Abstract
Field singularities in electrostatic and magnetostatic fields require special attention in field calculations, and today finite element methods are normally used, both in homogeneous and in inhomogeneous dielectric cases. Conformal mappings are a traditional tool in the homogeneous case, but two-stage Schwarz-Christoffel + Finite Difference procedures have been proposed for a long time to solve problems in case of inhomogeneous dielectric materials too. This allowed to overcome accuracy problems caused by convex corners in the domain boundary and relevant field singularities, and to easily apply finite difference (FD) solvers in rectangular domains. In this paper, compound procedures Schwarz-Christoffel + Finite Elements Method procedures are suggested, to improve both the accuracy and the speed of second stage calculations. The results are compared to Schwarz-Christoffel + Finite Difference and to direct finite-element calculations, and the small differences analyzed considering a well know case study geometry, i.e., a shielded dielectric-supported stripline geometry.
1 Introduction
Due to the accuracy of recent tools for Schwarz-Christoffel (SC) numerical mapping and numerical inversion (SCNI) [1, 2], two-stage SC+FD procedures have been already proposed to map the analysis domain to a rectangle, avoiding field singularities and providing a close boundary, and then to cope with the inhomogeneous dielectric in the rectangular domain: see for instance [3, 4, 5] for both plane and axially symmetrical geometry, where comparison is made to finite element (FEM) direct calculations in the original domain. Nowadays, the standard tool to solve plane field problems are FEM codes, though SC maps maintain some utility, looking for reference and comparison data, mainly in a homogeneous medium. Nevertheless, it appears that compound SC+FEM procedures can be worth of attention, taking again advantage of the SC stage to avoid singularity problems, but using a FEM stage to solve the Laplace or Poisson equations with inhomogeneous mediums in the SC-transformed domain. In the paper, after providing accurate SC+FD calculations, we compare the results with those obtained from direct FEM calculations in the original domain, using the half cross-section of a shielded dielectric-supported stripline as case study, both for the thin and for the thick strip cases. Then, we introduce a significant comparison with SC+FEM results, showing possible benefits. Due to the severe field singularity at the π-angle corner at the end of the half thin strip, this geometry is representative of many boundary shapes, and represent a simple but significant test of accuracy, even though it is normally linked to the old thin film technology, golden copper on alumina substrate, when it allowed to calculate capacitances and characteristic impedances in the quasi-transverse electromagnetic propagation mode.
2 Results
2.1 SC+FD and FEM thin strip results
The geometry is shown in Figure 1, and its SC conformal map is shown in Figure 2, left hand. In air, the aspect ratio base/height of the rectangle provides by inspection the capacitance of the line, C0sc= 1.92249066·10–11 F/m. In Figures 1 and 2, solid lines represent conductor sides, the strip at the upper side and the metal case at the bottom, thick dashed lines Neumann sides, and thin dashed lines the two interfaces between different dielectrics (air, ϵr = 1, and alumina, ϵr = 9.5): plot1 maps the interface at the bottom plane of the dielectric, and plot2 maps that at the upper plane of it. To solve the Laplace equation in inhomogeneous dielectric, FD successive over-relaxation (SOR) procedures can be easily written using five-point equations.

A shielded dielectric-supported stripline, thin conductor: left: geometry with potential lines (from FEMs); right: the analyzed geometry

Left, the SC map of the half cross section of the thin strip geometry in Figure 1; right, the SC map for the thick strip geometry
Square meshes are used here for the sake of simplicity and speed, but the final results are corrected according to the aspect ratios of SC map and of the FD mesh outer rectangle.
The accuracy of direct FEM calculations on the original strip geometry and in vacuum can be preliminarily appreciated making comparison of the results in Table 1 with the SCNI capacitance C0sc = 1.92249066·10–11 F/m, to be considered virtually exact. Direct FEM capacitances (from the energy) agree with C0sc within a 0.5% error with 6,308 nodes, and a 0.1% error with a locally dense mesh of only 1,856 nodes but geometrical progression, with rate 6 and 20 elements along the half stripline. The saving of degrees of freedom between case A and case B is impressive but it can be justified by the severe singularity at the end of the stripline. The capacitance value for case A computed in vacuum from the dielectric flux on the outer conductor was C0FEM = 1.9227·10–11 F/m, and this seems to be the best result, with a percent error of about 0.01%.
