Curves in the Lorentz-Minkowski plane: elasticae, catenaries and grim-reapers

Ildefonso Castro; Ildefonso Castro-Infantes; Jesús Castro-Infantes

doi:10.1515/math-2018-0069

Article Open Access

Curves in the Lorentz-Minkowski plane: elasticae, catenaries and grim-reapers

Ildefonso Castro , Ildefonso Castro-Infantes and Jesús Castro-Infantes

Published/Copyright: July 17, 2018

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$Open Mathematics$

From the journal Open Mathematics Volume 16 Issue 1

Abstract

This article is motivated by a problem posed by David A. Singer in 1999 and by the classical Euler elastic curves. We study spacelike and timelike curves in the Lorentz-Minkowski plane 𝕃² whose curvature is expressed in terms of the Lorentzian pseudodistance to fixed geodesics. In this way, we get a complete description of all the elastic curves in 𝕃² and provide the Lorentzian versions of catenaries and grim-reaper curves. We show several uniqueness results for them in terms of their geometric linear momentum. In addition, we are able to get arc-length parametrizations of all the aforementioned curves and they are depicted graphically.

Keywords: Lorentzian curves; Curvature; Elastic curves; Catenaries; Grim-reaper curves

MSC 2010: 53A35; 14H50; 53B30; 74H05

1 Introduction

The motivation of this article is the following problem posed by David A. Singer in [1]:

Can a plane curve be determined if its curvature is given in terms of its position?

Probably, the most interesting solution to this question corresponds to the classical Euler elastic curves (cf. [2] for instance), whose curvature is proportional to one of the coordinate functions. Singer himself proved (see Theorem 3.1 in [1]) that the problem of determining a curve α whose curvature is κ(r), where r is the distance from the origin, is solvable by quadratures when rκ(r) is a continuous function. But even the simple case κ(r) = r studied in [1], where elliptic integrals appear, illustrated the following fact: although the corresponding differential equation is integrable by quadratures, it does not imply that the integrations are easy to perform. There are many interesting papers devoted to studying particular cases on the proposed problem of determining α = (x, y) given κ = κ(r): for example [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]. In addition, the authors studied recently the cases κ = κ(y) and κ = κ(r) in [10] and [11] respectively, for a large number of prescribed curvature functions.

The aim of this paper is the study of Singer’s problem in the Lorentz-Minkowski plane; that is, to try to determine those curves γ = (x, y) in 𝕃² whose curvature κ depends on some given function κ = κ(x, y). We must focus on spacelike and timelike curves, since the curvature κ is in general not well defined on lightlike points, and because lightlike curves in 𝕃² are segments parallel to the straight lines determining the light cone. When the ambient space is 𝕃², our knowledge is more restricted in comparison with the Euclidean case. Even though the fundamental existence and uniqueness theorem, which states that a spacelike or timelike curve is uniquely determined (up to Lorentzian transformations) by its curvature given as a function of its arc-length, is still valid. Eventually, it is very difficult to find the curve explicitly in practice and most cases become elusive. In fact, we can only mention the articles [12, 13] in this line, both devoted to Sturmian spiral curves. We should remark that although some families of space curves in the Lorentz-Minkowski space 𝕃³ (helices, Bertrand and Mannheim curves) are well studied as in Euclidean case, the papers in the pseudo-Euclidean plane are limited, to our knowledge (see [14, 15] for example).

From a geometric-analytic point of view, we deal with the following case of Singer’s problem in the Lorentzian setting (see Section 2 for details): For a unit speed parametrization of a spacelike or timelike curve γ = (x, y) in 𝕃², we prescribe its curvature with the analytic extrinsic condition κ = κ(y) or κ = κ(x). Obviously, if one writes the curve γ as the graphs x = f(y) or y = f(x) locally, the above condition is satisfied. But we aim to study the problem from a different point of view: We offer a geometric interpretation of these conditions on κ in terms of the Lorentzian pseudodistance to spacelike or timelike fixed geodesics, and would like to determine the analytic representation of the arc-length parametrization γ (s) explicitly and, consequently, its intrinsic equation κ = κ(s).

Singer’s proof of the aforementioned Theorem 3.1 in [1] is based on giving such a curvature κ = κ(r) an interpretation of a central potential in the plane and finding the trajectories by the standard methods in classical mechanics. On the other hand, since the curvature κ may be also interpreted as the tension that γ receives at each point as a consequence of the way it is immersed in 𝕃², we make use of the notion of geometric linear momentum of γ when κ = κ(y) or κ = κ(x) in order to get two abstract integrability results (Theorems 2.1 and 2.6) in the same spirit of Theorem 3.1 in [1]. We show that the problem of determining such a curve is solvable by three quadratures if κ = κ(y) or κ = κ(x) is a continuous function. In addition, the geometric linear momentum turns to be a primitive function of the curvature and determines uniquely such a curve (up to translations in x-direction or in y-direction respectively). In general, one finds great difficulties (see Remark 2.5) in carrying out the computations in most cases. Hence we focus on finding interesting curves for which the required computations can be achieved explicitly, in terms of standard functions, and we pay attention to identifying, computing and plotting such examples.

In this way, we are first successful in the complete description of all the spacelike and timelike elastic curves in the Lorentz-Minkowski plane. Elastic curves in Euclidean plane were already classified by Euler in 1743. The classification problem of elastic curves and its generalizations in real space forms has been considered through different approaches (see [16, 17, 18, 19, 20], etc.) But in 𝕃² only the elastic Sturmian spirals recently studied in [13] were known to us. In Section 3, we characterize most of the spacelike and timelike elastic curves in 𝕃² —according to Singer’s problem— by the condition κ(y) = 2λy + μ, λ > 0, μ ∈ ℝ, and this allows us their explicit description by arc-length parametrizations in terms of Jacobi elliptic functions.

Moreover, we find out the Lorentzian versions of some interesting classical curves in the Euclidean context. Specifically, we study the generatrix curves of the maximal catenoids of the first and the second kind described in [21] in Section 4, which we will call Lorentzian catenaries. We also consider curves that satisfy a translating-type soliton equation in Section 5, which we will call Lorentzian grim-reapers (see [22]). We provide uniqueness results for both of them in terms of their geometric linear momentum (Corollaries 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2 and 6.3). We also generalize them by describing all the spacelike and timelike curves in 𝕃² whose curvature satisfies κ(y) = λ /y², λ > 0, and κ(y) = λe^y, λ > 0.

