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Effect of WC content on ultrasonic properties, thermal and electrical conductivity of WC–Co–Ni–Cr composites

  • Vildan Özkan Bilici EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: September 26, 2022
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 20 Issue 1

Abstract

This study focused on the effect of WC on the ultrasonic properties, thermal and electrical conductivity of WC–Co–Ni–Cr composites. The samples were produced by powder metallurgy method for microstructural, physical, and ultrasonic characterization. Pulse-echo, hot disk, and four probe methods were used to evaluate the ultrasonic properties, thermal and electrical conductivity of WC–Co–Ni–Cr composites with different WC contents, respectively. Experimental results show that thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity of WC–Co–Ni–Cr composites increase linearly with increasing WC content and then decrease rapidly. The reason for this rapid decrease is expressed in the fact that the structure becomes more ceramic as the WC additive ratio increases. The same situation was observed in ultrasonic measurements. As the amount of WC particles in the sample increased, longitudinal and shear wave velocity, attenuation values, and elastic modulus increased.

Keywords: powder metallurgy; thermal conductivity; electrical conductivity; ultrasonic velocity; elastic modulus

1 Introduction

The powder metallurgy industry is growing rapidly due to increasing demand for pure metals to high-performance composites, thermal management materials, hard metals, and other cemented carbide tools and components [1,2,3]. These materials show not only good electrical, magnetic, and thermal properties but also good mechanical properties. Therefore, WC–Co composite material is still an ideal option in these fields. The hard metals obtained when the impact toughness of metals (Co) and the high hardness and wear resistance specific to ceramics (WC) are combined have taken their place as materials that are constantly sought and used in applications such as rock drilling, cutter-scrapers, mining, and metalworking. Cobalt as a cemented carbide binder is predominant in this field due to its unique features [4,5,6]. A lot of research has been performed on probable successful alternative connectors to cobalt that can be used with WC. Nickel which is another iron group was thought to be an ideal alternative due to the oxidation susceptibility of iron [7,8,9,10,11]. Moreover, by adding some sintering materials like Fe, Co, Ni, Pd, Zn, Cr, Mo, and Cu in WC ceramic powder, ternary or tetra compound composite materials can be formed in order to activate solid phase sintering and consolidate the structure. The added materials are formed compounds to affect self-diffusion and inter-diffusion between WC and Co, Cr, Ni atoms [12,13,14,15,16].

Recently, some researchers have studied to measure the variation of thermal conductivity with some parameters such as the temperature of multicomponent metallic alloys [17,18,19,20,21,22].

The main objective in the determination of material properties by ultrasonic techniques is to carefully record and examine the propagation properties and changes of ultrasonic waves in the material. By measuring the changes in the propagation velocity of the waves in the material and the attenuation coefficients, information about the internal structure, mechanical properties, stresses, and density of the material can be obtained [23,24,25]. In the study conducted by Gaafar et al., the longitudinal and transverse ultrasonic wave velocities of Cu x Ag1−x InTe2 ( 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 ) , quaternary compounds were determined using pulse echo technique. Furthermore, Gaafar et al. have observed that these compounds become closely packed and more rigid with the substitution of Cu instead of Ag [26]. A theoretical model providing the relationship between ultrasonic wave velocity and microstructure has been proposed by Lu and Liaw [27]. Erol et al. calculated the elastic modulus values of the composites prepared at different temperatures using the ultrasonic pulse-echo method and examined the relationship between this ultrasonic parameter (E (GPa)) and its physical and mechanical properties [28]. Bilici Özkan and Kaya synthesized polyPNPMMA-TiO2 as a new derivative nanocomposite considering the possibility of using polymer/nanocomposites in the material industry. The relationship between the microstructure of the polymer nanocomposite, which changes with the reinforcement, and the ultrasonic analysis was investigated. The accuracy of the results of the ultrasonic analysis was also confirmed by the measured mechanical properties [29]. The reason for choosing the PM technique is that it offers a significant advantage in the interaction of microstructural parameters with each other. The aim of this study is to establish a correlation between the microstructural, physical, and ultrasonic properties of the new composite material obtained by doping different ratios of Co, Ni, and Cr metal binders from WC-based cemented carbides, resulting from variations depending on WC content and sintering temperature. In addition, there is a relationship between thermal and electrical conductivity at high temperatures, and it has been observed that microstructure organization is important in heat transfer and solidification process parameters.

