Home Impact of a live bacterial-based direct-fed microbial (DFM) postpartum and weaning system on performance, mortality, and health of Najdi lambs
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Impact of a live bacterial-based direct-fed microbial (DFM) postpartum and weaning system on performance, mortality, and health of Najdi lambs

  • Ramzi A. Amran , Ahmad R. Alhimaidi , Muath Q. Al-Ghadi , Aiman A. Ammari and Abdulkareem M. Matar EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: May 26, 2022
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 20 Issue 1

Abstract

Among the non-nutritive additives available for lamb nutrition, direct-fed microbial (DFM) stands out for altering rumen fermentation and increasing animal productivity. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of DFM and weaning systems on performance, mortality, and health of newborn lambs. A total of 60 newborn lambs were divided into 4 equal groups and assigned to one of 4 treatments: Control (C) without DFM and late weaning; T1, DFM and early weaning; T2, DFM and mid weaning; and T3, DFM and late weaning. Each lamb in the treated group received 3 doses of DFM (5 mL/lamb). The mortality was reduced by 80% compared to the control group. Lambs in the T2 and T3 with DFM groups had significantly (P < 0.05) higher body weight (BW) and body weight gain (BWG) than lambs in the C group. Glucose, creatinine, and urea nitrogen levels of T3 lambs were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in late weaning compared with the remining treatments. DFM supplementation and weaning system significantly (P < 0.01) reduced serum Zn concentration. These results suggest that the addition of DFM to the diet of newborn lambs and weaning at 60 days improves the overall performance and immunity of the lambs and consequently reduces the mortality rate.

Keywords: direct-fed microbial; weaning system; performance; mortality; Najdi lambs

1 Introduction

Fattening lambs for sale or slaughter is the primary source of income for sheep farms. Farmers’ management practices are the main cause of the high newborn lamb mortality rate. Furthermore, the survival rate of newborn lambs is determined by health indicators in the first month after birth, which is the most important factor influencing sheep farm profitability [1]. Productivity of ruminants can be increased by manipulating rumen microbiota, which has been studied extensively focusing on rumen health and animal performance [2]. Following the ban on antibiotic use in ruminants and concerns about food safety, the feed industry has become more interested in direct-fed microbial (DFM) to improve animal performance [3]. DFM is a mixture of mono- or mixed-cultures of live microorganisms as opposed to probiotics [4]. DFM has a positive effect on the development of microbial flora in the gut by functioning in the intestine, they stimulate the protective functions of the digestive tract and act as a biotherapeutic and bioprotectant, which is also used to prevent intestinal and gastrointestinal infections [3,5]. DFM has been used in cattle [6], poultry [7], lambs [8], and calves [9]. DFM has been shown to improve digestion, increase feed intake, reduce rumen disturbance, and increase animal productivity [10]. Several attempts have been made to stimulate rumen development in ruminants for early weaning and to avoid gastrointestinal disturbances due to the transition feeding period [11]. Weaning is a critical period in lambs because they only receive milk from their mothers and the microbial population begins to establish. The transition from a liquid to a solid diet causes stomach problems and diarrhea which reduces productivity and potentially lead to death [12]. Early weaning occurs between 3.5 and 5.5 weeks of age, when the rumen is developing and thus in transition to ruminant, body growth and fat deposition are affected, which may reduce feed intake and growth rate, with high plasma non-ester fatty acid (NEFA) levels as an indicator of lipid mobilization [13]. The weaning of lambs is usually accompanied by stress, which causes a change in body composition, resulting in fat loss or a sharp decrease in body fat accumulation, with an increase in the proportion of lean meat in both cases [14]. Therefore, supplementing DFM as a rumen development stimulant with early weaning can improve sheep farm management practices and profitability. The study objective is to evaluate the performance and mortality rate of Najdi lambs at different stages of weaning at 30, 45, and 60 days of age after DFM administration.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Animals and experimental design