In [23], we afford two other cases of Singer’s problem in the Lorentz-Minkowski plane: the spacelike and timelike curves in 𝕃² whose curvature depends on the Lorentzian pseudodistance from the origin, and those ones whose curvature depends on the Lorentzian pseudodistance through the horizontal or vertical geodesic to a fixed lightlike geodesic.

2 Spacelike and timelike curves in Lorentz-Minkowski plane

We denote by 𝕃² := (ℝ², g = −dx² + dy²) the Lorentz-Minkowski plane, where (x, y) are the rectangular coordinates on 𝕃². We say that a non-zero vector v ∈ 𝕃² is spacelike if g(v, v) > 0, lightlike if g(v, v) = 0, and timelike if g(v, v) < 0.

Let γ = (x, y): I ⊆ ℝ → ℝ² be a curve. We say that γ = γ(t) is spacelike (resp. timelike) if the tangent vector γ′(t) is spacelike (resp. timelike) for all t ∈ I. A point γ (t) is called a lightlike point if γ′(t) is a lightlike vector. We study geometric properties of curves that have no lightlike points in this section, because the curvature is not in general well defined at the lightlike points.

Hence, let γ = (x, y) be a spacelike (resp. timelike) curve parametrized by arc-length; that is, g(γ̇(s), γ̇(s)) = 1 (resp. g(γ̇(s), γ̇(s)) = −1) ∀ s ∈ I, where I is some interval in ℝ. Here ˙ means derivation with respect to s. We will say that γ = γ(s) is a unit-speed curve in both cases.

We define the Frenet dihedron in such a way that the curvature κ has a sign and then it is only preserved by direct rigid motions (see [14]): Let T = γ̇ = (ẋ, ẏ) be the tangent vector to the curve γ and we choose N = γ̇^⊥ = (ẏ, ẋ) as the corresponding normal vector. We remark that T and N have different causal character. Let g(T, T) = ϵ, with ϵ = 1 if γ is spacelike, and ϵ = −1 if γ is timelike. Then g(N, N) = −ϵ. The (signed) curvature of γ is the function κ = κ(s) such that

T˙(s)=κ(s)N(s),(1)

where

κ(s)=−ϵg(T˙(s),N(s))=ϵ(x¨y˙−x˙y¨).(2)

The Frenet equations of γ are given by (1) and

N˙(s)=κ(s)T(s).(3)

It is possible, as it happens in the Euclidean case, to obtain a parametrization by arc-length of the curve γ in terms of integrals of the curvature. Specifically, any spacelike curve α (s) in 𝕃² can be represented by

α(s)=∫sinh⁡φ(s)ds,∫cosh⁡φ(s)ds,dφ(s)ds=κ(s),(4)

and any timelike curve β (s) in 𝕃² can be represented by

β(s)=∫cosh⁡ϕ(s)ds,∫sinh⁡ϕ(s)ds,dϕ(s)ds=κ(s).(5)

For example, up to a translation, any spacelike geodesic can be written as

αφ0(s)=(sinh⁡φ0s,cosh⁡φ0s),s∈ R,φ0∈ R,(6)

and any timelike geodesic can be written as

βϕ0(s)=(cosh⁡ϕ0s,sinh⁡ϕ0s),s∈ R,ϕ0∈ R.(7)

On the other hand, the transformation R_ν : 𝕃² → 𝕃², ν ∈ ℝ, given by

Rν(x,y)=(cosh⁡νx+sinh⁡νy,sinh⁡νx+cosh⁡νy)

is an isometry of 𝕃² that preserves the curvature of a curve γ and satisfies

Rν∘αφ0=αφ0+ν,Rν∘βϕ0=βϕ0+ν.

In this way, any spacelike geodesic is congruent to α₀, i.e. the y-axis, and any timelike geodesic is congruent to β₀, i.e. the x-axis (see Figure 1).

$Fig. 1 Spacelike (blue) and timelike (red) geodesics in 𝕃2.$

Fig. 1

Spacelike (blue) and timelike (red) geodesics in 𝕃².

2.1 Curves in 𝕃² such that κ = κ(y)

Given a spacelike or timelike curve γ = (x, y) in 𝕃², we are first interested in the analytical condition κ = κ(y). We look for its geometric interpretation. For this purpose, we define the Lorentzian pseudodistance by

δ:L2×L2→[0,+∞),δ(P,Q)=|g(PQ→,PQ→)|.

We fix the timelike geodesic β₀, i.e. the x-axis. Given an arbitrary point P = (x, y) ∈ 𝕃², y ≠ 0, we consider all the spacelike geodesics α_m with slope m = coth φ₀, |m| > 1, passing through P, and let P′ = (x − y/m, 0) the crossing point of α_m and the x-axis (see Figure 2). Then:

$Fig. 2 Spacelike geodesics in 𝕃2 passing through P.$

Fig. 2

Spacelike geodesics in 𝕃² passing through P.

0<δ(P,P′)2=1−1m2y2=y2cosh2⁡φ0≤y2

and the equality holds if and only if φ₀ = 0, that is, α_m is a vertical geodesic. Thus |y| is the maximum Lorentzian pseudodistance through spacelike geodesics from P = (x, y) ∈ 𝕃², y ≠ 0, to the timelike geodesic given by the x-axis.

At a given point γ(s) = (x(s), y(s)) on the curve, the geometric linear momentum (with respect to thex-axis) 𝓚 is given by

K(s)=x˙(s).(8)

In physical terms, using Noether’s Theorem, 𝓚 may be interpreted as the linear momentum with respect to the x-axis of a particle of unit mass with unit-speed and trajectory γ.

Given that γ is unit-speed, that is, −ẋ² + ẏ² = ϵ, and (8), we easily obtain that

ds=dyϵ+x˙2=dyK2+ϵ,dx=Kds.(9)

Thus, given 𝓚 = 𝓚(y) as an explicit function, looking at (9) one may attempt to compute y(s) and x(s) in three steps: integrate to get s = s(y), invert to get y = y(s) and integrate to get x = x(s).

In addition, we have that the curvature κ satisfies (1) and (3), i.e. ẍ = κẏ. Taking into account (8), we deduce that dKds=κy˙ and, since we are assuming that κ = κ(y), we finally arrive at

dK=κ(y)dy,(10)

that is, 𝓚 = 𝓚(y) can be interpreted as an anti-derivative of κ(y).

