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Quadruple multi-wavelength conversion for access network scalability based on cross-phase modulation in an SOA-MZI

  • Mohammad Syuhaimi Ab-Rahman and Abdulhameed Almabrok Swedan EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: December 29, 2017
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Open Physics
From the journal Open Physics Volume 15 Issue 1

Abstract

The emergence of new services and data exchange applications has increased the demand for bandwidth among individuals and commercial business users at the access area. Thus, vendors of optical access networks should achieve a high-capacity system. This study demonstrates the performance of an integrated configuration of one to four multi-wavelength conversions at 10 Gb/s based on cross-phase modulation using semiconductor optical amplifier integrated with Mach–Zehnder interferometer. The Opti System simulation tool is used to simulate and demonstrate one to four wavelength conversions using one modulated wavelength and four probes of continuous wave sources. The wavelength converter processes are confirmed through investigation of the input and output characteristics, optical signal-to-noise ratio, conversion efficiency, and extinction ratio of new modulated channels after separation by demultiplexing. The outcomes of the proposed system using single channel indicate that the capacity can increase from 10 Gb/s to 50 Gb/s with a maximum number of access points increasing from 64 to 320 (each point with 156.25 Mb/s bandwidth). The splitting ratio of 1:16 provides each client with 625 Mb/s for the total number of 80 users. The Q-factor and bit error rate curves are investigated to confirm and validate the modified scheme and prove the system performance of the full topology of 25 km with 1/64 splitter. The outcomes are within the acceptable range to provide the system scalability.

Keywords: wavelength converter; cross-phase modulation; bandwidth demands; system performance
PACS: 42.65.Ky; 42.79.Nv; 42.82.Gw; 42.60.By

1 Introduction

Configurations of next-generation access networks are developing to adapt with emerging technology trends driven by various new technologies and applications, such as smartphones, the Internet of things, fifth-generation wireless systems, and video on demand. Thus, high-speed data rate and average bandwidth increasingly demand of access networks, thereby urging network providers and optical device designers to upgrade the components and integrate them with one another to obtain high-speed, high-capacity systems [1, 2, 3]. Optical semiconductor amplifiers (SOA’s) are classified into two categories: amplification applications and data processing devices, which work in the saturation region as a nonlinear medium [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]. The use of SOA increases with the continuous emergence of new smart devices, which are multi-function component for a wide range of applications, such as optical switching, optical gates, and wavelength converters [11, 12, 13, 14, 15].

Wavelength conversion (WC) plays an essential role in addressing the problem and increasing the number of channels to achieve the requirements of high-speed, high-capacity systems. Several schemes have been employed to explain the operation of a wavelength converter using SOA; for example, in cross-gain modulation (XGM), the inverted data sequence is carried by the probe wavelength after the process [16, 17, 18]. The combined SOA can simply obtain non-inverted data and delayed interferometer consisting of delay loop, tunable coupler, and phase shifter. This configuration is implemented using one fiber at the input and output port [19, 20]. Meanwhile, cross-phase modulation (XPM) introduces the same data of pump and probe wavelengths demonstrated in [21]. The outers in [22] presented and simulated WC of high speed and 40 Gb/s data rate are based on XPM in an SOA-MZI architecture for up- and down-conversion of WDM networks. Four-wave mixing (FWM) presents low conversion efficiency (CE). For example, Awang et al. obtained a CE of -47 dB; however, the method can offer required power for only a few applications [23, 24, 25, 26, 27]. Some studies have considered the wavelength converter in optical network unit (ONU) for upstream broadcast [28]. These different methodologies enabled to increase the number of channels and decreased the number of high-cost light sources, thereby extending the optical link reach of optical networks.

