Startseite Naturwissenschaften Determination of flow distance of the fluid metal due to fluidity in ductile iron casting by artificial neural networks approach
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Determination of flow distance of the fluid metal due to fluidity in ductile iron casting by artificial neural networks approach

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Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 7. Oktober 2022
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Open Chemistry
Aus der Zeitschrift Open Chemistry Band 20 Heft 1

Abstract

Ductile irons (DIs) have properties such as high strength, ductility, and toughness, as well as a low degree of melting, good fluidity, and good machining. Having these characteristics make them the most preferred among cast irons. The combination of excellent properties, especially in DI castings with a thin section, make it an alternative for steel casting and forging. But in the manufacture of thin-section parts, fluidity characteristics need to be improved and the liquid metal must fill the mold completely. The fluidity of liquid metal is influenced by many factors depending on the casting processes such as material and mold properties, casting temperature, inoculation, globalization, and grain refinement. In this study, an artificial neural network (ANN) model has been developed that allows for determining the flow distance of the liquid metal in the sand mold casting method under changing casting conditions of DI. Thus, the flow distance was estimated depending on the cross-sectional thickness during the sand casting under changing casting conditions. The experimental parameters were determined as casting temperature, liquid metal metallurgy quality, cross-sectional thickness, and filling time. Filling modeling was performed with FlowCast software. When the results were examined, it was seen that the developed ANN model has high success in predicting the flow distances of the liquid metal under different casting conditions. The calculated coefficient of determination (R 2) value of 0.986 confirms the high prediction performance of the model.

Keywords: fluidity; ductile iron; artificial neural network; prediction; casting simulation

1 Introduction

Although there are many alternative materials, more than 90% of the metallic materials used today are iron alloys, which are divided into two groups steel and cast iron according to the carbon (C) content in the alloys [1]. Cast irons are iron-based alloys with a carbon content high enough to exceed their solubility in iron [2]. In comparison with steel, cast irons are known to be economical materials with relatively low melting temperatures, good fluidity, and castability [3]. The material obtained as a result of inoculation and adding small amounts of spheroidizing additives such as Mg and Ce to the molten iron before the casting process is called ductile iron (DI). It consists of sphere-shaped graphite dispersed in a matrix resembling steel. This situation has brought a different dimension to the engineering applications of cast irons [3]. The most commonly used spheroidizing element is Fe–Si–Mg alloys, which are used in an alloyed form with Fe and Si [4]. DI has a very wide range of applications in the automotive industry, such as engines, suspension components, wind turbines, wheel, bearing, gear manufacturing, pistons, and machine tool bearings [5–7]. It has properties of high strength, low melting point, ductility, toughness, and good machinability. These features are the main reason why it is the most preferred among cast irons [8,9]. DI casting, especially due to its high strength-to-density ratio, can be lighter, have better mechanical properties, and be more economical compared to aluminum alloys in the production of thin-section materials [10,11]. In addition, it is a very suitable alloy group as an alternative material for steel casting and forging in thin-section applications [12,13].

The production processes of parts by casting involve two important steps, the first is the filling of the melt into a mold, and the second stage is the process of solidification and cooling [14]. In a study conducted on the mold filling process, it was noted that the liquid metal affects the heat transfer and solidification properties, which in turn affects the fluidity of the liquid metal [15]. In addition, it was explained that the fluidity of the liquid metal during mold filling is affected by the thermal properties of the liquid metal and mold, pouring conditions, reinforcing properties, and solidification mechanisms [16]. Fluidity, in casting terminology, is the distance at which a metal will move through the mold without solidifying when casting at a certain temperature, in other words, the molten metal completely fills the inside of the mold cavity. Metals that are not sufficiently fluid can cause insufficient casting, especially in thinner sections of the casting mold [17,18]. Therefore, it is an important property for obtaining sound castings with thin sections. In addition, it is influenced by many factors, such as viscosity, oxide film, chemical composition, melting point, latent heat, melting surface tension, solidification mode, super heating, the mold surface heat transfer coefficient, specific gravity, mold conductivity, and mold temperature [19,20]. The castability of the metal is a parameter that is determined as the distance for the metal flow in the channel of the sand mold before the flow stops with the progressive solidification process [21]. Fluidity in sand molds depends not only on chemical composition but also on casting temperature, flow rate, section thickness, and metallurgical factors.

In a study on the investigation of DI fluidity, it was determined that the difference in mold material causes different flow distances of the liquid metal at different section thicknesses [22]. In a similar study, casting temperature was found to be important in the casting of thin section parts. It was also observed that the temperature drop and the increased cooling rate affected the mold filling [23]. In another study, it was reported that the flow distance and the range of solidification temperature were inversely proportional [24]. In a study of DI casting with different section thicknesses, it was observed that the flow distance of Fe–C–2Si cast iron was higher than that of Fe–C–2Al cast iron, regardless of the section thickness [25]. In a study investigating the effect of alloy addition on fluidity, casting experiments were carried out at different temperatures by adding various amounts of Cr and Ni to AISI 1040 steel. In the related study, it was determined that the most important factor in fluidity was temperature, and the addition of Cr and Ni increased the fluidity of the steel [26]. In a study examining the effect of Ni and Si contents on the fluidity of Al–Ni–Si alloys, it is understood that the fluidity of Al–Ni–Si alloys can be increased when the Si content is less than 3% by weight and the Ni content varies between 2 and 6% by weight [27]. There are various studies in the literature on the fluidity and flow distance of the liquid metal of DI and different alloys. However, there is no artificial neural network (ANN) model that evaluates the parameters of metallurgical quality, cross-sectional thickness, casting temperature, and filling time in DI together. For this reason, an ANN model has been developed in the study that estimates the flow distance of the liquid metal by considering the four related parameters.

