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Seismic stability of the survey areas of potential sites for the deep geological repository of the spent nuclear fuel

  • Zdeněk Kaláb EMAIL logo , Jan Šílený and Markéta Lednická
Published/Copyright: July 7, 2017
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Open Physics
From the journal Open Physics Volume 15 Issue 1

Abstract

This paper deals with the seismic stability of the survey areas of potential sites for the deep geological repository of the spent nuclear fuel in the Czech Republic. The basic source of data for historical earthquakes up to 1990 was the seismic website [10]. The most intense earthquake described occurred on September 15, 1590 in the Niederroesterreich region (Austria) in the historical period; its reported intensity is Io = 8-9. The source of the contemporary seismic data for the period since 1991 to the end of 2014 was the website [11]. It may be stated based on the databases and literature review that in the period from 1900, no earthquake exceeding magnitude 5.1 originated in the territory of the Czech Republic.

In order to evaluate seismicity and to assess the impact of seismic effects at depths of hypothetical deep geological repository for the next time period, the neo-deterministic method was selected as an extension of the probabilistic method. Each one out of the seven survey areas were assessed by the neo-deterministic evaluation of the seismic wave-field excited by selected individual events and determining the maximum loading.

Results of seismological databases studies and neo-deterministic analysis of Čihadlo locality are presented.

Keywords: Deep geological repository; earthquake; seismicity; neo-deterministic analysis; probabilistic seismic hazard assessment
PACS: 91.30.-f; 91.30.Ab; 91.30.Bi; 91.30.Dk

1 Introduction

This paper was prepared as a part of the Czech Radioactive Waste Repository Authority project “Research support for the safety assessment of a deep geological repository” which forms an important part of the preparation phase for the construction of deep geological repositories for radioactive waste (hereinafter DGR). The aim of this partial project called “Seismic stability of territory” is to obtain initial parameters for the evaluation of seismicity and evaluation of seismic effects at depth of hypothetical deep geological repository (DGR) for the next time period (Kaláb Z., Šílený J., Lednická M., Jechumtálová Z., Seismic stability of DGR potential sites. - Reviewed technical report 26/2015/ENG, Institute of Geonics of the CAS and Institute of Geophysics of the CAS, Internal SURAO number: 4.1.5.5.3 /ESS: SURAO-2014-2379, Prague, 2015, 108).Seven areas were previously selected as these hypothetical DGR according to the geological criteria (Čertovka, Březový potok, Magdaléna, Čihadlo, Hrádek, Horka, Kraví hora – see Figure 1).

Figure 1 Map of earthquakes epicentres presenting magnitude values Mw till 1899 [10], NaN – magnitude value Mw was not defined. The DGR exploration areas are signed in the map
Figure 1

Map of earthquakes epicentres presenting magnitude values Mw till 1899 [10], NaN – magnitude value Mw was not defined. The DGR exploration areas are signed in the map

The aim of this paper is to present summary and analysis of seismicity, historical and current seismic events for the Czech Republic area and in the border regions of Germany, Austria and Slovakia, and seismic events prediction in the potential DGR sites for the next time period.The basic source of data on historical earthquakes up to 1990 was the seismic web [10], which was realized under the project NERA: “Network of European Research Infrastructures for Earthquake Risk Assessment and Mitigation”. The data source of the contemporary earthquakes since 1991 up to the end of 2014 was the CzechGeo website [11], that was realized as a part of the project “CzechGeo/EPOS – Distributed System of Observatory and Field Measurements of Geophysical Fields in the Czech Republic” (2010-2015, 2016-2019).

Seismicity analysis for seven potential areas of the DGR is elaborated on the basis of data from the catalogues of regional seismic events of the Czech Regional Seismological Network. Seismicity evaluation for these DGR research territories is carried out in order to narrow DGR sites, which is a circle at the distance of 5 km from the boundary of the DGR research territory polygon, and in the DGR research locality, which forms a circle at the distance of 25 km from the border of the DGR research territory polygon (according to State Office for Nuclear Safety: Criteria interpretation of nuclear instrumentation location and proposal their documents, BN-JB-1.14, SÚJB, 2012, in Czech). Seismic events of the last 24 years (1991-2014) were analysed in detail.