Accuracies derived in vacuum from FEMs
FEM case | # of triangles | Mesh nodes | 1011 ·C0 [F/m] | C0/C0sc % err. |
---|---|---|---|---|
A | Locally dense mesh | 1856 | 1.92506 | 0.134 |
C | 3079 | 6308 | 1.93199 | 0.449 |
D | 973 | 2030 | 1.93812 | 0.813 |
Table 1 suggests that, proceeding with care, the effect of the singularity can be modest in inhomogeneous dielectric too, and Table 2 is obtained with the same meshes as above.
Thin conductor dielectric-supported stripline, εr = 9.5
FEM case | # of triangles | Mesh nodes | 1011 · C [F/m] | C/CA % diff. |
---|---|---|---|---|
A | Locally dense mesh | 1856 | 3.29654 | 0 |
B | Very dense mesh | 23800 | 3.301 | 0.135 |
C | 3079 | 6308 | 3.30852 | 0.363 |
D | 973 | 2030 | 3.31756 | 0.634 |
Therefore, we assume the value CFEMA = 3.29654·10–11 F/m obtained from a locally dense mesh as a reliable FEM reference in inhomogeneous dielectric. A very dense mesh of 23,800 nodes leads to CFEMB = 3.301·10–11 F/m, different from CFEMA of about 0.13%, and a mesh of 6,308 nodes leads to CFEMC = 3.30852·10–11 F/m. We note that following one of the first proposed variational calculations [6], the capacitances in air, 1.9177·10–11 F/m, and in inhomogeneous dielectric, 3.2828610–11 F/m, agree within some 0.25% with C0sc and with CFEMA.
Considering Table 1 and Table 2, we see that probably an uncertainty of about 0.1% can be considered the accuracy limit for the FEM results, both in the homogeneous and in the inhomogeneous dielectric cases. As for the dielectric interfaces in SC+FD calculations, experience shows that, using predictor-corrector (P-C) routines with suitable numbers of steps, the related errors can be made almost negligible. In the present case, they differ for less than some 0.02% using 4,000 instead of the 8,000 steps, the last leading to Figure 3.

Differences between SC+FD capacitance values and the reference FEM value for various dimensions of the FD mesh. Solid line: thin strip, 8000 P-C steps; dashed line: thick strip, 1000 P-C steps and, a little more oscillating, 8000 P-C steps
To apply the suitable five-point equation to any mesh node neighboring a dielectric interface, they are placed on suitable staircases obtained from the P-C traces, with minimum steps of one mesh cell both in the horizontal and the vertical directions. Table 3 and 4 show SC+FD results for various numbers of mesh cells and for 8,000 and 4,000 P-C steps, with various percent errors and differences.