2 Experimental procedure

2.1 Measurement of ultrasonic properties

The study of some properties related to ultrasonic wave propagation in composites, alloys, and metal-based materials gives information about the microstructural, mechanical, and physical properties of the materials. The composite’s longitudinal ultrasonic velocities have been measured using a pulse-echo method with an Olympus Panametrics-NDT Model 5800 Computer Controlled Pulse/Receiver. Two-channel Rigol brand DS1102E 100 MHz digital oscilloscope with pulser/receiver was used for ultrasound measurements. The ultrasonic pulse-echo system in this study consisted of an ultrasonic Olympus brand pulser–receiver, a transducer, an oscilloscope, and a computer, as shown in Figure 1. All devices used before measuring were calibrated. In the pulse-echo method, piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers were used. Piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers, which have the ability to detect all kinds of shape defects without the mechanical movement of the probe, are widely used in the medical or industrial field thanks to these capabilities. Since the piezoelectric effect is bidirectional, the transducers can generate ultrasonic signals from electrical energy as well as convert the sound wave into an electrical signal, so the waves passing through the material are reflected from the back side and converted into electronic signals by the same piezoelectric element [30,31,32,33].

Figure 1 Schematic diagram of the experimental setup for ultrasonic properties of composite samples by the ultrasonic pulse-echo method.
Figure 1

Schematic diagram of the experimental setup for ultrasonic properties of composite samples by the ultrasonic pulse-echo method.

The direction of oscillation depends on the orientation of the piezo-electric crystal which produces longitudinal or shear (transverse) waves of the probe. In a longitudinal wave, the distortion is parallel to the traveling direction, while in a shear wave, the distortion is perpendicular to the traveling direction [34]. The pulse-echo ultrasonic velocity (V) can be calculated from the measured time also called the time of flight ( ∆ t ) , between two back wall echoes [35]

(1) V = 2 S ∆ t .

For each sample, the ultrasonic velocity measurement values were repeated six times and the average velocity value was calculated. The densities of composite samples were measured with the Archimedes principle, and ultrasonic velocities were used to calculate the elastic modulus. Standard velocity–elasticity relationships can be used considering that the internal structures of the samples used in this study are done by equation (2).

(2) E = ρ V s 2 3 V l 2 − 4 V s 2 V l 2 − V s 2 ,

where V s is the shear wave velocity (m/s), V l is the longitudinal wave velocity (m/s), ρ is the bulk density, and E is the elastic modulus (GPa) [36,37]. The ultrasonic attenuation measurement has previously been studied by several researchers [38,39,40,41]. To measure the number of dB or loss, the amplitudes of the backwall echoes were used according to this equation [42]:

(3) Number of dB = 20 log A 1 A 2 or α = 1 d 20 log A 1 A 2 ,

where α is the attenuation coefficient in Nepers per unit length and A 1 and A 2 are the first two successive amplitudes of the reflected ultrasonic wave within the material’s boundary.

2.2 Measurement of the thermal conductivity

Different researchers attempted to determine the thermal conductivity for solid and liquid phases in different materials. One of the commonly used techniques for measuring the thermal conductivity of solids is the hot disk method. In this study, the Hot Disk Thermal Constants Analyzer model TPS 2500 utilizes a sensor element in the shape of a double spiral. Hot disk sensors made by spiral nickel wire through hot disk measurement shown in Figure 2 were sandwiched between two half-metal blocks. The hot disk sensor method has been used to measure the thermal conductivity of solids for pure materials, composites, and alloys [43,44,45,46,47].

Figure 2 Schematic diagram of the hot-disk method.
Figure 2

Schematic diagram of the hot-disk method.

2.3 Measurement of the electrical conductivity

The electrical conductivity is highest in pure metals, lower in the case of alloys and composites, and also in semimetals and semiconductors. Electrical conductivity is defined as a measure of a material’s ability to conduct an electric current. It is one of the primary physical properties of materials such as thermal conductivity, specific heat, and thermal expansion [48].

In the present work, Keithley 2601A System Source Meter four-point probe method has been used to measure electrical conductivity (Figure 3) [49].

Figure 3 Keithley 2601A System Sourcemeter four-point probe setup and schematic representation.
Figure 3

Keithley 2601A System Sourcemeter four-point probe setup and schematic representation.

2.4 Sample preparation and metallographic characterization

Composite samples were produced from tungsten carbide (WC), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), and chromium (Cr) matrix powders by the conventional powder metallurgy (PM) method. In the production of composites, cobalt (Co) powder of 99.5% purity, chromium (Cr) powder, 99% purity, and nickel (Ni) powder of 99.8% purity were used as metal powder, and the grain size of all powders was −325 mesh. Tungsten carbide (WC) powder of 99.5% purity and grain size of less than 1 micron was used. All these powders used in composite production were supplied by Alfa Easer. In the study, the composition (wt%) and codes of the selected WC–Co–Ni–Cr composites are given in Table 1. The powders taken in determined amounts were mixed in the mixer rotating at 20 dv/min speed for 24 h in order to obtain a homogeneous mixture. All the powders were placed in a mold of 15 mm diameter and 5 mm height and pressed using a hydraulic press at a pressure of 305.9 kg/cm2 at room temperature. Sintering was carried out at 1,000°C in an Argon atmosphere for 2 h, allowing them to cool naturally. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images of the samples were taken, and EDX analyses were carried out by SEM (LEO 1430 VP equipped with RONTEC EDX). SEM images and EDX analysis of WC–Co–Ni–Cr powders, which yielded the best results in terms of mechanical strength in sintered samples during operation, are shown in Figures 4 and 5, respectively.

