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A mathematical/physics model to measure the role of information and communication technology in some economies: the Chinese case

  • Xuchen Lin EMAIL logo , Ting-Jie Lu and Xia Chen
Published/Copyright: March 8, 2017
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Open Physics
From the journal Open Physics Volume 15 Issue 1

Abstract

Since the Reform and Opening-up in 1978, China has experienced a huge sustainable growth of gross domestic product (GDP) and an incredible development in Information and Communication Technology (ICT). This study aims to utilize an input-output (I-O) approach to explore the role of ICT in Chinese national economy. Specifically, we employ a static I-O framework, and analyze three topics in its application: the inter-industry linkage effect, the production inducing effect, and the supply shortage effect. We pay particular attention to the ICT manufacturing sector and ICT service-providing sector by taking the sectors as exogenous and investigating their economic impacts, respectively. The results suggest that (1) the ICT manufacturing sector has a high backward linkage effect, an intermediate forward linkage effect, a relatively low production inducing effect, and a low supply shortage effect, it suggests that ICT manufacturing sector has a powerful capacity for pulling the production activities of the whole economy. (2) The inter-industry linkage effect and supply shortage effect of ICT service-providing is low, but the production inducing effect of ICT service-providing is high, which suggests that the impact of an increase in ICT service-providing investment on the total output of all other sectors is large.

Keywords: ICT; inter-industry linkage effect; production inducing effect; supply shortage effect
PACS: 89.65.Gh

1 Introduction

With the development and popularization of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), human society is experiencing a great revolution – the Information Revolution. ICT gave birth to the era of digital economy two decades ago, its production and intensive use have a profound impact on the efficiency and opportunity of firms’ production and supply of goods and services [1]. The development of ICT promotes the rise of the network economy, and the contribution of networking to economy not only contains direct economic benefits, but also contains indirect benefits to other manufacturing and service companies.

Since the Reform and Opening-up in 1978, China has actively seized the opportunities brought by emerging technologies, which has made China achieve outstanding economic performance in the past two decades. China’s annual per capita GDP increase rate achieved more than 8 % in the past 38 years (1978-2015); it has transformed itself from a backward agricultural country into the world’s second largest economy and the dynamism in the ICT sector is notable. In order to achieve and maintain this success, China makes ICT as a top priority of its development strategy. By examining the role of ICT on the Chinese national economy, it will be possible to provide valuable insights and political implications for embracing ICT to promote economic growth.

A lot of previous papers have reported research on the contributions of ICT to economic growth. However, this literature has primarily focused on the European countries and America. Examples of such studies include [2–6] on America, [7, 8] on the UK, [9] on Finland, [10] on Spain, [11] on Greece, and [12] on industry-level comparisons between the Europe and the United States. Based on this, we examine the contributions of ICT sectors to Chinese national economy. This study is motivated by three factors. Firstly, Asia is an active region of ICT production and diffusion, but the study of the contributions of ICT to national economy in this area is scarce, especially for China. Therefore, it is necessary to study on this subject in Asian countries, especially for those who have high-quality data available, such as China. Secondly, China has always been highly active in embracing ICT to boost economic growth. In the year of 2014, the traffic volume of service of China’s basic telecommunications industry achieved 1814.95 billion RMB [13]. The study of China’s case can offer comprehensive and profound insights of the contributions of ICT to economic growth, which come from the use and investment of ICT. Thirdly, as is known to all, the development of the ICT industry will bring about the technology spillover effect across the industry, and improve the productivity of labor, capital and other essential productive factors. As a result, public policymakers in China has a great interest in exploring the role of ICT in China’s economic growth. Thus, researchers need to provide policymakers with dependable information about the role of ICT in China’s economic growth.

Based on these factors, this paper investigates the role of ICT manufacturing and ICT service-providing in China’s economic growth using a static input-output (I-O) approach. The I-O model is quite practical for analyzing the ICT-related problems in the national economy circumstance, as it realizes all the interdependence of all sectors and their inter-industry consumption included in the sectoral output.