As a summary, we have proved the following result in the spirit of Theorem 3.1 in [1].

Theorem 2.1

Letκ = κ(y) be a continuous function. Then the problem of determining locally a spacelike or timelike curve in 𝕃²whose curvature isκ(y) with geometric linear momentum 𝓚 (y) satisfying(10) —|y| being the (non constant) maximum Lorentzian pseudodistance through spacelike geodesics to thex-axis— is solvable by quadratures considering the unit speed curve (x(s), y(s)), wherey(s) andx (s) are obtained through (9) after invertings = s(y). Such a curve is uniquely determined by 𝓚 (y) up to a translation in thex-direction (and a translation of the arc parameters).

Remark 2.2

If we prescribeκ = κ(y), the method described in Theorem 2.1 clearly implies the computation of three quadratures, following the sequence:

Anti-derivative ofκ(y):
∫κ(y)dy=K(y).
Arc-length parametersof (x(s), y(s)) in terms ofy:
s=s(y)=∫dyK(y)2+ϵ,
where 𝓚 (y)² + ϵ > 0, and invertings = s(y) to gety = y(s).
First coordinate of (x(s), y(s)) in terms ofs:
x(s)=∫K(y(s))ds.

We note that we get a one-parameter family of curves in 𝕃²satisfyingκ = κ(y) according to the geometric linear momentum chosen in (i). It will distinguish geometrically the curves inside the same family by their relative position with respect to thex-axis. We remark that we can recoverκfrom 𝓚 simply by means ofκ(y) = d𝓚/dy.

We show two illustrative examples applying steps (i)-(iii) in Remark 2.2:

Example 2.3

(κ ≡ 0). Then 𝓚 ≡ c ∈ ℝ, s=∫dy/c2+ϵ=y/c2+ϵ,c2+ϵ>0.Soy(s) = c2+ϵsandx(s) = c s, s ∈ ℝ. Ifϵ = 1, we write K ≡ c := sinh φ₀and then we arrive at the spacelike geodesicsα_φ₀. We observe thatc = 0 = φ₀corresponds to they-axis. Ifϵ = −1, we write K ≡ c := cosh ϕ₀and then we arrive at the timelike geodesicsβ_ϕ₀. We note thatc = 1 ⇔ ϕ₀ = 0 corresponds to thex-axis. See Figure 1.

Example 2.4

(κ ≡ k₀ > 0). Now 𝓚 (y) = k₀y + c, c ∈ ℝ. Thuss=∫dy/(k0y+c)2+ϵ.Ifϵ = 1, thens = arcsinh (k₀y + c)/k₀, y(s) = (sinh(k₀s) − c)/k₀andx(s) = cosh(k₀s)/k₀. Ifϵ = −1, thens = arccosh (k₀y + c)/k₀, y(s) = (cosh(k₀s) − c)/k₀andx(s) = sinh(k₀s)/k₀. They correspond respectively to spacelike and timelike pseudocircles in 𝕃²of radius 1/k₀(see Figure 3). Whenc = 0, we obtain the branches ofx² − y² = ϵ/ k02with positive curvaturek₀, that are asymptotic to the light cone of 𝕃².

$Fig. 3 Spacelike (blue) and timelike (red) pseudocircles in 𝕃2 with constant positive curvature.$

Fig. 3

Spacelike (blue) and timelike (red) pseudocircles in 𝕃² with constant positive curvature.

Remark 2.5

The main difficulties one can find carrying on the strategy described in Theorem 2.1 (or in Remark 2.2) to determine a curve (x, y) in 𝕃²whose curvature isκ = κ(y) are the following:

The integration ofs = s(y): Even in the case when 𝓚(y) were polynomial, the integral is not necessarily elementary. For example, when 𝓚(y) is a quadratic polynomial, it can be solved using Jacobian elliptic functions (see [24]). We will study such curves in Section 3.
The previous integration gives uss = s(y); it is not always possible to obtain explicitlyy = y(s), what is necessary to determine the curve.
Even knowing explicitlyy = y(s), the integration to getx (s) may be impossible to perform using elementary or known functions.

2.2 Curves in 𝕃² such that κ = κ(x)

Given a spacelike or timelike curve γ = (x, y) in 𝕃², we are now interested in the analytical condition κ = κ(x) and we search for its geometric interpretation using again the Lorentzian pseudodistance δ. We fix the spacelike geodesic α₀, i.e. the y-axis. Given an arbitrary point P = (x, y) ∈ 𝕃², x ≠ 0, we consider all the timelike geodesics β_m with slope m = tanh ϕ₀, |m| < 1, passing through P, and let P′ = (0, y − mx) the crossing point of β_m and the y-axis (see Figure 4). Then:

$Fig. 4 Timelike geodesics in 𝕃2 passing through P.$

Fig. 4

Timelike geodesics in 𝕃² passing through P.

0>−δ(P,P′)2=(m2−1)x2=−x2cosh2⁡ϕ0≥−x2

and the equality holds if and only if ϕ₀ = 0, that is, β_m is a horizontal geodesic. Thus |x| is now the maximum Lorentzian pseudodistance through timelike geodesics from P = (x, y) ∈ 𝕃², x ≠ 0, to the spacelike geodesic given by the y-axis.

We now make a similar study to the one made in the preceding section. At a given point γ (s) = (x(s), y(s)) on the curve, the geometric linear momentum (respect to they-axis) 𝓚 is given by

K(s)=y˙(s).(11)

In physical terms, using Noether’s Theorem, 𝓚 may be interpreted as the linear momentum with respect to the y-axis of a particle of unit mass with unit-speed and trajectory γ.

Using that γ is unit-speed, that is, −ẋ² + ẏ² = ϵ, and (11), we easily obtain that

ds=dxy˙2−ϵ=dxK2−ϵ,dy=Kds.(12)

Thus, given 𝓚 = 𝓚 (x) as an explicit function, looking at (12) one may attempt to compute x(s) and y(s) in three steps: integrate to get s = s(x), invert to get x = x(s) and integrate to get y = y(s).

In addition, we have that the curvature κ satisfies (1) and (3), i.e. ÿ = κ ẋ. Taking into account (11), we deduce that dKds=κx˙ and, since we are assuming that κ = κ(x), we finally arrive at

dK=κ(x)dx,(13)

that is, 𝓚 = 𝓚(x) can be interpreted as an anti-derivative of κ(x).