Table 1

Composition (wt%) and codes of selected WC–Co–Ni–Cr composites

Codes WC Co Ni Cr
C1 40 18 36 6
C2 50 15 30 5
C3 60 12 24 4
C4 70 9 18 3
C5 80 6 12 2
C6 90 3 6 1
Figure 4 SEM Images of (a) C1, (b) C2, (c) C3, (d) C4, (e) C5, and (f) C6 samples.
Figure 4

SEM Images of (a) C1, (b) C2, (c) C3, (d) C4, (e) C5, and (f) C6 samples.

Figure 5 EDX spectrum of (a) C3 and (b) C6 composites at 1,000°C.
Figure 5

EDX spectrum of (a) C3 and (b) C6 composites at 1,000°C.

3 Results

In this study, first, it was aimed to investigate the changes in thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity of WC–Co–Ni–Cr composite samples, which contain WC particles in weights from 40% up to 90% that were produced via the powder metallurgy method, with respect to their reinforcement percentages. Second, the relationship between WC ratios ranging from 40 to 90% with respect to reinforcement percentages and ultrasonic properties (such as longitudinal and shear attenuation values, longitudinal and shear velocity values, and elastic modulus) was investigated. Ultrasonic properties, thermal conductivity, and electrical conductivity values for WC–Co–Ni–Cr composite samples are given in Table 2. As also seen in Table 2, it was observed that thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity have increased approximately with an increase in the WC ratio.

Table 2

Ultrasonic, thermal, and electrical properties of WC–Co–Ni–Cr composite samples

Composites Ultrasonic longitudinal velocity (m/s) Ultrasonic shear velocity (m/s) Ultrasonic longitudinal attenuation (dB) Ultrasonic shear attenuation (dB) Elastic modulus (GPa) Thermal conductivity (W/Km) Electrical conductivity (σ) (×1010/Ω m) Density (g/cm3)
C1 3,428 2,461 0.4569 1.0036 81.28 7.296 7.131 6.93
C2 3527.2 2542.8 0.3638 0.7748 89.29 8.758 7.713 7.20
C3 3,924 2655.3 0.3023 0.5819 109.41 9.151 8.289 7.20
C4 4591.7 2838.3 0.2886 0.4906 145.82 9.554 8.516 7.60
C5 4,294 2,519 0.5672 0.9685 123.29 7.391 7.431 7.85
C6 3943.5 2358 0.8145 1.0022 104.61 6.120 7.326 7.70

Figures 6 and 7 show thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity graphics of composites which were formed with different WC additive amounts. It was observed that there are similar changes in the thermal and electrical conductivity values. The changes in physical properties above could be explained by the following:

  1. It is clearly seen that the curve can be considered in three stages. At stage I, when the WC rate increases from 40 to 50% in WC–Co–Ni–Cr composite, there is an increase in thermal and electrical conductivity. When WC additive content is 50%, the thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity increase to 8.758 Wm−1 K−1 and 7.713 × 1010(Ωm)−1, respectively. With the regular increase of WC additive, the thermal conductivity of WC–Co–Ni–Cr composite continues to increase drastically to 9.554 Wm−1 K−1 at stage II and the electrical conductivity increase in the same way to 8.516 × 1010(Ωm)−1. At stage III, both thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity decrease rapidly.

  2. Specific properties of materials are related to other properties. For example, physical properties have an effect on mechanical properties directly. Specific properties stand out according to the function of the material within the structure. It is known that ceramic has low electrical and heat conductivity. Accordingly, we can state the reason for the rapid decrease at stage III such that as the WC admixture rate increase, the structure becomes more and more ceramic. The electrical conduction depends on the formation of the conducting pathway [50]. Bigg [51] observed that the thermal conductivity of the composites depended on not the pathway characteristic but the material’s integral characteristic. The increase in the magnitude of the powder boundary (Figure 4e and f) of the C5 and C6 composites has a disadvantage for electron and phonon transmission. Previously, the conductivity increasing due to the formation of the network structure has been reported in refs. [52,53,54,55,56]. This could be mainly due to the contribution of the connected network structure, and it was found that the interface plays an important role in thermal conductivity [57,58]. When the content of the C1, C2, C3, and C4 composite powder exceeds 80 and 90 wt%, the magnitude of the powder boundary of the WCCoNiCr composites increases.

