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The effects of carrot (Daucus carota L.) waste juice on the performances of native chicken in North Sulawesi, Indonesia

  • Hasrianti Silondae EMAIL logo , Derek Polakitan , Paulus C. Paat , Agustinus N. Kairupan , Payung Layuk , Meivie Lintang , Gabriel H. Joseph , August Polakitan , Olvie Grietjie Tandi , Jefny B. Markus Rawung , Janne H. W. Rembang , Herlina N. Salamba , Ibrahim Erik Malia , Joula O. M. Sondakh , Ronald T. P. Hutapea , Jantje G. Kindangen and Roosganda Elizabeth
Published/Copyright: February 10, 2023
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Open Agriculture
From the journal Open Agriculture Volume 8 Issue 1

Abstract

The abundance of agricultural products often causes environmental problems. The utilization of agricultural waste from carrots can reduce both the feed cost and environmental pollution and become a source of vitamin A for the health of the native chicken. The study aims to analyze carrot (Daucus carota L.) waste juice on native chicken performance. It was conducted from April to July 2019 at Pandu experimental field in North Minahasa Regency. The practical method used was a completely randomized design with four replications. The experimental livestock used in the study was 80-day-old chickens of native chicken. The concentration of carrot juice during the study was as follows: 100% drinking water without carrot juice (W0), 80% water drinking + 20% carrot juice (W1), 60% drinking water + 40% carrot juice (W2), and 20% drinking water + 80% carrot juice (W3). Observed variables included feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and mortality rate. The results showed that carrot waste juice significantly impacted the body weight gain, feed conversion rate, and 0% mortality rate during the 8 weeks. The concentration of 20% drinking water + 80% carrot juice (W3) with the feed intake ratio of 1.608 g, body weight gain value of 775.63 ± 301  g, and the FCR of 2.1 ± 0.06. However, the consumption ratio did not differ among treatments. The addition of carrot waste juice, as much as 80%, in the drinking water of native chickens showed an increase in body weight compared to other treatments. In conclusion, the current study showed that treatment of carrot waste juice has a significant effect on body weight in 8 weeks of maintenance. Meanwhile, the feed intake ratio of carrot waste juice treatment has no real effect. There was no dead chicken (0%) in the present study. The carrot waste juice can be used in chicken drinks 40–80% by paying attention to the balance of energy content and feed proteins used to grow chickens.

Keywords: waste; juice; performance; native chicken

1 Introduction

Native chickens are a source of animal germplasm with potential for development. Native chickens are very popular among people in villages or cities. They are known to have two functions, namely producing eggs and meat. Their meat is trendy in various groups because of its unique taste. Although the meat is a little tough than that of broiler, native chicken meat is delicious. The local chicken population increased by 4% from 299,701,400 to 310,959,951 in 2017 [1]. The supply of broiler chickens is greater in meeting people’s meat needs, but the consumer appreciation given to the price of native chicken is still higher than that of the broiler. This situation can be an opportunity to increase the prospect of the native chicken market to spur its development in the future. The main problem in the development of local chickens is still low productivity. One factor is the farming system that is still traditional. Also, the amount of feed provided is insufficient. The feeding has not referred to nutritional sciences’ rules, especially food needs that have not paid attention to their dietary needs. Rations are determining factors in the success of poultry [2]. The percentage expenditure cost of feed is approximately 60–70% of the total production cost [2]. Thus, it requires innovations to cope with the cost of the feed. Non-conventional animal feed is a feed material that is not commonly used for stacking rations. The feed material is potentially used as a mixture of poultry feed because of each given region’s availability. The feed ingredients must also contain the nutrients required by native chickens, and that availability does not compete with people’s needs. The anti-nutritional content must be processed first so as not to harm the livestock. Non-conventional feedstuffs can come from the chemical, agricultural, and fermented product industries. Nurfaizin and Matitaputty [3] stated that agricultural waste is very potentially utilized as poultry feed because it still contains the right nutrients. Although the utilization is allowed for poultry, some characteristics become barriers such as crude fiber content, carotene intake, or tannin content, reducing livestock productivity. One of the agricultural waste that can be potentially utilized as feed for native chicken is carrot. Carrot waste as a potential source of vitamin A for livestock feed. In addition to vitamin A, some of the essential nutrients in each 100 g can be seen in Table 1.

Table 1

The nutritional content of carrots per 100 g

Types of nutrients Amount
Water 88.3 g
Energy 41 kcal
Fat 0.24 g
Carbohydrates 9.58 g
Fiber 2.8 g
Potassium 320 mg
Phosphorus 35 mg
Sodium 69 mg
Calcium 33 mg
Magnesium 12 mg
Vitamin C 5.9 mg
Vitamin A 835 µg
Vitamin B6 0.138 mg
Niacin 0.983 mg
Folic acid 0 mg

Source: ref. [4].