ANNs are an artificial intelligence technology developed and inspired by the working mechanism of nerve cells in the human brain. The main purposes of use can be expressed as classification, clustering, curve fitting, forecasting, image processing, and the ability to create solutions to nonlinear problems. In addition, it has many advantages, such as the ability to work with incomplete information, have fault tolerance, process unclear information, and has distributed memory. When the literature is examined, it is seen that ANNs are used in many different fields for purposes such as prediction, diagnosis, classification, clustering, and error detection. Studies related to the field of production show that ANN is used to predict experimental results, analyze the effects of process parameters, and predict mechanical properties in manufacturing, such as casting and welding processes [28–32]. When the studies conducted in the field of production planning are examined, it is seen that the ANN is used to solve the production redistribution problem, the batch sizing problem, and the labor scheduling problem [33–35]. In addition, there are many studies in which ANN is also used in the field of finance and medicine [36–42]. On the other hand, there have been no studies in which fluidity has been examined with ANNs in the process of DI casting into sand molds. With this study, it will be possible to use ANN in new application areas by adding research in a specific casting process to the research studies in the ANN literature. In addition, the examination of fluidity using ANN will make a significant contribution to the casting process literature.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Filling modeling

In terms of study, filling modeling was performed in the sand mold casting method under changing casting conditions of DI material. Thus, the feed distance of the liquid metal was determined depending on the cross-sectional thickness during the castings made into the sand mold under changing casting conditions. Experiment parameters have been identified as casting temperature range between 1,350 and 1,500°C, the metallurgical quality of liquid metal has a value range of 10–90%, cross-sectional thickness between 1 and 5 mm, and filling time between 3 and 9 s (Table 1).

Table 1

Experimental parameters and levels

Level no. Cross-sectional thickness (mm) Casting temperature (°C) Metallurgical quality (%) Filling time (s)
1 1 1,350 10 3
2 3 1,400 50 6
3 5 1,450 90 9
4 1,500

In determining the experimental parameters and in the sand casting method, the parameters have been selected related to the fluidity properties of the alloy which have the most impact on the manufacturing process. Model geometry, a design adapted to the fluidity test model with a width of 20 mm and a length of 500 mm was carried out. In cases where the length of the liquid metal channel has changed, it has been deliberately kept long, so the liquid metal cannot fully progress, thus it is aimed to measure the flow distance of the liquid metal. In addition, it was aimed to determine which thickness castings can be made with the model criterion after the relevant simulation studies by selecting the cross-sectional thickness of 1–5 mm. Figure 1 shows the test bar measurements and the solid model image used in fluidity modeling.

Figure 1 (a) Fluidity test model measurement and (b) solid model image used in fluidity modeling.
Figure 1

(a) Fluidity test model measurement and (b) solid model image used in fluidity modeling.

Modeling of casting processes is a necessary mathematical method that the computer can quickly and accurately predict what is happening in the mold in the duration of filling the mold and after filling it. These programs usually calculate using finite difference or finite element techniques. They have the ability to model the given casting geometry with the thermo-physical properties and boundary conditions of the materials that can also be entered by the users and contained in their own databases for different casting and mold materials. The casting geometry of the model was first created as a solid model in the SolidWorks program. Then, it was converted to STL format and transferred to the casting simulation program. In SolidCast casting simulation software, the type and thermo-physical properties of the casting alloy and mold material are defined in Table 2 according to the specified values.

Table 2

Thermo-physical properties of the casting material and the mold

Material Thermal conductivity (W/m K) Specific heat (J/kg K) Freezing range (°C) Density (kg/m3) Latent heat of fusion (J/kg)
Casting material Perlitic DI 25.944 460.24 44.63 7176.06 230115.6
Mold Silica sand 0.59 1075.288 — 1521.71 —

The material properties of the solid model geometry are transferred to the program by granulating. It is ensured that the specified boundary conditions are solved in the simulation program for each element. The filling modeling studies were carried out with the FlowCast program running depending on the SolidCast casting simulation software. According to FlowCast fluid dynamics criteria, it also calculates factors such as turbulence, incomplete filling, cold joining, and pressure when filling liquid metal into the mold cavity. Figure 2 shows the sample images obtained as a result of FlowCast casting filling modeling.

Figure 2 Sample image taken from FlowCast filling modeling software.
Figure 2

Sample image taken from FlowCast filling modeling software.

The approach in a similar study was used to determine the flow distances of the liquid metal from the casting modeling results [43]. In this context, side images were uploaded to the program and the channel length was defined as 500 mm. Subsequently, flow distances were determined.

A total of 108 experiments were carried out depending on the experimental parameters and levels. An example section of the experiment results is given in Table 3.

Table 3

Variation of flow distances of the liquid metal depending on the experimental parameters

Experiment no. Cross-sectional thickness (mm) Casting temperature (°C) Metallurgical quality (%) Filling time (s) Experiment results
1 5 1,400 10 6 200.54
2 5 1,500 90 3 448.1
3 1 1,450 10 3 148.4
4 3 1,350 90 9 87.92
24 1 1,450 90 6 121.95
25 5 1,400 50 6 224.05
50 3 1,450 90 6 161.66
51 1 1,450 50 9 87.92
76 3 1,450 90 9 119.12
77 5 1,450 90 3 371.53
… … … … … …
106 1 1,500 90 6 131.59
107 5 1,450 10 6 235.39
108 1 1,500 10 6 129.34

2.2 Development of the ANN model

At this stage, an ANN model has been developed to predict flow distances of the liquid metal in sand mold casting processes of DI with high accuracy.

2.2.1 Determination of input and output variables

The parameters of metallurgical quality, cross-sectional thickness, casting temperature, and filling time were determined as input variables. The output variable is the flow distance of the liquid metal. The general structure of the network is shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3 The topology of the developed ANN model.
Figure 3

The topology of the developed ANN model.

2.2.2 Determining the type of network

Although there are many types of ANNs, it can be said that multilayer perceptron, LVQ network, ART networks, SOM networks, and Elman network are widely used. Multilayer perceptrons are also known as feed-forward back propagation network structures. This network structure has a fairly wide range of uses due to its ability to generate solutions to nonlinear problems and make generalizations [44]. For this reason, multilayer perceptrons have been preferred as the network type.