  3. WCCoNiCr composites were characterized using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis. As can be seen from the analysis results, there exists oxidation in the sintering process forming the oxygen peak which can be confirmed using EDX spectrum in Figure 5b. The existence of oxygen in the structure prevents heat flow as a barrier and thus decreases the transmission of free electrons and scattering of phonons. As a result, thermal and electrical conductivity decreases because free electron and phonon conduction in metals, alloys, and composites are impressed by components in the structure.

Figure 6 Variations of thermal conductivity with the composition of WC for WC–Co–Ni–Cr composites.
Figure 6

Variations of thermal conductivity with the composition of WC for WC–Co–Ni–Cr composites.

Figure 7 Variations of electrical conductivity with the composition of WC for WC–Co–Ni–Cr composites.
Figure 7

Variations of electrical conductivity with the composition of WC for WC–Co–Ni–Cr composites.

When the ultrasonic properties of the composite samples obtained in this study were examined, using the longitudinal and shear velocity, longitudinal and shear attenuation, and elastic modulus values of samples given in Table 1, calibration curves (longitudinal velocity-WC (%), shear velocity-WC (%), longitudinal attenuation-WC (%), shear attenuation-WC (%), and elastic modulus-WC (%)) were drawn (Figure 8). Ultrasonic longitudinal and shear velocities of WC–Co–Cr–Ni composite samples were measured using the ultrasonic method, and elastic modulus was calculated using equation (2). The results indicate that when the ratio of volume (WC) increases, the elastic modulus, density, longitudinal and shear velocity also increase and then rapidly decrease at 80 and 90% volume ratios. As the volume ratio (WC) increased, ultrasonic longitudinal and shear attenuation values also decreased and then increased sharply (Figure 8). The decrease in physical properties at 80 and 90% volume ratios can be explained as follows:

Figure 8 The relationship between the WC (%) values of the samples and (a) ultrasonic wave velocities, (b) ultrasonic attenuation, (c) elastic modulus and (d) density.
Figure 8

The relationship between the WC (%) values of the samples and (a) ultrasonic wave velocities, (b) ultrasonic attenuation, (c) elastic modulus and (d) density.

The high amount of tungsten carbide at 80 and 90% volume ratios enabled the structure to become more ceramicized and made it more fragile. As a result, the structure loses its flexibility. In addition, the fact that the main matrix element is proportionally higher than the added additive elements has reduced their interaction with each other and the porosity between the grain boundaries has increased. In other words, due to the inability of cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), and chromium (Cr) powder, which are the binding materials in composites, to cover a large amount of tungsten powder sufficiently (not forming a chemical bond), it can be said that the mechanical properties of the sintered composite decrease. In the literature, it has been determined that elements with good ductility such as cobalt, nickel, and chromium increase WC toughness [59]. However, since the nickel, cobalt, and chromium ratios are low, the mechanical properties of the structure have decreased. Due to the fact that the volume ratios of the reinforcement elements are less than tungsten carbide, they could not wet the tungsten carbide grains very well, causing the formation of a porous structure. Accordingly, ultrasonic sound velocities and elastic modulus values have decreased. The scattering of the ultrasonic wave as it passes through a solid generally depends on the size, shape, length, orientation, anisotropy, and chemical structure of the particles. In electrical conductivity, there is a direct proportionality between the number of scattering events and the length of conductivity. This is proof that the results obtained with different physical properties confirm each other. These results are important data for literature as some of previous works done on composite for different purposes [60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71].

4 Conclusions

The dense WC–Co–Ni–Cr composite materials are fabricated solid-state sintering by adding different ratios of materials. The SEM images show that WC grains are homogeneously distributed in the Co–Ni–Cr matrix and the combination between WC, Co, Ni, and Cr is enhanced significantly because of making different ratios added. It is observed that the thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity are preserved at good values after the additive is added.

It has been clearly seen with the results obtained those ultrasonic properties are not independent of other physical properties and their relationship with each other. Consequently, ultrasonic properties, thermal and electrical conductivity of WC–Co–Ni–Cr composite samples increased linearly with the increase of WC additive ratio, but decreased to a large extent with the increase of the additive ratio in the C5 and C6 composite composition. The reason for this decrease is that, in short, they are changes in the microstructure. These changes are the further ceramicization of the structure, the increase in porosity due to the decrease in the interaction between the particles, and the defects existing in the structure.

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Acknowledgments

I would like to thank to Prof. Dr. İdris AKYÜZ, (Eskişehir Osmangazi University) and Assoc. Prof. Murat KORU, (Süleyman Demirel University) for their support.