A carrot (Daucus carota L.) is a tuber reddish yellow or yellowish orange. The edible part of carrots is the tuber or root. Food reserves are stored in the roots. Carrots have a thin tuber skin, and when eaten raw, they are crunchy and slightly sweet [5]. The tubers are the most commonly used part of the carrot plant because of their high content of β-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A. The orange color of carrots indicates high levels of β-carotene [6]. Vitamin A is needed for growth, maintenance of normal mucous membranes, reproduction, digestion, and optimal growth. Carrot tubers have a crude protein content of 7.0%, crude fiber of 5.1%, and BETN (non-nitrogen extract material is part of food ingredients containing carbohydrates, sugar, and starch) of 72.3%. Carrot tubers are high in β-carotene with provitamins of about 12,000 S.I. or 3,600 μg. Carrot contains some essential minerals which include calcium of 55.000, phosphate of 44.333, and iron of 1.667 [7]. The absorption efficiency of retinol (vitamin A) ranges from 75 to 100%, while the absorption efficiency of β-carotene ranges from 3 to 90%, so retinol displays a higher absorption efficiency than carotenoids [8]. The content of β-carotene in carrots has the power to cure various diseases and boost immunity. Consuming carrots can lower cholesterol and improve the digestive system because it contains elements such as folic acid, pantothenic acid, K, Na, Ca, Mg, P, S, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn, as well as Vitamin A for eye health [9]. Besides being useful as a medicine, carrots can be used as an energy source for animal feed with low protein content (5–12%), less than 10% fiber, and more than 10% minerals.

The results [10] showed that carrot flour had no impact on broiler chicken performance due to the processing that uses sunlight, leading to the evaporation of β-carotenoid. Also, it is explained that the limit on the feeding of the flour in the ration does not exceed 2%. Suhatri and Hel Amir [11] stated that carrot extract administration at 50 mg/kg body weight (BB), 100 mg/kg BB, and 200 mg/kg BB could prevent the occurrence of atherosclerosis in quail induced with high-fat foods and propylthiouracil. The best doses were 50 mg/kg BB, 100 mg/kg BB, and 200 mg/kg BB. Carrot flour has a long shelf life, about 6–8 months and so flour is one alternative to handling fresh carrots during the harvest [12]. In addition to having a long shelf life, the manufacture of flour can increase carrots’ economic value [13]. Making carrot flour will increase the diversity of carrot utilization and, more importantly, make it a source of vitamin A and food coloring [12].

Airlangga University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine students found that carrots (D. carota L.) are beneficial for chicken feed blends. A total of 100 broilers were reared intensively. In the 2-week maintenance, drinking water for broiler chickens treated with carrot juice were adjusted to the daily needs of broilers. The results of the study concluded that carrots could be used as an additional feed for broilers, which proved to be effective and could increase the daily weight of chickens for 5 weeks of rearing [14].

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Description of experimental site

The research was conducted from April to July 2019 at Pandu experimental field in North Minahasa Regency. In total 80 bird of day-old native chickens were placed in the brooder with a warm-up using 75 W bulb lamps. After entering the treatment phase, the chickens were divided randomly into 16 cage units with 4 × 4 replicates. Each unit has five chickens with an area of 100 cm × 50 cm × 50 cm (Figure 1). The cage used in this study was a slat system cage made of wood and bamboo. The tools and other materials included a footbath, knife, brand blender Philips, measuring cup, scales, sieve, a place to eat and drink, digital scales, equipment for cleaning the cage, vaccines, medicines, carrots, and writing stationery. Carrot waste juice was made by blending carrots. After that, the carrot juice was filtered to separate the fiber and liquid. The carrot juice was mixed into the experimental drinking water. The duration of giving carrot waste juice to chickens lasts for 8 weeks. Meanwhile, the rations used consisted of yellow corn, rice bran, concentrate BR-2, and Topmix. The rations for experimental chickens are given in the same portions.

Figure 1 Design of an experimental plot filled with five native chickens.
Figure 1

Design of an experimental plot filled with five native chickens.

2.2 Treatments and experimental design

The study used a completely randomized design (RAL) with four replicates. Each plot contains five chickens with a total of 80 chickens (unsex). The carrot waste juice treatment during research was as follows:

W0: 100% drinking water without carrot waste juice (control)

W1: 80% drinking water + 20% carrot waste juice

W2: 60% drinking water + 40% carrot waste juice

W3: 20% drinking water + 80% carrot waste juice.

2.3 Data analysis

The data were analyzed using the analysis of variants computed on the program SPSS 24. Treatment means were compared using Duncan Multiple Range Test [15].

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Feed intake

The results (Table 2) show that the treatment without carrot juice has a smaller consumption value of 1.594 g, which did not statistically differ from the treatment of W1 carrot juice (1.637), W2 (1.643), and W3 (1.608). The significantly different consumption figures were suspected in the full water intake (without juice) and carrot juice, causing the same condition. The chicken consumed a lot of water, so it felt full. Wahju (1985) and Swick (1999) in ref. [16] stated that the consumption of drinking water in the growth period is two times the ration consumption.