The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 describes briefly the data used in this study and presents an overview of the static I-O model, specifically, we review several topics of I-O model such as the inter-industry linkage effect, the production inducing effect by the demand-driven model, and the supply shortage effect by the supply-driven model. Section 3 reports the results based on the data of China’s Input-Output Table for 2012. The final section makes some concluding remarks.

2 Data and methodology

2.1 Data

The data for this study are derived from China’s I-O Table, which is published every 5 years. The input-output table, which reflects the utilization of the output from and the sources of the input into production by various industries of the national economy, composes a significant part of the Chinese national economic accounting system [14]. China’s I-O table for 2012 divides the national economy into 42 sectors, among which two sectors are related to ICT, one is Manufacture of Communication Equipment, Computer and Other Electronic Equipment (which includes Manufacture of Computers, Manufacture of Communication Equipment, Manufacture of Broadcasting, Television Equipment, of Radar and Related Equipment; Manufacture of Audiovisual Apparatus, Manufacture of Electronic Components and Parts, and Manufacture of Other Electronic Equipment), which can be regarded as the ICT manufacturing sector; the other is Information Transmission, Software and Information Technology Services (which includes Telecommunication and Other Information Transmission Services, and Software and Information Technology Services), which can be regarded as the ICT service-providing sector. Focusing on these two ICT sectors, this study utilizes China’s I-O table for 2012 to investigate the role of ICT in the Chinese national economy.

2.2 General framework of the I-O analysis

The I-O model shows the relationships among productive sectors in a given economic system. The basic balance equation of an I-O model containing N sectors can be described as follows:

∑j=1Nxij+Yi=∑j=1NaijXj+Yi=Xi,  i=1,2,...,N(1)

or

∑i=1Nxij+Vj=∑i=1NrijXi+Vj=Xj, j=1,2,...,N(2)

where Xi is the total gross output of sector i; aij is the direct input coefficient which divides xij, the inter-industry input of producing sector j from supply sector i by Xj, the total gross input of sector j; rij is the direct output coefficient which divides xij by Xi, the total gross output of sector i; Yi is the final demand of sector i, and Vj is the final value added by sector j. Equation (1) expresses the demand-driven model as viewing I-O tables horizontally, and Equation (2) describes the supply-driven model as vertically.

2.3 Demand-driven model

We transform Equation (1) into an abbreviated matrix form as X = (I − A)−1Y, where I is the N × N identity matrix, X is the total output matrix, Y is the final demand matrix, and (I − A)−1 is called the Leontief inverse matrix whose elements bij represent the total direct and indirect outputs in sector i per unit of final demand in sector j [15, 16].

However, this standard demand model can’t accurately evaluate the effects of new production activities of a certain industry sector on the rest of the economy, because it is external driving forces of the model that make the change in the final demand, such as changes in consumption habits of consumers or changes in government purchases. Based on this, the ICT sector needs to be handled as exogenous and put into a final demand group [17–19]. Henceforth, such method is called the ICT sector-based I-O analysis. Decomposing the final demand into ICT-based final demand yi and all other final demand yj, outputs into xj and xi and direct input coefficient matrix, respectively, a variant of the Leontief I-O model can be obtained as follows:

(xixj)=(AiiAijAjiAjj)(xixj)+(yiyj)(3)

where i denotes the ICT sector and j denotes the rest of the economy. Thus

xj=Ajixi+Ajjxj+yjxj=(I−Ajj)−1Ajixi+(I−Ajj)−1yj(4)

Assuming the final demand of all other sectors remain unchanged, the contribution made by one unit of output change in ICT sector to all other sectors Δxj can be calculated as

Δxj=(I−Ajj)−1Aji(5)

Equation (5) can be used to analyze the substantial relationship between the production of the individual ICT sector and all other sectors, and assess the impact of an increase in ICT investment on the total output of the rest of the economy, i.e. the production inducing effect.