Multi-wavelength conversion (MWC) copies data from one pump wavelength to many continuous-wave (CW) probes of several wavelengths at the central office. Consequently, the data rate (Gb/s) of the modulated input signal can be duplicated; then, the data sequence is delivered at the output wavelengths with the same data rate as the original pump [29, 30, 31]. Unfortunately, these configurations need to use erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA). The researchers at UKM examined and demonstrated the possibility to apply (one to two) wavelength conversion at the ONU after 20 and 25 km XGM and XPM, respectively. The basic configurations of this method are shown in Figure 1. First, the authors clarified the importance of SOA position when used as a data processing device. The model can be implemented to achieve MWC based on XGM-SOA at a bit rate of 10 Gb/s for one pump of 1541 nm; this structure can copy the inverted data to the probes at 1554 and 1558 nm.

Figure 1 Basic wavelength conversion configuration: (a) XGM, (b) XPM
Figure 1

Basic wavelength conversion configuration: (a) XGM, (b) XPM

The influence of pump power on the system performance was evaluated and demonstrated at different positions of SOA. The results showed a splitting ratio of 1:64 for the new and old channels at a pump power of 3 dBm. The SOA-MZI configuration generating the same data sequences (non-inverted) based on 1 to 2 XPM at the ONU achieves a splitting ratio of 1:64 for all channels. This finding was verified and investigated, and different data format was tested for up and down conversion at specified settings of design parameters. The method proves that the wavelengths for up-conversion are 1540, 1541, 1542, 1551, 1552, and 1553 nm; those for down conversion are 1559, 1561, 1562, and 1565 nm. Applying the configuration on the network with ten channels can upgrade the system capacity to 300 Gb/s and the number of users to 1920.

In conclusion, the structure offers the possibility to achieve up and down conversion and is suitable to distribute a splitting ratio of 1:64 per wavelength. The configuration uses one pump signal (λm) with 10 Gb/s speed and two probes (λp) using CW light sources. The method can work in return and non-return (RZ and NRZ) formats, and the structure can increase the number of users of one channel system from 64 to 192 with 156.25 Gb/s band-width [32, 33].

The proposal mentioned above uses two CW sources as a probe, thereby limiting the total number of access points that can be generated. Therefore, the massive demands of average download bandwidth for smart application are inadequate, and a large number of CW sources should be installed to provide a large number of access points and satisfy user’s requirements. For this purpose, the configuration of one to four MWC based on XPM is demonstrated and verified in the current study.

This study demonstrates the possibility to upgrade current access networks by integrating SOA and MZI structure based on the XPM property at the ONU side, and utilize this feature to improve system capacity and the number of clients. The rest of the paper is organized as follows.

Section 2 illustrates the parts of the system configuration transmitter (Tx), link, multi-wavelength converter block, and receiver (Rx), as well as the combined configuration principle of one to four MWC based on SOA-MZI. Section 3 discusses the mathematical background with the parameters for simulation tabulated in Table 1. Part 4 focuses on the results and outcomes of the scheme. In particular, the power spectrum and noise after XPM are displayed, the wavelength converter process is analyzed, and the performance is verified. Finally, Section 5 elaborates the conclusions of the study.

Table 1

Parameters used in this study based on those used in (32, 33)

symbolparameterparameter value
1 to 2 XGM (32)1 to 2 XPM (33)‘in press′1 to 4 XPM (this work)
-Bit rate10 Gb/s10 Gb/s10 Gb/s
-Data formatGaussian signalGaussian signal, NRZ, and RZRZ
λpumppump1541 nmUp-conversion of 1541–1553 nm1541 nm
wavelengthDown-conversion of 1561–1562 nm
PpumpPump power range–6 to 3 dBm5 to –3 dBm3 to –1 dB/m
λprobeProbe1554 nm1556 nm/1558 nmDown-conversion of 1530–1534 nm
wavelength/1558 nmUp-conversion of 1548–1552 nm
PprobeProbes power0 dBm3 to –5 dBm0 to –5 dB/m
SOA-MZISOA-MZI
SOA1SOA1SOA1SOA2
IcBais current200 mA300 mA250 mA350 mA250 mA
LActive region length600 μm600 μm600 μm300 μm300 μm
ΓConfinement factor0.450.450.450.450.45

2 System methodology and configuration

This work aims to establish an efficient and reliable configuration network that provides a large number of access points and increased system capacity. For this purpose, one to four MWC based on XPM using semiconductor optical amplifier integrated with Mach–Zehnder interferometers (SOA-MZI) is examined and simulated. The Opti System simulation tool is used to confirm the wavelength converter. The methodology of this research involves two parts. In the first part, wavelength converter process is verified by analyzing the optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR), (CE), and extinction ratio (ER) of converted signals. In the second part, the bit error rate and Q-factor curves are measured to evaluate the system performance for the end customers for converted probes and pump channel. This architecture provides vendors the ability to develop the existing networks by improving bandwidth and increasing the number of users.