Earthquake hazard is defined as the probability of the occurrence of the earthquake effects (expressed in the units of dynamic vibrations), which can be expected in the region under study or in a particular site within a specified time window. The state of the art in the methodology of the earthquake hazard assessment may be characterized as a dispute of the experts. Traditionally two methods have been in use – the deterministic approach, allegedly already obsolete, thanks to the advance in the field, and the probabilistic approach, which is favoured at presence and demanded in the earthquake hazard assessment studies. Opinions of the representatives of both directions are often controversial. Apart from these two approaches mentioned above, a new one is emerging, namely so called neo-deterministic method of the assessment. At present it is not yet a universally accepted alternative to the probabilistic approach dominating now; however, it possesses the potential of delivering a new quality into the task of the earthquake hazard assessment. Evaluation for Čihadlo research locality is presented. The reason consists in the fact that in the category of local earthquakes the event discussed is relatively strong and mainly it is very close to the locality – its distance only slightly exceeds 4 km.

This paper represents a comprehensive study of the area for the purpose of construction of a deep geological repository. Neo-deterministic method (NDSHA) was selected as an extension of the probabilistic method for the modeling of the potential effects of vibration. Such extension is the innovated deterministic approach; its advocates collect arguments topped by the fact that every earthquake is associated with a fault, tectonic structure, the geometry of which together with the acting stress field determine the plane of the slip and the slip direction, in other words the mechanism of the earthquake. Input data for the analysis are taken from study of available seismological databases and determination of seismo-geological local conditions.

2 Research of historical earthquakes

The research of historical earthquakes in the area of the Czech Republic and its surroundings (i.e. 10°–20° eastern longitude and 48°–52° northern latitude), which was processed based on the data of the AHEAD database (the European Archive of Historical Earthquake Data 1000-1899) showed that no very powerful earthquake occurred in the defined area in the defined time period. Strong and moderate earthquakes are located in the vicinity of the Czech Republic, but their macroseismic manifestations on the territory of the Czech Republic are not documented. An exception is formed by the earthquake of Lower Austria in 1590. After the origin of this earthquake, scarce reports of its manifestations are documented virtually “throughout the territory of the Czech Republic”. The description of each earthquake also includes the magnitude Mw, whose size is determined from the intensity of the Io [1]. Map showing the above mentioned earthquakes according to the magnitude Mw is presented in Figure 1.

3 Research of current earthquakes

Research of earthquakes for the defined area in period 1900 - 1990 was once again processed using the European database [10] (see Figure 2). It is evident from it that on the territory of the Czech Republic, only a very small number of earthquakes was recorded, and very weak ones at that. The most intensive earthquake was recorded in the area of the town Náchod on January 10, 1901 (02:30 a.m.) with the magnitude of Mw = 5.1. For this earthquake, Kárník [2] indicates the magnitude of 4.9 and the intensity of Io = 6 (maximum observed intensity). The magnitude of all other earthquakes on the territory of the Czech Republic was below 5. In the Czech Republic and its surroundings, only 14 earthquakes of magnitude over 5.0 were recorded in the period in question.

Figure 2 Map of earthquakes epicentres presenting magnitude values Mw during 1900 - 1990 [10]
Figure 2

Map of earthquakes epicentres presenting magnitude values Mw during 1900 - 1990 [10]

The catalogues of regional seismic events (e.g. http://czechgeo.cz) were used for the processing of the contemporary seismic events from 1991 to the end of 2014 (Figure 3). From the perspective of obtaining information about all known earthquakes and other vibrations, even of very small magnitude, this catalogue is the most comprehensive, as it is based on the registration of all stations of the Czech Regional Seismological Network (now 24 stations) and also of local networks on the territory of the Czech Republic. On the territory of the Czech Republic, no tectonic shock of a magnitude greater than 5.0 was registered in the evaluated time period. The most intense tectonic shock was recorded in the district of Nový Kostel in Western Bohemia May 31, 2014 (10:37 a.m.) with the value of local magnitude ML = 4.4 [3] (local magnitude as determined from the records of the stations of the Czech Regional Seismological Network).

