Abstract
We report study exploring the fractional Drude model in the time domain, using fractional derivatives without singular kernels, Caputo-Fabrizio (CF), and fractional derivatives with a stretched Mittag-Leffler function. It is shown that the velocity and current density of electrons moving through a metal depend on both the time and the fractional order 0 < γ ≤ 1. Due to non-singular fractional kernels, it is possible to consider complete memory effects in the model, which appear neither in the ordinary model, nor in the fractional Drude model with Caputo fractional derivative. A comparison is also made between these two representations of the fractional derivatives, resulting a considered difference when γ < 0.8.
1 Introduction
Fractional calculus (FC), involving derivatives and integrals of non-integer order, is the natural generalization of classical calculus, which during recent decades has become a powerful and widely used tool for better modelling and control of processes in many areas of science and engineering [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11]. The fractional derivatives are non-local operators because they are defined using integrals. Therefore, the fractional derivative in time contains information about the function at earlier points, thus it possesses a memory effect, and it includes non-local spatial effects. In other words, such derivatives consider the history and non-local distributed effects which are essential for better and more precise descriptions and understanding of complex and dynamic system behaviour. Due to the lack of a consistent geometric and physical interpretation of the fractional derivative, several definitions of fractional derivatives and integrals exist, see [12] for a review of definitions for fractional derivatives and integrals. These definitions include, Riemann-Liouville, Grunwald-Letnikov, Caputo, and Weyl, among others. The most used definitions are the Riemann-Liouville and the Caputo fractional derivatives. There are classical applications where FC has showed its great capabilities, such as the tautochrone problem [13], models based on memory mechanisms [14], fractional diffusion equations [15], new linear capacitor theory [16], the non-local description of quantum dynamics like Brownian motion and anomalous diffusion [17, 18]. Other interesting applications are given in viscoelastic materials [19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24], anomalous non-Gaussian transport [25] and dielectric materials [26, 27, 28, 29].
The concept of a fractional curl operator and a fractional paradigm in electromagnetic theory was introduced in [30]. The application of the fractional curl operator to different electromagnetic problems is discussed in [31, 32, 33]. In [34, 35] it is shown that the electromagnetic fields and waves in a wide class of dielectric materials are described by fractional differential equations with derivatives of non-integer order with respect to time. The order of these derivatives is defined by exponentials of the universal response laws for frequency dependence of the dielectric susceptibility. In [36] proposed a systematic way to construct fractional differential equations and applied them to the propagation of electromagnetic waves in an infinitely extended homogeneous medium at rest.
Despite the accurate results obtained with the Riemann-Liouville and Caputo fractional derivatives, they have the disadvantage that their kernel has a singularity at the end point of the interval. To avoid this problem, [37] proposed the Capauto-Fabrizio (CF) derivative. This is a new fractional-order derivative that does not have any singularity. The main advantage of the new definition is that the singular power-law kernel, Caputo, is now replaced by a non-singular exponential kernel CF, which is easier to use in theoretical analysis, numerical calculations and real-world applications. Based on this new derivative, some interesting studies can be found in [38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44]. However, some researchers have concluded that the operator is not a derivative with fractional order, but instead a filter with fractional parameters. To correct this deficiency, two fractional derivatives in the Caputo and Riemann-Liouville sense were defined by Atangana-Baleanu [45], based on the generalized stretched Mittag-Leffler function. These new derivatives have been applied to different systems in [46, 47, 48].
Motivated by recent experimental results [49, 50, 51] showing that simple models are best described by fractional differential equations, in [52] the fractional Caputo derivative is applied to study of the Drude model. However, as was mentioned above, this definition of the derivative has a singular kernel and cannot accurately describe the full memory effect. To correct this disadvantage, in the present work we analyse the Drude model using a Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivative [37], as well as the Atangana-Baleanu in the Caputo sense (ABC) derivative [45], for different sources. Numerical simulations of these models are given in order to compare them and evaluate their effectiveness.
This work is organized as follows: in section 2, some basic concepts about Caputo (C), Caputo-Fabrizio (CF) and ABC fractional derivatives are given; in section 3, the classical Drude model is reviewed; in section 4, a new fractional Drude model is proposed using the CF fractional derivative; in section 5, the ABC derivative is applied to the same problem; finally, in section 6, the obtained results are discussed and compared; the conclusion is presented in section 7.