2.4 Supply-driven model

The supply-driven I-O model can be used to cope with the direct and indirect impacts of supply restrictions [20, 21]. Equation (2) can be transformed into an abbreviated matrix form as X′ = V′(I − R)−1, where X is the total output matrix, V is the final value-added matrix, R is the output coefficient matrix, and a prime (′) denotes the transpose of the corresponding matrix. (I − R)−1 is named the output inverse matrix, and its elements gij represent the total direct and indirect requirements in sector j per unit of final value added in sector i. As with the demand-driven I-O model, regarding the ICT manufacturing or ICT service-providing as exogenous and assuming that the value-added of all other sectors remain unchanged, we can define the impact of one unit output change in the ICT sector on the output of all other sectors as

Δx′j=Rij(I−Rjj)−1(6)

Equation (6) can be used to evaluate the impacts of a unit shortage in the individual ICT supply on the output of all other sectors, that is, supply shortage effect.

2.5 Inter-industry linkage effect analysis

Based on the assumption that the economy of relevant industries can be promoted through linking input and output activities, the linkage effect analysis can be used to quantify the strength of the causal relationship among industries [22]. As a means for recognizing key industries, the linkage effect can be categorized into backward and forward effects. The backward linkage effect can be depicted as the “power of dispersion” index of an industry. It quantitatively describes the relative degree of the impacts of an increase in final demand of a certain sector on the total economy system [23]. This index is defined as

Fj=1N∑i=1Nb¯ij1N2∑i=1N∑j=1Nb¯ijj=1,2,...,N(7)

where N is the number of sectors and ∑i=1Nb¯ij is the sum of te he column elements in the Leontief inverse matrix B¯=(I−A)−1. Conversely, the forward linkage effect is represented as the “sensitivity of dispersion” index. This index measures the increase in the production of sector i, driven by one unit increase in the final demand for all sectors in the economy system [20]. It is defined as

Ei=1N∑j=1Ng¯ij1N2∑i=1N∑j=1Ng¯iji=1,2,...,N(8)

where ∑j=1Ng¯ij is the sum of the row elements in the output inverse matrix G¯=(I−R)−1.

If these two index values of a given sector are both greater than one for both the backward and forward linkage effects, it means that this sector plays a significant role in economic growth in boosting the whole economy(backward linkage effect) as well as supporting the whole economy (forward linkage effect).

In terms of the ICT sector, a higher backward linkage effect means that the production activities of the ICT sector may bring about greater use of the products from other sectors as an input for ICT manufacturing or ICT service-providing. In other words, the high amounts of intermediate inputs mean the production activities of the ICT sector need to consume a lot of products purchased from other sectors. On the other hand, the forward linkage effect implies that the products of ICT manufacturing or ICT service-providing may be used as an input to other sectors for their production. Backward and forward linkage effects are effective in evaluating the impacts of the ICT sector on the whole economy.

3 Results

3.1 Inter-industry linkage effect analysis

Based the data of China’s I-O Table for the year of 2012, the backward and forward linkage effects of all sectors in 2012 are shown in Table 1.