As a summary, we have proved the following result, dual in a certain sense to Theorem 2.1

Theorem 2.6

Letκ = κ(x) be a continuous function. Then the problem of determining locally a spacelike or timelike curve in 𝕃²whose curvature isκ(x) with geometric linear momentum 𝓚 (x) satisfying(13) —|x| being the (non constant) maximum Lorentzian pseudodistance through timelike geodesics to they-axis— is solvable by quadratures considering the unit speed curve (x(s), y(s)), wherex(s) andy(s) are obtained through (12) after invertings = s(x). Such a curve is uniquely determined by 𝓚 (x) up to a translation in they-direction (and a translation of the arc parameters).

Remark 2.7

The duality between Theorems 2.1 and 2.6 is explained thanks to the following observation: Ifγ = (x, y) is a spacelike (resp. timelike) curve in 𝕃²such thatκ = κ(y), thenγ̂ = (y, x) is a timelike (resp. spacelike) curve in 𝕃²such thatκ = κ(x).

3 Elastic curves in the Lorentz-Minkowski plane

A unit speed spacelike or timelike curve γ in 𝕃² is said to be an elastica under tensionσ (see [25]) if it satisfies the differential equation

2κ¨−κ3−σκ=0,(14)

for some value of σ ∈ ℝ. They are critical points of the elastic energy functional ∫_γ(κ² + σ )ds acting on curves in 𝕃² with suitable boundary conditions. If σ = 0, then γ is called a free elastica. The possible constant solutions of (14) are the trivial solution κ ≡ 0 and κ ≡ −σ,σ < 0.

Multiplying (14) by 2κ̇ and integration allow us to introduce the energyE ∈ ℝ of an elastica:

E:=κ˙2−14κ4−σ2κ2.(15)

If E = σ²/4, (15) reduces to κ̇² = (κ²/2 + σ/2)², whose solutions are given by κ(s)=±σtan⁡(σs/2), , if σ > 0; κ(s) = ± 2/s, if σ = 0; and κ(s)=±−σcoth⁡(−σs/2) if σ < 0. These special elasticae (see Figure 5) can be easily integrated using (4) and (5). They are studied in Section 6 of [23].

$Fig. 5 Special elastic curves σ = 1, 0, −1 (blue, spacelike; red, timelike).$

Fig. 5

Special elastic curves σ = 1, 0, −1 (blue, spacelike; red, timelike).

In this section we will study those spacelike and timelike curves in 𝕃² satisfying

κ(y)=2ay+b,a≠0,b∈R,(16)

and we will show its close relationship with the elastic curves of 𝕃². Following Theorem 2.1, we must consider the geometric linear momentum 𝓚(y) = ay² + by + c, c ∈ ℝ. In the following result, we show that we are studying precisely elastic curves.

Proposition 3.1

Letγbe a spacelike or timelike curve in 𝕃².

If the curvature ofγis given by(16)with geometric linear momentum 𝓚(y) = ay² + by + c, a ≠ 0, b, c ∈ ℝ, thenγis an elastica under tensionσ = 4 ac − b²and energyE = 4ϵa² + σ²/4 (whereϵ = 1 ifγis spacelike andϵ = −1 ifγis timelike).
Ifγis an elastica under tensionσand energyE, with E ≠ σ²/4, then the curvature ofγis given by(16).

Proof

Without restriction we can consider γ parametrized by arc-length. Assume first that 𝓚(y) = ay² + by + c, a ≠ 0, b, c ∈ ℝ. In order γ to be an elastica, we must check that κ given by (16) satisfies (14) or (15). We have that κ̇² = 4a²ẏ² and (9) implies that ẏ² = 𝓚 ² + ϵ = (ay² + bc + c)² + ϵ. By substituting y = (κ − b)/2a, it is a long exercise to check (15) taking σ = 4ac − b² and E = 4ϵa² + σ²/4. We observe that E − σ²/4 ≠ 0.

Conversely, assume that γ is an elastica under tension σ and energy E. We write locally γ as a graph x = x(y) and then κ = κ(y) obviously. Using Theorem 2.1, κ̇² = κ′(y)²ẏ² = 𝓚″(y)²(𝓚(y)² + ϵ). Then (15) translates into

(K(y)2+ϵ)K″(y)2=K′(y)4/4+σK′(y)2/2+E.(17)

If E ≠ σ²/4, we can define a2=E−σ2/44ϵ by considering ϵ = ± 1 according to the sign of E − σ²/4. In addition, we can take b, c ∈ ℝ such that σ = 4ac − b². After a long straightforward computation, it is not difficult to check now that 𝓚(y) = ay² + by + c satisfies (17), what finishes the proof. □

Given γ = (x, y) satisfying (16) with a > 0 without restriction, we take γ̂ = a(x,y+b/2a) and then, up to a translation in the y-direction and a dilation, we can only afford the condition

κ(y)=2y.(18)

The trivial solution κ ≡ 0 to (14) corresponds in (18) to the x-axis y ≡ 0.

Following the strategy described in Remark 2.2, we can control the spacelike or timelike curves (x(s),y(s)) in 𝕃² satisfying (18) with geometric linear momentum 𝓚(y) = y² + c, c ∈ ℝ, by means of

s=s(y)=∫dyy4+2cy2+c2+ϵ(19)

and

x(s)=∫(y(s)2+c)ds(20)

with c ∈ ℝ. The integrations of (19) and (20) involve Jacobi elliptic functions and elliptic integrals.

3.1 Spacelike elastic curves in the Lorentz-Minkowski plane

We take ϵ = 1 and put c = sinh η, η ∈ ℝ. Then these spacelike elastic curves will have energy E = 4cosh²η (see Proposition 3.1). Now (19) is rewritten as

s=s(y)=∫dy(y2+sinh⁡η+i)(y2+sinh⁡η−i).(21)

After a long computation, using formulas 225.00 and 129.04 of [24] and abbreviating c_η := cosh η, we finally get that

yη(s)=cηcs(cηs,kη)nd(cηs,kη),kη2=1−tanh⁡η2(22)

with s ∈ (2mK(k_η)/ cη, 2(m + 1) K(k_η)/ cη ), m ∈ ℕ, that is expressed in terms of the Jacobian elliptic functions cs(⋅, k_η) and nd(⋅, k_η) of modulus k_η, where K(k_η) denotes the complete elliptic integral of the first kind of modulus k_η (see [24]). Using (22) in (20), formula 361.20 of [24] leads to

xη(s)=(sη+cη)s+cηcn(cηs,kη)kη2sd(cηs,kη)−ds(cηs,kη)−2E(cηs,kη),(23)

where s_η := sinh η and cn(⋅, k_η), sd(⋅, k_η) and ds(⋅, k_η) are Jacobian elliptic functions and E(⋅, k_η) denotes the elliptic integral of the second kind of modulus k_η (see [24]). We remark that, using (18), the intrinsic equations of the curves α_η = (x_η, y_η), η ∈ ℝ (see Figure 6), are given by

$Fig. 6 Spacelike elastic curves αη (η = 0, 1.5, −1.5).$

Fig. 6

Spacelike elastic curves α_η (η = 0, 1.5, −1.5).

