Home A novel hybrid genetic algorithm for optimal design of IPM machines for electric vehicle
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A novel hybrid genetic algorithm for optimal design of IPM machines for electric vehicle

  • Aimeng Wang EMAIL logo and Jiayu Guo
Published/Copyright: December 29, 2017
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Open Physics
From the journal Open Physics Volume 15 Issue 1

Abstract

A novel hybrid genetic algorithm (HGA) is proposed to optimize the rotor structure of an IPM machine which is used in EV application. The finite element (FE) simulation results of the HGA design is compared with the genetic algorithm (GA) design and those before optimized. It is shown that the performance of the IPMSM is effectively improved by employing the GA and HGA, especially by HGA. Moreover, higher flux-weakening capability and less magnet usage are also obtained. Therefore, the validity of HGA method in IPMSM optimization design is verified.

Keywords: Genetic algorithm (GA); Taguchi method; hybrid genetic algorithm (HGA); IPMSM; optimal design
PACS: 88.85.Hj

1 Introduction

With the wide application of interior permanent magnet synchronous machines (IPMSM) in electric vehicles, the performance of IPMSM, such as high efficiency, high torque, low torque ripple, high flux-weakening capability and less magnet mass, to meet the requirements of electric vehicles, is important [1, 2, 8]. Therefore, the optimal design of IPMSM should be conducted to obtain better performance.

The traditional method of structure optimization for motors is optimizing each parameter one by one. However, the mutual restriction between structure parameters and their complex coupling with electromagnetic performance, makes the method, which independently optimizes each single structure parameter, not only complicated and time consuming but it also produces a poor optimization result. With the development of optimal design for motor and computer techniques, some quick optimization, which combines optimization algorithms with computer software, has successively appeared.

The Taguchi method [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7] is a robust local optimization algorithm. It can analyze the best combination of each structure parameter using a minimum number of “experiments” by implementing an orthogonal experiment array to perform a multi-objective optimization for the motor. But its defect in common with other local optimization algorithms is that its optimization result depends on the selection of the initial point, which means it only searches the adjacent range of the initial point and its global searching capability is poor.

On the other hand, the genetic algorithm (GA) [8, 9, 10] is an intelligent stochastic search algorithm, which has robust global searching ability. This could fill the gap of the Taguchi method in the optimal design of motors. But the poor local search capability of GA makes it easily trapped in a local extremum at the later evolution stages.

This paper proposes a hybrid genetic algorithm (HGA), which is a combination of GA and the Taguchi method. The HGA not only can overcome the defect of the poor global searching capability for the Taguchi method, but can also cover the poor local searching ability of GA. The HGA will be used to optimize the rotor structure parameters of an IPMSM for an electric vehicle application considering maximum torque and efficiency, minimum torque ripple and iron loss as the optimization objective. The optimization results of the HGA design are compared with the initial and GA design results.

2 Model of the IPMSM

The initial design of the IPMSM is a 15-slot, 8-pole, 1.5-kW, 1000-r/min machine with V-shaped barriers in the rotor as shown in Figure 1(a). The rotor inside radius Rri is fixed at 22.5 mm and the other structure parameters of the rotor shown in Figure 1(b) are optimized by the HGA. The IPMSM design with V-shaped rotor barriers is widely used in electric vehicles because of its wide flux-weakening capability [1].

Figure 1 Machine structure and rotor parameters of the initial design
Figure 1

Machine structure and rotor parameters of the initial design

Consider the average torque Tavg, efficiency η, torque ripple coefficient Kmb and core loss PFe as the optimization objectives. For the first two, a larger value is better; and for the last two, a smaller value is better.

The torque ripple coefficient Kmb is the quantity which measures the degree of torque ripple for a machine, and it is defined as follows:

Kmb=Tmax−Tmin2Tavg×100%(1)

where Tmax and Tmin is the maximum and minimum instantaneous torque under steady state, respectively.