Table 1

Sectoral forward and backward linkage effects

SectorBackward linkage effectForward linkage effect
ValueRankValueRank
1Farming, Forestry, Animal Production and Fishery0.7248360.899719
2Mining and Washing of Coal0.8366321.71964
3Extraction of Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas0.7441353.16541
4Mining of Metal Ores0.9727242.49552
5Mining and Quarrying of Nonmetallic Mineral and Other Mineral0.9364271.67955
6Manufacture of Food and Tobacco0.985220.7429
7Manufacture of Textiles1.1821130.970417
8Manufacture of Textile Wearing Apparel, Footwear, Leather, Fur, Feather and Its Products1.1923120.503238
9Processing of Timbers and Manufacture of Furniture1.1591140.7828
10Papermaking, Printing and Manufacture of Articles for Culture, Education and Sports Activities1.1557150.985116
11Manufacture of Refined Petroleum, Coke Products, Processing of Nuclear Fuel1.0023211.38528
12Manufacture of Chemicals and Chemical Products1.219491.2710
13Manufacture of Nonmetallic Mineral Products1.1237170.83222
14Manufacture and Processing of Metals1.2069101.221111
15Manufacture of Fabricated Metal Products, Except Machinery and Equipment1.252980.924718
16Manufacture of General-Purpose Machinery1.268340.847721
17Manufacture of Special-Purpose Machinery1.259670.622934
18Manufacture of Transport Equipment1.285130.636933
19Manufacture of Electrical Machinery and Apparatus1.327520.794825
20Manufacture of Communication Equipment, Computer and Other Electronic Equipment1.374810.999114
21Manufacture of Measuring Instruments1.265361.3079
22Other Manufacture1.1975110.870120
23Scrap and Waste0.5605412.11053
24Repair of Fabricated Metal Products, Machinery and Equipment1.268151.39467
25Production and Supply of Electricity and Steam1.0766181.43696
26Production and Distribution of Gas0.9785230.791826
27Production and Distribution of Water0.8742300.795224
28Construction1.1532160.333640
29Wholesale and Retail Trade0.6116390.791227
30Transport, Storage and Post0.9489260.99315
31Accommodation, Food and Beverage Services0.8665310.733430
32Information Transmission, Software and Information Technology Services0.8836290.601835
33Finance0.6883381.042513
34Real Estate0.5498420.524737
35Renting and Leasing, Business Services1.0325191.100712
36Scientific Research and Development, Technical Services1.0109200.824823
37Management of Water Conservancy, Environment and Public Facilities0.9051280.548836
38Services to Households, Repair and Other Services0.8304330.69631
39Education0.5829400.337539
40Health Care and Social Work Activities0.9723250.310742
41Culture, Sports and Entertainment0.8132340.657232
42Public Management, Social Security and Social Organization0.7208370.325841

As is shown in Table 1, in terms of the ICT manufacturing sector, the backward linkage effect of the ICT manufacturing sector is greater than one and it is the highest among all of the 42 sectors, which implies that the ICT manufacturing sector has the most powerful capacity for pulling the production activities of the whole economy. And the forward linkage effect of the ICT manufacturing sector is approximately equal to one, which denotes that ICT manufacturing sector’s ability of supporting the whole economy is equal to the average level of all sectors.

In terms of the ICT service-providing sector, the backward linkage effect of ICT service-providing sector is lower than one, which implies that the ICT service-providing sector has a smaller impact on investment spending on the whole economy than other sectors. That is to say, the ICT service-providing sector has a relatively weaker capacity for pulling the production activities of the whole economy. And the forward linkage effect of the ICT service-providing sector is also lower than one, which means that when the whole economy is booming, the ICT service-providing sector is relatively less stimulated by the overall industrial growth than other sectors. That is to say, the production activities of ICT service-providing is not affected a lot by business fluctuations.

3.1.1 Production inducing effect

The second column of Table 2 shows the sectoral production inducing effects of the ICT manufacturing sector. From Table 2, we can find that the total production inducing effect for the ICT manufacturing sector is 0.9743. That is, by and large, the sum of the effects of a 1 RMB increase in ICT manufacturing investment on the outputs of other sectors is 0.9743 RMB. In 2012, the amount of total gross output of China’s ICT manufacturing sector was 6.48 trillion RMB, from which we can speculate that the net production into all other sectors by the ICT manufacturing sector ran into 6.31 trillion RMB. Note that Manufacture of Chemicals and Chemical Products (sector 12, 0.1509), Manufacture and Processing of Metals (sector 14, 0.1150), and Manufacture of Electrical Machinery and Apparatus (sector 19, 0.0667) are the top three sectors with highest production inducing effects caused by the ICT manufacturing sector in 2012. This reflects that the costs of Manufacture of Chemicals and Chemical Products, Manufacture and Processing of Metals, and Manufacture of Electrical Machinery and Apparatus play a significant part in the production costs of ICT manufacturing.