SC+FD Results compared to the FEM cases A and B
SC+FD mesh cells | 1011 · CSC+FD [F/m], 8000 P-C steps | CSC+FD %error, Ref.to CFEMA | CSC+FD %error, Ref.to CFEMB | CSC+FD %error, Ref. to row 1 |
---|---|---|---|---|
1200 × 553 | 3.29061 | –0.180 | –0.315 | 0 |
1000 × 461 | 3.29030 | –0.189 | –0.324 | –0.009 |
800 × 368 | 3.29091 | –0.171 | –0.306 | 0.009 |
400 × 184 | 3.28766 | –0.270 | –0.404 | –0.090 |
200 × 192 | 3.28383 | –0.386 | –0.520 | –0.206 |
100 × 48 | 3.27477 | –0.660 | –0.795 | –0.481 |
Differences in SC+FD capacitances due to a different step number in the predictor-corrector interface mapping routine
SC+FD mesh cells | 1011 · CSC+FD [F/m], 4000 P-C steps | CSC+FD %error, Ref. to CFEMA | CSC+FD %error, Ref. to CFEMB | CSC+FD %error, Ref.Table III, row l |
---|---|---|---|---|
1200x553 | 3.28955 | –0.212 | –0.347 | –0.032 |
1000 × 461 | 3.29010 | –0.196 | –0.330 | –0.016 |
800 × 368 | 3.29059 | –0.180 | –0.315 | –0.001 |
400 × 184 | 3.28583 | –0.325 | –0.460 | –0.145 |
200 × 192 | 3.28383 | –0.386 | –0.520 | –0.206 |
100 × 48 | 3.27477 | –0.660 | –0.795 | –0.481 |
Considering Figure 2, Table 2 and Table 3 shows that 4,000 or 8,000 P-C steps are well enough. Moreover, the differences between the corresponding values with large numbers of cells exhibit magnitudes analogous to CFEMA-CFEMB. However, and this is perhaps the most important evidence, a small but persistent difference from CFEMA is found in the SC+FD values for large numbers of mesh cells, with a somewhat oscillating behavior.
In particular, with a large FD mesh, exhibiting 2,200·1,013 = 2286 cells, and with 8,000 P-C steps dielectric interfaces, the SC+FD capacitance was CSCFD = 3.29106·10–11 F/m, with differences from CFEMA and CFEMB of about –0.17% and –0.31%. This suggests that, despite of refined mesh discretization, the major cause of these errors remain discretization effects related, more than to the absolute dimensions of the meshes, to ratios of discretized lengths derived from the original geometries. In the current case, these appear unsuitable in particular to deal with the severe concentration of the dielectric flux lines in the short region of the bottom conductor facing the high permittivity dielectric. It was precisely this to suggest considering the SC+FEM procedures proposed in the following.
2.2 SC+FD and FEM thick strip results
When the stripline model exhibits a finite thickness, the geometry of the problem is slightly different, although hardly perceived at the scale of Figure 1, being the ratio between the total height and the thickness equal to 130. The field singularities at the left end of the conductor are now two, but the effect on the overall capacitance is milder because of the different exponent at the π/2 corners. The SC+FD procedure leads (Figure 2, right hand) to a rectangle with a slightly smaller aspect ratio than the thin strip, i.e., to a slightly large capacitance in vacuum, and the maps of the dielectric interfaces are something more complex.
The SC capacitance in vacuum is now C0scT = 1.97509295·10–11 F/m and two FEM capacitance values have been provided, both in vacuum and in inhomogeneous dielectric, with two meshes having both triangle densities matched to the needs in proximity of the end of the stripline. Accordingly, Table 5 and Table 6 report the same evaluations as Tables 1 and 2 did for the thin stripline case, and we note immediately that the FEM accuracy seems to be somewhat better than with the more severe singularity of Figure 1. Due to the matched mesh densities, we can immediately appreciate the good uniformity and accuracy of these results, despite of the modest number of triangle for the case TB.
Accuracies of FEM calculations in vacuum
FEM case | # of triangles | Mesh nodes | C0 [F/m] | C0/C0SCT %error |
---|---|---|---|---|
TA | 11758 | 23859 | 1.97644·10–11 | 0.068 |
TB | 1132 | 2369 | 1.97658·10–11 | 0.075 |
Accuracy of FEM calculations in dielectric, εr = 9.5
FEM case | # of triangles | Mesh nodes | C[F/m] | C/CFEMTA % diff. |
---|---|---|---|---|
TA | 11758 | 23859 | 3.33427·10–11 | 0 |
TB | 1132 | 2369 | 3.33478·10–11 | 0.015 |
Table 7 shows the comparison of the SC+FD calculations in inhomogeneous dielectric with the capacitance of the FEM case TA.