The calculation formula of efficiency η is shown as:

η=PoutPout+Ploss×100%=Tavg⋅ωTavg⋅ω+Pcu+PFe×100%(2)

where ω is the rated angular speed and Pcu is the copper loss.

The implementation process for the HGA is: first, perform adequate global searching for the initial design of the IPMSM using the GA optimal scheme; then, take advantage of the local searching capability of the Taguchi method by taking the GA optimized design and optimizing it further by the Taguchi method.

3 Global searching by GA

Finite element (FE) software is used to analyze the performance of the designs as part of the optimization process. The GA optometric of the software is applied to conduct GA optimization for the IPMSM. The optimization considered nine structural parameters of the rotor shown in Figure 1, these are: outer radius of rotor barriers Rb, minimum distance between side magnets Dm, magnetic bridge length Hrib, bottom width of rotor barriers O1, depth of rotor yokeO2, width of magnetic bridge between two adjacent poles Rib, thickness of magnet Th, width of magnet Wid and rotor outside radius Rro. The range of the variables above is shown in Table 1.

Table 1

Value range of optimization variables

VariableValue range (mm)VariableValue range (mm)
Rb[47.25 47.85]Rib[4.8 6]
Dm[4 8]Th[3 5]
Hrib[2 4]Wid[7 10]
Ol[2 4]Rro[48.45 48.65]
O2[8 12]

3.1 The Establishment of the Objective Function and its Standardization

In the GA optimization, the objective optimization is realized using a defined cost function, and the minimum point of the cost function corresponds to the optimum point. For a multi-objective optimization, a weight coefficient is assigned to each objective according to its degree of importance, wi (the objective function with larger wi is more important). The sum of the products of each objective value and their weighting degree wi to calculate the total cost function. The constraint formula of the objective functions is shown as (3), and total cost function formula shown as (4).

gi(x)conditioniGi(3)

where gi(x) is the i-th objective function expression; conditioni is the corresponding conditional operator “ < ”, “=” and “>” and Gi is the given goal value of the i th objective function.

Cost=∑i=1Nwiεi2(4)

where N is the number of objective functions; εi is the residual target and its value reflects the degree that the simulated response values of the objective function deviate from the given goal value range. As shown in Figure 2, if the response value is within the goal value range, then εi = 0, if not, εi is the difference of the response value and the goal value.

Figure 2 Diagram of the objective function residual for different conditioni
Figure 2

Diagram of the objective function residual for different conditioni

In this paper, four objectives of the machine are used for optimization, that is the average torque Tavg, torque ripple coefficient Kmb, iron loss PFe and efficiency η. Due to the significant difference between these four objective function values, they are standardized to a goal value between 1 and 10.

For instance, the optimization goal value of the average torque Tavg is 16 Nm and the value range is 12 Nm ~ 16 Nm, thus its objective function g1 is defined as:

g1=1+(Tavg−16)×9/(−4)(5)

It can be seen from formula (5) that the value of g1 is 1 when the average torque Tavg is 16 Nm, and g1 is 10 when the average torque Tavg is 12 Nm.

Similarly, the optimization goal value of the torque ripple coefficient Kmb is 1.6% and value range is 1.6%~2.2%, and its objective function g2 is defined in formula (6); set the optimization goal value of the iron loss PFe to 28 W and value range is 28 W ~ 35 W, defined its objective function g3 as formula (7); set the optimization goal value of efficiency η to 96% and value range is 90%~96%, defined its objective function g4 as formula (8).

g2=1+(Kmb−1.6)×9/0.6(6)
g3=1+(PFe−28)×9/7(7)
g4=1+(η−96)×9/(−6)(8)

In this optimal design, the conditioni of the formula is “<”, thus the corresponding constraint formula of the four objective functions is shown as:

gi(x)<Gii=1,2,3,4(9)

Then, set the importance degree of each optimization objective. The importance degree of all four objective functions is set to 1 in this paper. Combining Figure 2(a) with the total cost function formula (4) gives the total cost function of the average torque Tavg, torque ripple coefficient Kmb, iron loss PFe and efficiency η as follows:

Cost=∑i=14(gi−Gi)2(10)

3.2 Simulation results of GA design

After the optimization variables and objective function are defined, the values of the five major parameters of GA optimization are set: population size popsize = 20, selection pressure Sp = 10, crossover probability Pc = 0.75, mutation probability Pm = 0.01 and iteration termination generation N = 500, with the other parameters chosen as their default values. The GA optimization results are shown in Table 2 and Figure 3. They indicate that the average torque Tavg and efficiency η of the GA design are increased by 6.7% and 5.5%, respectively, compared with the initial design, the torque ripple coefficient Kmb and iron loss PFe is respectively reduced by 47.6% and 4.9%, as well. In addition, the PM mass of the GA design is reduced from 337.5 g to 306.5 g and reduced 9.2% compared with the initial design.

Figure 3 Torque and iron loss of the initial and GA designs
Figure 3

Torque and iron loss of the initial and GA designs

Table 2

Results comparison of the initial and GA design

Initial designGA designInitial designGA design
Rb (mm)47.647.715Wid (mm)7.58.85
Dm (mm)65.51Hrib (mm)33.32
Rro (mm)48.648.545Tavg (N.m)13.814.7
O1 (mm)33.01Kmb (%)3.561.87
O2 (mm)1110.96Pfe (W)33.531.9
Rib (mm)5.75η (%)91.096.0
Th (mm)53.85mpM (g)337.5306.5

4 Local searching by taguchi method

The performance of the IPMSM is significantly improved by GA optimization. However, local searching by the Taguchi method can effectively overcome the defect of GA, which is easily trapped in a local extremum during the later evolution stages. The conducted Taguchi optimization for GA scheme can further optimize the performance of the machine.

In the applied Taguchi method for optimizing the structure parameters of the machine, an orthogonal array should be established according to the number of optimization variables and their levels. In the orthogonal array, the value taken by each parameter at each experiment is imported into optometric of the FE software and analyzed to calculate the performance of the machine.

4.1 Established orthogonal experiment array

Starting from the GA optimal design, take six structure parameters of the rotor: the minimum distance between side magnets Dm, magnetic bridge length Hrib, depth of rotor yoke O2, width of magnetic bridge between two adjacent poles Rib, thickness of magnet Th and width of magnet Wid shown in Figure 1 and use them as optimization factors for the Taguchi optimization design, because these six parameters have greater effect on the performance of IPMSM. The values of the other parameters are maintained at the same value as the GA optimal design. These 6 optimization parameters are represented as A, B, C, D, E and F, respectively. Every optimization factor can take 5 levels and its values are shown in Table 3. The orthogonal array L25(56), which is established according to the number of optimization variables and its levels, is shown in Table 4.

Table 3

Optimal factors and its value levels

FactorLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5
A:Dm (mm)5.265.3855.515.6355.76
B:Hrib (mm)3.223.273.323.373.42
C:O2 (mm)10.6610.8110.9611.1111.26
D:Rib (mm)4.94.9555.055.1
E:Th (mm)3.73.7753.853.9254
F:Wid (mm)8.68.7258.858.9759.1

Table 4

Experiment orthogonal array and FE simulation result

Experiment numberOrthogonal arrayTavg (N⋅m)Kmb (%)PFe (W)η (%)
ABCDEF
111111114.311.7531.4981.77
212222214.531.7631.5583.07
313333314.731.8231.6384.30
414444414.941.9631.6985.49
515555515.141.9831.7786.63
621234515.082.1531.8186.26
722345114.572.1531.4783.65
823451214.471.7231.5382.65
924512314.591.7931.5483.45
1025123414.811.6731.7684.58
1131352414.841.9731.7484.83
1232413515.011.7931.7585.86
1333524114.501.8931.4383.19
1434135214.692.0431.6484.17
1535241314.541.6931.6682.90
1641425314.872.2931.6185.33
1742531414.741.8531.6584.21
1843142514.941.8231.8685.20
1944253114.441.8731.5482.58
2045314214.591.6931.5883.57
2151543214.621.9331.5183.80
2252154314.802.1031.7484.67
2353215414.982.1331.7785.75
2454321514.811.8931.8084.45
2555432114.341.7031.5081.94
m14.721.89631.6484.17