2 Some fractional derivatives
The usual Caputo fractional derivative of order γ is defined by [14]
with 0 < γ ≤ 1 and a ∈ [−∞, t], f ∈ H1(a, b), b > a. By changing the kernel (t – τ)−γ with the function
where
In [45], two new fractional derivatives appeared. We will apply one of them, defined as: f ∈ H1(a, b), a < b, γ ∈[0, 1], then the Atangana-Baleanu (AB) fractional derivative in the Caputo sense (ABC) is
where Eγ(⋅) and Eβ,γ(⋅) are the one- and two-parameter Mittag-Leffler functions defined in [9]
Expression (4) has a non-singular and non-local kernel. The Laplace transform for (4) is
where B(γ) has the same properties as in the CF case. These formulae are necessary for our study.
3 Classical Drude models
The fundamental properties of materials play an extremely important role in developing new technologies in various areas. Among the important properties of various materials, the electromagnetic interaction with matter is of great importance.
The Drude model is known as the first realistic model to describe metals. Despite the fact that it is a very simple model, it can explain electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and optical properties of metals [53, 54]. This model regards metals as a classical gas of electrons executing diffusive motion. The one-dimensional equation, which describes the motion of a charged particle e with mass m affected by an external electric field E(t), is given by [55]
Regarding the left side, the first term express the acceleration of the charges induced by the electric field; the second term describes the damping factor due to electron scattering, where τ is the relaxation parameter.
For a constant electric field E(t) = E0, the solution of (8) is given by
If the electric field is defined by a pulse, like a delta Dirac distribution E = E0δ(t) [56], then the solution of (8) is
In the case of an oscillating field E(t)= E0 cos(ωt), the solution of (8) is given by
Typically, only the current density
where σ0 =
In the following sections, we analyse the Drude model from the point of view of the fractional derivatives of CF and ABC, to obtain the current density of electrons in metals for different sources.
4 Fractional Drude models with Caputo-Fabrizio derivative
To go from an ordinary differential equation to a fractional one, it is necessary to make it dimensionless. For this purpose, we make the redefinition [52]
Substituting (13) in (8), we obtain the dimensionless differential equation
with dimensionless parameter t = t/τ. Therefore, we can proceed to apply a fractional derivative, either CF, ABC, or another fractional derivative.
We replace the Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivative. Then, equation (14) takes the form
This fractional equation could give better experimental results for the current density in metals, due to the parameter 0 < γ ≤ 1 [49]-[51]. Recall that, in principle, we assume that the materials are homogeneous and isotropic, however, this is only the case under certain conditions. In the real world, such conditions are rarely fulfilled. We will study this fractional differential equation by means of three different sources:
First Case. The source is a constant, E(t) = E0. So, applying the Laplace transform (17)
we have
where s = τs. Taking the initial condition u(0) = 0, and applying the inverse Laplace transform in (17), we obtain
Considering (13), we have the fractional electron velocity
In the ordinary Drude model, the current density of electrons is given by
where σ0 =
Second case. We have E0δ(t) as a source, where δ(t) is the delta Dirac function. The corresponding fractional differential equation is
The response to the impulse function was interesting, as any system can be conveniently characterized in the time domain using its impulse response, because it is the time domain version of the transfer function [56]. Applying the Laplace transform (3), we obtain
As above, we consider the initial condition u(0) = 0 and s = τs. Then,
From (13), and taking into account
Third case. An oscillatory source E(t)= E0 cos(ωt). We can write it as
Applying the Laplace transform (3) with the same initial condition, we have
where s = τs. Taking the inverse Laplace transform and considering (13), the current density is
where
We can see that, in the particular case γ = 1, these expressions become A = 1; B = ωτ and C = −1, which is just the ordinary case.
5 Drude models with fractional derivatives with non-singular Mittag-Leffler kernel
Now, we will consider the same equation (14) and the same sources, but taking into account the Atangana-Baleanu fractional derivative in the Caputo sense (4). That is
First case. A constant source E(t) = E0. Then, applying the Laplace transform (7) in (29), we have
From here, we obtain the inverse Laplace transform u(t), and using expression (13), the current density is given as
where Eγ(⋅) is the Mittag-Leffler function (5).
Second case. Delta Dirac as a source, E0δ(t). In this case, we have
Applying the direct Laplace transform (7), we have
taking its inverse Laplace transform and considering equation (13), we have the current density
where Eγ,γ is the two parametric Mitag-Leffler function (6).