The recommended simultaneous one to four XPM wavelength converters at 10 Gb/s based on the SOA-MZI structure using a return-to-zero (RZ) data format is schematically shown in Figure 2. The system comprises optical line terminal (OLT) transmitter side, 25 km single-mode fiber (SMF), wavelength conversion operation block, distribution side de-multiplexing, and an optical splitter. The modulated pump light of 1541 nm carrying 10 Gb/s RZ data is implemented with optical polarization control to achieve parallel polarization. The pump signal transmits along 25 km SMF as presented in Figure 1, and then injects into the upper arm of the SOA-MZI configuration. In the multi-wavelength converter, the four CW lights at carefully chosen probe wavelengths from 1530 to 1534 nm for down-conversion and from 1548 to 1552 nm for up-conversion are used. The spacing between the pump and probes and that between probes should be appropriately set to avoid the FWM matching. In this configuration, the spacing between the pump and probes are adjusted to 7 nm to reduce crosstalk, while each couple of probes is spaced by 4 nm. Then, the four probes are combined using a power combiner in 4:1 structure. After that injected into the upper and lower arms of SOA-MZI through an optical coupler. The WC device called SOA-MZI integrates two SOA connected in series with the optical phase shift to control the XPM operation. The XPM is completed, and the four probes are impacted by modulated pump frequency processes inside the SOA-MZI structure, thereby enabling copying of the same pump data to all probes. Subsequently, the output passes through the wavelength division demultiplexer (WDM DMUX) to separate wavelengths. Next to that, all wavelength channels are inserted into the optical splitter in 1/N distribution to increase scalability. Finally, the PIN receiver is used to detect the signal, and the performance for each user is demonstrated using the bit error rate analyzer.

Figure 2 System configuration of MWC (one to four XPM based on SOA-MZI)
Figure 2

System configuration of MWC (one to four XPM based on SOA-MZI)

3 Theoretical background

The main contribution of this work is the SOA-MZI structure. The steady-state numerical model presented by Connelly [34] is considered to govern the input and output behavior of the architecture. By numerical simulation of a wideband steady-state model, the proposed one to four WCs based on XPM is stimulatingly realized using Opti-System software. In this model, the changes in carrier density along the amplifier will affect all input signals (pump and probes); thus, nonlinearities can occur on the SOA. The set of coupled differential equations, which distinguish the interaction among the input signals, amplified spontaneous emission and carrier density were used in this model.

The signal field is obtained using the travelling wave equation below:

dEsK+zdz=−jβk+12(Γgm(vk,n)−α(n))ESK+(z)(1)
dEsK−zdz=jβk−12(Γgm(vk,n)−α(n))ESK−(z)(2)

Where Es+andEs− Positive and negative field component, βk is the kth signal propagation coefficient, α material loss coefficient, gm Optical gain coefficient at frequency v, Γ optical mode confinement factor,n conduction band carrier density.

Consequently, the amount of spontaneous emission photon rates Nj+andNj− noise generated through the SOA is computed as follows:

dNj+zdz=Γgmvj,n−αnNj++RSP(vj,n)(3)
dNj−zdz=−Γgmvj,n−αnNj−+RSPvj,n(4)

Where Rsp (vj, n) spontaneously emitted noise coupled into Nj+orNj−..