4.2 Finite element simulation

FE simulation is conducted according to the value of each level taken by each optimization factor for each experiment in Table 4 and used to obtain the result for the average torque Tavg, torque ripple coefficient Kmb, iron loss PFe and efficiency η. The calculated results for each experiment are shown in Table 4.

4.3 Analysis of mean

The overall mean of each experiment result for each performance is calculated in accordance with Equation (11) and the results are shown in Table 4.

m=1n∑i=1nmi(11)

Then the mean of one performance for each optimization factor under each level was calculated. For example, the mean of average torque for factor A under level 1 is calculated as:

mTavg(A1)=15Tavg1+Tavg2+Tavg3+Tavg4+Tavg5(12)

where Tavg1~Tavg5 is the average torque of the 1st up to 5th experiments for factor A under level 1.

Similarly, the mean of average torque Tavg, torque ripple coefficient Kmb, iron loss PFe and efficiency η for the other 5 factors under each level can be calculated respectively, and the calculation results are shown in Table 5. It can be seen from Table 5, that the combination of the levels taken by each factor to make the average torque Tavg largest, the torque ripple coefficient Kmb smallest, the iron loss PFe smallest and the efficiency η highest, respectively, is A(1)B(1)C(4)D(5)E(5)F(5), A(1)B(5)C(1)D(1)E(1)F(2), A(2)B(1)C(5)D(1)E(1)F(1) and A(1)B(1)C(4)D(5)E(5)F(5). Obviously, the level combination of each factor that makes each performance optimal, respectively, is different. Thus the analysis of the variance was conducted to analyze the relative importance of the effects of each optimization variable on each performance to get the optimal result.

Table 5

Performance for each factors at each levels

FactorLevelTavg (N⋅m)Kmb(%)PFe(W)η(%)
A114.7291.85531.62684.254
214.7021.89531.62284.120
314.7181.87431.64484.191
414.7161.90631.64784.177
514.7101.95031.66184.123
B114.7452.01831.63084.399
214.7291.93031.63184.292
314.7241.87831.64484.219
414.6931.90931.64284.029
514.6841.74531.65383.925
C114.7111.87531.70184.080
214.7111.92131.66584.112
314.7101.90431.64184.161
414.7271.89231.61684.257
514.7161.88831.57884.255
D114.6961.82731.62584.082
214.7031.90231.62984.124
314.7181.91231.64484.178
414.7201.91131.64084.208
514.7381.92831.66384.272
E114.5751.77931.62583.195
214.6471.80731.63683.700
314.7221.81631.63884.224
414.7821.96031.64984.638
514.8502.11731.65385.109
F114.4321.87231.48682.626
214.5811.82731.56283.452
314.7061.93931.63584.133
414.8611.91531.72284.974
514.9951.92631.79785.680

4.4 Analysis of variance and determined optimization scheme

By analyzing the variance of the experimental results, the relative importance of the effects of each optimization variable on each performance can be obtained. The calculation formula of variance is shown as:

SA=1Q∑i=1QmA(i)−m2(13)

where SA is the variance of one performance under factor A; Q is the level number of each factor and Q = 5; mA(i) is the mean of one performance for factor A at level 1 in Table 5; m is the overall mean of one performance in Table 4. Thus the variance of the average torque Tavg, torque ripple coefficient Kmb, iron loss PFe and efficiency η under other factors can also be calculated from equation (13). The calculation results are shown in Table ??.