2.2.3 Determination of the training and test set

While developing ANN models, a data set related to the problem area is needed. This data set is divided into training and test set. A large number of samples in the training and test set will allow training and testing of the network with different samples, thus this will have a positive effect on the performance of the network. As for the problem area, examples may contain a number of non-numeric data. In this case, these data must be digitized. So ANNs work with numeric data [44]. Another aspect in determining the training and test set concerns the size of the training and test set. Usually, 70–80% of the total data is used in training and 20–30% is used in the testing process. This issue was also taken into account while determining the training and test set, and 86 of the total 108 experimental data were used to train the network, also 22 were used to measure the performance of the network. The data in the training and test set are subjected to normalization before being delivered to the network. The applied normalization formula is as follows:

(1) X = ( X i − X min ) ( X max − X min ) .

The normalized version of the data in the training and test set is given in Tables 4 and 5.

Table 4

An example section of the normalized training set

Data no. Cross-sectional thickness (mm) Casting temperature (°C) Metallurgical quality (%) Filling time (s) Experiment results
1 1 1 1 0 1
2 0.5 0 1 1 0.047973991
3 1 0.333333333 1 1 0.407792139
30 1 0 0 0.5 0.257870113
31 0 0.333333333 0 0.5 0.097454603
53 0 1 1 1 0.071207676
54 1 0 0 1 0.13792192
… … … … … …
84 0.5 1 0.5 1 0.1701689
85 0 1 1 0.5 0.163402321
86 1 0.666666667 0 0.5 0.437765972
Table 5

An example section of the normalized test set

Data no. Cross-sectional thickness (mm) Casting temperature (°C) Metallurgical quality (%) Filling time (s) Experiment results
1 1 0.333333333 0 0.5 0.465494792
2 0 0.666666667 0 0 0.266276042
3 0.5 0 1 0 0.348889803
10 0.5 0.333333333 1 0.5 0.203125
11 0 1 0 0.5 0.163274397
…
20 1 1 1 1 0.620990954
21 1 1 0.5 0.5 0.659847862
22 0.5 0.666666667 0.5 0.5 0.261410362

2.2.4 Selection of the training algorithm and the transfer function

Although there are many different training algorithms used in the ANN, the Levenberg–Marquardt training algorithm was used because it is faster and more reliable than other training algorithms [45]. As a transfer function, the Log-Sigmoid function formula is used as given below:

(2) a = logsig ( n ) = 1 1 + e − n .

2.2.5 Determination of the number of neurons in the hidden layer

Regarding the ANN, there is no clear approach that expresses what kind of network topology should be created in which situations. In multilayer perceptrons, the number of neurons in the input and output layers can be determined according to the type of problem, but the number of neurons in the hidden layer cannot be determined clearly. For this reason, the performances of multilayer perceptron models with different neuron numbers in the hidden layer have been studied. As a result of these studies, the number of neurons in the hidden layer of the model with the least error value is determined as the most appropriate neuron number of the hidden layer [44].

2.2.6 Measuring the performance of the network

The performance of a developed ANN model is measured by the correct estimation rate of the samples in the test set. In some cases, the network can predict the data in the training set with a very high accuracy rate, but this prediction rate may remain very low in the test set. In this case, it is concluded that the network memorizes instead of learning. In order to avoid such situations and to achieve high prediction accuracy, the network is tested with a test set consisting of samples that are not included in the training set. The high performance of the network depends on the minimum difference between the estimated values produced for the samples in the test set and the output values in the test set. At this stage, the performance measurement of the ANN models will be performed with Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) and R 2:

(3) MAPE = 100 % n ∑ t = 1 n | At − Ft At | .

3 Results and discussion

The Matlab software was used in the development of ANN models. In order to determine the ANN model with the best prediction performance, ANN models with different hidden layer neuron numbers were created. Each ANN model was subjected to a training and testing process. The prediction performances of these models are shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4 MAPE values of the developed ANN models.
Figure 4

MAPE values of the developed ANN models.

As Figure 4 is examined, it is seen that the prediction performance of these models changes as the number of neurons in the hidden layer of ANN models changes. Prediction performances vary approximately between 81 and 95%, and the highest prediction performance was achieved when the number of neurons in the hidden layer was six. Thus, the ANN model that gives the best prediction performance was determined, and the prediction performance of this model was determined as 95.12%. Then, regression analysis was performed for this model. The result of the analysis is included in Figure 5.

Figure 5 Regression analysis of the ANN model with six neurons in its hidden layer.
Figure 5

Regression analysis of the ANN model with six neurons in its hidden layer.

As a result of the analysis, the regression equation and the coefficient of determination (R 2) were obtained. The coefficient of determination calculated expresses the harmony of the actual flow distance of the liquid metal and the estimated flow distance of the liquid metal produced by the ANN model. The closer the obtained value is to one, the better the fit. Here, the R 2 value is calculated as 0.986. This obtained value emphasizes that the developed ANN model makes quite successful predictions as it was shown in some other previous works [46–54].

4 Conclusion

In this study, it is aimed to estimate the flow distance of the liquid metal in the sand casting process of DI depending on the parameters of cross-sectional thickness, casting temperature, metallurgical quality, and filling time. In this context, ANN models with different numbers of neurons in the hidden layer have been developed. The data obtained from 108 experiments were used in the training and testing processes of these models. Then, the prediction performances of the models were examined in terms of the MAPE error measure and it was determined that the ANN model with six neurons in its hidden layer had the best prediction performance. In addition, regression analysis was performed for this model. Thus, the regression equation and R 2 were obtained. The R 2 value calculated for this ANN model also confirms the high prediction consistency of the relevant model (R 2 = 0.986).