Table 2

Feed intake of chicken during 8 weeks of research

Age (week) Treatment
W0 W1 W2 W3
Gram/Chicken
1 994 1,136 1,244 1,072
2 1,177 1,120 1,125 1,126
3 1,694 1,896 1,798 1,696
4 1,814 1,772 1,764 1,832
5 1,684 1,729 1,716 1,755
6 1,474 1,602 1,580 1,480
7 1,760 1,646 1,780 1,616
8 2,155 2,191 2,139 2,285
Total 12,752 13,092 13,146 12,862
Mean 1,594 1,637 1,643 1,608

Chickens that were not given rations would survive for more or less 15–20 days [17]. However, if chickens are not given drinking water, they can only last for 2–3 days. This is in line with ref. [18] that water has a very important role in the life of living things including livestock. Chickens can survive up to 3 weeks without food, but chickens cannot survive even a few days without drinking water. Water is needed to digest food and help the absorption of nutrients to be more optimal. It is suspected that the fat content in the chicken’s body can help the chicken survive thirst. The results showed that the feeding carrot waste juice increased the feed intake at all levels (Figure 2). Accumulated ration consumption increased straight compared with the magnitude of the chicken body [19]. The fast rate of chicken growth affects the number of rations and dietary substances the chickens need for metabolic processes in the body. The consumption pattern of rations was seen to increase since the age of 3 weeks (Figure 2). This result is due to chickens requiring feed to live as the main staple for the growth and development of body cells. Therefore, in this phase administration should pay attention to the quantity to avoid waste.

Figure 2 Feed intake of chickens during 8 weeks of research.
Figure 2

Feed intake of chickens during 8 weeks of research.

The value of ration consumption in the W1 and W2 treatment was relatively similar in statistics, allegedly caused by the portion of drinking water that almost balanced in the treatment given. This situation is in line with the explanation (Card and Nesheim, 1979; Creswell, 1997; Anonymous, 2012; Wahju, 1985) in ref. [16], stating that consumption of ration in chickens is influenced by ambient temperature, metabolic energy levels of ration, weight, palatability, production rate, quality of rations, and speed of growth. Water is vital in the chicken’s growth because if the chicken loses 20% of body fluid will cause death. Water supply is one of the critical successes in maintenance management and should not be fully dependent on commercial feed containing only 10% water content.

3.2 Body weight gain

The results of the analysis showed that there was an effect of carrot waste juice on the weight gain of native chicken, namely treatments W0 (664.75 ± 221), W1 (681.25 ± 233), W2 (745.25 ± 267), and W3 (775.63 ± 301). The W0 treatment showed that the body weight gain was significantly smaller in value compared to W3, W2, and W1 (Table 3). It is known that the best treatments for increasing body weight were W3 and W2 treatments. This aspect can be seen from the average value of chicken body weight gain, higher in W3 and W2; whereas, the treatments W0 and W1 were relatively low in the acquisition of native chicken body weight gain.

Table 3.

Body weight gain means during 8 weeks of research

Age (week) Treatment
W0 W1 W2 W3
Gram/Chicken
1 354.5 374.5 390.5 372
2 453.5 465 497.5 487.5
3 536.5 524.5 578 573.5
4 610 596.5 655 669
5 685 718.5 760.5 807.5
6 780 807.5 885 960
7 901 917.5 1,035 1,100
8 997.5 1,046 1,160 1,235
Total 5,318 5,450 5,962 6,205
Mean 664.75 ± 221a 681.25 ± 233a 745.25 ± 267b 775.63 ± 301b

Deviation (±) of mean is SD. Different superscripts on the same column indicate a noticeable difference (P < 0.05).

The results of the study are shown in Table 3 and Figure 2 that the carrot treatment had noticeable effect on the body weight gain of native chicken and significantly different from the control treatment. In Figure 3, the weight gain trend from the first to the 4 weeks tended to be the same. However, in the eighth week, chicken weight with carrot juice treatment reached its peak and stabilized, while the treatment without carrot juice had a decrease in the body weight. Economically and physiologically, the native chicken in the 8 weeks of maintenance is profitable because the land weight gain is in line with less wasteful feed due to the protein content of carrots that can help nutrient sufficiency. This result supports the optimal achievement of the target weight increase during the 2-month maintenance alone with an average of 1 kg final body weight/chicken at the time of harvest.

Figure 3 Body weight gain of native chicken during 8 weeks.
Figure 3

Body weight gain of native chicken during 8 weeks.

Carrots can be used as a livestock feed material (energy sources) with low protein levels (5–12%), fiber less than 10%, and minerals more than 10% [10]. The volume of carrots in a juice can affect a chicken’s weight increase because of carrots’ calorie content. Based on ref. [4], 100 g of carrot contains 41 kcal. The β-carotene content of carrots is a precursor of vitamin A that serves as an antioxidant to ward off free radicals [20]. Another benefit of vitamin A is that it is useful in the epithelialization of digestive cells, the differentiation of epithelial cells, respiration, digestion, production, reproduction, eye health, and proliferation of intestinal mucous cells.

The study (Figure 3) showed that the body weight gain of native chicken in all treatments tended to be the same until the age of 8 weeks. However, carrot waste juice treatment provides stable body weight gain value compared to the control treatment. Although the chickens eat for growth, the body weight gain rate will seem stable until the maintenance peak. If the chickens are given feed until passing the threshold of maintenance, then there is waste and the feed cost becomes ineffective and the livestock business has losses. Therefore, farmers should pay attention to the administration’s portion and the duration of maintenance so that chickens can be sold at the right harvest age. In this research, chickens can be marketed at the age of 8 weeks of maintenance with the final weight of about 1 kg/chicken. Cited by Fahrudin et al. [21] from North (1978) that weight gain is the difference in the final weight (harvest) with the initial body weight at a certain moment. The livestock growth curve depends heavily on the feed given. If the feed contains high nutrients, the cattle can achieve a certain weight at a younger age. According to research by Margawati (1989) cited by Fahrudin et al. [21] the body weight gain of native chicken during 8 weeks traditionally maintained (intensive) at the same age reached 1.4355 g.