An experiment was conducted at Al Khalediah farm, with 60 newborn Najdi lambs (body weight [BW] = 5.4 ± 0.10 kg) randomly divided into 4 groups. The experimental groups were randomly assigned to the following treatments: Control (C), without DFM administration and weaning at 60 days of age; T1, 3 DFM administration and weaning at 30 days of age; T2, 3 DFM administration and weaning at 45 days of age; and T3, 3 DFM administration and weaning at 60 days of age. Each lamb in the treated group received 3 doses of DFM (5 mL/lamb) at 5, 10, and 15 days postpartum. The DFM used as a treatment is a commercial gel containing eight naturally occurring microorganisms (Biostart Microbial Paste, Bio-Vet, USA). The eight species of microorganisms are Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecium, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus lactis, Pediococcus cerevisiae, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The total bacterial count is 2.00 billion CFU/mL. Most of the above bacteria were classified as lactic acid-producing bacteria [15].

2.2 Management of newborn lambs

In this study, a total of 60 multiparous ewes were selected before calving with an average weight of 71.39 ± 2.42 kg. At birth, the newborn navels were cut and treated with iodine spray. They were then allowed to suckle their mothers’ colostrum for 36 h. The lambs were vaccinated with 1 mL of Pasteurella spp. (Trivalent PasteurellaVaccin) subcutaneously and given selenium and vitamin E (oral dose of 3 mL). During the second week, the lambs began eating creep feed (small pellets, containing low fiber and high protein in addition to vitamins and salt), and received their second dose of selenium and vitamin E, and drank their mothers’ milk without restriction. After the sixth week, the lambs were vaccinated against Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) (Octavalent Enterotoxaemia Vaccine, 1 mL subcutaneously). After weaning, the lambs were fed every day with a total mixed ration (TMR) of alfalfa hay, Rhodes, and Concentra (crude protein content of 14%). Bodyweight was recorded at birth and then every two weeks until weaning. Mortality was recorded at the start of the experiment when DFM supplementation began receiving oral doses (5 mL) (at 5 days of age).

2.3 Samples collection and analysis

Blood samples from each lamb were obtained in 10 mL serum collection tubes (BD Vacutainer, USA) at days 1, 30, and 60 of the experimental phases, by puncture of the jugular vein. The serum was separated from the blood samples via centrifuging at 3,000 rpm for 10 min at 4°C and then stored in Eppendorf tubes. Subsequently, the samples were frozen at –20°C for their later analysis. Blood serum samples were analyzed for glucose, total protein, cholesterol, creatinine, urea nitrogen, and triglycerides by spectrophotometer (UDICHEM-310, Semi-Automated, United Diagnostics Industry, Dammam, KSA) using commercial kits (Randox Laboratories Limited, BT, UK). Cortisol levels were also analyzed in blood serum using ELISA (BioTek Instruments, VT, USA) and commercial kit (Human Gesellschaft Fur Biochemica und Diagnostica mbH, Germany). The blood concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, zinc, and copper serum were analyzed using UDICHEM-310 spectrophotometer (semi-automated, United Diagnostics Industry, Dammam, KSA) and commercial kits (Randox Laboratories Ltd, BT, UK).

2.4 Statistical analysis

Statistical analyses were performed using the Proc GLM procedure in SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc. 9.4) for a Completely Randomized Design, according to the following model:

Y i j k = μ + DFM i + WS j + e i j k ,

where Y ijk = measurement of the variables, μ = overall mean, DFM i = effect of the ith treatment (C and 3 treatments), WS j = effect of the jth weaning system (30, 45, and 60 days of age), and e ijk = residual error.

BW, body weight gain (BWG), average daily gain (ADG), biochemical parameters, and mineral concentrations of blood serum were dependent variables. Differences among treatment means were detected using Duncan test with P < 0.05 considered statistically significant unless otherwise noted.