  1. Funding information: There is no external funding to declare.

  2. Conflict of interest: The author declares no conflict of interest.

  3. Data availability statement: Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no new data were created or analyzed in this study.

  4. Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

  5. Declaration: Raw data were generated at Afyon Kocatepe University Technology Research and Application Center (TUAM). Derived data supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author Vildan OZKAN BILICI on request.

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Received: 2022-08-08
Revised: 2022-08-24
Accepted: 2022-08-29
Published Online: 2022-09-26

© 2022 Vildan Özkan Bilici, published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  4. A detailed investigation on highly dense CuZr bulk metallic glasses for shielding purposes
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  7. Sample age effect on parameters of dynamic nuclear polarization in certain difluorobenzen isomers/MC800 asphaltene suspensions
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  10. Gamma, neutron, and heavy charged ion shielding properties of Er3+-doped and Sm3+-doped zinc borate glasses
  11. Bridging chiral de-tert-butylcalix[4]arenes: Optical resolution based on column chromatography and structural characterization
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https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2022-0209
Keywords for this article
powder metallurgy; thermal conductivity; electrical conductivity; ultrasonic velocity; elastic modulus
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B in aqueous phase by bimetallic metal-organic framework M/Fe-MOF (M = Co, Cu, and Mg)
  3. Assessment of using electronic portal imaging device for analysing bolus material utilised in radiation therapy
  4. A detailed investigation on highly dense CuZr bulk metallic glasses for shielding purposes
  5. Simulation of gamma-ray shielding properties for materials of medical interest
  6. Environmental impact assesment regulation applications and their analysis in Turkey
  7. Sample age effect on parameters of dynamic nuclear polarization in certain difluorobenzen isomers/MC800 asphaltene suspensions
  8. Passenger demand forecasting for railway systems
  9. Design of a Robust sliding mode controller for bioreactor cultures in overflow metabolism via an interdisciplinary approach
  10. Gamma, neutron, and heavy charged ion shielding properties of Er3+-doped and Sm3+-doped zinc borate glasses
  11. Bridging chiral de-tert-butylcalix[4]arenes: Optical resolution based on column chromatography and structural characterization
  12. Petrology and geochemistry of multiphase post-granitic dikes: A case study from the Gabal Serbal area, Southwestern Sinai, Egypt
  13. Comparison of the yield and purity of plasma exosomes extracted by ultracentrifugation, precipitation, and membrane-based approaches
  14. Bioactive triterpenoids from Indonesian medicinal plant Syzygium aqueum
  15. Investigation of the effects of machining parameters on surface integrity in micromachining
  16. The mesoporous aluminosilicate application as support for bifunctional catalysts for n-hexadecane hydroconversion
  17. Gamma-ray shielding properties of Nd2O3-added iron–boron–phosphate-based composites
  18. Numerical investigation on perforated sheet metals under tension loading
  19. Statistical analysis on the radiological assessment and geochemical studies of granite rocks in the north of Um Taghir area, Eastern Desert, Egypt
  20. Two new polypodane-type bicyclic triterpenoids from mastic
  21. Structural, physical, and mechanical properties of the TiO2 added hydroxyapatite composites
  22. Tribological properties and characterization of borided Co–Mg alloys
  23. Studies on Anemone nemorosa L. extracts; polyphenols profile, antioxidant activity, and effects on Caco-2 cells by in vitro and in silico studies
  24. Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, transmission factors, and gamma-ray-shielding performances of Bi2O3–P2O5–B2O3–V2O5 quaternary glass system
  25. Cyclic connectivity index of bipolar fuzzy incidence graph
  26. The role of passage numbers of donor cells in the development of Arabian Oryx – Cow interspecific somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos
  27. Mechanical property evaluation of tellurite–germanate glasses and comparison of their radiation-shielding characteristics using EPICS2017 to other glass systems
  28. Molecular screening of ionic liquids for CO2 absorption and molecular dynamic simulation
  29. Microwave-assisted preparation of Ag/Fe magnetic biochar from clivia leaves for adsorbing daptomycin antibiotics
  30. Iminodisuccinic acid enhances antioxidant and mineral element accumulation in young leaves of Ziziphus jujuba
  31. Cytotoxic activity of guaiane-type sesquiterpene lactone (deoxycynaropicrin) isolated from the leaves of Centaurothamnus maximus
  32. Effects of welding parameters on the angular distortion of welded steel plates
  33. Simulation of a reactor considering the Stamicarbon, Snamprogetti, and Toyo patents for obtaining urea
  34. Effect of different ramie (Boehmeria nivea L. Gaud) cultivars on the adsorption of heavy metal ions cadmium and lead in the remediation of contaminated farmland soils