In the steady-state numerical model, the amplifier is divided into a number of segments i = 1 to Nz. The signal fields and spontaneous emission photon rates are estimated at the section boundaries, while the carrier density is investigated at the center of the section. The variation in carrier density (n) (m3) at position z as a function of time is described using the following rate equation:

dn(z)dt=IedLW−Rn(z)−ΓdW∑k=1Nsgmvk,n(z)Nsk+(z)+Nsk−z−2ΓdW∑j=0Nm−1gmvj,n(z)kjNj+(z)+Nj−(z)(5)

where I bias current, R (n(z)) recombination rate, (d,w and L) active region thickness, width, and length respectively, e electron charge.

Equation (5) consists of four terms. The first part represents the addition of carriers to the active region from bias current; the second is recombination rate term; 2nd and 3rd portion on the RHS. Of Eq. (5) represent radiative recombination of carriers due to the amplified signal and ASE noise.

The full model expectations, parameters, and examination are explained in [34, 35].

OSNR, ER, and CE are deliberated to investigate and verify the configuration of the conversion operation.

  1. Optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR)[36]

    OSNRout=poutσ2(6)

  2. Extinction ratio (ER) [37]

    ERout=10PPout1PPout0(7)

  3. Conversion efficiency (CE) [38]

    η=log⁡Pout(λconv)Pin(λpump)(8)

    In the equations, Pout is the CW output power, σ is the noise variance, and Pin is the pump input signal power. Table 1 summarizes the parameters used in this work.

4 Results and discussion

The structure of the proposed scheme established for the setup is presented in Figure 2. The outcomes tested for the adjusted parameters of SOA are shown in Table 1. The two SOAs are optimized for up- and down-conversion to improve the power of converted signals. The static performance of the SOA-MZI for original and converted channels has been measured. In this work, one to four MWC governed by XPM characteristic based on integrated SOA-MZI configuration is verified and investigated. The system consists of one pump signal of 1541 nm with RZ data format, as well as four CW probes at 1530–1534 nm up-conversion and 1548–1552 nm down-conversion. The optimal condition of SOA-MZI is set up to achieve interface between pump and probe powers with device parameters on the output side. Figures 3(a) and (b) illustrate the capture of the power spectrum and noise after the XPM operation, respectively. Figure 3(a) displays good power levels achieving approximately 3 dBm for all probe wavelengths at the SOA output. The amplitude of FWM components has a lower power level of around 30 dBm than CW’s power. Figure 3(b) describes the ASE noise profile with a power level of approximately −52 dBm, which clarifies the range of acceptable noise for this proposal.

Figure 3 SOA-MZI output spectrum after the XPM operation: (a) multiwavelength spectra; (b) ASE spectra
Figure 3

SOA-MZI output spectrum after the XPM operation: (a) multiwavelength spectra; (b) ASE spectra

4.1 Analysis of WC process

The XPM process is investigated by analyzing the behavior of wavelengths after filtering in terms of power change effect on different parameters as described below.

4.1.1 Influence of input power on output power and OSNR

Figure 4(a) illustrates the variation in output powers for basic and converted channels; this change depends on the input power of a fixed probe power of -5 dBm. The output power increases with the rise in the input power; high output power values for all frequencies at 3 dBm signal power means a high value of the basic wavelength. The effects of input optical pump on OSNR plotted in Figure 4(b) show that the increase in input power improves the OSNR of the output power. Moreover, the values of OSNR fluctuates between 34.14 dB minimum at −1 dBm for 1530 nm and 38.27 dB maximum at 3 dBm for 1541 nm. All values are in good agreement.

Figure 4 SOA-MZI characterization of basic and converted channels: (a) output power of various input power changes; (b) dependency of OSNR on input power
Figure 4

SOA-MZI characterization of basic and converted channels: (a) output power of various input power changes; (b) dependency of OSNR on input power

4.2 Influence of input pump power on CE

The CE of converted channels 1530, 1534, 1548, and 1552 nm are calculated in two criteria, as shown in Figures 5 (a) and (b). First, at 3 dBm pump power when the probe power is changed from −5 dBm to 0 dBm, the second varying pump power is between −1 and 3 dBm with sitting total probe power at −5 dBm. From Figures 5 (a) and (b), the CE declines with the increase in the input power, this is in agreement with previous results in the literature. Moreover, the value of CE is more than 0 dBm for all wavelengths at 3 dBm pump and −5 dBm probes and is thus considered an acceptable value for XPM schemes.