3 Results

3.1 Performance and mortality rate

The effects of DFM paste and weaning system on growth performance of newborn Najdi lambs are shown in Table 1. In this study, weaning system and DFM treatment had a significant (P < 0.05) effect on BW and BWG. In contrast, at mid and late weaning, lambs in T2 and T3 had significantly (P < 0.05) higher BW and BWG compared with lambs in T1 and the control group. In addition, ADG was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in lambs in T2 at mid weaning (45 days). While there was no statistically significant (P > 0.05) difference between C and T1 in BW, BWG, and ADG at different stages of weaning. It is noteworthy that the mortality rate in the early stage of lamb life and until weaning was reduced by 80% in this experiment in T2 and T3 groups (1 lamb was dead from 15 lambs – 6.67%), compared to the control group (5 lambs were dead from 15 lambs – 33.33%) (Figure 1).

Table 1

Effect of DFM supplementation and weaning system on growth performance, BW, BWG, and ADG of Najdi lambs up to weaning (Mean value ± SE)

Item Treatment P-value
C T1 T2 T3
BW (kg)
 BW 1 day 5.68C ± 0.20 5.01C ± 0.11 5.67C ± 0.21 5.59C ± 0.31 0.09
 BW 30 days 10.86B ± 0.73 10.29B ± 0.81 12.20B ± 0.55 11.24B ± 1.01 0.31
 BW 45 days 14.63abAB ± 0.96 12.3cAB ± 0.96 16.53Aab ± 0.94 13.54bAB ± 1.30 0.02
 BW 60 days 15.33bA ± 1.53 14.47cA ± 1.09 18.45aA ± 0.98 18.27aA ± 1.19 0.04
 P-value 0.02 0.01 0.04 0.001
BWG (kg)
 1–30 days 5.18C ± 0.58 5.28C ± 0.76 6.52C ± 0.49 5.66C ± 0.94 0.53
 1–45 days 8.96abB ± 0.85 7.37cB ± 0.92 10.86aB ± 0.88 7.96bB ± 1.21 0.04
 1–60 days 9.65A ± 1.38 9.47A ± 1.08 12.78A ± 0.91 12.69A ± 1.07 0.06
 P-value 0.01 0.01 <0.0001 0.001
ADG (kg)
 1–30 days 0.17 ± 0.02 0.18 ± 0.02 0.22 ± 0.02 0.19 ± 0.03 0.52
 1–45 days 0.20ab ± 0.02 0.16c ± 0.02 0.24a ± 0.02 0.17b ± 0.03 0.04
 1–60 days 0.16 ± 0.02 0.16 ± 0.02 0.21 ± 0.02 0.21 ± 0.02 0.06
 P-value 0.43 0.81 0.51 0.60

Data are presented as mean values ± SE (n = 15). A,B Mean values within a row with different subscript letters were significantly different (P < 0.05). a,bMean values within a column with different subscript letters were significantly different (P < 0.05). CControl (weaning at 60 days old). T1Weaning at 30 days old with 3hree doses of DFM (5, 10, and 15 days old). T2Weaning at 45 days old with 3 doses of DFM (5, 10, and 15 days old). T3Weaning at 60 days old with 3 doses of DFM (5, 10, and 15 days old). BW = body weight. BWG = body weight gain. ADG = average daily gain. d = day.

Figure 1 Illustrates the effect of DFM supplementation and weaning system on the mortality rate of the Newborn Lambs. CControl (weaning at 60 days old). T1Weaning at 30 days old with 3 doses of DFM (5, 10, and 15 days old). T2Weaning at 45 days old with 3 doses of DFM (5, 10, and 15 days old). T3Weaning at 60 days old with 3 doses of DFM (5, 10, and 15 days old).
Figure 1

Illustrates the effect of DFM supplementation and weaning system on the mortality rate of the Newborn Lambs. CControl (weaning at 60 days old). T1Weaning at 30 days old with 3 doses of DFM (5, 10, and 15 days old). T2Weaning at 45 days old with 3 doses of DFM (5, 10, and 15 days old). T3Weaning at 60 days old with 3 doses of DFM (5, 10, and 15 days old).