κη(s)=2cηcs(cηs,kη)nd(cηs,kη).

3.2 Timelike elastic curves in the Lorentz-Minkowski plane

When we take ϵ = −1 in (19), we have that

s=s(y)=∫dyy4+2cy2+c2−1(24)

and then we must distinguish five cases:

c = 1, i.e. 𝓚 (y) = y² + 1.
c = −1, i.e. 𝓚 (y) = y² − 1.
c > 1; put c := cosh²δ, δ > 0, and so 𝓚 (y) = y² + cosh²δ.
|c| < 1: put c := sin ψ, −π/2 < ψ < π/2, and so 𝓚 (y) = y² + sin ψ.
c < −1: put c := −cosh²τ, τ > 0, and so 𝓚 (y) = y² − cosh²τ.

3.2.1 Timelike elastic curves in 𝕃² with 𝓚 (y) = y²± 1

In these cases, (24) becomes elementary and both of them produce timelike elastic curves with null energy (see Proposition 3.1). A straightforward computation, using (24) and (20), provides us the only (up to translations in the x-direction) timelike elastic curve (x₁(s)), y₁(s) with geometric linear momentum 𝓚 (y) = y² + 1 (see Figure 7, left), given by

$Fig. 7 Timelike elastic curves with 𝓚 (y) = y2± 1.$

Fig. 7

Timelike elastic curves with 𝓚 (y) = y²± 1.

y1(s)=−2sinh⁡(2s),x1(s)=s−2coth⁡(2s),s≠0,

and the only (up to translations in the x-direction) timelike elastic curve (x₋₁(s)), y₋₁(s) with geometric linear momentum 𝓚 (y) = y² −1 (see Figure 7, right), given by

y−1(s)=±2cos⁡(2s),x−1(s)=2tan⁡(2s)−s,|s|<π22.

Using (18), the intrinsic equations of these curves are given by

κ1(s)=−22sinh⁡(2s),κ−1(s)=∓22cos⁡(2s),

respectively.

3.2.2 Timelike elastic curves in 𝕃² with 𝓚 (y) = y² + cosh²δ, δ > 0

Since c = cosh²δ in this case, these timelike elastic curves will have energy E = 4sinh²δ(cosh²δ + 1) > 0 (see Proposition 3.1) and we can write (24) simply as

s=s(y)=∫dy(y2+sinh2⁡δ)(y2+cosh2⁡δ+1).(25)

Using formula 221.00 of [24] and abbreviating c_δ := cosh δ and s_δ := sinh δ, we obtain that

yδ(s)=sδtn(cδ2+1s,kδ),kδ2=21+cosh2⁡δ,(26)

with s ∈ ((2m − 1) K(k_δ)/ cδ2+1 ,(2m + 1) K(k_δ)/ cδ2+1 ), m ∈ ℕ, that is expressed in terms of the Jacobian elliptic function tn(⋅, k_δ) of modulus k_δ, where K(k_δ) denotes the complete elliptic integral of the first kind of modulus k_δ (see [24]). Using (26) in (20), formula 316.02 of [24] leads to

xδ(s)=cδ2s+cδ2+1dn(cδ2+1s,kδ)tn(cδ2+1s,kδ)−E(cδ2+1s,kδ),(27)

where dn(⋅, k_δ) is a Jacobian elliptic function and E(⋅, k_δ) denotes the elliptic integral of the second kind of modulus k_δ (see [24]). We point out that, using (18), the intrinsic equations of the curves β_δ = (x_δ, y_δ), δ > 0 (see Figure 8), are given by

$Fig. 8 Timelike elastic curves βδ (δ = 0.5, 1, 1.5).$

Fig. 8

Timelike elastic curves β_δ (δ = 0.5, 1, 1.5).

κδ(s)=2sδtn(cδ2+1s,kδ).

3.2.3 Timelike elastic curves in 𝕃² with 𝓚 (y) = y² + sin ψ, |ψ| < π/2

As c = sin ψ in this case, these timelike elastic curves will have energy E = −4cos²ψ < 0 (see Proposition 3.1) and (24) can be written as

s=s(y)=∫dy(y2+sin⁡ψ+1)(y2+sin⁡ψ−1).(28)

Using formula 211.00 of [24] and abbreviating s_ψ := sin ψ, we deduce that

yψ(s)=1−sψnc(2s,kψ),kψ2=1+sin⁡ψ2,(29)

with s ∈ ((2m − 1) K(k_ψ)/ 2 , (2m + 1) K(k_ψ)/ 2 ), m ∈ ℕ, that is expressed in terms of the Jacobian elliptic function nc(⋅, k_ψ) of modulus k_ψ, where K(k_ψ) denotes the complete elliptic integral of the first kind of modulus k_ψ (see [24]). Using (29) in (20), formula 313.02 of [24] leads to

xψ(s)=s+2dn(2s,kψ)tn(2s,kψ)−E(2s,kψ),(30)

where dn(⋅, k_ψ) and tn(⋅, k_ψ) are Jacobian elliptic function and E(⋅, k_ψ) denotes the elliptic integral of the second kind of modulus k_ψ (see [24]). We point out that, using (18), the intrinsic equations of the curves β_ψ = (x_ψ, y_ψ), |ψ| < π/2 (see Figure 9), are given by

$Fig. 9 Timelike elastic curves βψ (ψ = −π/4, 0, π/6).$

Fig. 9

Timelike elastic curves β_ψ (ψ = −π/4, 0, π/6).

κψ(s)=21−sψnc(2s,kψ).