  1. Funding information: This research received no external funding.

  2. Conflict of interest: The author declares no conflict of interest.

  3. Data availability statement: Not applicable.

  4. Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

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Received: 2022-08-16
Revised: 2022-08-25
Accepted: 2022-08-29
Published Online: 2022-10-07

© 2022 Çağatay Teke, published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B in aqueous phase by bimetallic metal-organic framework M/Fe-MOF (M = Co, Cu, and Mg)
  3. Assessment of using electronic portal imaging device for analysing bolus material utilised in radiation therapy
  4. A detailed investigation on highly dense CuZr bulk metallic glasses for shielding purposes
  5. Simulation of gamma-ray shielding properties for materials of medical interest
  6. Environmental impact assesment regulation applications and their analysis in Turkey
  7. Sample age effect on parameters of dynamic nuclear polarization in certain difluorobenzen isomers/MC800 asphaltene suspensions
  8. Passenger demand forecasting for railway systems
  9. Design of a Robust sliding mode controller for bioreactor cultures in overflow metabolism via an interdisciplinary approach
  10. Gamma, neutron, and heavy charged ion shielding properties of Er3+-doped and Sm3+-doped zinc borate glasses
  11. Bridging chiral de-tert-butylcalix[4]arenes: Optical resolution based on column chromatography and structural characterization
  12. Petrology and geochemistry of multiphase post-granitic dikes: A case study from the Gabal Serbal area, Southwestern Sinai, Egypt
  13. Comparison of the yield and purity of plasma exosomes extracted by ultracentrifugation, precipitation, and membrane-based approaches
  14. Bioactive triterpenoids from Indonesian medicinal plant Syzygium aqueum
  15. Investigation of the effects of machining parameters on surface integrity in micromachining
  16. The mesoporous aluminosilicate application as support for bifunctional catalysts for n-hexadecane hydroconversion
  17. Gamma-ray shielding properties of Nd2O3-added iron–boron–phosphate-based composites
  18. Numerical investigation on perforated sheet metals under tension loading
  19. Statistical analysis on the radiological assessment and geochemical studies of granite rocks in the north of Um Taghir area, Eastern Desert, Egypt
  20. Two new polypodane-type bicyclic triterpenoids from mastic
  21. Structural, physical, and mechanical properties of the TiO2 added hydroxyapatite composites
  22. Tribological properties and characterization of borided Co–Mg alloys
  23. Studies on Anemone nemorosa L. extracts; polyphenols profile, antioxidant activity, and effects on Caco-2 cells by in vitro and in silico studies
  24. Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, transmission factors, and gamma-ray-shielding performances of Bi2O3–P2O5–B2O3–V2O5 quaternary glass system
  25. Cyclic connectivity index of bipolar fuzzy incidence graph
  26. The role of passage numbers of donor cells in the development of Arabian Oryx – Cow interspecific somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos
  27. Mechanical property evaluation of tellurite–germanate glasses and comparison of their radiation-shielding characteristics using EPICS2017 to other glass systems
  28. Molecular screening of ionic liquids for CO2 absorption and molecular dynamic simulation
  29. Microwave-assisted preparation of Ag/Fe magnetic biochar from clivia leaves for adsorbing daptomycin antibiotics
  30. Iminodisuccinic acid enhances antioxidant and mineral element accumulation in young leaves of Ziziphus jujuba
  31. Cytotoxic activity of guaiane-type sesquiterpene lactone (deoxycynaropicrin) isolated from the leaves of Centaurothamnus maximus
  32. Effects of welding parameters on the angular distortion of welded steel plates
  33. Simulation of a reactor considering the Stamicarbon, Snamprogetti, and Toyo patents for obtaining urea
  34. Effect of different ramie (Boehmeria nivea L. Gaud) cultivars on the adsorption of heavy metal ions cadmium and lead in the remediation of contaminated farmland soils
  35. Impact of a live bacterial-based direct-fed microbial (DFM) postpartum and weaning system on performance, mortality, and health of Najdi lambs
  36. Anti-tumor effect of liposomes containing extracted Murrayafoline A against liver cancer cells in 2D and 3D cultured models
  37. Physicochemical properties and some mineral concentration of milk samples from different animals and altitudes
  38. Copper(ii) complexes supported by modified azo-based ligands: Nucleic acid binding and molecular docking studies
  39. Diagnostic and therapeutic radioisotopes in nuclear medicine: Determination of gamma-ray transmission factors and safety competencies of high-dense and transparent glassy shields
  40. Calculation of NaI(Tl) detector efficiency using 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K radioisotopes: Three-phase Monte Carlo simulation study
  41. Isolation and identification of unstable components from Caesalpinia sappan by high-speed counter-current chromatography combined with preparative high-performance liquid chromatography
  42. Quantification of biomarkers and evaluation of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxicity properties of Dodonaea viscosa grown in Saudi Arabia using HPTLC technique
  43. Characterization of the elastic modulus of ceramic–metal composites with physical and mechanical properties by ultrasonic technique
  44. GC-MS analysis of Vespa velutina auraria Smith and its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities in vitro
  45. Texturing of nanocoatings for surface acoustic wave-based sensors for volatile organic compounds
  46. Insights into the molecular basis of some chalcone analogues as potential inhibitors of Leishmania donovani: An integrated in silico and in vitro study
  47. (1R,2S,5R)-5-Methyl-2-(propan-2-yl)cyclohexyl 4-amino-3-phenylbutanoate hydrochloride: Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity
  48. On the relative extraction rates of colour compounds and caffeine during brewing, an investigation of tea over time and temperature
  49. Characterization of egg shell powder-doped ceramic–metal composites
  50. Rapeseed oil-based hippurate amide nanocomposite coating material for anticorrosive and antibacterial applications
  51. Chemically modified Teucrium polium (Lamiaceae) plant act as an effective adsorbent tool for potassium permanganate (KMnO4) in wastewater remediation
  52. Efficiency analysis of photovoltaic systems installed in different geographical locations
  53. Risk prioritization model driven by success factor in the light of multicriteria decision making
  54. Theoretical investigations on the excited-state intramolecular proton transfer in the solvated 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde carbohydrazone
  55. Mechanical and gamma-ray shielding examinations of Bi2O3–PbO–CdO–B2O3 glass system
  56. Machine learning-based forecasting of potability of drinking water through adaptive boosting model