Figure 5 CE of converted wavelengths: (a) fixed pump power; (b) fixed probe power
Figure 5

CE of converted wavelengths: (a) fixed pump power; (b) fixed probe power

4.2.1 Influence of probe wavelength on ER

The results of this study show that the ER measurement of up and down-converted channels for various values of pump power is between 3 and −1 dBm. From the graph below, ER is proportional to pump power and obtains the best value at 3 dBm. The values of ER for 1552 nm are better than those for other channels. Meanwhile, the values for 1534 nm obtain lower values than those for other frequencies.

4.3 Performance of the proposed system

The analysis of the up- and down-converted wavelengths at end clients using an optical splitter (1:64) is verified through Q-factor and BER measurement of the outcomes as illustrated in Figures 7(a) and (b) in order to demonstrate the overall system performance of the scheme.

Figure 6 ER as a function of converted wavelengths for different pump power levels
Figure 6

ER as a function of converted wavelengths for different pump power levels

Figure 7 Performance of de-multiplexed channels Q-performance (a) as a function of the input pump signal and BER (b) as a function of received powers
Figure 7

Performance of de-multiplexed channels Q-performance (a) as a function of the input pump signal and BER (b) as a function of received powers

Figures 7(a) and (b) provide the results obtained from the Q-factor analysis for converted channels at various pump powers and BER curves. In all cases, the wavelengths 1530, 1534, 1548, and 1552 nm obtain an acceptable result for all values of pump power except for one value of 1534 nm that records 5.84. Furthermore, the Q-factor values of 1552 nm are highest and fluctuated between 7.26 and 9.74.

The system can be implemented at the ONU to offer one to four WC based on XPM after 25 km SMF, and the output power of each CW can be split into 1:64 clients. The findings of this research provide insights for increasing the optical channel capacity four times from 64 users with 156.25 Mb/s to 320 users at the same download speed. For scalability, the system with 10 pump wavelength (each occupied with four CWs) can implement the proposed system to provide the required bandwidth for 3200 customers. Moreover, the scheme offers the possibility to serve users with a broad range of bandwidths using different splitting ratios. Then, the configuration should be implemented with 10 channels to obtain the total system capacity of 500 Gb/s, thereby providing a simple scalability system. The topology offers many advantages, such as satisfying the coexistence with existing standards, the absence of EDFA, easy upgrading, and brown network scenario using the same infrastructure, which contributes the cost-effectiveness of a system and the capability to satisfy users’ requirements of bandwidth. The possible options of downstream bandwidth based on the splitting ratio for one channel system are summarized in Table 2.

Table 2

Users’ downstream bandwidth possibility of the proposed system compared with 1 to 2 XPM [31]

Basic optical channel1 to 2 XPM [31]‘in press’1 to 4 XPM (This work)
Total System Capacity10 Gb/s30 Gb/s50 Gb/s
Point to pointBandwidth10 Gb/s3 to 3 10 Gb/s5 to 5 10 Gb/s
No.users135
Point to multi-pointSplitting ratio1:8Bandwidth1.25 Gb/s1.25 Gb/s1.25 Gb/s
No.users82440
1:16Bandwidth625 Mb/s625 Mb/s625 Mb/s
No.users164880
1:32Bandwidth312.5 Mb/s312.5Mb/s312.5Mb/s
No.users3296160
1:64Bandwidth156.25 Mb/s156.25 Mb/s156.25 Mb/s
No.users64192320

Significant arguments and recommended future works are as follows:

  1. The SOA device should be arranged to work in a saturation region by adjusting the total input power (modulated pump and CW probes) injected into the amplifier.

  2. The sensitivity of the device to FWM is attributed to two factors: one is the space between the pump and probes, and the other is the space among the CW’s lasers, and the number of CW’s lasers used. These factors should be accordingly considered.