3.2.4 Timelike elastic curves in 𝕃² with 𝓚 (y) = y² − cosh²τ, τ > 0

When c = −cosh²τ, these timelike elastic curves will have energy E = 4sinh²τ(cosh²τ + 1) > 0 (see Proposition 3.1) and we can write (24) simply as

s=s(y)=∫dy(y2−sinh2⁡τ)(y2−(cosh2⁡δ+1)).(31)

Using formula 216.00 of [24] and abbreviating c_τ := cosh τ, after a long straightforward computation we arrive at

yτ(s)=1+cτ2dc(1+cτ2s,kτ),kτ2=sinh2⁡τ1+cosh2⁡τ(32)

with s ∈ ((2m − 1) K(k_τ)/ 1+cτ2 ,(2m + 1) K(k_τ)/ 1+cτ2 ), m ∈ ℕ, that is expressed in terms of the Jacobian elliptic function dc(⋅, k_τ) of modulus k_τ, where K(k_τ) denotes the complete elliptic integral of the first kind of modulus k_τ (see [24]). Using (32) in (20), formula 321.02 of [24] leads to

xτ(s)=s+1+cτ2dn(1+cτ2s,kτ)tn(1+cτ2s,kτ)−E(1+cτ2s,kτ),(33)

where dn(⋅, k_τ) and tn(⋅, k_τ) are Jacobian elliptic function and E(⋅, k_τ) denotes the elliptic integral of the second kind of modulus k_τ (see [24]). We point out that, using (18), the intrinsic equations of the curves β_τ = (x_τ, y_τ), τ > 0 (see Figure 10), are given by

$Fig. 10 Timelike elastic curves βτ (τ = 1, 2, 3).$

Fig. 10

Timelike elastic curves β_τ (τ = 1, 2, 3).

κτ(s)=21+cτ2dc(1+cτ2s,kτ).

4 Curves in 𝕃² such that κ(y) = λ/y², λ > 0

In this section we will study those spacelike and timelike curves in 𝕃² satisfying

κ(y)=λ/y2,λ>0,(34)

and we will show that some of them can be considered as Lorentzian versions of catenaries in 𝕃² (see Section 4 in [10]). Given γ = (x, y) satisfying (34), if we take γ^=1λ(x,y) then, up to a dilation, we can only afford the condition

κ(y)=1/y2,(35)

with y ≠ 0. Following Theorem 2.1, we must consider the geometric linear momentum 𝓚(y) = c − 1/y, c ∈ ℝ.

4.1 Case 𝓚(y) = −1/y. Lorentzian catenaries

We follow the steps described in Remark 2.2 and so

s=∫dy1/y2+ϵ=∫ydy1+ϵy2=ϵ1+ϵy2.

Then s² = 1 + ϵy², and hence

ϵ=1:y(s)=±s2−1,|s|>1;ϵ=−1:y(s)=±1−s2,|s|<1.

Consequently, recalling that 𝓚(y) = −1/y, we get:

ϵ=1:x(s)=∓arccoshs,s>1;ϵ=−1:x(s)=∓arcsin⁡s,|s|<1.

We arrive at the graphs y = − sinh x, x ∈ ℝ, at the spacelike case ϵ = 1, and y = ± cos x, |x| < π/2, at the timelike case ϵ = −1 (see Figure 11). Using (35), their intrinsic equations are given by κ(s)=1s2−1,s>1, and κ(s)=11−s2,|s|<1, respectively.

$Fig. 11 Curves with 𝓚(y) = −1/y; spacelike (left), timelike (right).$

Fig. 11

Curves with 𝓚(y) = −1/y; spacelike (left), timelike (right).

On the other hand, Kobayashi introduced in [21], by studying maximal rotation surfaces in 𝕃³ := (ℝ³, −dx² + dy² + dz²), a couple of catenoids. Specifically, Example 2.5 in [21] presents (up to dilations) the catenoid of the first kind by the equation y² + z² − sinh²x = 0 and we can deduce the equation x² − z² = cos²y for the catenoid of the second kind given (up to dilations) in Example 2.6 in [21] (see Figure 12).

$Fig. 12 Catenoid of the first kind (left) and the second kind (right) in 𝕃3.$

Fig. 12

Catenoid of the first kind (left) and the second kind (right) in 𝕃³.

The generatrix curves (in a certain sense) of both catenoids will be referred as Lorentzian catenaries. Specifically, we call the graph y = − sinh x, x ∈ ℝ, the Lorentzian catenary of the first kind, and the bigraph x = ± cos y, |y| < π/2, the Lorentzian catenary of the second kind. As a summary of this section, taking into account Remark 2.7, we conclude with the following geometric characterization of them.

Corollary 4.1

The Lorentzian catenary of the first kindy = − sinh x, x ∈ ℝ, is the only spacelike curve (up to translations in thex-direction) in 𝕃²with geometric linear momentum 𝓚(y) = −1/y.
The Lorentzian catenary of the second kindx = ± cos y, |y| < π/2, is the only spacelike curve (up to translations in they-direction) in 𝕃²with geometric linear momentum 𝓚 (x) = −1/x.

4.2 Case 𝓚(y) = c − 1/y, c ≠ 0

When c ≠ 0, it is difficult to get the arc parameter s as a function of y; however, we can eliminate ds using parts (ii) and (iii) in Remark 2.2, obtaining

x=x(y)=∫(cy−1)dyP(y),P(y)=(c2+ϵ)y2−2cy+1.

If c = 0, we easily recover the Lorentzian catenaries studied in the previous section. If c ≠ 0, we distinguish the following cases according to the expression of polynomial P(y):

Spacelike case (ϵ = 1), 𝓚(y) = c − 1/y:
x=1c2+1c(c2+1)y2−2cy+1−1c2+1arcsinh((c2+1)y−c).
We notice that if c = 0 above, we recover x = −arcsinh y (see Figure 13).
$Fig. 13 Curves with 𝓚(y) = c − 1/y; spacelike c ≤ 0 (left), spacelike c ≥ 0 (right).$
Fig. 13
Curves with 𝓚(y) = c − 1/y; spacelike c ≤ 0 (left), spacelike c ≥ 0 (right).
Timelike case (ϵ = −1):
1. 𝓚(y) = 1 − 1/y (see Figure 14):
  $Fig. 14 Timelike curves with 𝓚(y) = 1 − 1/y (left) and 𝓚(y) = − 1 − 1/y (right).$
  Fig. 14
  Timelike curves with 𝓚(y) = 1 − 1/y (left) and 𝓚(y) = − 1 − 1/y (right).
  x=(2−y)1−2y3,y<1/2.
2. 𝓚(y) = − 1 − 1/y (see Figure 14):
  x=−(2+y)1+2y3,y>−1/2.
3. 𝓚(y) = c − 1/y, |c| > 1:
  x=1c2−1c(c2−1)y2−2cy+1++1c2−1log2(c2−1(c2−1)y2−2cy+1+(c2−1)y−c).
4. 𝓚(y) = c − 1/y, |c| < 1:
  x=1c2−1c(c2−1)y2−2cy+1−11−c2arcsin⁡((c2−1)y−c).