It can be seen from Table 6 that the change of factor A, D and E has the largest effects on the torque ripple coefficient Kmb, the change of factor B and C has the largest effects on iron loss PFe, and the change of factor F has largest effects on the average torque Tavg and efficiency η. Therefore, the levels selected for factors A, D and E are to make the torque ripple coefficient Kmb smallest, the levels selected for factors B and C are to make the iron loss PFe smallest, and the level selected for factor F is to make the average torque Tavg and efficiency η largest. The final optimal scheme for the factor level combination is A(1)B(1)C(5)D(1)E(1)F(5) and the corresponding values are shown in Table 7.

Table 6

Variance of performance for each factors at 5 levels

FactorSTavgSKmbSPFesη
Value(10—3)Ratio(%)Value(10—3)Ratio(%)Value(10—3)Ratio(%)Value(10—1)Ratio(%)
A0.080.141.035.030.210.470.020.12
B7.8313.70.070.3429.9167.350.42.4
C0.040.070.241.171.763.960.050.3
D0.210.371.266.150.170.380.040.24
E9.3716.416.2179.150.10.234.5527.23
F39.6169.321.678.1612.2627.6111.6569.71
Total57.1410020.4810044.4110016.71100

Table 7

Value taken by each factors for final optimal scheme

FactorA:DmB:HribC:O2D:RibE:ThF:Wid
Value (mm)5.263.2211.264.93.79.1

4.5 Results comparison

The FE model was built and the simulations were conducted according to the value taken by each optimization variable for the final optimal scheme shown in Table 7. Table 8 listed the results comparisons of the initial, GA and HGA designs, and Figure 4 shows the torque and iron loss comparisons.

Figure 4 Calculated instantaneous torque and iron loss comparisons for the initial, GA and HGA optimised designs
Figure 4

Calculated instantaneous torque and iron loss comparisons for the initial, GA and HGA optimised designs

Table 8

The results comparison

InitialGAHGA
Rb (mm)47.647.71547.715
Dm (mm)65.515.26
Rro (mm)48.648.54548.545
O1 (mm)33.013.01
O2 (mm)1110.9611.26
Rib (mm)5.754.9
Th (mm)53.853.7
Wid (mm)7.58.859.1
Hrib (mm)33.323.22
Tavg (N.m)13.814.7(↑ 6.7%)14.9 (↑ 7.6%)
Kmb (%)3.561.87(↓ 47.6%)1.85(↓ 48%)
Pfe (W)33.531.9(↓ 4.9%)31.6(↓ 5.5%)
η (%)91.096.0(↑ 5.5%)97.0(↑ 6.57%)
mpM (g)337.5306.5(↓ 9.2%)303.0(↓ 10.2%)

It can be observed that the average torque Tavg and efficiency η of the HGA design is increased by 7.6% and 6.57% respectively compared with the initial design, and the torque ripple coefficient Kmb and iron loss PFe is reduced by 48% and 5.5% respectively as well. In addition, the PM mass of theHGA design changed from 337.5 g to 303 g and is reduced by 10.2% compared with the initial design. Each performance of the HGA design has realized further optimization compared to the GA design. The degree of performance improvements of the HGA design compared to the GA design is smaller than the GA design compared to the initial design. This shows that the GA optimal design is already close to the optimum solution, and that the Taguchi method overcomes the defect of the GA, which is easily trapped in a local extremum at the later evolution stage.

Figure 5 is the torque-speed characteristic comparison for the initial, GA and HGA optimised designs. It indicates that the speed range has widened to 0 to 7000 rpm from 0 to 4000 rpm and that the flux-weakening capability has improved for both the GA and HGA designs, especially for the HGA design.

Figure 5 Torque versus speed (field-weakening) comparison for initial, GA and HGA optimized designs
Figure 5

Torque versus speed (field-weakening) comparison for initial, GA and HGA optimized designs

5 Conclusion

A hybrid genetic algorithm (HGA), which combined a genetic algorithm (GA) with the Taguchi method, is proposed to optimize the rotor structure of an IPMSM for an electric vehicle application, to maximize the torque and efficiency, and minimise the torque ripple and iron loss. The following conclusions can be drawn:

  1. The proposed HGA not only could overcame the defect of poor global searching capability of the Taguchi method, but also could cover the poor local searching ability for the GA. The Taguchi method is conducted to further optimize the GA optimized design.