Third case. An oscillatory source E(t) = E0 cos(ωt). Then,
Applying the Laplace transform in (7), we obtain
where s = τs. We take the highest power of s as a common factor from the denominator and then expanding it in an alternating geometric series [59], we have
then, from (13), the current density due to an oscillating field is
6 Results and discussion
Figure 1, show the current density j(t;γ) for an constant electric field E0, with some values of γ. The asymptotic approximations for expression (20) are: when t → 0, then jCF(t; γ) → σ0
In the case jABC(t;γ), the asymptotic approximations to the Mittag-Leffler function for small t → 0 and larger t → ∞ times, in first approximation, are [58]
As a consequence, the Mittag-Leffler function interpolates for intermediate time t between the stretched exponential and the negative power law. The stretched exponential models the very fast decay for small time t, whereas, the asymptotic power law is due to very slow decay for large time t, as it can be seen in Figure 1 (b), showing the behaviour of (31) for different values of γ.
Figure 2 shows plots of the current density j(t;γ) when electrons are excited by a pulsed electric field. The plots include different values of γ. Plot (a) corresponds to jCF(t;γ) (24) and plot (b) to jABC(t;γ) (34).
Figure 3 shows graphs of the current density j(t; γ) when the electrons are excited by an oscillating electric field. The graphs have been plotted for different values of γ. In the case when the electric field is an oscillating field, the current density is an oscillatory signal affected by the fractional order γ. Two characteristics are influenced by γ: the phase and the amplitude, which are similar for the cases jCF and jABC.
The numerical solutions of the current density with constant E0, impulse δ(t) and alternating cos ωt field, given in Figures 1, 2 and 3, show that the current density solution of fractional derivative models in the Caputo-Fabrizio sense exhibits an exponential decay similar to the classical integer-order model (9) and (20). It is clear that the CF derivative has limitations in characterizing anomalous diffusion with non-exponential nature [43]. On the other hand, using the Atangana-Baleanu definition, the solution is given by a Mittag-Leffler function, which interpolates for intermediate time t between the stretched exponential and the negative power law. The stretched exponential (39) models the very fast decay at small t, whereas the asymptotic power law (40) is due to very slow decay at large t. Notable differences between CF and ABC occur when γ < 0.8.
In the following figures we have taken the current densities jCa and Eqs. (13) and (24) from [52], where a Caputo derivative was used, to compare the Caputo-Fabrizio and Atangana-Baleanu derivatives for the specified values of γ.
From Figures 4, 5 and 6, we can observe that, when γ = 1, the three results obtained using the derivatives of Caputo, Caputo-Fabrizio and Atangana-Baleanu are exactly the same as the ordinary case. However, as gamma takes values smaller than one, the results obtained become a little different, with notable differences when γ < 0.8. This is due to the kernel in the definitions of the fractional derivatives. The difference between the results obtained for current density using the Caputo and Atangana-Baleanu fractional derivatives for very short and very large time is the term

Variation of current density j(t; γ) with a constant electric field using: Caputo, CF and ABC fractionals derivatives with the specified values of γ.

Variation of current density j(t; γ) when the electric field is an impulse given by δ(t), using Caputo, CF and ABC fractionals derivatives and the specified values of γ.

Variation of the current density j(t; γ) when the electric field is oscillating using Caputo, CF and ABC fractionals derivatives and various values of γ.
The graphs in Figure 7 represent the differences between the different fractional derivatives used here. We can see again that the difference becomes notable for γ < 0.8. It can also be observed that for large times, there is no practical difference between the fractional derivatives of Caputo and ABC.

Graphs showing differences between the three fractional solutions and a DC electric field using several values of γ.
7 Conclusion
An analysis of the Drude model in the time domain was realized using fractional derivatives without singular kernels. The fractional derivatives were: Caputo-Fabrizio (CF) and Atangana-Baleanu in the Caputo sense (ABC). We considered the cases when electrons are induced by a constant electric field, a pulse described by a delta Dirac distribution, and an oscillating electric field. The obtained results in the interval γ ∈ (0, 1) show that the current density depends not only on the electric field or the fractional order derivative, but also on the definition of the fractional derivative. Also, based on the current densities jCa, Eqs. (13) and (24) of [52], we have compared fractional derivatives with singular and non-singular kernels. We conclude that the models described by fractional Atangana-Baleanu derivatives could describe a large class of complex physical problems, particularly those with non-exponential decay.
The study of these models in the frequency domain is of great interest, in order to analyse their optical properties. This work is under investigation and will be presented in the future.