  57. The potential effect of the Rumex vesicarius water seeds extract treatment on mice before and during pregnancy on the serum enzymes and the histology of kidney and liver
  58. Impact of benzimidazole functional groups on the n-doping properties of benzimidazole derivatives
  59. Extraction of red pigment from Chinese jujube peel and the antioxidant activity of the pigment extracts
  60. Flexural strength and thermal properties of carbon black nanoparticle reinforced epoxy composites obtained from waste tires
  61. A focusing study on radioprotective and antioxidant effects of Annona muricata leaf extract in the circulation and liver tissue: Clinical and experimental studies
  62. Clinical comprehensive and experimental assessment of the radioprotective effect of Annona muricata leaf extract to prevent cellular damage in the ileum tissue
  63. Effect of WC content on ultrasonic properties, thermal and electrical conductivity of WC–Co–Ni–Cr composites
  64. Influence of various class cleaning agents for prosthesis on Co–Cr alloy surface
  65. The synthesis of nanocellulose-based nanocomposites for the effective removal of hexavalent chromium ions from aqueous solution
  66. Study on the influence of physical interlayers on the remaining oil production under different development modes
  67. Optimized linear regression control of DC motor under various disturbances
  68. Influence of different sample preparation strategies on hypothesis-driven shotgun proteomic analysis of human saliva
  69. Determination of flow distance of the fluid metal due to fluidity in ductile iron casting by artificial neural networks approach
  70. Investigation of mechanical activation effect on high-volume natural pozzolanic cements
  71. In vitro: Anti-coccidia activity of Calotropis procera leaf extract on Eimeria papillata oocysts sporulation and sporozoite
  72. Determination of oil composition of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) seeds under influence of organic fertilizer forms
  73. Activated partial thromboplastin time maybe associated with the prognosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma
  74. Treatment of rat brain ischemia model by NSCs-polymer scaffold transplantation
  75. Lead and cadmium removal with native yeast from coastal wetlands
  76. Characterization of electroless Ni-coated Fe–Co composite using powder metallurgy
  77. Ferrate synthesis using NaOCl and its application for dye removal
  78. Antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anticholinesterase potential of Chenopodium murale L. extracts using in vitro and in vivo approaches
  79. Study on essential oil, antioxidant activity, anti-human prostate cancer effects, and induction of apoptosis by Equisetum arvense
  80. Experimental study on turning machine with permanent magnetic cutting tool
  81. Numerical simulation and mathematical modeling of the casting process for pearlitic spheroidal graphite cast iron
  82. Design, synthesis, and cytotoxicity evaluation of novel thiophene, pyrimidine, pyridazine, and pyridine: Griseofulvin heterocyclic extension derivatives
  83. Isolation and identification of promising antibiotic-producing bacteria
  84. Ultrasonic-induced reversible blood–brain barrier opening: Safety evaluation into the cellular level
  85. Evaluation of phytochemical and antioxidant potential of various extracts from traditionally used medicinal plants of Pakistan
  86. Effect of calcium lactate in standard diet on selected markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in ovariectomized rats
  87. Identification of crucial salivary proteins/genes and pathways involved in pathogenesis of temporomandibular disorders
  88. Zirconium-modified attapulgite was used for removing of Cr(vi) in aqueous solution
  89. The stress distribution of different types of restorative materials in primary molar
  90. Reducing surface heat loss in steam boilers
  91. Deformation behavior and formability of friction stir processed DP600 steel
  92. Synthesis and characterization of bismuth oxide/commercial activated carbon composite for battery anode
  93. Phytochemical analysis of Ziziphus jujube leaf at different foliar ages based on widely targeted metabolomics
  94. Effects of in ovo injection of black cumin (Nigella sativa) extract on hatching performance of broiler eggs
  95. Separation and evaluation of potential antioxidant, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activities of limonene-rich essential oils from Citrus sinensis (L.)
  96. Bioactivity of a polyhydroxy gorgostane steroid from Xenia umbellata
  97. BiCAM-based automated scoring system for digital logic circuit diagrams
  98. Analysis of standard systems with solar monitoring systems
  99. Structural and spectroscopic properties of voriconazole and fluconazole – Experimental and theoretical studies
  100. New plant resistance inducers based on polyamines
  101. Experimental investigation of single-lap bolted and bolted/bonded (hybrid) joints of polymeric plates
  102. Investigation of inlet air pressure and evaporative cooling of four different cogeneration cycles
  103. Review Articles
  104. Comprehensive review on synthesis, physicochemical properties, and application of activated carbon from the Arecaceae plants for enhanced wastewater treatment
  105. Research progress on speciation analysis of arsenic in traditional Chinese medicine
  106. Recent modified air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction applications for medicines and organic compounds in various samples: A review
  107. An insight on Vietnamese bio-waste materials as activated carbon precursors for multiple applications in environmental protection
  108. Antimicrobial activities of the extracts and secondary metabolites from Clausena genus – A review
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  113. Corrigendum
  114. Corrigendum to “Petrology and geochemistry of multiphase post-granitic dikes: A case study from the Gabal Serbal area, Southwestern Sinai, Egypt”
  115. Corrigendum to “Design of a Robust sliding mode controller for bioreactor cultures in overflow metabolism via an interdisciplinary approach”
  116. Corrigendum to “Statistical analysis on the radiological assessment and geochemical studies of granite rocks in the north of Um Taghir area, Eastern Desert, Egypt”
  117. Corrigendum to “Aroma components of tobacco powder from different producing areas based on gas chromatography ion mobility spectrometry”
  118. Corrigendum to “Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, transmission factors, and gamma-ray-shielding performances of Bi2O3–P2O5–B2O3–V2O5 quaternary glass system”
  119. Erratum
  120. Erratum to “Copper(ii) complexes supported by modified azo-based ligands: Nucleic acid binding and molecular docking studies”
  121. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology (ABB 2021)
  122. Study of solidification and stabilization of heavy metals by passivators in heavy metal-contaminated soil