Figure 3 Map of seismic events epicentres occurred during 1991 – 2014 according database of the CRSN. All seismic events with magnitude ML ≥ 2; local magnitude estimated by stations of the Czech Regional Seismological Network [11]
Figure 3

Map of seismic events epicentres occurred during 1991 – 2014 according database of the CRSN. All seismic events with magnitude ML ≥ 2; local magnitude estimated by stations of the Czech Regional Seismological Network [11]

In the surroundings of the Czech Republic, only 3 seismic events with magnitude Mag (estimated by international data centres - ISC, NEIC, SED…) over 5.0 were registered in the evaluated time period, one of which is not a tectonic shock, as it represents a mining shock from the Lubin district (Poland). According to the processed catalogues, ML did not exceed the value of 5.0.

Charts in Figure 4 plot the dependency of magnitude of seismic events on time in each of the DGR research localities (not considering technical seismicity - mining and chemical explosion in quarries). Each tectonic shock is displayed in the graphs with two values of magnitude, i.e. ML and Mag values; if one or both magnitudes have not been determined, the value is plotted as a small grey symbol at “0”.

Figure 4 Dependency of magnitude of seismic events in individual DGR during 1991-2014. Notes: green square – value of ML (estimated by stations of the Czech Regional Seismological Network), red square – value of Mag (estimated by international data centres - ISC, NEIC, SED…), grey square – value of magnitude not determined, horizontal axis - date
Figure 4

Dependency of magnitude of seismic events in individual DGR during 1991-2014. Notes: green square – value of ML (estimated by stations of the Czech Regional Seismological Network), red square – value of Mag (estimated by international data centres - ISC, NEIC, SED…), grey square – value of magnitude not determined, horizontal axis - date

It may be stated in summary that magnitudes ML or Mag in the surroundings of any of the DGR research localities do not exceed the value of 2.3. The strongest tectonic shock with local magnitude ML = 2.3 was registered at the DGR research locality Magdaléna on January 13, 2007 (8:30 a.m.), about 22 km from the border of the research territory polygon. Another tectonic shock with local magnitude ML = 2.1 was registered on January 2, 1996 (5:05 a.m.), about 4 km from the border of the research territory polygon in Čihadlo and about 25 km from the border of the research territory polygon in Hrádek. Other tectonic shocks in DGR locations only reached magnitude (ML or Mag) less than 2.0, magnitude was not determined for a number of the events.

4 Neo-deterministic approach

Extension of the probabilistic approach is the innovated deterministic approach, so called neo-deterministic approach (NDSHA – neo-deterministic seismic hazard assessment). Its advocates [4–7] collect arguments topped by the fact that every earthquake is associated with a fault, tectonic structure, the geometry of which together with the acting stress field determine the plane of the slip and the slip direction, in other words the mechanism of the earthquake. The mechanism is the crucial factor ruling the seismic energy radiation as for its spatial distribution. For the specific configuration source (the hypocentre location, fault geometry, stress field) – site of the observation (the locality under study) it largely decides whether the seismic load will be strong or weak (even with a strong earthquake). This knowledge, together with details of the transfer of the seismic energy from the focus to the site of observation, is not present in the probabilistic method of the earthquake hazard assessment at all. This fact constitutes the main argument of the supporters of the neo-deterministic approach who emphasize the fact that the probabilistic approach ignores the detailed scenarios of earthquakes potentially threatening the locality under study and, thus, distorts notably the resulting values of the earthquake hazard estimate.

Contrary to the probabilistic method, the neo-deterministic approach is based on the concept of scenarios of particular earthquakes. This concept and a precise synthesis of the wave-field available, thanks to gathering the detailed information on the properties of the medium, allow determining useful engineering parameters quantifying the seismic loading. In this way, the scenario maximizes the benefit from the available information on the medium between the earthquake focus and the site of observation and from the pattern of the seismic energy radiation as well. Various alternatives of the approach are at hand in dependence of the knowledge available from a detailed field survey: (i) on the magnitude of the particular event only, (ii) with additional information on the strike and possibly also the dip of the fault nesting the particular earthquake, (iii) finally with full information on the direction and amount of the slip along the fault.