  35. Impact of a live bacterial-based direct-fed microbial (DFM) postpartum and weaning system on performance, mortality, and health of Najdi lambs
  36. Anti-tumor effect of liposomes containing extracted Murrayafoline A against liver cancer cells in 2D and 3D cultured models
  37. Physicochemical properties and some mineral concentration of milk samples from different animals and altitudes
  38. Copper(ii) complexes supported by modified azo-based ligands: Nucleic acid binding and molecular docking studies
  39. Diagnostic and therapeutic radioisotopes in nuclear medicine: Determination of gamma-ray transmission factors and safety competencies of high-dense and transparent glassy shields
  40. Calculation of NaI(Tl) detector efficiency using 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K radioisotopes: Three-phase Monte Carlo simulation study
  41. Isolation and identification of unstable components from Caesalpinia sappan by high-speed counter-current chromatography combined with preparative high-performance liquid chromatography
  42. Quantification of biomarkers and evaluation of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxicity properties of Dodonaea viscosa grown in Saudi Arabia using HPTLC technique
  43. Characterization of the elastic modulus of ceramic–metal composites with physical and mechanical properties by ultrasonic technique
  44. GC-MS analysis of Vespa velutina auraria Smith and its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities in vitro
  45. Texturing of nanocoatings for surface acoustic wave-based sensors for volatile organic compounds
  46. Insights into the molecular basis of some chalcone analogues as potential inhibitors of Leishmania donovani: An integrated in silico and in vitro study
  47. (1R,2S,5R)-5-Methyl-2-(propan-2-yl)cyclohexyl 4-amino-3-phenylbutanoate hydrochloride: Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity
  48. On the relative extraction rates of colour compounds and caffeine during brewing, an investigation of tea over time and temperature
  49. Characterization of egg shell powder-doped ceramic–metal composites
  50. Rapeseed oil-based hippurate amide nanocomposite coating material for anticorrosive and antibacterial applications
  51. Chemically modified Teucrium polium (Lamiaceae) plant act as an effective adsorbent tool for potassium permanganate (KMnO4) in wastewater remediation
  52. Efficiency analysis of photovoltaic systems installed in different geographical locations
  53. Risk prioritization model driven by success factor in the light of multicriteria decision making
  54. Theoretical investigations on the excited-state intramolecular proton transfer in the solvated 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde carbohydrazone
  55. Mechanical and gamma-ray shielding examinations of Bi2O3–PbO–CdO–B2O3 glass system
  56. Machine learning-based forecasting of potability of drinking water through adaptive boosting model
  57. The potential effect of the Rumex vesicarius water seeds extract treatment on mice before and during pregnancy on the serum enzymes and the histology of kidney and liver
  58. Impact of benzimidazole functional groups on the n-doping properties of benzimidazole derivatives
  59. Extraction of red pigment from Chinese jujube peel and the antioxidant activity of the pigment extracts
  60. Flexural strength and thermal properties of carbon black nanoparticle reinforced epoxy composites obtained from waste tires
  61. A focusing study on radioprotective and antioxidant effects of Annona muricata leaf extract in the circulation and liver tissue: Clinical and experimental studies
  62. Clinical comprehensive and experimental assessment of the radioprotective effect of Annona muricata leaf extract to prevent cellular damage in the ileum tissue
  63. Effect of WC content on ultrasonic properties, thermal and electrical conductivity of WC–Co–Ni–Cr composites
  64. Influence of various class cleaning agents for prosthesis on Co–Cr alloy surface
  65. The synthesis of nanocellulose-based nanocomposites for the effective removal of hexavalent chromium ions from aqueous solution
  66. Study on the influence of physical interlayers on the remaining oil production under different development modes
  67. Optimized linear regression control of DC motor under various disturbances
  68. Influence of different sample preparation strategies on hypothesis-driven shotgun proteomic analysis of human saliva
  69. Determination of flow distance of the fluid metal due to fluidity in ductile iron casting by artificial neural networks approach
  70. Investigation of mechanical activation effect on high-volume natural pozzolanic cements
  71. In vitro: Anti-coccidia activity of Calotropis procera leaf extract on Eimeria papillata oocysts sporulation and sporozoite
  72. Determination of oil composition of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) seeds under influence of organic fertilizer forms
  73. Activated partial thromboplastin time maybe associated with the prognosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma
  74. Treatment of rat brain ischemia model by NSCs-polymer scaffold transplantation
  75. Lead and cadmium removal with native yeast from coastal wetlands
  76. Characterization of electroless Ni-coated Fe–Co composite using powder metallurgy
  77. Ferrate synthesis using NaOCl and its application for dye removal