5 Curves in 𝕃² such that κ(y) = λ e^y, λ > 0

In this section we will study those spacelike and timelike curves in 𝕃² satisfying

κ(y)=λey,λ>0,(36)

and we will introduce what can be considered the Lorentzian versions of grim-reaper curves in 𝕃² (see Section 7 in [10]). Given γ = (x, y) satisfying (36), if we take γ̂ = (x, y + log λ) then, up to a translation, we can only consider the condition

κ(y)=ey.(37)

Following Theorem 2.1, we deal with the geometric linear momentum 𝓚(y) = e^y + c, c ∈ ℝ.

5.1 Case 𝓚(y) = e^y. Lorentzian grim-reapers

Following the steps in Remark 2.2, putting u = e^y, we have that

s=∫dye2y+ϵ=∫duuu2+ϵ.

Hence:

ϵ=1:y(s)=log⁡(−cschs),s<0;ϵ=−1:y(s)=logsec⁡s,|s|<π/2.

Consequently, recalling that 𝓚(y) = e^y, we obtain:

ϵ=1:x(s)=−logtanh⁡(−s/2),s<0;ϵ=−1:x(s)=log⁡(sec⁡s+tan⁡s),|s|<π/2.

A straightforward computation leads us to the graphs y = log (sinh x), x > 0, at the spacelike case ϵ = 1, and y = log (cosh x), x ∈ ℝ, at the timelike case ϵ = −1 (see Figure 15). Using (37), their intrinsic equations are given by κ(s) = − csch s, s < 0, and κ(s) = sec s, |s| < π/2, respectively.

$Fig. 15 Curves with 𝓚(y) = ey; spacelike (left), timelike (right).$

Fig. 15

Curves with 𝓚(y) = e^y; spacelike (left), timelike (right).

It is straightforward to check that both curves satisfy the translating-type soliton equation κ = g ((0, 1), N). Hence we have obtained in this section (see also Section 7.1 in [10]) Lorentzian versions of the grim-reaper curves of Euclidean plane. We will simply call them Lorentzian grim-reapers. As a summary, we conclude with the following geometric characterization of them.

Corollary 5.1

The Lorentzian grim-reapery = log (sinh x), x > 0, is the only spacelike curve (up to translations in thex-direction) in 𝕃²with geometric linear momentum 𝓚(y) = e^y.
The Lorentzian grim-reapery = log (cosh x), x ∈ ℝ, is the only timelike curve (up to translations in thex-direction) in 𝕃²with geometric linear momentum 𝓚(y) = e^y.

5.2 Case 𝓚(y) = e^y + c, c ≠ 0

When c ≠ 0, it is longer and more difficult to get the arc parameter s as a function of y; however, we can eliminate ds using parts (ii) and (iii) in Remark 2.2. Putting u = e^y, we obtain:

x=x(y)=∫(u+c)duuP(u),P(u)=u2+2cu+c2+ϵ.

If c = 0, we recover the Lorentzian grim-reaper curves studied in the previous section. If c ≠ 0, we distinguish the following cases according to the expression of polynomial P(u):

Spacelike case (ϵ = 1), 𝓚(y) = e^y + c:
x=arcsinh(ey+c)−cc2+1arcsinhc+(c2+1)e−y.
We notice that if c = 0 above, we recover the graph y = log (sinh x) (see Figure 16).
$Fig. 16 Curves with 𝓚(y) = ey + c; spacelike c ≤ 0 (left), spacelike c ≥ 0 (right).$
Fig. 16
Curves with 𝓚(y) = e^y + c; spacelike c ≤ 0 (left), spacelike c ≥ 0 (right).
Timelike case (ϵ = −1):
1. 𝓚(y) = e^y + 1: (see Figure 17)
  $Fig. 17 Timelike curves with 𝓚(y) = ey + 1 (left) and 𝓚(y) = ey − 1 (right).$
  Fig. 17
  Timelike curves with 𝓚(y) = e^y + 1 (left) and 𝓚(y) = e^y − 1 (right).
  x=2log⁡(ey+ey+2)−1+2e−y,y∈R.
2. 𝓚(y) = e^y − 1: (see Figure 17):
  x=2log⁡(ey+ey−2)−1−2e−y,y>log⁡2.
3. 𝓚(y) = e^y + c, |c| > 1:
  x=log2(P(ey)+ey+c)−cc2−1log2e−y(c2−1P(ey)+cey+c2−1)
4. 𝓚(y) = e^y + c, |c| < 1:
  x=log2(P(ey)+ey+c)+c1−c2arcsinc+(c2−1)e−y.

6 Other integrable curves in 𝕃²

The aim of this section is to collect some interesting curves in 𝕃² that can be easily determined by their geometric linear momentum, following the strategy described in Theorem 2.1 and Remark 2.2.

6.1 Timelike curves in 𝕃² such that κ(y) = csch²y

In this case, being y ≠ 0, we only consider the geometric linear momentum 𝓚 (y) = −coth y. Then:

s=∫dycoth2⁡y−1=±∫sinh⁡ydy=±cosh⁡y.

Thus:

y(s)=±arccoshs,s>1,

and

x(s)=−∫coth⁡y(s)ds=∓∫sdss2−1=∓s2−1,s>1.

We arrive at the graph x = −sinh y, y ∈ ℝ, whose intrinsic equation is (using that κ(y) = csch²y) given by κ(s)=1s2−1,s>1. We get a similar expression to the Lorentzian catenary of the first kind (see Section 4.1) and, taking into account Remark 2.7, we conclude this new characterization.

Corollary 6.1

The Lorentzian catenary of the first kindy = − sinh x, x ∈ ℝ, is the only spacelike curve (up to translations in they-direction) in 𝕃²with geometric linear momentum 𝓚(x) = −coth x.