  3. The model for standard PON’s using wavelengths of 1490 and 1550 nm for downstream will be a good challenge (under progress).

  4. An additional number of CW’s should be applied to achieve a large-capacity system.

5 Conclusion

This study demonstrates the possibility to implement quadruple WC configuration at ONU. In this structure, converting modulated RZ data at 10 Gbit/s for 1541 nm to 4 CWs depends on the nonlinear property (XPM) of SOA. The investigation of converted channels shows that the scheme can copy data from the pump wavelength to all four probe wavelengths for the considered design. Also, the performance of output power of the converted channels can be attributed to 1:64 splitter with suitable values of Q-factor and BER. Therefore, the architecture can provide an appropriate upgrade of wavelength division multiplexing networks. Further studies should be carried out to validate and optimize the topology.

  1. Conflict of interest

    Conflict of Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interests.

Acknowledgement

This work was supported by the Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.

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Received: 2017-7-14
Accepted: 2017-10-30
Published Online: 2017-12-29

© 2017 M. S. Ab-Rahman and A. A. Swedan

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/phys-2017-0136
Keywords for this article
wavelength converter; cross-phase modulation; bandwidth demands; system performance
Creative Commons
BY-NC-ND 4.0

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  113. Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
  114. Research on the method of information system risk state estimation based on clustering particle filter
  115. Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
  116. Demand forecasting and information platform in tourism
  117. Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
  118. Physical-chemical properties studying of molecular structures via topological index calculating
  119. Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
  120. Local kernel nonparametric discriminant analysis for adaptive extraction of complex structures
  121. Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
  122. City traffic flow breakdown prediction based on fuzzy rough set
  123. Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
  124. Conservation laws for a strongly damped wave equation
  125. Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
  126. Blending type approximation by Stancu-Kantorovich operators based on Pólya-Eggenberger distribution
  127. Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
  128. Computing the Ediz eccentric connectivity index of discrete dynamic structures
  129. Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
  130. A discrete epidemic model for bovine Babesiosis disease and tick populations
  131. Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
  132. Study on maintaining formations during satellite formation flying based on SDRE and LQR
  133. Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
  134. Relationship between solitary pulmonary nodule lung cancer and CT image features based on gradual clustering
  135. Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
  136. A novel fast target tracking method for UAV aerial image
  137. Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
  138. Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model of interuniversity collaborative learning based on network
  139. Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
  140. Conservation laws, classical symmetries and exact solutions of the generalized KdV-Burgers-Kuramoto equation
  141. Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
  142. After notes on self-similarity exponent for fractal structures
  143. Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
  144. Excitation probability and effective temperature in the stationary regime of conductivity for Coulomb Glasses
  145. Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
  146. Comparisons of feature extraction algorithm based on unmanned aerial vehicle image
  147. Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
  148. Research on identification method of heavy vehicle rollover based on hidden Markov model
  149. Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
  150. Classifying BCI signals from novice users with extreme learning machine
  151. Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
  152. Topics on data transmission problem in software definition network
  153. Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
  154. Statistical inferences with jointly type-II censored samples from two Pareto distributions
  155. Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
  156. Estimation for coefficient of variation of an extension of the exponential distribution under type-II censoring scheme
  157. Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
  158. Analysis on trust influencing factors and trust model from multiple perspectives of online Auction
  159. Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
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  161. Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
  162. Production decline type curves analysis of a finite conductivity fractured well in coalbed methane reservoirs
  163. Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
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  166. The size prediction of potential inclusions embedded in the sub-surface of fused silica by damage morphology
  167. Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
  168. Research on carbonate reservoir interwell connectivity based on a modified diffusivity filter model
  169. Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
  170. The method of the spatial locating of macroscopic throats based-on the inversion of dynamic interwell connectivity
  171. Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
  172. Unsteady mixed convection flow through a permeable stretching flat surface with partial slip effects through MHD nanofluid using spectral relaxation method
  173. Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
  174. A volumetric ablation model of EPDM considering complex physicochemical process in porous structure of char layer
  175. Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
  176. Numerical simulation on ferrofluid flow in fractured porous media based on discrete-fracture model
  177. Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
  178. Macroscopic lattice Boltzmann model for heat and moisture transfer process with phase transformation in unsaturated porous media during freezing process
  179. Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