Summarizing the arguments, neo-deterministic approach may be marked as an extension of the traditional deterministic method on a higher level of the quality and as the desirable enhancement of the probabilistic estimation. As such, it possesses the power to synthesize a new quality in the task of the earthquake hazard assessment.

In detail, the neo-deterministic analysis means to derive the engineering parameters important for assessing the amount of endangering the particular civil structure or locality (commonly the horizontal peak ground acceleration) by theoretical modelling of the wave-field in the locality under study, excited by an earthquake representing a probable threat. The crucial parameters for the wave-field modelling are (i) the configuration – the mutual position of the locality and endangering earthquake, which contains information on the distance and the directivity of the radiation, and (ii) the model of the medium, which is necessary to compute the transfer of the radiated energy from the focus into the site of observation.

The configuration can be taken into account in several ways. One of them is seismic zoning – mapping the seismoactive faults or areas containing potentially dangerous earthquakes, and evaluating their effect on endangering the locality under study. Common approach consists in estimating the danger of the fault/zone by situating the earthquake of the proper size into the point of the zone, which is closest to the locality under study. This procedure may however overestimate the effect, because the extrapolation described needs not be valid. Then, for the purpose of the neo-deterministic analysis it may be more appropriate to perform the evaluation of the seismic load of the locality under study for a set of earthquakes selected on the basis of the past seismicity.

5 Evaluation of the peak ground acceleration (PGA) by theoretical modelling of the wave-field

To evaluate the peak ground acceleration as a measure of the earthquake hazard assessment at selected localities of intended nuclear waste disposals invoked by expected seismic events, we used a modification of the computer package AXITRA by Dr. Olivier Coutant from the Joseph Fourier University in Grenoble, France. It is the software widely used within international seismological community to model the wave-field in 1-D layered media. The package is written in the FORTRAN language and is in the open status, accessible, e.g., at the ORFEUS (Observatories and Research Facilities for European Seismology) webpage [12].

Computer package AXITRA is a code performing the mathematical method “reflectivity” designed to evaluate Green’s functions – response of horizontally layered medium composing of arbitrary number of plan-parallel homogeneous layers to unit excitation [8]. Then, according to the representation theorem, Green’s functions determine for a seismic source with an arbitrary mechanism and for sever basic types of source time functions the theoretical seismogram optionally in the ground displacement, velocity, or acceleration. Contrary to ray methods, which generate separately individual wave phases (direct waves P and S, reflected waves, converted waves etc.), the method of reflectivity synthesizes in the point of observation the complete wave-field; it means both body waves and surface waves. While it is a disadvantage for tracking individual seismic phases, it is just strength when estimating characteristics of seismic radiation as a whole, because it avoids an underestimation of seismic effects due to undesirable missing a phase, which appears to be dominant contrary to the prior expectation. Evaluation of the seismic response requires coordinates of the source – earthquake focus, coordinates of the station in the site of observation, and characteristics of the medium, through which seismic waves propagate for the source to the site of the observation. The computer package AXITRA – and the reflectivity method itself – assumes a 1-D layered model, each homogeneous elastic layer with an attenuation described by its thickness, velocities of the P and S wave vP a vS, density γ and quality factor Q: QP corresponding to the attenuation of the P wave and QS related to the S wave. Characteristics of the wave-field in the locality studied – and, thus, the maxima of the acceleration explored in the localities of the interest – generally depend largely of the characteristics of the medium, and to obtain a reliable assessment it is needed to perform the evaluation with several alternative models, which can be for the particular locality considered as realistic.

For estimation of the peak ground motion due to an expected earthquake those methods are especially advantageous, which synthesize complete wave-field. They however perform with 1-D inhomogeneities only, in the practice along the vertical axis. To construct an average 1-D model, we nevertheless take advantage of availability of 2-D models resulting from recent active seismic experiments performed in the first decade of the century, namely CELEBRATION 2000 and SUDETES 2003 [9]. We evaluated the Green’s function corresponding to the localities of the designed repositories by using the computer package AXITRA.

6 Neo-deterministic analysis of Čihadlo research locality

Each one out of the seven localities – potential waste repositories were assessed by the neo-deterministic evaluation of the seismic wave-field excited by selected individual events and determining the maximum loading. Basic results of neo-deterministic analysis of a near earthquake of Čihadlo research locality are presented here.