  2. Not only the performance such as torque, efficiency, torque ripple and iron loss have improved by using the GA and HGA, but also the amount PM material is reduced 9.2% and 10.2%, respectively, which reduces the motor manufacturing cost. In addition, the flux-weakening capacity of the IPMSM, which is important for electric vehicle applications, is also improved by optimisation by GA and HGA, especially by the proposed HGA.

Acknowledgement

This study was supported by the Beijing Natural Science Foundation (3172037) and the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province (E2017502025).

References

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Received: 2017-11-9
Accepted: 2017-11-22
Published Online: 2017-12-29

© 2017 Aimeng Wang and Jiayu Guo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/phys-2017-0122
Keywords for this article
Genetic algorithm (GA); Taguchi method; hybrid genetic algorithm (HGA); IPMSM; optimal design
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  209. Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
  210. Nonrecurrence and Bell-like inequalities
  211. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  212. Three-dimensional computer models of electrospinning systems
  213. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  214. Electric field computation and measurements in the electroporation of inhomogeneous samples
  215. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  216. Modelling of magnetostriction of transformer magnetic core for vibration analysis
  217. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  218. Comparison of the fractional power motor with cores made of various magnetic materials
  219. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  220. Dynamics of the line-start reluctance motor with rotor made of SMC material
  221. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  222. Inhomogeneous dielectrics: conformal mapping and finite-element models
  223. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  224. Topology optimization of induction heating model using sequential linear programming based on move limit with adaptive relaxation
  225. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  226. Detection of inter-turn short-circuit at start-up of induction machine based on torque analysis
  227. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  228. Current superimposition variable flux reluctance motor with 8 salient poles
  229. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  230. Modelling axial vibration in windings of power transformers
  231. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  232. Field analysis & eddy current losses calculation in five-phase tubular actuator
  233. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  234. Hybrid excited claw pole generator with skewed and non-skewed permanent magnets
  235. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  236. Electromagnetic phenomena analysis in brushless DC motor with speed control using PWM method
  237. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  238. Field-circuit analysis and measurements of a single-phase self-excited induction generator
  239. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  240. A comparative analysis between classical and modified approach of description of the electrical machine windings by means of T0 method
  241. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  242. Field-based optimal-design of an electric motor: a new sensitivity formulation
  243. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  244. Application of the parametric proper generalized decomposition to the frequency-dependent calculation of the impedance of an AC line with rectangular conductors
  245. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  246. Virtual reality as a new trend in mechanical and electrical engineering education
  247. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  248. Holonomicity analysis of electromechanical systems
  249. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  250. An accurate reactive power control study in virtual flux droop control
  251. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  252. Localized probability of improvement for kriging based multi-objective optimization
  253. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  254. Research of influence of open-winding faults on properties of brushless permanent magnets motor
  255. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  256. Optimal design of the rotor geometry of line-start permanent magnet synchronous motor using the bat algorithm
  257. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  258. Model of depositing layer on cylindrical surface produced by induction-assisted laser cladding process
  259. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  260. Detection of inter-turn faults in transformer winding using the capacitor discharge method
  261. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  262. A novel hybrid genetic algorithm for optimal design of IPM machines for electric vehicle
  263. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  264. Lamination effects on a 3D model of the magnetic core of power transformers
  265. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  266. Detection of vertical disparity in three-dimensional visualizations
  267. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  268. Calculations of magnetic field in dynamo sheets taking into account their texture
  269. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  270. 3-dimensional computer model of electrospinning multicapillary unit used for electrostatic field analysis
  271. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  272. Optimization of wearable microwave antenna with simplified electromagnetic model of the human body
  273. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  274. Induction heating process of ferromagnetic filled carbon nanotubes based on 3-D model
  275. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  276. Speed control of an induction motor by 6-switched 3-level inverter
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