6.2 Spacelike curves in 𝕃² such that κ(y) = sec²y

Considering |y| < π/2, we only afford the case 𝓚 (y) = tan y, since then:

s=∫dytan2⁡y+1=±∫cos⁡ydy=±sin⁡y.

Thus:

y(s)=±arcsin⁡s,|s|<1,

and

x(s)=∫tan⁡y(s)ds=±∫sds1−s2=∓1−s2,|s|<1.

We obtain the graph x = ∓ cos y, |y| < π/2, whose intrinsic equation is (using that κ(y) = sec²y) given by κ(s)=11−s2,|s|<1. We arrive at the same expression as for the Lorentzian catenary of the second kind (see Section 4.1) and we deduce this new uniqueness result.

Corollary 6.2

The Lorentzian catenary of the second kindx = ± cos y, |y| < π/2, is the only spacelike curve (up to translations in thex-direction) in 𝕃²with geometric linear momentum 𝓚(y) = tan y.

6.3 Timelike curves in 𝕃² such that κ(y) = sinh y

If we take 𝓚 (y) = cosh y, we have:

s=∫dycosh2⁡y−1=∫dysinh⁡ydy=log⁡(tanh⁡(y/2)).

Thus:

y(s)=2arctanhes,s<0,

and

x(s)=∫cosh⁡y(s)ds=−∫coth⁡sds=−logsinh⁡(−s),s<0.

After a straightforward computation, we arrive at the graph x = log sinh y, y > 0, whose intrinsic equation is (using that κ(y) = sinh y) given by κ(s) = −csch s, s < 0. We get a similar expression to the spacelike Lorentzian grim-reaper (see Section 5.1) and, making use of Remark 2.7, we deduce this new characterization.

Corollary 6.3

The Lorentzian grim-reapery = log (sinh x), x > 0, is the only spacelike curve (up to translations in they-direction) in 𝕃²with geometric linear momentum 𝓚(x) = cosh x.

6.4 Spacelike curves in 𝕃² such that κ(y) = cosh y

We only consider the case 𝓚 (y) = sinh y. Then:

s=∫dysinh2+1=∫dycosh⁡y=2arctan⁡ey.

Thus it is easy to obtain

y(s)=logtan⁡(s/2),|s|<π

and

x(s)=log⁡(2cscs),|s|<π.

Using that κ(y) = cosh y, its intrinsic equation is given by κ(s) = csc s, |s| < π (see Figure 18).

$Fig. 18 Spacelike curve with 𝓚(y) = sinh y.$

Fig. 18

Spacelike curve with 𝓚(y) = sinh y.

Acknowledgement

Research of the two first named authors was partially supported by a MEC-FEDER grant MTM2017-89677-P . Research of the third named author was partially supported by a MECD grant FPU16/03096.

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Received: 2018-02-22

Accepted: 2018-05-15

Published Online: 2018-07-17

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/math-2018-0069

Keywords for this article

Lorentzian curves; Curvature; Elastic curves; Catenaries; Grim-reaper curves

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Curves in the Lorentz-Minkowski plane: elasticae, catenaries and grim-reapers

Article

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Spacelike and timelike curves in Lorentz-Minkowski plane

2.1 Curves in 𝕃2 such that κ = κ(y)

Theorem 2.1

Remark 2.2

Example 2.3

Example 2.4

Remark 2.5

2.2 Curves in 𝕃2 such that κ = κ(x)

Theorem 2.6

Remark 2.7

3 Elastic curves in the Lorentz-Minkowski plane

Proposition 3.1

Proof

3.1 Spacelike elastic curves in the Lorentz-Minkowski plane

3.2 Timelike elastic curves in the Lorentz-Minkowski plane

3.2.1 Timelike elastic curves in 𝕃2 with 𝓚 (y) = y2± 1

3.2.2 Timelike elastic curves in 𝕃2 with 𝓚 (y) = y2 + cosh2δ, δ > 0

3.2.3 Timelike elastic curves in 𝕃2 with 𝓚 (y) = y2 + sin ψ, |ψ| < π/2

3.2.4 Timelike elastic curves in 𝕃2 with 𝓚 (y) = y2 − cosh2τ, τ > 0

4 Curves in 𝕃2 such that κ(y) = λ/y2, λ > 0

4.1 Case 𝓚(y) = −1/y. Lorentzian catenaries

Corollary 4.1

4.2 Case 𝓚(y) = c − 1/y, c ≠ 0

5 Curves in 𝕃2 such that κ(y) = λ ey, λ > 0

5.1 Case 𝓚(y) = ey. Lorentzian grim-reapers

Corollary 5.1

5.2 Case 𝓚(y) = ey + c, c ≠ 0

6 Other integrable curves in 𝕃2

6.1 Timelike curves in 𝕃2 such that κ(y) = csch2y

Corollary 6.1

6.2 Spacelike curves in 𝕃2 such that κ(y) = sec2y

Corollary 6.2

6.3 Timelike curves in 𝕃2 such that κ(y) = sinh y

Corollary 6.3

6.4 Spacelike curves in 𝕃2 such that κ(y) = cosh y

Acknowledgement

References

Articles in the same Issue

Articles in the same Issue

Articles in the same Issue

2.1 Curves in 𝕃² such that κ = κ(y)

2.2 Curves in 𝕃² such that κ = κ(x)

3.2.1 Timelike elastic curves in 𝕃² with 𝓚 (y) = y²± 1

3.2.2 Timelike elastic curves in 𝕃² with 𝓚 (y) = y² + cosh²δ, δ > 0

3.2.3 Timelike elastic curves in 𝕃² with 𝓚 (y) = y² + sin ψ, |ψ| < π/2

3.2.4 Timelike elastic curves in 𝕃² with 𝓚 (y) = y² − cosh²τ, τ > 0

4 Curves in 𝕃² such that κ(y) = λ/y², λ > 0

5 Curves in 𝕃² such that κ(y) = λ e^y, λ > 0

5.1 Case 𝓚(y) = e^y. Lorentzian grim-reapers

5.2 Case 𝓚(y) = e^y + c, c ≠ 0

6 Other integrable curves in 𝕃²

6.1 Timelike curves in 𝕃² such that κ(y) = csch²y

6.2 Spacelike curves in 𝕃² such that κ(y) = sec²y

6.3 Timelike curves in 𝕃² such that κ(y) = sinh y

6.4 Spacelike curves in 𝕃² such that κ(y) = cosh y