From the list of the events related to each of the localities we selected two strongest earthquakes and evaluated the horizontal peak ground acceleration of the synthetic wave-field. Because these events are exclusively weak earthquakes, we did not consider a finite duration of the source time function, but assumed the Brune source model. In this way, the source description is simplified to include the only parameter, namely the corner frequency. Taking into account the magnitudes of the events, we have fixed the corner frequency at the value 50 Hz. Resulting PGA values for both the surface and the depth of 500 m at the considered localities were calculated. An example of the Green’s function for the locality Čihadlo and local earthquake from January 2, 1996 (ML = 2.1) is in Figure 5.

Figure 5 Synthetic accelerograms at the locality Čihadlo: the Green’s function component (3, 3) of the length 5.12 s and sampling 0.0025 s, corresponding to the earthquake from January 2, 1996. The x-component – blue, y-component – black, z-component – green. The calculation was performed for the depth 5 km.
Figure 5

Synthetic accelerograms at the locality Čihadlo: the Green’s function component (3, 3) of the length 5.12 s and sampling 0.0025 s, corresponding to the earthquake from January 2, 1996. The x-component – blue, y-component – black, z-component – green. The calculation was performed for the depth 5 km.

The overall very low level of the PGA values is exceeded markedly by the evaluation at the locality Čihadlo excited by the local earthquake from January 2, 1996. The reason consists in the fact that in the category of local earthquakes the event discussed is relatively strong (but much weaker than the distant earthquakes) and mainly it is very close to the locality – its distance only slightly exceeds 4 km. As the evaluation depends on the configuration source-station and on the velocity model, we performed the PGA evaluation excited by the event both for two additional alternative velocity models, and for a series of the hypocentre depths.

It can be seen in the Table 1 that the synthetic horizontal peak ground acceleration is maximized for the velocity model 1 (Table 2), i.e. the simple 1-D model derived as a horizontally layered approximation of the 2-D model obtained from the active seismic measurements within the project SUDETES 2003 [9]. Two versions of the velocity model (model 2 and 3), assuming a thin sub-surface low-velocity layer, demonstrate that such layer damps the peak ground motion, in the investigated configuration it reduces it roughly by one half of the original value. This fact is encouraging – in reality sub-surface layers with low velocities are frequent, thus the reducing of the earthquake effects comparing to an un-weathered rock massif with high velocities may be expected realistically.

Table 1

Values of the peak ground acceleration (PGA) (in [m⋅s−2]) excited by the local earthquake from January 2, 1996 in the vicinity of the locality Čihadlo assuming the alternative velocity models 1-3. The evaluation is performed both for the surface and the depth 500 m

surface500 m
model 10.5180.220
model 20.2060.154
model 30.1970.151
Table 2

Model 1 - the 1-D model. Symbols: vP and vS – velocity of the P-wave and the S-wave, QP – P-wave attenuation, QS – S-wave attenuation

Depth[km]vP [km⋅s−1]vS [km⋅s−1]density [g⋅cm−3]QPQS
06.03.462.72300150
116.23.582.72300150
186.83.932.72300150
358.154.712.871000500

It can be expected a priori that for a near event the effect of the hypocentre depth on the wave-field will be crucial. The reason is that a decrease in the depth implies a significant reduction of the hypocentre distance and, thus, an increase of the amplitudes of seismic waves. In addition, mutually closer arrival times of individual seismic phases may cause a constructive interference. Synthetic tests confirmed this expectation (see Table 3), while for the focus which is deeper than about 3 km the PGA remains below about 0.5 m⋅s−2, for the foci above about 1km depth the PGA level is around 1 m⋅s−2. However, for weak local events the determination of the focal depth is rather uncertain, it is often assumed a priori to be several km. Then, the PGA remains below about 0.5 m⋅s−2.