Accuracy of SC+FD results compared to FEM case TA
SC+FD mesh cells | 1011·CSC+FD [F/m], 4000 P-C steps | CSC+FD %err., Ref.to CFEMTA | CSC+FD %error., Ref. to SC+FD, row 1 | 1000 P-C steps, %error, Ref. col.2, row 1 |
---|---|---|---|---|
1200 × 538 | 3.32810 | –0.185 | 0 | –0.008 |
1000 × 448 | 3.32816 | –0.183 | 0.002 | –0.013 |
800 × 359 | 3.32718 | –0.213 | –0.027 | –0.040 |
400 × 179 | 3.32465 | –0.288 | –0.104 | –0.061 |
200 × 90 | 3.32992 | –0.130 | 0.055 | 0.046 |
100 × 45 | 3.32185 | –0.373 | –0.188 | –0.133 |
It is analogous to the previous Table 3, but the last column reports the differences in the SC+FD capacitances obtained with 1000 instead of 4000 steps in the P-C mappings of the dielectric interfaces, instead of the comparison of a second FEM values. As in vacuum, the accuracies are perhaps somewhat better than in Table 3, but show in Figure 3 (dashed line) a similar behavior, leading again to the proposal of SC+FEM calculations, although limited to smaller numbers of FD cells and perhaps less worrying.
2.3 The SC+FEM procedure and its accuracy
To make it easier to represent the details of Figure 1 at the input of FEM codes, we will continue the discussion using a second stage map analogous to Figure 2, but in which plot1 was replaced with a perfect circle, and plot2 by a vertical straight segment, being unchanged the boundary vertices and the end points of the interfaces. Of course, the new geometry is no longer the map of a strip, but this is unimportant when discussing the possible accuracy of second stage calculations. This trial geometry is shown in Figure 4.

A second stage trial geometry simulating that obtained from the thin stripline geometry but with simpler interface shapes
The FEM second stage results, with number of nodes ranging from 276 to 6351, ranged from 3.32221·10–11 to 3.32187·10–11 F/m, showing immediately differences of the order of only 0.01%, provide good reference values. In contrast, the behavior of the FD capacitances was again unsatisfactory. As for the thin strip, oscillatory differences are found for large numbers of cells ranging from zero to some –0.2%. Therefore, we find the same conditions we had when comparing direct FEM and SC + FD results.
This suggested a new step of analysis. Starting from the same geometry, the lengths of the various segments of the boundary have been replaced by numbers with integer ratios among them, to secure the possibility of positioning any vertex or interface ending point on the nodes of the FD mesh. This was possible with special care of the segments of the bottom conductor and with modest errors in regions of negligible influence.
This time, a reliable FEM reference was CFEMstage2 = 3.3224·10–11 F/m, from the energy, with 25,884 nodes, locally dense mesh with nonlinear rule of the second order (and, with a very similar value, C = 3.32270·10–11 F/m with a linear rule). The equipotential lines and field magnitudes are shown in Figure 5. The FD results have been very satisfactory too, as the results were, for instance, CFDstage2 = 3.32176·10–11 F/m with the quarter circle modeled with 8,000 P-C segments, and 3.32200·10–11 F/m with 4000. The maximum difference among these second stage FEM or FD values is of about 0.03%.

Equipotential lines and field magnitudes for the geometry in Figure 4
This allows us to draw important conclusions. Assuming FEM results on the original geometry as the reference, we can expect that the results obtained from a FEM second stage geometry, i.e., a virtually exact rectangular boundary and very accurate maps of the dielectric interfaces, will be very similar to the reference. At the same time, it was shown that the FD results for the same second stage geometry can be good in general and in addition that they are very good, and very similar to the FEM results, if the details of the maps of the interfaces are well represented by the FD mesh.
3 Discussion
A well-known case study has been used to enlighten the different behaviors of FEM and two step SC+FD procedures in presence of strong field singularities both in vacuum and in inhomogeneous dielectric structures. Of course, the dominant role of FEMs in engineering calculation is confirmed, but care must be taken to secure suitable mesh densities in critical regions, near to the same source of field singularities to which the SC+FD calculations are instead insensitive by nature. The major sources of errors are in this case the discretization processes of the conductor segments bordering different dielectrics and of the dielectric interfaces. However, the discrepancy between the results with different number of cells in the FD second calculation stage can be easily reduced to some 0.1%, of the same order of the difference with the best FEM results with reasonable number of nodes. Therefore, two-stage calculations can be recommended to confirm or compare FEM results, to exploit the capabilities of the SC maps in case of geometry with severe corner singularities, or when in presence of open domain boundaries.