Acknowledgement
The authors acknowledge their fruitful discussion with I. Lyanzuridi. Also, the authors are thankful to DICIS, University of Guanajuato, for given support. Abraham Ortega acknowledges the support provided by CONACyT under the program: Graduate Scholarships.
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- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Study on node importance evaluation of the high-speed passenger traffic complex network based on the Structural Hole Theory
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- A mathematical/physics model to measure the role of information and communication technology in some economies: the Chinese case
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Numerical modeling of the thermoelectric cooler with a complementary equation for heat circulation in air gaps
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- On the libration collinear points in the restricted three – body problem
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Research on Critical Nodes Algorithm in Social Complex Networks
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- A simulation based research on chance constrained programming in robust facility location problem
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- A mathematical/physics carbon emission reduction strategy for building supply chain network based on carbon tax policy
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Mathematical analysis of the impact mechanism of information platform on agro-product supply chain and agro-product competitiveness
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- A real negative selection algorithm with evolutionary preference for anomaly detection
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- A privacy-preserving parallel and homomorphic encryption scheme
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Random walk-based similarity measure method for patterns in complex object
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- A Mathematical Study of Accessibility and Cohesion Degree in a High-Speed Rail Station Connected to an Urban Bus Transport Network
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Design and Simulation of the Integrated Navigation System based on Extended Kalman Filter
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- Oil exploration oriented multi-sensor image fusion algorithm
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- Analysis of Product Distribution Strategy in Digital Publishing Industry Based on Game-Theory
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Expanded Study on the accumulation effect of tourism under the constraint of structure
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Unstructured P2P Network Load Balance Strategy Based on Multilevel Partitioning of Hypergraph
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Research on the method of information system risk state estimation based on clustering particle filter
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Demand forecasting and information platform in tourism
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
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- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
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- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
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- Blending type approximation by Stancu-Kantorovich operators based on Pólya-Eggenberger distribution
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Computing the Ediz eccentric connectivity index of discrete dynamic structures
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- A discrete epidemic model for bovine Babesiosis disease and tick populations
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
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- Relationship between solitary pulmonary nodule lung cancer and CT image features based on gradual clustering
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- A novel fast target tracking method for UAV aerial image
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model of interuniversity collaborative learning based on network
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- Conservation laws, classical symmetries and exact solutions of the generalized KdV-Burgers-Kuramoto equation
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- After notes on self-similarity exponent for fractal structures
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Excitation probability and effective temperature in the stationary regime of conductivity for Coulomb Glasses
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Comparisons of feature extraction algorithm based on unmanned aerial vehicle image
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- Research on identification method of heavy vehicle rollover based on hidden Markov model
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Classifying BCI signals from novice users with extreme learning machine
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Topics on data transmission problem in software definition network
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Statistical inferences with jointly type-II censored samples from two Pareto distributions
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
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- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Analysis on trust influencing factors and trust model from multiple perspectives of online Auction
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- Coupling of two-phase flow in fractured-vuggy reservoir with filling medium
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- Production decline type curves analysis of a finite conductivity fractured well in coalbed methane reservoirs
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- Flow Characteristic and Heat Transfer for Non-Newtonian Nanofluid in Rectangular Microchannels with Teardrop Dimples/Protrusions
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- The size prediction of potential inclusions embedded in the sub-surface of fused silica by damage morphology
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- Research on carbonate reservoir interwell connectivity based on a modified diffusivity filter model
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- The method of the spatial locating of macroscopic throats based-on the inversion of dynamic interwell connectivity
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- Unsteady mixed convection flow through a permeable stretching flat surface with partial slip effects through MHD nanofluid using spectral relaxation method
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- A volumetric ablation model of EPDM considering complex physicochemical process in porous structure of char layer
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- Numerical simulation on ferrofluid flow in fractured porous media based on discrete-fracture model
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- Macroscopic lattice Boltzmann model for heat and moisture transfer process with phase transformation in unsaturated porous media during freezing process
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- Modelling of intermittent microwave convective drying: parameter sensitivity
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- Simulating gas-water relative permeabilities for nanoscale porous media with interfacial effects
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- Simulation of counter-current imbibition in water-wet fractured reservoirs based on discrete-fracture model
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- Investigation effect of wettability and heterogeneity in water flooding and on microscopic residual oil distribution in tight sandstone cores with NMR technique
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- Analytical modeling of coupled flow and geomechanics for vertical fractured well in tight gas reservoirs
- Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
- Special Issue: Ever New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
- Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
- The ultimate loophole in Bell’s theorem: The inequality is identically satisfied by data sets composed of ±1′s assuming merely that they exist
- Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
- Erratum to: The ultimate loophole in Bell’s theorem: The inequality is identically satisfied by data sets composed of ±1′s assuming merely that they exist
- Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
- Rhetoric, logic, and experiment in the quantum nonlocality debate
- Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
- What If Quantum Theory Violates All Mathematics?
- Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
- Relativity, anomalies and objectivity loophole in recent tests of local realism
- Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
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- Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
- Bohr against Bell: complementarity versus nonlocality
- Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
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- Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
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- Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
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- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Three-dimensional computer models of electrospinning systems
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Electric field computation and measurements in the electroporation of inhomogeneous samples
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Modelling of magnetostriction of transformer magnetic core for vibration analysis
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
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- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
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- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
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- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
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- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
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- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
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- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
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- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
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- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
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- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
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- Chiral symmetry restoration and the critical end point in QCD
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- Numerical solution for fractional Bratu’s initial value problem
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- Structure and optical properties of TiO2 thin films deposited by ALD method
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- Quadruple multi-wavelength conversion for access network scalability based on cross-phase modulation in an SOA-MZI
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- Application of ANNs approach for wave-like and heat-like equations
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Study on node importance evaluation of the high-speed passenger traffic complex network based on the Structural Hole Theory
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- A mathematical/physics model to measure the role of information and communication technology in some economies: the Chinese case
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Numerical modeling of the thermoelectric cooler with a complementary equation for heat circulation in air gaps
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- On the libration collinear points in the restricted three – body problem
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Research on Critical Nodes Algorithm in Social Complex Networks
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- A simulation based research on chance constrained programming in robust facility location problem
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- A mathematical/physics carbon emission reduction strategy for building supply chain network based on carbon tax policy
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Mathematical analysis of the impact mechanism of information platform on agro-product supply chain and agro-product competitiveness
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- A real negative selection algorithm with evolutionary preference for anomaly detection
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- A privacy-preserving parallel and homomorphic encryption scheme
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Random walk-based similarity measure method for patterns in complex object
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- A Mathematical Study of Accessibility and Cohesion Degree in a High-Speed Rail Station Connected to an Urban Bus Transport Network
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Design and Simulation of the Integrated Navigation System based on Extended Kalman Filter
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
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- Analysis of Product Distribution Strategy in Digital Publishing Industry Based on Game-Theory
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Expanded Study on the accumulation effect of tourism under the constraint of structure
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Unstructured P2P Network Load Balance Strategy Based on Multilevel Partitioning of Hypergraph
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Research on the method of information system risk state estimation based on clustering particle filter
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Demand forecasting and information platform in tourism
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Physical-chemical properties studying of molecular structures via topological index calculating
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Local kernel nonparametric discriminant analysis for adaptive extraction of complex structures
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- City traffic flow breakdown prediction based on fuzzy rough set
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Conservation laws for a strongly damped wave equation
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Blending type approximation by Stancu-Kantorovich operators based on Pólya-Eggenberger distribution
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Computing the Ediz eccentric connectivity index of discrete dynamic structures
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- A discrete epidemic model for bovine Babesiosis disease and tick populations
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Study on maintaining formations during satellite formation flying based on SDRE and LQR
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Relationship between solitary pulmonary nodule lung cancer and CT image features based on gradual clustering
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- A novel fast target tracking method for UAV aerial image
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model of interuniversity collaborative learning based on network
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Conservation laws, classical symmetries and exact solutions of the generalized KdV-Burgers-Kuramoto equation
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- After notes on self-similarity exponent for fractal structures
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Excitation probability and effective temperature in the stationary regime of conductivity for Coulomb Glasses
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Comparisons of feature extraction algorithm based on unmanned aerial vehicle image
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Research on identification method of heavy vehicle rollover based on hidden Markov model
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Classifying BCI signals from novice users with extreme learning machine
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Topics on data transmission problem in software definition network
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Statistical inferences with jointly type-II censored samples from two Pareto distributions
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Estimation for coefficient of variation of an extension of the exponential distribution under type-II censoring scheme
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Analysis on trust influencing factors and trust model from multiple perspectives of online Auction
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- Coupling of two-phase flow in fractured-vuggy reservoir with filling medium