Table 3

Values of the peak ground acceleration (PGA) (in [m⋅s−2]) excited by the local earthquake from January 2, 1996 in the vicinity of the locality Čihadlo assuming varying depth of the hypocentre ranging between 0.1 km and 10 km. The evaluation is performed both for the surface and the depth of 500 m

depth0.10.20.30.50.60.70.81.0310
surface0.8060.7280.7850.7180.8400.8760.8151.0100.4990.114
500 m0.8140.7810.8380.6830.6830.8480.7820.5470.3230.0705

At the same time, it should be stressed that the PGA obtained is determined as a maximum across all the orientations of the mechanism; it is thus an upper estimate of the earthquake motion for the considered configuration source-station. It can be read from Figure 6, that the maximum occurs for a horizontal slip along a fault inclined by circa 400 - 500 with the azimuth about 900, it means for an E-W oriented fault. In the case that an indication of the fault direction from geology is available, there is a chance to decrease the estimate of the peak ground motion adequately.

Figure 6 Maps of the peak ground acceleration (PGA) (in [m⋅s−2]) in dependence of the mechanism of the earthquake – the orientation of the shear-slip along a fault described by the angles dip (inclination of the fault plane from the horizontal plane), strike (azimuth of the fault trace on the surface, counted in positive numbers from the North to the East), and rake (inclination angle of the slip vector within the fault plane from the horizontal plane). The step 10∘ in the regular sampling of all three angles in their definition ranges is chosen. The evaluation was performed for the locality Čihadlo and the local earthquake January 2, 1996.
Figure 6

Maps of the peak ground acceleration (PGA) (in [m⋅s−2]) in dependence of the mechanism of the earthquake – the orientation of the shear-slip along a fault described by the angles dip (inclination of the fault plane from the horizontal plane), strike (azimuth of the fault trace on the surface, counted in positive numbers from the North to the East), and rake (inclination angle of the slip vector within the fault plane from the horizontal plane). The step 10∘ in the regular sampling of all three angles in their definition ranges is chosen. The evaluation was performed for the locality Čihadlo and the local earthquake January 2, 1996.

7 Conclusion

Earthquakes, with magnitude higher than 5.0, have not occurred in the Czech Republic since 1991. The most intense earthquake described in the historical period occurred on September 15, 1590 in the Niederroesterreich region (Austria); its reported intensity is Io = 8–9 (Mw = 6.06 ± 0.47).

A detailed review of earthquakes within the years 1991 - 2014 was performed for each of the individual locations of DGR potential sites. In summary it can be stated that in the vicinity of any DGR potential site the value of ML or Mag has not exceed the value 2.3. With an exception of three earthquakes, the magnitude (ML or Mag) higher than 2.0 has not been reached in DGR potential territories; the magnitude has not been determined at all for a number of events.

The method of a direct evaluation of the PGA value by synthesizing the complete wave-field in the locality under study, which is excited by local or regional earthquakes potentially endangering the site, is advantageous mainly thanks to limiting the number of parameters that are largely uncertain. The configuration of the forward task is usually well defined in horizontal coordinates, but commonly ill-posed concerning the depth.

Based on the processed literature and database review and numerical modelling, it is possible to conclude that the impact of seismic events (vibration) on the stability of rock massif at the depth of 500 m and on the deep geological repositories will be very low in a next time period. The maximum estimated vibration effect did not exceed the ground acceleration of 0.518 m⋅s−2 and the underground acceleration is 0.22 m⋅s−2 at the depth of 500 m in any of the investigated site and in any of the numerical experiments simulating uncertainty in the depth of the foci and partially uncertainty in the velocity model as well. It is not possible to include additional related information in the estimation, such as the degradation of the rock massif, type of the fill around the containers and the containers themselves as a result of on-going geochemical processes and ageing. It cannot be expected from these studies that earthquakes exceeding the magnitude of 5 or more could occur in any one of the sites and therefore the load of the underground structures in question by vibrations obviously will not be substantial or damaging.

Acknowledgement

This research/publication is the result of Radioactive Waste Repository Authority project „Research support for Safety Evaluation of Deep Geological Repository“, Internal SURAO number: 4.1.5.5.3 / ESS: SURAO-2014-2379.

The data acquisition was supported by the project of large research infrastructure CzechGeo/EPOS, No. LM2010008 and LM2015079, and project NERA: “Network of European Research Infrastructures for Earthquake Risk Assessment and Mitigation”.

This research is partly sponsored by Research Program of Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, OZ30860518.