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  127. Special Issue on Ethnobotanical, Phytochemical and Biological Investigation of Medicinal Plants
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  136. Chemical composition and in vitro and in vivo biological assortment of fixed oil extracted from Ficus benghalensis L.
  137. A review of the pharmacological activities and protective effects of Inonotus obliquus triterpenoids in kidney diseases
  138. Ethnopharmacological study of medicinal plants in Kastamonu province (Türkiye)
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  141. Identification of volatile compounds and antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal properties against drug-resistant microbes of essential oils from the leaves of Mentha rotundifolia var. apodysa Briq. (Lamiaceae)
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  159. Topical Issue on phytochemicals, biological and toxicological analysis of aromatic medicinal plants
  160. Phytochemical analysis of leaves and stems of Physalis alkekengi L. (Solanaceae)
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https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2022-0210
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
fluidity; ductile iron; artificial neural network; prediction; casting simulation
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B in aqueous phase by bimetallic metal-organic framework M/Fe-MOF (M = Co, Cu, and Mg)
  3. Assessment of using electronic portal imaging device for analysing bolus material utilised in radiation therapy
  4. A detailed investigation on highly dense CuZr bulk metallic glasses for shielding purposes
  5. Simulation of gamma-ray shielding properties for materials of medical interest
  6. Environmental impact assesment regulation applications and their analysis in Turkey
  7. Sample age effect on parameters of dynamic nuclear polarization in certain difluorobenzen isomers/MC800 asphaltene suspensions
  8. Passenger demand forecasting for railway systems
  9. Design of a Robust sliding mode controller for bioreactor cultures in overflow metabolism via an interdisciplinary approach
  10. Gamma, neutron, and heavy charged ion shielding properties of Er3+-doped and Sm3+-doped zinc borate glasses
  11. Bridging chiral de-tert-butylcalix[4]arenes: Optical resolution based on column chromatography and structural characterization
  12. Petrology and geochemistry of multiphase post-granitic dikes: A case study from the Gabal Serbal area, Southwestern Sinai, Egypt
  13. Comparison of the yield and purity of plasma exosomes extracted by ultracentrifugation, precipitation, and membrane-based approaches
  14. Bioactive triterpenoids from Indonesian medicinal plant Syzygium aqueum
  15. Investigation of the effects of machining parameters on surface integrity in micromachining
  16. The mesoporous aluminosilicate application as support for bifunctional catalysts for n-hexadecane hydroconversion
  17. Gamma-ray shielding properties of Nd2O3-added iron–boron–phosphate-based composites
  18. Numerical investigation on perforated sheet metals under tension loading
  19. Statistical analysis on the radiological assessment and geochemical studies of granite rocks in the north of Um Taghir area, Eastern Desert, Egypt
  20. Two new polypodane-type bicyclic triterpenoids from mastic
  21. Structural, physical, and mechanical properties of the TiO2 added hydroxyapatite composites
  22. Tribological properties and characterization of borided Co–Mg alloys
  23. Studies on Anemone nemorosa L. extracts; polyphenols profile, antioxidant activity, and effects on Caco-2 cells by in vitro and in silico studies
  24. Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, transmission factors, and gamma-ray-shielding performances of Bi2O3–P2O5–B2O3–V2O5 quaternary glass system
  25. Cyclic connectivity index of bipolar fuzzy incidence graph
  26. The role of passage numbers of donor cells in the development of Arabian Oryx – Cow interspecific somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos
  27. Mechanical property evaluation of tellurite–germanate glasses and comparison of their radiation-shielding characteristics using EPICS2017 to other glass systems
  28. Molecular screening of ionic liquids for CO2 absorption and molecular dynamic simulation
  29. Microwave-assisted preparation of Ag/Fe magnetic biochar from clivia leaves for adsorbing daptomycin antibiotics
  30. Iminodisuccinic acid enhances antioxidant and mineral element accumulation in young leaves of Ziziphus jujuba
  31. Cytotoxic activity of guaiane-type sesquiterpene lactone (deoxycynaropicrin) isolated from the leaves of Centaurothamnus maximus
  32. Effects of welding parameters on the angular distortion of welded steel plates
  33. Simulation of a reactor considering the Stamicarbon, Snamprogetti, and Toyo patents for obtaining urea
  34. Effect of different ramie (Boehmeria nivea L. Gaud) cultivars on the adsorption of heavy metal ions cadmium and lead in the remediation of contaminated farmland soils
  35. Impact of a live bacterial-based direct-fed microbial (DFM) postpartum and weaning system on performance, mortality, and health of Najdi lambs
  36. Anti-tumor effect of liposomes containing extracted Murrayafoline A against liver cancer cells in 2D and 3D cultured models
  37. Physicochemical properties and some mineral concentration of milk samples from different animals and altitudes
  38. Copper(ii) complexes supported by modified azo-based ligands: Nucleic acid binding and molecular docking studies
  39. Diagnostic and therapeutic radioisotopes in nuclear medicine: Determination of gamma-ray transmission factors and safety competencies of high-dense and transparent glassy shields
  40. Calculation of NaI(Tl) detector efficiency using 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K radioisotopes: Three-phase Monte Carlo simulation study
  41. Isolation and identification of unstable components from Caesalpinia sappan by high-speed counter-current chromatography combined with preparative high-performance liquid chromatography
  42. Quantification of biomarkers and evaluation of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxicity properties of Dodonaea viscosa grown in Saudi Arabia using HPTLC technique
  43. Characterization of the elastic modulus of ceramic–metal composites with physical and mechanical properties by ultrasonic technique
  44. GC-MS analysis of Vespa velutina auraria Smith and its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities in vitro
  45. Texturing of nanocoatings for surface acoustic wave-based sensors for volatile organic compounds
  46. Insights into the molecular basis of some chalcone analogues as potential inhibitors of Leishmania donovani: An integrated in silico and in vitro study
  47. (1R,2S,5R)-5-Methyl-2-(propan-2-yl)cyclohexyl 4-amino-3-phenylbutanoate hydrochloride: Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity
  48. On the relative extraction rates of colour compounds and caffeine during brewing, an investigation of tea over time and temperature
  49. Characterization of egg shell powder-doped ceramic–metal composites