Table 2

Results of the ICT manufacturing-based input-output analysis

SectorProduction-inducing effects of ICT manufacturingSupply shortage effects of ICT manufacturing
ValueRankValueRank
1Farming, Forestry, Animal Production and Fishery0.023170.007623
2Mining and Washing of Coal0.0226180.005924
3Extraction of Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas0.0234130.002932
4Mining of Metal Ores0.023160.003631
5Mining and Quarrying of Nonmetallic Mineral and Other Mineral0.0057290.001934
6Manufacture of Food and Tobacco0.0231150.010918
7Manufacture of Textiles0.0094240.005425
8Manufacture of Textile Wearing Apparel, Footwear, Leather, Fur, Feather and Its Products0.0038320.00526
9Processing of Timbers and Manufacture of Furniture0.0041310.003629
10Papermaking, Printing and Manufacture of Articles for Culture, Education and Sports Activities0.0234120.008321
11Manufacture of Refined Petroleum, Coke Products, Processing of Nuclear Fuel0.036280.009520
12Manufacture of Chemicals and Chemical Products0.150910.03029
13Manufacture of Nonmetallic Mineral Products0.0234140.012417
14Manufacture and Processing of Metals0.11520.027810
15Manufacture of Fabricated Metal Products, Except Machinery and Equipment0.0295100.009719
16Manufacture of General-Purpose Machinery0.0209190.0572
17Manufacture of Special-Purpose Machinery0.0105230.03427
18Manufacture of Transport Equipment0.0107220.05053
19Manufacture of Electrical Machinery and Apparatus0.066730.06381
20Manufacture of Measuring Instruments0.0079260.020211
21Other Manufacture0.0024340.001237
22Scrap and Waste0.0066280.000440
23Repair of Fabricated Metal Products, Machinery and Equipment0.0011380.000938
24Production and Supply of Electricity and Steam0.048960.018912
25Production and Distribution of Gas0.0012370.000739
26Production and Distribution of Water0.0009390.000441
27Construction0.0047300.04794
28Wholesale and Retail Trade0.064240.016713
29Transport, Storage and Post0.04770.016214
30Accommodation, Food and Beverage Services0.011200.002633
31Information Transmission, Software and Information Technology Services0.0108210.0475
32Finance0.057550.013116
33Real Estate0.0093250.004627
34Renting and Leasing, Business Services0.035690.03268
35Scientific Research and Development, Technical Services0.0265110.03746
36Management of Water Conservancy, Environment and Public Facilities0.0013360.001935
37Services to Households, Repair and Other Services0.007270.013115
38Education0.0008400.003630
39Health Care and Social Work Activities0.0003410.004528
40Culture, Sports and Entertainment0.0028330.001436
41Public Management, Social Security and Social Organization0.0016350.007622
Total0.97430.6429

The second column of Table 3 shows the sectoral production inducing effects of the ICT service-providing sector. From Table 3, we can find that the total production inducing effect for the ICT service-providing sector is 1.2702. In other words, generally, the sum of effects of a 1 RMB increase in ICT service-providing investment on the outputs of other sectors is 1.2702 RMB. In 2012, the amount of total gross output of China’s ICT service-providing sector was 2.51 trillion RMB, from which we can speculate that the net production into all other sectors by ICT service-providing sector amounted to 3.19 trillion RMB. Note that Manufacture of Communication Equipment, Computer and Other Electronic Equipment (sector 20, 0.2173), Manufacture of Chemicals and Chemical Products (sector 12, 0.0987), and Manufacture of Electrical Machinery and Apparatus (sector 19, 0.0934) are the top three sectors with highest production inducing effects caused by the ICT service-providing sector in 2012. This reflects that the costs of Manufacture of Communication Equipment, Computer and Other Electronic Equipment, Manufacture of Chemicals and Chemical Products, and Manufacture of Electrical Machinery and Apparatus play a significant part in the production costs of ICT service-providing.