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Received: 2016-5-4
Accepted: 2017-5-22
Published Online: 2017-7-7

© 2017 Zdeněk Kaláb et al.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/phys-2017-0055
Keywords for this article
Deep geological repository; earthquake; seismicity; neo-deterministic analysis; probabilistic seismic hazard assessment
Creative Commons
BY-NC-ND 3.0

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  189. Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
  190. Special Issue: Ever New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
  191. Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
  192. The ultimate loophole in Bell’s theorem: The inequality is identically satisfied by data sets composed of ±1′s assuming merely that they exist
  193. Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
  194. Erratum to: The ultimate loophole in Bell’s theorem: The inequality is identically satisfied by data sets composed of ±1′s assuming merely that they exist
  195. Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
  196. Rhetoric, logic, and experiment in the quantum nonlocality debate
  197. Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
  198. What If Quantum Theory Violates All Mathematics?
  199. Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
  200. Relativity, anomalies and objectivity loophole in recent tests of local realism
  201. Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
  202. The photon identification loophole in EPRB experiments: computer models with single-wing selection
  203. Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
  204. Bohr against Bell: complementarity versus nonlocality
  205. Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
  206. Is Einsteinian no-signalling violated in Bell tests?
  207. Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
  208. Bell’s “Theorem”: loopholes vs. conceptual flaws
  209. Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
  210. Nonrecurrence and Bell-like inequalities
  211. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  212. Three-dimensional computer models of electrospinning systems
  213. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  214. Electric field computation and measurements in the electroporation of inhomogeneous samples
  215. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  216. Modelling of magnetostriction of transformer magnetic core for vibration analysis
  217. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  218. Comparison of the fractional power motor with cores made of various magnetic materials
  219. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  220. Dynamics of the line-start reluctance motor with rotor made of SMC material
  221. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  222. Inhomogeneous dielectrics: conformal mapping and finite-element models
  223. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  224. Topology optimization of induction heating model using sequential linear programming based on move limit with adaptive relaxation
  225. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  226. Detection of inter-turn short-circuit at start-up of induction machine based on torque analysis
  227. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  228. Current superimposition variable flux reluctance motor with 8 salient poles
  229. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  230. Modelling axial vibration in windings of power transformers
  231. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  232. Field analysis & eddy current losses calculation in five-phase tubular actuator
  233. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  234. Hybrid excited claw pole generator with skewed and non-skewed permanent magnets
  235. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  236. Electromagnetic phenomena analysis in brushless DC motor with speed control using PWM method
  237. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  238. Field-circuit analysis and measurements of a single-phase self-excited induction generator
  239. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  240. A comparative analysis between classical and modified approach of description of the electrical machine windings by means of T0 method
  241. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  242. Field-based optimal-design of an electric motor: a new sensitivity formulation
  243. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  244. Application of the parametric proper generalized decomposition to the frequency-dependent calculation of the impedance of an AC line with rectangular conductors
  245. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  246. Virtual reality as a new trend in mechanical and electrical engineering education
  247. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  248. Holonomicity analysis of electromechanical systems
  249. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  250. An accurate reactive power control study in virtual flux droop control
  251. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  252. Localized probability of improvement for kriging based multi-objective optimization
  253. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  254. Research of influence of open-winding faults on properties of brushless permanent magnets motor
  255. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  256. Optimal design of the rotor geometry of line-start permanent magnet synchronous motor using the bat algorithm
  257. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  258. Model of depositing layer on cylindrical surface produced by induction-assisted laser cladding process
  259. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  260. Detection of inter-turn faults in transformer winding using the capacitor discharge method
  261. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  262. A novel hybrid genetic algorithm for optimal design of IPM machines for electric vehicle
  263. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  264. Lamination effects on a 3D model of the magnetic core of power transformers
  265. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  266. Detection of vertical disparity in three-dimensional visualizations
  267. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  268. Calculations of magnetic field in dynamo sheets taking into account their texture
  269. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  270. 3-dimensional computer model of electrospinning multicapillary unit used for electrostatic field analysis
  271. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  272. Optimization of wearable microwave antenna with simplified electromagnetic model of the human body
  273. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  274. Induction heating process of ferromagnetic filled carbon nanotubes based on 3-D model
  275. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  276. Speed control of an induction motor by 6-switched 3-level inverter
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