The sweet taste of carrots is reinforced by the sucrose and low fiber contents affecting the chicken’s palatability in the consumption of food given. The content of such sucrose should be destroyed in the body through the metabolic process to produce glucose and fructose. The glucose portion can be processed again to produce energy. The high content of coarse fiber in agricultural waste as poultry feed can reduce palatability, causing the digestive tract to feel full (bulky), leading to a decline in ration consumption and growth inhibition due to nutritional deficiency [3]. The consumption level and the palatability of livestock against an alternative feed material should also be noted so that the profile and nutrient characteristics are needed. This research expects that carrots can be used as an alternative supplement in the drinking water of native chickens, contributing to the productivity and efficiency of ration costs.

3.3 Feed conversion ratio (FCR)

Ration conversion is the ratio between the amount of ration consumed and body weight in a certain period. One measure of efficiency is through the comparison between the number of rations given (input) and the results obtained, be it meat or eggs (output) [22]. One measure of efficiency is to compare the number of rations given (inputs) with the results obtained, either meat or eggs.

The results of statistical analysis (Table 4) revealed that the carrot juice treatment influenced the FCR of native chicken, with the smallest conversion in the W3 treatment (2.1 ± 0.06), followed by W2 (2.2 ± 0.03), W1 (2.4 ± 0.03), and W0 (2.4 ± 0.07). Husmaini’s statement (2000) cited by Fahrudin et al. [21] that the conversion ratio in the native chicken aged 8 weeks used ration with a protein content of 17 and 20% of 2.84 and 4.32 in line with ref. [22]. A smaller conversion ratio means that rations’ administration is increasingly useful. Conversely, a considerable conversion value means a waste. The small conversion ratio shows economic feed cost savings [23]. From the study results (Table 4), a concentration of 80% carrot juice has provided a low conversion value to produce a weight increase in chicken per unit weight. Rafian [24] stated that large conversion ratios are influenced by genetic, sanitary, water quality, livestock type, and maintenance management factors.

Table 4

Feed conversion rate of native chicken during 8 weeks

Treatment FCR
W0 2.4 ± 0.07a
W1 2.4 ± 0.03a
W2 2.2 ± 0.03b
W3 2.1 ± 0.06b

Deviation (±) of mean is SD. Different superscripts in the same column indicate noticeable differences (P < 0.05).

The physiological activity of native chickens contributes to the conversion rate. Chicken eating to meet the energy requirements. If energy needs have been fulfilled, then the chickens will stop eating. The energy needs are high and not balanced with the adequacy of energy in the food. Thus, the chickens will eat more. Tillman et al. [25] stated that the percentage of protein remains present in all rations, so rations that have a high metabolic energy concentration will provide less protein in the body of poultry due to the low amount of food consumed in the body of the poultry. Conversely, if the energy levels are less, then the poultry will consume food to gain more energy. Consequently, it will likely consume excessive protein. The carrot juice treatment as feed supplements in the chicken drinking water can provide the best ration conversion value per chicken weight. The content of vitamin A in carrots is functioned to preserve intestinal mucosa and cell proliferation. Allegedly with the smallest ration conversion value, the carrot waste juice treatment showed that carrot waste treatment in the form of juice mixed in drinking water helps the active substance in carrot work optimally in the chicken cells. This result is due to the content of β-carotene as precursors of vitamin A or retinol, which is not degraded during juice making.

3.4 Mortality rate

Good management is a critical success factor in the maintenance of native chicken, either when the chicken first entered the cage or during the next maintenance phase. The results of observations during the study showed that the chicken mortality percentage was 0%. This result signifies that maintenance management is said to meet the predefined standards during research, among others, the provision of superior seedlings, the provision of high-quality chicken food and affordable prices, medicines, maintenance mechanisms, and marketing processes. Although natural and environmental factors contribute to the percentage of chicken death on the farm, it is often a frightening specter for farmers. Still, good management will help overcome the problem of death in chickens.

Based on the results obtained from this study, the carotenoids in carrots can serve as antioxidants to protect the body from free radicals that can suppress the risk of disease and chicken death. It is generally seen that the maintenance of native chicken was said to succeed. This result is in line with the explanation of North and Bell (1990) in ref. [26], according to which the broiler’s maintenance is declared successful if the overall mortality rate is less than 5%.

According to El Diwani et al. (2009), cited by Taiwo and Kehinde [27], the natural antioxidants are constituents of many fruits and vegetables and that they have attracted a great deal of public and scientific attention. Carrots, as nutrient-rich food, also have many excellent antioxidants for the chicken body. Vitamin C from carrots can support the body’s immune system. Stahl and Sies [28] stated that plants containing high antioxidants are used to stabilize radical compounds. Carotenoids are known to inhibit the oxidation of molecular targets through reactions with free radicals, thereby forming a relatively more stable compound. In carrots, color pigments are suspected to incorporate antioxidants into the native chicken body to dampen free radicals, thus helping overcome disease and death. Dutta et al. (2005), in ref. [29], explained that the carotenoid functions as a free radical and deactivation occurs through an electron transfer process. The reaction can be described as follows:

(1) 1 02 + 1 Carotenoid → 3 02 + 3 Carotenoid,

(2) 3 Carotenoid ⁎ → 1 Carotenoid + Thermal,

(3) R ⁎ + Carotenoid → R − + Carotenoid ⁎ + ,

(4) R ⁎ + Carotenoid → R − + Carotenoid ⁎ − ,

(5) R ⁎ + Carotenoid → RCarotenoid ⁎ ,

(6) R ⁎ + Carotenoid → RH + Carotenoid ⁎ .