The behavior of the differences between SC+FD and FEM results suggested the advantage of performing the second stage calculations by means of FEMs instead of FDs, to better cope to discretization problems when significant length ratios observed in the SC maps cannot be accurately represented in the second stage FD mesh. Probably, this would allow a faster computation too. Defining a second stage FD map analogous to that obtained for the stripline geometry, we have shown that the differences among SC+FEM and direct FEM results can be reduced to some 0.01%, i.e., about an order of magnitude better than with SC+FD calculation. Unfortunately, representing the second stage by means of general purpose FEM codes are not always easy or even possible.
References
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© 2017 E. Costamagna and P. Di Barba
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.
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- Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
- The photon identification loophole in EPRB experiments: computer models with single-wing selection
- Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
- Bohr against Bell: complementarity versus nonlocality
- Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
- Is Einsteinian no-signalling violated in Bell tests?
- Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
- Bell’s “Theorem”: loopholes vs. conceptual flaws
- Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
- Nonrecurrence and Bell-like inequalities
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Three-dimensional computer models of electrospinning systems
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Electric field computation and measurements in the electroporation of inhomogeneous samples
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Modelling of magnetostriction of transformer magnetic core for vibration analysis
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Comparison of the fractional power motor with cores made of various magnetic materials
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Dynamics of the line-start reluctance motor with rotor made of SMC material
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Inhomogeneous dielectrics: conformal mapping and finite-element models
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Topology optimization of induction heating model using sequential linear programming based on move limit with adaptive relaxation
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Detection of inter-turn short-circuit at start-up of induction machine based on torque analysis
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Current superimposition variable flux reluctance motor with 8 salient poles
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Modelling axial vibration in windings of power transformers
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Field analysis & eddy current losses calculation in five-phase tubular actuator
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Hybrid excited claw pole generator with skewed and non-skewed permanent magnets
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Electromagnetic phenomena analysis in brushless DC motor with speed control using PWM method
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Field-circuit analysis and measurements of a single-phase self-excited induction generator
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- A comparative analysis between classical and modified approach of description of the electrical machine windings by means of T0 method
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Field-based optimal-design of an electric motor: a new sensitivity formulation
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Application of the parametric proper generalized decomposition to the frequency-dependent calculation of the impedance of an AC line with rectangular conductors
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Virtual reality as a new trend in mechanical and electrical engineering education
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Holonomicity analysis of electromechanical systems
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- An accurate reactive power control study in virtual flux droop control
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Localized probability of improvement for kriging based multi-objective optimization
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Research of influence of open-winding faults on properties of brushless permanent magnets motor
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Optimal design of the rotor geometry of line-start permanent magnet synchronous motor using the bat algorithm
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Model of depositing layer on cylindrical surface produced by induction-assisted laser cladding process
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Detection of inter-turn faults in transformer winding using the capacitor discharge method
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- A novel hybrid genetic algorithm for optimal design of IPM machines for electric vehicle
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Lamination effects on a 3D model of the magnetic core of power transformers
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Detection of vertical disparity in three-dimensional visualizations
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Calculations of magnetic field in dynamo sheets taking into account their texture
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- 3-dimensional computer model of electrospinning multicapillary unit used for electrostatic field analysis
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Optimization of wearable microwave antenna with simplified electromagnetic model of the human body
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Induction heating process of ferromagnetic filled carbon nanotubes based on 3-D model
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Speed control of an induction motor by 6-switched 3-level inverter
Articles in the same Issue
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- Analysis of a New Fractional Model for Damped Bergers’ Equation
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- A comparison study of steady-state vibrations with single fractional-order and distributed-order derivatives
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- Chiral symmetry restoration and the critical end point in QCD
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- Structure and optical properties of TiO2 thin films deposited by ALD method
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- Quadruple multi-wavelength conversion for access network scalability based on cross-phase modulation in an SOA-MZI
- Regular Articles
- Application of ANNs approach for wave-like and heat-like equations
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Study on node importance evaluation of the high-speed passenger traffic complex network based on the Structural Hole Theory
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- A mathematical/physics model to measure the role of information and communication technology in some economies: the Chinese case
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Numerical modeling of the thermoelectric cooler with a complementary equation for heat circulation in air gaps
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- On the libration collinear points in the restricted three – body problem
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Research on Critical Nodes Algorithm in Social Complex Networks
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- A simulation based research on chance constrained programming in robust facility location problem