  78. Antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anticholinesterase potential of Chenopodium murale L. extracts using in vitro and in vivo approaches
  79. Study on essential oil, antioxidant activity, anti-human prostate cancer effects, and induction of apoptosis by Equisetum arvense
  80. Experimental study on turning machine with permanent magnetic cutting tool
  81. Numerical simulation and mathematical modeling of the casting process for pearlitic spheroidal graphite cast iron
  82. Design, synthesis, and cytotoxicity evaluation of novel thiophene, pyrimidine, pyridazine, and pyridine: Griseofulvin heterocyclic extension derivatives
  83. Isolation and identification of promising antibiotic-producing bacteria
  84. Ultrasonic-induced reversible blood–brain barrier opening: Safety evaluation into the cellular level
  85. Evaluation of phytochemical and antioxidant potential of various extracts from traditionally used medicinal plants of Pakistan
  86. Effect of calcium lactate in standard diet on selected markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in ovariectomized rats
  87. Identification of crucial salivary proteins/genes and pathways involved in pathogenesis of temporomandibular disorders
  88. Zirconium-modified attapulgite was used for removing of Cr(vi) in aqueous solution
  89. The stress distribution of different types of restorative materials in primary molar
  90. Reducing surface heat loss in steam boilers
  91. Deformation behavior and formability of friction stir processed DP600 steel
  92. Synthesis and characterization of bismuth oxide/commercial activated carbon composite for battery anode
  93. Phytochemical analysis of Ziziphus jujube leaf at different foliar ages based on widely targeted metabolomics
  94. Effects of in ovo injection of black cumin (Nigella sativa) extract on hatching performance of broiler eggs
  95. Separation and evaluation of potential antioxidant, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activities of limonene-rich essential oils from Citrus sinensis (L.)
  96. Bioactivity of a polyhydroxy gorgostane steroid from Xenia umbellata
  97. BiCAM-based automated scoring system for digital logic circuit diagrams
  98. Analysis of standard systems with solar monitoring systems
  99. Structural and spectroscopic properties of voriconazole and fluconazole – Experimental and theoretical studies
  100. New plant resistance inducers based on polyamines
  101. Experimental investigation of single-lap bolted and bolted/bonded (hybrid) joints of polymeric plates
  102. Investigation of inlet air pressure and evaporative cooling of four different cogeneration cycles
  103. Review Articles
  104. Comprehensive review on synthesis, physicochemical properties, and application of activated carbon from the Arecaceae plants for enhanced wastewater treatment
  105. Research progress on speciation analysis of arsenic in traditional Chinese medicine
  106. Recent modified air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction applications for medicines and organic compounds in various samples: A review
  107. An insight on Vietnamese bio-waste materials as activated carbon precursors for multiple applications in environmental protection
  108. Antimicrobial activities of the extracts and secondary metabolites from Clausena genus – A review
  109. Bioremediation of organic/heavy metal contaminants by mixed cultures of microorganisms: A review
  110. Sonodynamic therapy for breast cancer: A literature review
  111. Recent progress of amino acid transporters as a novel antitumor target
  112. Aconitum coreanum Rapaics: Botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology
  113. Corrigendum
  114. Corrigendum to “Petrology and geochemistry of multiphase post-granitic dikes: A case study from the Gabal Serbal area, Southwestern Sinai, Egypt”
  115. Corrigendum to “Design of a Robust sliding mode controller for bioreactor cultures in overflow metabolism via an interdisciplinary approach”
  116. Corrigendum to “Statistical analysis on the radiological assessment and geochemical studies of granite rocks in the north of Um Taghir area, Eastern Desert, Egypt”
  117. Corrigendum to “Aroma components of tobacco powder from different producing areas based on gas chromatography ion mobility spectrometry”
  118. Corrigendum to “Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, transmission factors, and gamma-ray-shielding performances of Bi2O3–P2O5–B2O3–V2O5 quaternary glass system”
  119. Erratum
  120. Erratum to “Copper(ii) complexes supported by modified azo-based ligands: Nucleic acid binding and molecular docking studies”
  121. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology (ABB 2021)
  122. Study of solidification and stabilization of heavy metals by passivators in heavy metal-contaminated soil
  123. Human health risk assessment and distribution of VOCs in a chemical site, Weinan, China
  124. Preparation and characterization of Sparassis latifolia β-glucan microcapsules
  125. Special Issue on the Conference of Energy, Fuels, Environment 2020
  126. Improving the thermal performance of existing buildings in light of the requirements of the EU directive 2010/31/EU in Poland
  127. Special Issue on Ethnobotanical, Phytochemical and Biological Investigation of Medicinal Plants