Antioxidants are important compounds that function as free radical scavengers. Carotenoids are composed of complex antioxidant phytochemical compounds that make up a healthy diet which is very effective at reducing singlet oxygen (IO2). Carotenoids absorb light through a series of physical and chemical processes that act as photoprotection against photo-oxidative damage. The energy level of the carotenoid triplet (β-carotene) is located close to IO2 (1,274 nm, 7,849 cm−1 or 93.9 kJ/mol and 1,380 nm, 7,250 cm−1 or 86.7 kJ/mol, so that the reduction of oxygen shortages (IO2) is very efficient, especially carotenoids which have 11 conjugated double bonds. Although the protective behavior of carotenoids is shown to be very moderate, in general, the deactivation of IO2 is based on the conversion of excess energy to heating through tripled with the lowest carotenoid content, namely three carotenoids * (equations (1) and (2)). The main reactions of carotenoids in deactivating free radicals are:

  1. Electron transfer between free radicals (R*) and carotenoids, results in the formation of carotenoid/carotenoid radical cations*+ (equation (3)) or carotenoid/carotenoid radical anions*– (equation (3)) or carotenoid/carotenoid radical anions*– (equation (4)).

  2. Formation (b) radical adduct (Rcarotenoid*) (equation (5)).

  3. Transfer of hydrogen atoms leading to neutral carotenoid radicals (carotenoids*) (equation (6)) (Christensen, 1999; Scheer, 2003; Husain et al., 1987; Fiedor et al., 2001, 2002; Edge and Truscott, 1998; El-Agamy et al., 2004) in ref. [30]. The carotenoid process neutralizes free radicals by donating one of its electrons to become a stable molecule shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4 Carotenoid mechanism neutralizes free radicals [30]: carotenoid antioxidants, lose one electron, stable atoms.
Figure 4

Carotenoid mechanism neutralizes free radicals [30]: carotenoid antioxidants, lose one electron, stable atoms.

4 Conclusion

Treatment of carrot waste juice has a significant effect on body weight in 8 weeks of maintenance. The concentration of 20% drinking water + 80% carrot juice (W3) with the feed intake ratio of 1.608 g, body weight gain value of 775.63 ± 301 g, and the FCR of 2.1 ± 0.06. Meanwhile, the feed intake ratio of carrot waste juice treatment has no real effect. There was no dead chicken (0%) in the present study. The carrot waste juice can be used in chicken drinks 40–80% by paying attention to the balance of energy content and feed proteins used to grow chickens.

5 Suggestion

The author would like to suggest further research on the utilization of carrot waste in the form of carrot flour to be substituted for native chicken rations in North Sulawesi.

Acknowledgments

The authors are thankful to Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development, Ministry of Agriculture of Republic Indonesia.

  1. Funding information: The authors state no funding involved.

  2. Author contributions: H.S.  – designed the research, conceptualization, formal analysis, and writing original; D.P.  – conceptualization, draft writing, review, and editing; P.C.P. – conceptualization, draft writing, review, and editing; A.N.K. – conceptualization, draft writing, review, and editing; P.L. – conceptualization, draft writing, review, and editing; M.L.  – conceptualization, draft writing, review, and editing; G.H.J. – conceptualization, draft writing, review, and editing; A.L.P. – conceptualization, draft writing, review, and editing; O.G.T. – conceptualization, draft writing, review, and editing; J.B.M.R. – conceptualization, draft writing, review, and editing; J.H.W.R. – conceptualization, draft writing, review, and editing; H.N.S. – conceptualization, draft writing, review and editing; I.E.M. – conceptualization, draft writing, review, and editing; J.O.M.S. – conceptualization, draft writing, review, and editing; R.T.P.H. – conceptualization, draft writing, review, and editing; J.G.K. – read and approved the final paper; R.E. – read and approved the final paper.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Received: 2020-08-05
Revised: 2022-11-12
Accepted: 2023-01-05
Published Online: 2023-02-10

© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on business risks and potato commercial model
  3. Effects of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)–Mucuna pruriens intercropping pattern on the agronomic performances of potato and the soil physicochemical properties of the western highlands of Cameroon
  4. Machine learning-based prediction of total phenolic and flavonoid in horticultural products
  5. Revamping agricultural sector and its implications on output and employment generation: Evidence from Nigeria
  6. Does product certification matter? A review of mechanism to influence customer loyalty in the poultry feed industry
  7. Farmer regeneration and knowledge co-creation in the sustainability of coconut agribusiness in Gorontalo, Indonesia
  8. Lablab purpureus: Analysis of landraces cultivation and distribution, farming systems, and some climatic trends in production areas in Tanzania
  9. The effects of carrot (Daucus carota L.) waste juice on the performances of native chicken in North Sulawesi, Indonesia
  10. Properties of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and its effects on plants and soil
  11. Factors influencing the role and performance of independent agricultural extension workers in supporting agricultural extension
  12. The fate of probiotic species applied in intensive grow-out ponds in rearing water and intestinal tracts of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei
  13. Yield stability and agronomic performances of provitamin A maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes in South-East of DR Congo
  14. Diallel analysis of length and shape of rice using Hayman and Griffing method
  15. Physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of various stem bark extracts of Hopea beccariana Burck potential as natural preservatives of coconut sap
  16. Correlation between descriptive and group type traits in the system of cow’s linear classification of Ukrainian Brown dairy breed
  17. Meta-analysis of the influence of the substitution of maize with cassava on performance indices of broiler chickens
  18. Bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance (BLIS) produced by Enterococcus faecium MA115 and its potential use as a seafood biopreservative
  19. Meta-analysis of the benefits of dietary Saccharomyces cerevisiae intervention on milk yield and component characteristics in lactating small ruminants
  20. Growth promotion potential of Bacillus spp. isolates on two tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) varieties in the West region of Cameroon
  21. Prioritizing IoT adoption strategies in millennial farming: An analytical network process approach
  22. Soil fertility and pomelo yield influenced by soil conservation practices
  23. Soil macrofauna under laying hens’ grazed fields in two different agroecosystems in Portugal
  24. Factors affecting household carbohydrate food consumption in Central Java: Before and during the COVID-19 pandemic
  25. Properties of paper coated with Prunus serotina (Ehrh.) extract formulation
  26. Fertiliser cost prediction in European Union farms: Machine-learning approaches through artificial neural networks
  27. Molecular and phenotypic markers for pyramiding multiple traits in rice
  28. Natural product nanofibers derived from Trichoderma hamatum K01 to control citrus anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
  29. Role of actors in promoting sustainable peatland management in Kubu Raya Regency, West Kalimantan, Indonesia
  30. Small-scale coffee farmers’ perception of climate-adapted attributes in participatory coffee breeding: A case study of Gayo Highland, Aceh, Indonesia
  31. Optimization of extraction using surface response methodology and quantification of cannabinoids in female inflorescences of marijuana (Cannabis sativa L.) at three altitudinal floors of Peru
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  33. Economic performance of smallholder soya bean production in Kwara State, Nigeria
  34. Indonesian rice farmers’ perceptions of different sources of information and their effect on farmer capability
  35. Feed preference, body condition scoring, and growth performance of Dohne Merino ram fed varying levels of fossil shell flour
  36. Assessing the determinant factors of risk strategy adoption to mitigate various risks: An experience from smallholder rubber farmers in West Kalimantan Province, Indonesia
  37. Analysis of trade potential and factors influencing chili export in Indonesia
  38. Grade-C kenaf fiber (poor quality) as an alternative material for textile crafts
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  40. Palm oil cluster resilience to enhance indigenous welfare by innovative ability to address land conflicts: Evidence of disaster hierarchy
  41. Factors determining cassava farmers’ accessibility to loan sources: Evidence from Lampung, Indonesia
  42. Tailoring business models for small-medium food enterprises in Eastern Africa can drive the commercialization and utilization of vitamin A rich orange-fleshed sweet potato puree
  43. Revitalizing sub-optimal drylands: Exploring the role of biofertilizers
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  45. Design and fabrication of a fish feed mixing cum pelleting machine for small-medium scale aquaculture industry
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  48. How intergenerational farmers negotiate their identity in the era of Agriculture 4.0: A multiple-case study in Indonesia
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  51. Effect of short-term grazing exclusion on herbage species composition, dry matter productivity, and chemical composition of subtropical grasslands
  52. Analysis of beef market integration between consumer and producer regions in Indonesia
  53. Analysing the sustainability of swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis carabauesis) farming as a protein source and germplasm
  54. Toxicity of Calophyllum soulattri, Piper aduncum, Sesamum indicum and their potential mixture for control Spodoptera frugiperda
  55. Consumption profile of organic fruits and vegetables by a Portuguese consumer’s sample
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  57. Diversity and structure of bacterial communities in saline and non-saline rice fields in Cilacap Regency, Indonesia
  58. Isolation and screening of lactic acid bacteria producing anti-Edwardsiella from the gastrointestinal tract of wild catfish (Clarias gariepinus) for probiotic candidates
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  60. Design of smart farming communication and web interface using MQTT and Node.js
  61. Assessment of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seed quality accessed through different seed sources in northwest Ethiopia
