets
  235. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  236. Electromagnetic phenomena analysis in brushless DC motor with speed control using PWM method
  237. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  238. Field-circuit analysis and measurements of a single-phase self-excited induction generator
  239. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  240. A comparative analysis between classical and modified approach of description of the electrical machine windings by means of T0 method
  241. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  242. Field-based optimal-design of an electric motor: a new sensitivity formulation
  243. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  244. Application of the parametric proper generalized decomposition to the frequency-dependent calculation of the impedance of an AC line with rectangular conductors
  245. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  246. Virtual reality as a new trend in mechanical and electrical engineering education
  247. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  248. Holonomicity analysis of electromechanical systems
  249. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  250. An accurate reactive power control study in virtual flux droop control
  251. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  252. Localized probability of improvement for kriging based multi-objective optimization
  253. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  254. Research of influence of open-winding faults on properties of brushless permanent magnets motor
  255. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  256. Optimal design of the rotor geometry of line-start permanent magnet synchronous motor using the bat algorithm
  257. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  258. Model of depositing layer on cylindrical surface produced by induction-assisted laser cladding process
  259. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  260. Detection of inter-turn faults in transformer winding using the capacitor discharge method
  261. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  262. A novel hybrid genetic algorithm for optimal design of IPM machines for electric vehicle
  263. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  264. Lamination effects on a 3D model of the magnetic core of power transformers
  265. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  266. Detection of vertical disparity in three-dimensional visualizations
  267. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  268. Calculations of magnetic field in dynamo sheets taking into account their texture
  269. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  270. 3-dimensional computer model of electrospinning multicapillary unit used for electrostatic field analysis
  271. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  272. Optimization of wearable microwave antenna with simplified electromagnetic model of the human body
  273. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  274. Induction heating process of ferromagnetic filled carbon nanotubes based on 3-D model
  275. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  276. Speed control of an induction motor by 6-switched 3-level inverter
Heruntergeladen am 12.10.2025 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/phys-2017-0101/html?lang=de
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