Table 3

Results of the ICT service-providing-based input-output analysis

SectorProduction-inducing effects of ICT service-providingSupply shortage effects of ICT service-providing
ValueRankValueRank
1Farming, Forestry, Animal Production and Fishery0.0316140.014719
2Mining and Washing of Coal0.0207180.006330
3Extraction of Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas0.0217160.002535
4Mining of Metal Ores0.0169210.005231
5Mining and Quarrying of Nonmetallic Mineral and Other Mineral0.0045330.002336
6Manufacture of Food and Tobacco0.0332120.02112
7Manufacture of Textiles0.012240.010524
8Manufacture of Textile Wearing Apparel, Footwear, Leather, Fur, Feather and Its Products0.0057310.010125
9Processing of Timbers and Manufacture of Furniture0.0052320.006728
10Papermaking, Printing and Manufacture of Articles for Culture, Education and Sports Activities0.064170.010623
11Manufacture of Refined Petroleum, Coke Products, Processing of Nuclear Fuel0.0343110.009126
12Manufacture of Chemicals and Chemical Products0.098720.04316
13Manufacture of Nonmetallic Mineral Products0.0141230.018815
14Manufacture and Processing of Metals0.084340.03957
15Manufacture of Fabricated Metal Products, Except Machinery and Equipment0.0187190.013621
16Manufacture of General-Purpose Machinery0.0161220.020313
17Manufacture of Special-Purpose Machinery0.0064280.014520
18Manufacture of Transport Equipment0.0208170.0248
19Manufacture of Electrical Machinery and Apparatus0.093430.021811
20Manufacture of Communication Equipment, Computer and Other Electronic Equipment0.217310.04983
21Manufacture of Measuring Instruments0.0086270.003134
22Other Manufacture0.0023350.000939
23Scrap and Waste0.0059300.000640
24Repair of Fabricated Metal Products, Machinery and Equipment0.0012380.000441
25Production and Supply of Electricity and Steam0.051490.02269
26Production and Distribution of Gas0.0012390.00138
27Production and Distribution of Water0.0008400.001137
28Construction0.0087260.10761
29Wholesale and Retail Trade0.062280.022110
30Transport, Storage and Post0.0497100.04394
31Accommodation, Food and Beverage Services0.0179200.00827
32Finance0.08350.07642
33Real Estate0.0328130.015916
34Renting and Leasing, Business Services0.076560.019214
35Scientific Research and Development, Technical Services0.0271150.012922
36Management of Water Conservancy, Environment and Public Facilities0.0018360.004233
37Services to Households, Repair and Other Services0.0088250.006429
38Education0.0016370.015517
39Health Care and Social Work Activities0.0002410.015418
40Culture, Sports and Entertainment0.006290.00532
41Public Management, Social Security and Social Organization0.003340.04385
Total1.27020.7705

3.1.2 Supply shortage effect

The supply shortage effects of the ICT manufacturing sector are shown in the third column of Table 2, from which we can find that the total supply shortage effects of the ICT manufacturing sector is 0.6429. There would have been a 4.17 trillion RMB production failure in other sectors if ICT manufacturing had never been supplied in 2012. The three sectors in which the supply shortage effects of ICT manufacturing sector is strongest are Manufacture of Electrical Machinery and Apparatus (sector 19, 0.0209), Manufacture of General-Purpose Machinery (sector 16, 0.0570), Manufacture of Transport Equipment (sector 18, 0.0505).

The sectoral shortage effects of the ICT service-providing sector are shown in the third column of Table 3, from which we can find that the total supply shortage effects of the ICT service-providing sector is 0.7705. There would have been a 1.93 trillion RMB production failure in other sectors if ICT service-providing had never been supplied in 2012. The three sectors in which the supply shortage effects of ICT service-providing sector is strongest are Construction (sector 28, 0.1076), Finance (sector 32, 0.0746), Manufacture of Communication Equipment, Computer and Other Electronic Equipment (sector 20, 0.0498).