  62. Estimation of water consumption and productivity for wheat using remote sensing and SEBAL model: A case study from central clay plain Ecosystem in Sudan
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  70. Synergic effect of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and potassium fertilizer improves biomass-related characteristics of cocoa seedlings to enhance their drought resilience and field survival
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  72. In vitro and in silico study for plant growth promotion potential of indigenous Ochrobactrum ciceri and Bacillus australimaris
  73. Effects of repeated replanting on yield, dry matter, starch, and protein content in different potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) genotypes
  74. Review Articles
  75. Nutritional and chemical composition of black velvet tamarind (Dialium guineense Willd) and its influence on animal production: A review
  76. Black pepper (Piper nigrum Lam) as a natural feed additive and source of beneficial nutrients and phytochemicals in chicken nutrition
  77. The long-crowing chickens in Indonesia: A review
  78. A transformative poultry feed system: The impact of insects as an alternative and transformative poultry-based diet in sub-Saharan Africa
  79. Short Communication
  80. Profiling of carbonyl compounds in fresh cabbage with chemometric analysis for the development of freshness assessment method
  81. Special Issue of The 4th International Conference on Food Science and Engineering (ICFSE) 2022 - Part I
  82. Non-destructive evaluation of soluble solid content in fruits with various skin thicknesses using visible–shortwave near-infrared spectroscopy
  83. Special Issue on FCEM - International Web Conference on Food Choice & Eating Motivation - Part I
  84. Traditional agri-food products and sustainability – A fruitful relationship for the development of rural areas in Portugal
  85. Consumers’ attitudes toward refrigerated ready-to-eat meat and dairy foods
  86. Breakfast habits and knowledge: Study involving participants from Brazil and Portugal
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  89. Special Issue on Agriculture, Climate Change, Information Technology, Food and Animal (ACIFAS 2020)
  90. Environmentally friendly bioameliorant to increase soil fertility and rice (Oryza sativa) production
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https://doi.org/10.1515/opag-2022-0173
Keywords for this article
waste; juice; performance; native chicken
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on business risks and potato commercial model
  3. Effects of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)–Mucuna pruriens intercropping pattern on the agronomic performances of potato and the soil physicochemical properties of the western highlands of Cameroon
  4. Machine learning-based prediction of total phenolic and flavonoid in horticultural products
  5. Revamping agricultural sector and its implications on output and employment generation: Evidence from Nigeria
  6. Does product certification matter? A review of mechanism to influence customer loyalty in the poultry feed industry
  7. Farmer regeneration and knowledge co-creation in the sustainability of coconut agribusiness in Gorontalo, Indonesia
  8. Lablab purpureus: Analysis of landraces cultivation and distribution, farming systems, and some climatic trends in production areas in Tanzania
  9. The effects of carrot (Daucus carota L.) waste juice on the performances of native chicken in North Sulawesi, Indonesia
  10. Properties of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and its effects on plants and soil
  11. Factors influencing the role and performance of independent agricultural extension workers in supporting agricultural extension
  12. The fate of probiotic species applied in intensive grow-out ponds in rearing water and intestinal tracts of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei
  13. Yield stability and agronomic performances of provitamin A maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes in South-East of DR Congo
  14. Diallel analysis of length and shape of rice using Hayman and Griffing method
  15. Physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of various stem bark extracts of Hopea beccariana Burck potential as natural preservatives of coconut sap
  16. Correlation between descriptive and group type traits in the system of cow’s linear classification of Ukrainian Brown dairy breed
  17. Meta-analysis of the influence of the substitution of maize with cassava on performance indices of broiler chickens
  18. Bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance (BLIS) produced by Enterococcus faecium MA115 and its potential use as a seafood biopreservative
  19. Meta-analysis of the benefits of dietary Saccharomyces cerevisiae intervention on milk yield and component characteristics in lactating small ruminants
  20. Growth promotion potential of Bacillus spp. isolates on two tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) varieties in the West region of Cameroon
  21. Prioritizing IoT adoption strategies in millennial farming: An analytical network process approach
  22. Soil fertility and pomelo yield influenced by soil conservation practices
  23. Soil macrofauna under laying hens’ grazed fields in two different agroecosystems in Portugal
  24. Factors affecting household carbohydrate food consumption in Central Java: Before and during the COVID-19 pandemic
  25. Properties of paper coated with Prunus serotina (Ehrh.) extract formulation
  26. Fertiliser cost prediction in European Union farms: Machine-learning approaches through artificial neural networks
  27. Molecular and phenotypic markers for pyramiding multiple traits in rice
  28. Natural product nanofibers derived from Trichoderma hamatum K01 to control citrus anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
  29. Role of actors in promoting sustainable peatland management in Kubu Raya Regency, West Kalimantan, Indonesia
  30. Small-scale coffee farmers’ perception of climate-adapted attributes in participatory coffee breeding: A case study of Gayo Highland, Aceh, Indonesia
  31. Optimization of extraction using surface response methodology and quantification of cannabinoids in female inflorescences of marijuana (Cannabis sativa L.) at three altitudinal floors of Peru
  32. Production factors, technical, and economic efficiency of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) farming in Indonesia
  33. Economic performance of smallholder soya bean production in Kwara State, Nigeria
  34. Indonesian rice farmers’ perceptions of different sources of information and their effect on farmer capability
  35. Feed preference, body condition scoring, and growth performance of Dohne Merino ram fed varying levels of fossil shell flour