  50. Rapeseed oil-based hippurate amide nanocomposite coating material for anticorrosive and antibacterial applications
  51. Chemically modified Teucrium polium (Lamiaceae) plant act as an effective adsorbent tool for potassium permanganate (KMnO4) in wastewater remediation
  52. Efficiency analysis of photovoltaic systems installed in different geographical locations
  53. Risk prioritization model driven by success factor in the light of multicriteria decision making
  54. Theoretical investigations on the excited-state intramolecular proton transfer in the solvated 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde carbohydrazone
  55. Mechanical and gamma-ray shielding examinations of Bi2O3–PbO–CdO–B2O3 glass system
  56. Machine learning-based forecasting of potability of drinking water through adaptive boosting model
  57. The potential effect of the Rumex vesicarius water seeds extract treatment on mice before and during pregnancy on the serum enzymes and the histology of kidney and liver
  58. Impact of benzimidazole functional groups on the n-doping properties of benzimidazole derivatives
  59. Extraction of red pigment from Chinese jujube peel and the antioxidant activity of the pigment extracts
  60. Flexural strength and thermal properties of carbon black nanoparticle reinforced epoxy composites obtained from waste tires
  61. A focusing study on radioprotective and antioxidant effects of Annona muricata leaf extract in the circulation and liver tissue: Clinical and experimental studies
  62. Clinical comprehensive and experimental assessment of the radioprotective effect of Annona muricata leaf extract to prevent cellular damage in the ileum tissue
  63. Effect of WC content on ultrasonic properties, thermal and electrical conductivity of WC–Co–Ni–Cr composites
  64. Influence of various class cleaning agents for prosthesis on Co–Cr alloy surface
  65. The synthesis of nanocellulose-based nanocomposites for the effective removal of hexavalent chromium ions from aqueous solution
  66. Study on the influence of physical interlayers on the remaining oil production under different development modes
  67. Optimized linear regression control of DC motor under various disturbances
  68. Influence of different sample preparation strategies on hypothesis-driven shotgun proteomic analysis of human saliva
  69. Determination of flow distance of the fluid metal due to fluidity in ductile iron casting by artificial neural networks approach
  70. Investigation of mechanical activation effect on high-volume natural pozzolanic cements
  71. In vitro: Anti-coccidia activity of Calotropis procera leaf extract on Eimeria papillata oocysts sporulation and sporozoite
  72. Determination of oil composition of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) seeds under influence of organic fertilizer forms
  73. Activated partial thromboplastin time maybe associated with the prognosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma
  74. Treatment of rat brain ischemia model by NSCs-polymer scaffold transplantation
  75. Lead and cadmium removal with native yeast from coastal wetlands
  76. Characterization of electroless Ni-coated Fe–Co composite using powder metallurgy
  77. Ferrate synthesis using NaOCl and its application for dye removal
  78. Antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anticholinesterase potential of Chenopodium murale L. extracts using in vitro and in vivo approaches
  79. Study on essential oil, antioxidant activity, anti-human prostate cancer effects, and induction of apoptosis by Equisetum arvense
  80. Experimental study on turning machine with permanent magnetic cutting tool
  81. Numerical simulation and mathematical modeling of the casting process for pearlitic spheroidal graphite cast iron
  82. Design, synthesis, and cytotoxicity evaluation of novel thiophene, pyrimidine, pyridazine, and pyridine: Griseofulvin heterocyclic extension derivatives
  83. Isolation and identification of promising antibiotic-producing bacteria
  84. Ultrasonic-induced reversible blood–brain barrier opening: Safety evaluation into the cellular level
  85. Evaluation of phytochemical and antioxidant potential of various extracts from traditionally used medicinal plants of Pakistan
  86. Effect of calcium lactate in standard diet on selected markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in ovariectomized rats
  87. Identification of crucial salivary proteins/genes and pathways involved in pathogenesis of temporomandibular disorders
  88. Zirconium-modified attapulgite was used for removing of Cr(vi) in aqueous solution
  89. The stress distribution of different types of restorative materials in primary molar
  90. Reducing surface heat loss in steam boilers
  91. Deformation behavior and formability of friction stir processed DP600 steel
  92. Synthesis and characterization of bismuth oxide/commercial activated carbon composite for battery anode
  93. Phytochemical analysis of Ziziphus jujube leaf at different foliar ages based on widely targeted metabolomics
  94. Effects of in ovo injection of black cumin (Nigella sativa) extract on hatching performance of broiler eggs
  95. Separation and evaluation of potential antioxidant, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activities of limonene-rich essential oils from Citrus sinensis (L.)
  96. Bioactivity of a polyhydroxy gorgostane steroid from Xenia umbellata
  97. BiCAM-based automated scoring system for digital logic circuit diagrams
  98. Analysis of standard systems with solar monitoring systems
  99. Structural and spectroscopic properties of voriconazole and fluconazole – Experimental and theoretical studies
  100. New plant resistance inducers based on polyamines
  101. Experimental investigation of single-lap bolted and bolted/bonded (hybrid) joints of polymeric plates
  102. Investigation of inlet air pressure and evaporative cooling of four different cogeneration cycles
  103. Review Articles
  104. Comprehensive review on synthesis, physicochemical properties, and application of activated carbon from the Arecaceae plants for enhanced wastewater treatment
  105. Research progress on speciation analysis of arsenic in traditional Chinese medicine
  106. Recent modified air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction applications for medicines and organic compounds in various samples: A review
  107. An insight on Vietnamese bio-waste materials as activated carbon precursors for multiple applications in environmental protection
  108. Antimicrobial activities of the extracts and secondary metabolites from Clausena genus – A review
  109. Bioremediation of organic/heavy metal contaminants by mixed cultures of microorganisms: A review
  110. Sonodynamic therapy for breast cancer: A literature review
  111. Recent progress of amino acid transporters as a novel antitumor target
  112. Aconitum coreanum Rapaics: Botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology
  113. Corrigendum