4 Conclusions

Based on the data of China’s I-O Table for the year of 2012, this study utilizes comprehensive I-O approaches, including the inter-industry linkage effect analysis, the demand-driven model and the supply-driven model, to explore the role of the ICT manufacturing sector and ICT service-providing sector in Chinese national economy. With the exception of linkage effect analysis, the individual ICT sector is regarded as exogenous to evaluate the net effects when there are changes in investment or supply for the ICT sector. The results can be generalized as follows:

  1. The ICT manufacturing sector has a high backward linkage effect, an intermediate forward linkage effect, a relatively low production inducing effect and a low supply shortage effect, it suggests that the ICT manufacturing sector has a powerful capacity for pulling the production activities of the whole economy.

  2. The ICT service-providing sector has a low backward linkage effect, a low forward linkage effect, a high production inducing effect, and a low supply shortage effect, it suggests that the impacts of an increase in ICT service-providing investment on the total output of all other sectors are large.

Acknowledgement

This paper was supported by a Major Program of the National Social Science Foundation of China under Grant No.15ZDB154, and National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) under Grant No. 2012CB315805.

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Received: 2016-9-5
Accepted: 2016-10-21
Published Online: 2017-3-8

© 2017 Xuchen Lin et al.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/phys-2017-0003
Keywords for this article
ICT; inter-industry linkage effect; production inducing effect; supply shortage effect
Creative Commons
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  137. Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
  138. Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model of interuniversity collaborative learning based on network
  139. Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
  140. Conservation laws, classical symmetries and exact solutions of the generalized KdV-Burgers-Kuramoto equation
  141. Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
  142. After notes on self-similarity exponent for fractal structures
  143. Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
  144. Excitation probability and effective temperature in the stationary regime of conductivity for Coulomb Glasses
  145. Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
  146. Comparisons of feature extraction algorithm based on unmanned aerial vehicle image
  147. Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
  148. Research on identification method of heavy vehicle rollover based on hidden Markov model
  149. Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
  150. Classifying BCI signals from novice users with extreme learning machine
  151. Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
  152. Topics on data transmission problem in software definition network
  153. Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
  154. Statistical inferences with jointly type-II censored samples from two Pareto distributions
  155. Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
  156. Estimation for coefficient of variation of an extension of the exponential distribution under type-II censoring scheme
  157. Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
  158. Analysis on trust influencing factors and trust model from multiple perspectives of online Auction
  159. Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
  160. Coupling of two-phase flow in fractured-vuggy reservoir with filling medium
  161. Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
  162. Production decline type curves analysis of a finite conductivity fractured well in coalbed methane reservoirs
  163. Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
  164. Flow Characteristic and Heat Transfer for Non-Newtonian Nanofluid in Rectangular Microchannels with Teardrop Dimples/Protrusions
  165. Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
  166. The size prediction of potential inclusions embedded in the sub-surface of fused silica by damage morphology
  167. Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
  168. Research on carbonate reservoir interwell connectivity based on a modified diffusivity filter model
  169. Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
  170. The method of the spatial locating of macroscopic throats based-on the inversion of dynamic interwell connectivity
  171. Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
  172. Unsteady mixed convection flow through a permeable stretching flat surface with partial slip effects through MHD nanofluid using spectral relaxation method
  173. Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
  174. A volumetric ablation model of EPDM considering complex physicochemical process in porous structure of char layer
  175. Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
  176. Numerical simulation on ferrofluid flow in fractured porous media based on discrete-fracture model
  177. Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
  178. Macroscopic lattice Boltzmann model for heat and moisture transfer process with phase transformation in unsaturated porous media during freezing process
  179. Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
  180. Modelling of intermittent microwave convective drying: parameter sensitivity
  181. Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
  182. Simulating gas-water relative permeabilities for nanoscale porous media with interfacial effects
  183. Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
  184. Simulation of counter-current imbibition in water-wet fractured reservoirs based on discrete-fracture model
  185. Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
  186. Investigation effect of wettability and heterogeneity in water flooding and on microscopic residual oil distribution in tight sandstone cores with NMR technique
  187. Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
  188. Analytical modeling of coupled flow and geomechanics for vertical fractured well in tight gas reservoirs
  189. Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
  190. Special Issue: Ever New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
  191. Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