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- Production decline type curves analysis of a finite conductivity fractured well in coalbed methane reservoirs
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- Flow Characteristic and Heat Transfer for Non-Newtonian Nanofluid in Rectangular Microchannels with Teardrop Dimples/Protrusions
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- The size prediction of potential inclusions embedded in the sub-surface of fused silica by damage morphology
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- Research on carbonate reservoir interwell connectivity based on a modified diffusivity filter model
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- The method of the spatial locating of macroscopic throats based-on the inversion of dynamic interwell connectivity
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- Unsteady mixed convection flow through a permeable stretching flat surface with partial slip effects through MHD nanofluid using spectral relaxation method
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- A volumetric ablation model of EPDM considering complex physicochemical process in porous structure of char layer
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- Numerical simulation on ferrofluid flow in fractured porous media based on discrete-fracture model
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- Macroscopic lattice Boltzmann model for heat and moisture transfer process with phase transformation in unsaturated porous media during freezing process
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- Modelling of intermittent microwave convective drying: parameter sensitivity
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- Simulating gas-water relative permeabilities for nanoscale porous media with interfacial effects
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- Simulation of counter-current imbibition in water-wet fractured reservoirs based on discrete-fracture model
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- Investigation effect of wettability and heterogeneity in water flooding and on microscopic residual oil distribution in tight sandstone cores with NMR technique
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- Analytical modeling of coupled flow and geomechanics for vertical fractured well in tight gas reservoirs
- Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
- Special Issue: Ever New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
- Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
- The ultimate loophole in Bell’s theorem: The inequality is identically satisfied by data sets composed of ±1′s assuming merely that they exist
- Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
- Erratum to: The ultimate loophole in Bell’s theorem: The inequality is identically satisfied by data sets composed of ±1′s assuming merely that they exist
- Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
- Rhetoric, logic, and experiment in the quantum nonlocality debate
- Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
- What If Quantum Theory Violates All Mathematics?
- Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
- Relativity, anomalies and objectivity loophole in recent tests of local realism
- Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
- The photon identification loophole in EPRB experiments: computer models with single-wing selection
- Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
- Bohr against Bell: complementarity versus nonlocality
- Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
- Is Einsteinian no-signalling violated in Bell tests?
- Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
- Bell’s “Theorem”: loopholes vs. conceptual flaws
- Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
- Nonrecurrence and Bell-like inequalities
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Three-dimensional computer models of electrospinning systems
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Electric field computation and measurements in the electroporation of inhomogeneous samples
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Modelling of magnetostriction of transformer magnetic core for vibration analysis
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Comparison of the fractional power motor with cores made of various magnetic materials
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Dynamics of the line-start reluctance motor with rotor made of SMC material
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Inhomogeneous dielectrics: conformal mapping and finite-element models
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Topology optimization of induction heating model using sequential linear programming based on move limit with adaptive relaxation
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Detection of inter-turn short-circuit at start-up of induction machine based on torque analysis
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Current superimposition variable flux reluctance motor with 8 salient poles
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Modelling axial vibration in windings of power transformers
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Field analysis & eddy current losses calculation in five-phase tubular actuator
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Hybrid excited claw pole generator with skewed and non-skewed permanent magnets
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Electromagnetic phenomena analysis in brushless DC motor with speed control using PWM method
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Field-circuit analysis and measurements of a single-phase self-excited induction generator
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- A comparative analysis between classical and modified approach of description of the electrical machine windings by means of T0 method
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Field-based optimal-design of an electric motor: a new sensitivity formulation
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Application of the parametric proper generalized decomposition to the frequency-dependent calculation of the impedance of an AC line with rectangular conductors
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Virtual reality as a new trend in mechanical and electrical engineering education
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Holonomicity analysis of electromechanical systems
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- An accurate reactive power control study in virtual flux droop control
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Localized probability of improvement for kriging based multi-objective optimization
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Research of influence of open-winding faults on properties of brushless permanent magnets motor
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Optimal design of the rotor geometry of line-start permanent magnet synchronous motor using the bat algorithm
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Model of depositing layer on cylindrical surface produced by induction-assisted laser cladding process
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Detection of inter-turn faults in transformer winding using the capacitor discharge method
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- A novel hybrid genetic algorithm for optimal design of IPM machines for electric vehicle
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Lamination effects on a 3D model of the magnetic core of power transformers
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Detection of vertical disparity in three-dimensional visualizations
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Calculations of magnetic field in dynamo sheets taking into account their texture
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- 3-dimensional computer model of electrospinning multicapillary unit used for electrostatic field analysis
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Optimization of wearable microwave antenna with simplified electromagnetic model of the human body
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Induction heating process of ferromagnetic filled carbon nanotubes based on 3-D model
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Speed control of an induction motor by 6-switched 3-level inverter