  128. Study of plant resources with ethnomedicinal relevance from district Bagh, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
  129. Studies on the chemical composition of plants used in traditional medicine in Congo
  130. Special Issue on Applied Chemistry in Agriculture and Food Science
  131. Strip spraying technology for precise herbicide application in carrot fields
  132. Special Issue on Pharmacology and Metabolomics of Ethnobotanical and Herbal Medicine
  133. Phytochemical profiling, antibacterial and antioxidant properties of Crocus sativus flower: A comparison between tepals and stigmas
  134. Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of polyphenolics from Withania adpressa (Coss.) Batt. against selected drug-resistant bacterial strains
  135. Integrating network pharmacology and molecular docking to explore the potential mechanism of Xinguan No. 3 in the treatment of COVID-19
  136. Chemical composition and in vitro and in vivo biological assortment of fixed oil extracted from Ficus benghalensis L.
  137. A review of the pharmacological activities and protective effects of Inonotus obliquus triterpenoids in kidney diseases
  138. Ethnopharmacological study of medicinal plants in Kastamonu province (Türkiye)
  139. Protective effects of asperuloside against cyclophosphamide-induced urotoxicity and hematotoxicity in rats
  140. Special Issue on Essential Oil, Extraction, Phytochemistry, Advances, and Application
  141. Identification of volatile compounds and antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal properties against drug-resistant microbes of essential oils from the leaves of Mentha rotundifolia var. apodysa Briq. (Lamiaceae)
  142. Phenolic contents, anticancer, antioxidant, and antimicrobial capacities of MeOH extract from the aerial parts of Trema orientalis plant
  143. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils from Mentha pulegium and Rosmarinus officinalis against multidrug-resistant microbes and their acute toxicity study
  144. Special Issue on Marine Environmental Sciences and Significance of the Multidisciplinary Approaches
  145. An insightful overview of the distribution pattern of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in the marine sediments of the Red Sea
  146. Antifungal–antiproliferative norcycloartane-type triterpenes from the Red Sea green alga Tydemania expeditionis
  147. Solvent effect, dipole moment, and DFT studies of multi donor–acceptor type pyridine derivative
  148. An extensive assessment on the distribution pattern of organic contaminants in the aerosols samples in the Middle East
  149. Special Issue on 4th IC3PE
  150. Energetics of carboxylic acid–pyridine heterosynthon revisited: A computational study of intermolecular hydrogen bond domination on phenylacetic acid–nicotinamide cocrystals
  151. A review: Silver–zinc oxide nanoparticles – organoclay-reinforced chitosan bionanocomposites for food packaging
  152. Green synthesis of magnetic activated carbon from peanut shells functionalized with TiO2 photocatalyst for Batik liquid waste treatment
  153. Coagulation activity of liquid extraction of Leucaena leucocephala and Sesbania grandiflora on the removal of turbidity
  154. Hydrocracking optimization of palm oil over NiMoO4/activated carbon catalyst to produce biogasoline and kerosine
  155. Special Issue on Pharmacology and metabolomics of ethnobotanical and herbal medicine
  156. Cynarin inhibits PDGF-BB-induced proliferation and activation in hepatic stellate cells through PPARγ
  157. Special Issue on The 1st Malaysia International Conference on Nanotechnology & Catalysis (MICNC2021)
  158. Surfactant evaluation for enhanced oil recovery: Phase behavior and interfacial tension
  159. Topical Issue on phytochemicals, biological and toxicological analysis of aromatic medicinal plants
  160. Phytochemical analysis of leaves and stems of Physalis alkekengi L. (Solanaceae)
  161. Phytochemical and pharmacological profiling of Trewia nudiflora Linn. leaf extract deciphers therapeutic potentials against thrombosis, arthritis, helminths, and insects
  162. Pergularia tomentosa coupled with selenium nanoparticles salvaged lead acetate-induced redox imbalance, inflammation, apoptosis, and disruption of neurotransmission in rats’ brain
  163. Protective effect of Allium atroviolaceum-synthesized SeNPs on aluminum-induced brain damage in mice
  164. Mechanism study of Cordyceps sinensis alleviates renal ischemia–reperfusion injury
  165. Plant-derived bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid tetrandrine prevents human podocyte injury by regulating the miR-150-5p/NPHS1 axis
  166. Network pharmacology combined with molecular docking to explore the anti-osteoporosis mechanisms of β-ecdysone derived from medicinal plants
  167. Chinese medicinal plant Polygonum cuspidatum ameliorates silicosis via suppressing the Wnt/β-catenin pathway
  168. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Biological Applications - Part I
  169. Investigation of improved optical and conductivity properties of poly(methyl methacrylate)–MXenes (PMMA–MXenes) nanocomposite thin films for optoelectronic applications
  170. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology (ABB 2022)
  171. Model predictive control for precision irrigation of a Quinoa crop
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