  114. Corrigendum to “Petrology and geochemistry of multiphase post-granitic dikes: A case study from the Gabal Serbal area, Southwestern Sinai, Egypt”
  115. Corrigendum to “Design of a Robust sliding mode controller for bioreactor cultures in overflow metabolism via an interdisciplinary approach”
  116. Corrigendum to “Statistical analysis on the radiological assessment and geochemical studies of granite rocks in the north of Um Taghir area, Eastern Desert, Egypt”
  117. Corrigendum to “Aroma components of tobacco powder from different producing areas based on gas chromatography ion mobility spectrometry”
  118. Corrigendum to “Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, transmission factors, and gamma-ray-shielding performances of Bi2O3–P2O5–B2O3–V2O5 quaternary glass system”
  119. Erratum
  120. Erratum to “Copper(ii) complexes supported by modified azo-based ligands: Nucleic acid binding and molecular docking studies”
  121. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology (ABB 2021)
  122. Study of solidification and stabilization of heavy metals by passivators in heavy metal-contaminated soil
  123. Human health risk assessment and distribution of VOCs in a chemical site, Weinan, China
  124. Preparation and characterization of Sparassis latifolia β-glucan microcapsules
  125. Special Issue on the Conference of Energy, Fuels, Environment 2020
  126. Improving the thermal performance of existing buildings in light of the requirements of the EU directive 2010/31/EU in Poland
  127. Special Issue on Ethnobotanical, Phytochemical and Biological Investigation of Medicinal Plants
  128. Study of plant resources with ethnomedicinal relevance from district Bagh, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
  129. Studies on the chemical composition of plants used in traditional medicine in Congo
  130. Special Issue on Applied Chemistry in Agriculture and Food Science
  131. Strip spraying technology for precise herbicide application in carrot fields
  132. Special Issue on Pharmacology and Metabolomics of Ethnobotanical and Herbal Medicine
  133. Phytochemical profiling, antibacterial and antioxidant properties of Crocus sativus flower: A comparison between tepals and stigmas
  134. Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of polyphenolics from Withania adpressa (Coss.) Batt. against selected drug-resistant bacterial strains
  135. Integrating network pharmacology and molecular docking to explore the potential mechanism of Xinguan No. 3 in the treatment of COVID-19
  136. Chemical composition and in vitro and in vivo biological assortment of fixed oil extracted from Ficus benghalensis L.
  137. A review of the pharmacological activities and protective effects of Inonotus obliquus triterpenoids in kidney diseases
  138. Ethnopharmacological study of medicinal plants in Kastamonu province (Türkiye)
  139. Protective effects of asperuloside against cyclophosphamide-induced urotoxicity and hematotoxicity in rats
  140. Special Issue on Essential Oil, Extraction, Phytochemistry, Advances, and Application
  141. Identification of volatile compounds and antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal properties against drug-resistant microbes of essential oils from the leaves of Mentha rotundifolia var. apodysa Briq. (Lamiaceae)
  142. Phenolic contents, anticancer, antioxidant, and antimicrobial capacities of MeOH extract from the aerial parts of Trema orientalis plant
  143. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils from Mentha pulegium and Rosmarinus officinalis against multidrug-resistant microbes and their acute toxicity study
  144. Special Issue on Marine Environmental Sciences and Significance of the Multidisciplinary Approaches
  145. An insightful overview of the distribution pattern of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in the marine sediments of the Red Sea
  146. Antifungal–antiproliferative norcycloartane-type triterpenes from the Red Sea green alga Tydemania expeditionis
  147. Solvent effect, dipole moment, and DFT studies of multi donor–acceptor type pyridine derivative
  148. An extensive assessment on the distribution pattern of organic contaminants in the aerosols samples in the Middle East
  149. Special Issue on 4th IC3PE
  150. Energetics of carboxylic acid–pyridine heterosynthon revisited: A computational study of intermolecular hydrogen bond domination on phenylacetic acid–nicotinamide cocrystals
  151. A review: Silver–zinc oxide nanoparticles – organoclay-reinforced chitosan bionanocomposites for food packaging
  152. Green synthesis of magnetic activated carbon from peanut shells functionalized with TiO2 photocatalyst for Batik liquid waste treatment
  153. Coagulation activity of liquid extraction of Leucaena leucocephala and Sesbania grandiflora on the removal of turbidity
  154. Hydrocracking optimization of palm oil over NiMoO4/activated carbon catalyst to produce biogasoline and kerosine
  155. Special Issue on Pharmacology and metabolomics of ethnobotanical and herbal medicine
  156. Cynarin inhibits PDGF-BB-induced proliferation and activation in hepatic stellate cells through PPARγ
  157. Special Issue on The 1st Malaysia International Conference on Nanotechnology & Catalysis (MICNC2021)
  158. Surfactant evaluation for enhanced oil recovery: Phase behavior and interfacial tension
  159. Topical Issue on phytochemicals, biological and toxicological analysis of aromatic medicinal plants
  160. Phytochemical analysis of leaves and stems of Physalis alkekengi L. (Solanaceae)
  161. Phytochemical and pharmacological profiling of Trewia nudiflora Linn. leaf extract deciphers therapeutic potentials against thrombosis, arthritis, helminths, and insects
  162. Pergularia tomentosa coupled with selenium nanoparticles salvaged lead acetate-induced redox imbalance, inflammation, apoptosis, and disruption of neurotransmission in rats’ brain
  163. Protective effect of Allium atroviolaceum-synthesized SeNPs on aluminum-induced brain damage in mice
  164. Mechanism study of Cordyceps sinensis alleviates renal ischemia–reperfusion injury
  165. Plant-derived bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid tetrandrine prevents human podocyte injury by regulating the miR-150-5p/NPHS1 axis
  166. Network pharmacology combined with molecular docking to explore the anti-osteoporosis mechanisms of β-ecdysone derived from medicinal plants
  167. Chinese medicinal plant Polygonum cuspidatum ameliorates silicosis via suppressing the Wnt/β-catenin pathway
  168. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Biological Applications - Part I
  169. Investigation of improved optical and conductivity properties of poly(methyl methacrylate)–MXenes (PMMA–MXenes) nanocomposite thin films for optoelectronic applications
  170. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology (ABB 2022)
  171. Model predictive control for precision irrigation of a Quinoa crop
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Heruntergeladen am 27.1.2026 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/chem-2022-0210/html?lang=de
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