  192. The ultimate loophole in Bell’s theorem: The inequality is identically satisfied by data sets composed of ±1′s assuming merely that they exist
  193. Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
  194. Erratum to: The ultimate loophole in Bell’s theorem: The inequality is identically satisfied by data sets composed of ±1′s assuming merely that they exist
  195. Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
  196. Rhetoric, logic, and experiment in the quantum nonlocality debate
  197. Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
  198. What If Quantum Theory Violates All Mathematics?
  199. Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
  200. Relativity, anomalies and objectivity loophole in recent tests of local realism
  201. Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
  202. The photon identification loophole in EPRB experiments: computer models with single-wing selection
  203. Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
  204. Bohr against Bell: complementarity versus nonlocality
  205. Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
  206. Is Einsteinian no-signalling violated in Bell tests?
  207. Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
  208. Bell’s “Theorem”: loopholes vs. conceptual flaws
  209. Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
  210. Nonrecurrence and Bell-like inequalities
  211. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  212. Three-dimensional computer models of electrospinning systems
  213. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  214. Electric field computation and measurements in the electroporation of inhomogeneous samples
  215. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  216. Modelling of magnetostriction of transformer magnetic core for vibration analysis
  217. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  218. Comparison of the fractional power motor with cores made of various magnetic materials
  219. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  220. Dynamics of the line-start reluctance motor with rotor made of SMC material
  221. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  222. Inhomogeneous dielectrics: conformal mapping and finite-element models
  223. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  224. Topology optimization of induction heating model using sequential linear programming based on move limit with adaptive relaxation
  225. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  226. Detection of inter-turn short-circuit at start-up of induction machine based on torque analysis
  227. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  228. Current superimposition variable flux reluctance motor with 8 salient poles
  229. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  230. Modelling axial vibration in windings of power transformers
  231. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  232. Field analysis & eddy current losses calculation in five-phase tubular actuator
  233. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  234. Hybrid excited claw pole generator with skewed and non-skewed permanent magnets
  235. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  236. Electromagnetic phenomena analysis in brushless DC motor with speed control using PWM method
  237. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  238. Field-circuit analysis and measurements of a single-phase self-excited induction generator
  239. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  240. A comparative analysis between classical and modified approach of description of the electrical machine windings by means of T0 method
  241. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  242. Field-based optimal-design of an electric motor: a new sensitivity formulation
  243. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  244. Application of the parametric proper generalized decomposition to the frequency-dependent calculation of the impedance of an AC line with rectangular conductors
  245. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  246. Virtual reality as a new trend in mechanical and electrical engineering education
  247. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  248. Holonomicity analysis of electromechanical systems
  249. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  250. An accurate reactive power control study in virtual flux droop control
  251. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  252. Localized probability of improvement for kriging based multi-objective optimization
  253. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  254. Research of influence of open-winding faults on properties of brushless permanent magnets motor
  255. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  256. Optimal design of the rotor geometry of line-start permanent magnet synchronous motor using the bat algorithm
  257. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  258. Model of depositing layer on cylindrical surface produced by induction-assisted laser cladding process
  259. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  260. Detection of inter-turn faults in transformer winding using the capacitor discharge method
  261. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  262. A novel hybrid genetic algorithm for optimal design of IPM machines for electric vehicle
  263. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  264. Lamination effects on a 3D model of the magnetic core of power transformers
  265. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  266. Detection of vertical disparity in three-dimensional visualizations
  267. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  268. Calculations of magnetic field in dynamo sheets taking into account their texture
  269. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  270. 3-dimensional computer model of electrospinning multicapillary unit used for electrostatic field analysis
  271. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  272. Optimization of wearable microwave antenna with simplified electromagnetic model of the human body
  273. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  274. Induction heating process of ferromagnetic filled carbon nanotubes based on 3-D model
  275. Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
  276. Speed control of an induction motor by 6-switched 3-level inverter
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