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- A mathematical/physics carbon emission reduction strategy for building supply chain network based on carbon tax policy
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Mathematical analysis of the impact mechanism of information platform on agro-product supply chain and agro-product competitiveness
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- A real negative selection algorithm with evolutionary preference for anomaly detection
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- A privacy-preserving parallel and homomorphic encryption scheme
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Random walk-based similarity measure method for patterns in complex object
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- A Mathematical Study of Accessibility and Cohesion Degree in a High-Speed Rail Station Connected to an Urban Bus Transport Network
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Design and Simulation of the Integrated Navigation System based on Extended Kalman Filter
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Oil exploration oriented multi-sensor image fusion algorithm
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Analysis of Product Distribution Strategy in Digital Publishing Industry Based on Game-Theory
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Expanded Study on the accumulation effect of tourism under the constraint of structure
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Unstructured P2P Network Load Balance Strategy Based on Multilevel Partitioning of Hypergraph
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Research on the method of information system risk state estimation based on clustering particle filter
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Demand forecasting and information platform in tourism
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Physical-chemical properties studying of molecular structures via topological index calculating
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Local kernel nonparametric discriminant analysis for adaptive extraction of complex structures
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- City traffic flow breakdown prediction based on fuzzy rough set
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Conservation laws for a strongly damped wave equation
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Blending type approximation by Stancu-Kantorovich operators based on Pólya-Eggenberger distribution
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Computing the Ediz eccentric connectivity index of discrete dynamic structures
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- A discrete epidemic model for bovine Babesiosis disease and tick populations
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Study on maintaining formations during satellite formation flying based on SDRE and LQR
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Relationship between solitary pulmonary nodule lung cancer and CT image features based on gradual clustering
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- A novel fast target tracking method for UAV aerial image
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model of interuniversity collaborative learning based on network
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Conservation laws, classical symmetries and exact solutions of the generalized KdV-Burgers-Kuramoto equation
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- After notes on self-similarity exponent for fractal structures
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Excitation probability and effective temperature in the stationary regime of conductivity for Coulomb Glasses
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Comparisons of feature extraction algorithm based on unmanned aerial vehicle image
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Research on identification method of heavy vehicle rollover based on hidden Markov model
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Classifying BCI signals from novice users with extreme learning machine
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Topics on data transmission problem in software definition network
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Statistical inferences with jointly type-II censored samples from two Pareto distributions
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Estimation for coefficient of variation of an extension of the exponential distribution under type-II censoring scheme
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Analysis on trust influencing factors and trust model from multiple perspectives of online Auction
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- Coupling of two-phase flow in fractured-vuggy reservoir with filling medium
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- Production decline type curves analysis of a finite conductivity fractured well in coalbed methane reservoirs
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- Flow Characteristic and Heat Transfer for Non-Newtonian Nanofluid in Rectangular Microchannels with Teardrop Dimples/Protrusions
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- The size prediction of potential inclusions embedded in the sub-surface of fused silica by damage morphology
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- Research on carbonate reservoir interwell connectivity based on a modified diffusivity filter model
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- The method of the spatial locating of macroscopic throats based-on the inversion of dynamic interwell connectivity
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- Unsteady mixed convection flow through a permeable stretching flat surface with partial slip effects through MHD nanofluid using spectral relaxation method
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- A volumetric ablation model of EPDM considering complex physicochemical process in porous structure of char layer
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- Numerical simulation on ferrofluid flow in fractured porous media based on discrete-fracture model
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- Macroscopic lattice Boltzmann model for heat and moisture transfer process with phase transformation in unsaturated porous media during freezing process
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- Modelling of intermittent microwave convective drying: parameter sensitivity
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- Simulating gas-water relative permeabilities for nanoscale porous media with interfacial effects
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- Simulation of counter-current imbibition in water-wet fractured reservoirs based on discrete-fracture model
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- Investigation effect of wettability and heterogeneity in water flooding and on microscopic residual oil distribution in tight sandstone cores with NMR technique
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- Analytical modeling of coupled flow and geomechanics for vertical fractured well in tight gas reservoirs
- Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
- Special Issue: Ever New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
- Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
- The ultimate loophole in Bell’s theorem: The inequality is identically satisfied by data sets composed of ±1′s assuming merely that they exist
- Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
- Erratum to: The ultimate loophole in Bell’s theorem: The inequality is identically satisfied by data sets composed of ±1′s assuming merely that they exist
- Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
- Rhetoric, logic, and experiment in the quantum nonlocality debate
- Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
- What If Quantum Theory Violates All Mathematics?
- Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
- Relativity, anomalies and objectivity loophole in recent tests of local realism
- Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
- The photon identification loophole in EPRB experiments: computer models with single-wing selection
- Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
- Bohr against Bell: complementarity versus nonlocality
- Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
- Is Einsteinian no-signalling violated in Bell tests?
- Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
- Bell’s “Theorem”: loopholes vs. conceptual flaws
- Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
- Nonrecurrence and Bell-like inequalities
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Three-dimensional computer models of electrospinning systems
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Electric field computation and measurements in the electroporation of inhomogeneous samples
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Modelling of magnetostriction of transformer magnetic core for vibration analysis
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Comparison of the fractional power motor with cores made of various magnetic materials
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Dynamics of the line-start reluctance motor with rotor made of SMC material
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Inhomogeneous dielectrics: conformal mapping and finite-element models
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Topology optimization of induction heating model using sequential linear programming based on move limit with adaptive relaxation
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Detection of inter-turn short-circuit at start-up of induction machine based on torque analysis
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Current superimposition variable flux reluctance motor with 8 salient poles
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Modelling axial vibration in windings of power transformers
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Field analysis & eddy current losses calculation in five-phase tubular actuator
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Hybrid excited claw pole generator with skewed and non-skewed permanent magnets
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Electromagnetic phenomena analysis in brushless DC motor with speed control using PWM method
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Field-circuit analysis and measurements of a single-phase self-excited induction generator
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- A comparative analysis between classical and modified approach of description of the electrical machine windings by means of T0 method
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Field-based optimal-design of an electric motor: a new sensitivity formulation
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Application of the parametric proper generalized decomposition to the frequency-dependent calculation of the impedance of an AC line with rectangular conductors
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Virtual reality as a new trend in mechanical and electrical engineering education
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Holonomicity analysis of electromechanical systems
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- An accurate reactive power control study in virtual flux droop control
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Localized probability of improvement for kriging based multi-objective optimization
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Research of influence of open-winding faults on properties of brushless permanent magnets motor
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Optimal design of the rotor geometry of line-start permanent magnet synchronous motor using the bat algorithm
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Model of depositing layer on cylindrical surface produced by induction-assisted laser cladding process
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Detection of inter-turn faults in transformer winding using the capacitor discharge method
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- A novel hybrid genetic algorithm for optimal design of IPM machines for electric vehicle
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Lamination effects on a 3D model of the magnetic core of power transformers
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Detection of vertical disparity in three-dimensional visualizations
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Calculations of magnetic field in dynamo sheets taking into account their texture
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- 3-dimensional computer model of electrospinning multicapillary unit used for electrostatic field analysis
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Optimization of wearable microwave antenna with simplified electromagnetic model of the human body
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Induction heating process of ferromagnetic filled carbon nanotubes based on 3-D model
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Speed control of an induction motor by 6-switched 3-level inverter