  36. Assessing the determinant factors of risk strategy adoption to mitigate various risks: An experience from smallholder rubber farmers in West Kalimantan Province, Indonesia
  37. Analysis of trade potential and factors influencing chili export in Indonesia
  38. Grade-C kenaf fiber (poor quality) as an alternative material for textile crafts
  39. Technical efficiency changes of rice farming in the favorable irrigated areas of Indonesia
  40. Palm oil cluster resilience to enhance indigenous welfare by innovative ability to address land conflicts: Evidence of disaster hierarchy
  41. Factors determining cassava farmers’ accessibility to loan sources: Evidence from Lampung, Indonesia
  42. Tailoring business models for small-medium food enterprises in Eastern Africa can drive the commercialization and utilization of vitamin A rich orange-fleshed sweet potato puree
  43. Revitalizing sub-optimal drylands: Exploring the role of biofertilizers
  44. Effects of salt stress on growth of Quercus ilex L. seedlings
  45. Design and fabrication of a fish feed mixing cum pelleting machine for small-medium scale aquaculture industry
  46. Indicators of swamp buffalo business sustainability using partial least squares structural equation modelling
  47. Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on early growth, root colonization, and chlorophyll content of North Maluku nutmeg cultivars
  48. How intergenerational farmers negotiate their identity in the era of Agriculture 4.0: A multiple-case study in Indonesia
  49. Responses of broiler chickens to incremental levels of water deprivation: Growth performance, carcass characteristics, and relative organ weights
  50. The improvement of horticultural villages sustainability in Central Java Province, Indonesia
  51. Effect of short-term grazing exclusion on herbage species composition, dry matter productivity, and chemical composition of subtropical grasslands
  52. Analysis of beef market integration between consumer and producer regions in Indonesia
  53. Analysing the sustainability of swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis carabauesis) farming as a protein source and germplasm
  54. Toxicity of Calophyllum soulattri, Piper aduncum, Sesamum indicum and their potential mixture for control Spodoptera frugiperda
  55. Consumption profile of organic fruits and vegetables by a Portuguese consumer’s sample
  56. Phenotypic characterisation of indigenous chicken in the central zone of Tanzania
  57. Diversity and structure of bacterial communities in saline and non-saline rice fields in Cilacap Regency, Indonesia
  58. Isolation and screening of lactic acid bacteria producing anti-Edwardsiella from the gastrointestinal tract of wild catfish (Clarias gariepinus) for probiotic candidates
  59. Effects of land use and slope position on selected soil physicochemical properties in Tekorsh Sub-Watershed, East Gojjam Zone, Ethiopia
  60. Design of smart farming communication and web interface using MQTT and Node.js
  61. Assessment of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seed quality accessed through different seed sources in northwest Ethiopia
  62. Estimation of water consumption and productivity for wheat using remote sensing and SEBAL model: A case study from central clay plain Ecosystem in Sudan
  63. Agronomic performance, seed chemical composition, and bioactive components of selected Indonesian soybean genotypes (Glycine max [L.] Merr.)
  64. The role of halal requirements, health-environmental factors, and domestic interest in food miles of apple fruit
  65. Subsidized fertilizer management in the rice production centers of South Sulawesi, Indonesia: Bridging the gap between policy and practice
  66. Factors affecting consumers’ loyalty and purchase decisions on honey products: An emerging market perspective
  67. Inclusive rice seed business: Performance and sustainability
  68. Design guidelines for sustainable utilization of agricultural appropriate technology: Enhancing human factors and user experience
  69. Effect of integrate water shortage and soil conditioners on water productivity, growth, and yield of Red Globe grapevines grown in sandy soil
  70. Synergic effect of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and potassium fertilizer improves biomass-related characteristics of cocoa seedlings to enhance their drought resilience and field survival
  71. Control measure of sweet potato weevil (Cylas formicarius Fab.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in endemic land of entisol type using mulch and entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana
  72. In vitro and in silico study for plant growth promotion potential of indigenous Ochrobactrum ciceri and Bacillus australimaris
  73. Effects of repeated replanting on yield, dry matter, starch, and protein content in different potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) genotypes
  74. Review Articles
  75. Nutritional and chemical composition of black velvet tamarind (Dialium guineense Willd) and its influence on animal production: A review
  76. Black pepper (Piper nigrum Lam) as a natural feed additive and source of beneficial nutrients and phytochemicals in chicken nutrition
  77. The long-crowing chickens in Indonesia: A review
  78. A transformative poultry feed system: The impact of insects as an alternative and transformative poultry-based diet in sub-Saharan Africa
  79. Short Communication
  80. Profiling of carbonyl compounds in fresh cabbage with chemometric analysis for the development of freshness assessment method
  81. Special Issue of The 4th International Conference on Food Science and Engineering (ICFSE) 2022 - Part I
  82. Non-destructive evaluation of soluble solid content in fruits with various skin thicknesses using visible–shortwave near-infrared spectroscopy
  83. Special Issue on FCEM - International Web Conference on Food Choice & Eating Motivation - Part I
  84. Traditional agri-food products and sustainability – A fruitful relationship for the development of rural areas in Portugal
  85. Consumers’ attitudes toward refrigerated ready-to-eat meat and dairy foods
  86. Breakfast habits and knowledge: Study involving participants from Brazil and Portugal
  87. Food determinants and motivation factors impact on consumer behavior in Lebanon
  88. Comparison of three wine routes’ realities in Central Portugal
  89. Special Issue on Agriculture, Climate Change, Information Technology, Food and Animal (ACIFAS 2020)
  90. Environmentally friendly bioameliorant to increase soil fertility and rice (Oryza sativa) production
  91. Enhancing the ability of rice to adapt and grow under saline stress using selected halotolerant rhizobacterial nitrogen fixer
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