  180. Modelling of intermittent microwave convective drying: parameter sensitivity
  181. Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
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  183. Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
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  189. Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
  190. Special Issue: Ever New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
  191. Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
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  193. Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
  194. Erratum to: The ultimate loophole in Bell’s theorem: The inequality is identically satisfied by data sets composed of ±1′s assuming merely that they exist
  195. Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
  196. Rhetoric, logic, and experiment in the quantum nonlocality debate
  197. Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
  198. What If Quantum Theory Violates All Mathematics?
  199. Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
  200. Relativity, anomalies and objectivity loophole in recent tests of local realism
  201. Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
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  203. Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
  204. Bohr against Bell: complementarity versus nonlocality
  205. Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
  206. Is Einsteinian no-signalling violated in Bell tests?
  207. Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
  208. Bell’s “Theorem”: loopholes vs. conceptual flaws
  209. Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
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  211. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  212. Three-dimensional computer models of electrospinning systems
  213. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  214. Electric field computation and measurements in the electroporation of inhomogeneous samples
  215. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  216. Modelling of magnetostriction of transformer magnetic core for vibration analysis
  217. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  218. Comparison of the fractional power motor with cores made of various magnetic materials
  219. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  220. Dynamics of the line-start reluctance motor with rotor made of SMC material
  221. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  222. Inhomogeneous dielectrics: conformal mapping and finite-element models
  223. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  224. Topology optimization of induction heating model using sequential linear programming based on move limit with adaptive relaxation
  225. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  226. Detection of inter-turn short-circuit at start-up of induction machine based on torque analysis
  227. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  228. Current superimposition variable flux reluctance motor with 8 salient poles
  229. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  230. Modelling axial vibration in windings of power transformers
  231. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  232. Field analysis & eddy current losses calculation in five-phase tubular actuator
  233. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  234. Hybrid excited claw pole generator with skewed and non-skewed permanent magnets
  235. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  236. Electromagnetic phenomena analysis in brushless DC motor with speed control using PWM method
  237. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  238. Field-circuit analysis and measurements of a single-phase self-excited induction generator
  239. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  240. A comparative analysis between classical and modified approach of description of the electrical machine windings by means of T0 method
  241. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  242. Field-based optimal-design of an electric motor: a new sensitivity formulation
  243. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  244. Application of the parametric proper generalized decomposition to the frequency-dependent calculation of the impedance of an AC line with rectangular conductors
  245. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  246. Virtual reality as a new trend in mechanical and electrical engineering education
  247. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  248. Holonomicity analysis of electromechanical systems
  249. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  250. An accurate reactive power control study in virtual flux droop control
  251. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  252. Localized probability of improvement for kriging based multi-objective optimization
  253. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  254. Research of influence of open-winding faults on properties of brushless permanent magnets motor
  255. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  256. Optimal design of the rotor geometry of line-start permanent magnet synchronous motor using the bat algorithm
  257. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  258. Model of depositing layer on cylindrical surface produced by induction-assisted laser cladding process
  259. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  260. Detection of inter-turn faults in transformer winding using the capacitor discharge method
  261. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  262. A novel hybrid genetic algorithm for optimal design of IPM machines for electric vehicle
  263. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  264. Lamination effects on a 3D model of the magnetic core of power transformers
  265. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  266. Detection of vertical disparity in three-dimensional visualizations
  267. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  268. Calculations of magnetic field in dynamo sheets taking into account their texture
  269. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  270. 3-dimensional computer model of electrospinning multicapillary unit used for electrostatic field analysis
  271. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  272. Optimization of wearable microwave antenna with simplified electromagnetic model of the human body
  273. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  274. Induction heating process of ferromagnetic filled carbon nanotubes based on 3-D model
  275. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  276. Speed control of an induction motor by 6-switched 3-level inverter
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