3.2 Metabolites in the blood

The metabolites concentration in the blood serum of Najdi lambs fed with DFM during different weaning stages (age 1, 30, and 60 days) are summarized in (Table 2). Serum concentrations of glucose, cholesterol, urea nitrogen, and triglycerides of the lambs were significantly (P < 0.05) affected by treatment and weaning system, with no significant (P > 0.05) difference in serum concentrations of total protein. DFM supplementation and late weaning (60 days) showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher concentrations of glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides than blood serum of lambs in the C group. In addition, higher (P < 0.05) levels of glucose were found in the blood serum of lambs in the T2 group at mid weaning (45 days) and T3 at late weaning (60 days). However, the levels of cortisol, urea nitrogen, and triglycerides in the blood serum of lambs in the C group were significantly (P < 0.05) affected by the weaning system.

Table 2

Metabolite levels in the blood serum of newborn Najdi lambs up to weaning (Mean value ± SE)

Parameters Treatment P-value
C T1 T2 T3
Cortisol (nmol/L)
 1 day 93.87Aa ± 6.32 50.12 ± 9.22 63.73bA ± 8.66 61.17b ± 8.42 0.01
 30 days 40.44B ± 7.68 35.23 ± 3.22 32.00C ± 3.27 45.12 ± 7.51 0.43
 60 days 40.69B ± 3.65 49.31 ± 1.24 44.40B ± 3.04 52.64 ± 5.49 0.15
 P-value <0.0001 0.15 0.006 0.32
Glucose (mg/dL)
 1 day 82.88 ± 5.73 74.40B ± 2.11 68.30B ± 9.12 84.55 ± 4.15 0.21
 30 days 67.30b ± 6.93 92.90aA ± 6.21 97.24a A ± 6.52 59.58 ± 10.49 0.01
 60 days 72.30a ± 5.13 39.56bC ± 5.53 50.20bC ± 4.81 73.38a ± 3.21 0.0002
 P-value 0.21 <0.0001 0.002 0.06
Total protein (g/dL)
 1 day 5.04 ± 0.73 4.75 ± 0.61 5.18 ± 0.56 6.39 ± 0.88 0.40
 30 days 4.53 ± 0.25 5.50 ± 0.48 5.32 ± 0.38 5.74 ± 0.53 0.25
 60 days 5.26 ± 0.21 4.33 ± 0.84 5.17 ± 0.48 6.28 ± 0.31 0.11
 P-value 0.53 0.47 0.97 0.73
Cholesterol (mg/dL)
 1 day 40.70 ± 5.17 45.88B ± 3.39 38.28B ± 2.66 47.62C ± 4.17 0.34
 30 days 59.78 ± 8.36 69.16A ± 6.01 68.00A ± 5.16 79.45A ± 7.95 0.30
 60 days 48.48b ± 5.03 66.50abA ± 4.84 28.46C ± 4.12 75.18aB ± 8.90 0.0002
 P-value 0.14 0.01 <0.0001 0.02
Creatinine (mg/dL)
 1 day 0.75b ± 0.09 0.57c ± 0.06 0.58 ± 0.05 1.05aA ± 0.07 0.001
 30 days 0.70 ± 0.05 0.71 ± 0.04 0.68 ± 0.04 0.56C ± 0.03 0.06
 60 days 0.84a ± 0.05 0.51c ± 0.07 0.59b ± 0.10 0.82abB ± 0.04 0.01
 P-value 0.35 0.07 0.56 <0.0001
Urea Nitrogen (mg/dL)
 1 day 116.80aA ± 4.89 49.64bc ± 9.25 50.40b ± 6.79 39.50C ± 2.11 0.001
 30 days 44.28C ± 4.28 44.92 ± 1.98 48.78 ± 2.62 43.72B ± 3.68 0.69
 60 days 60.53bB ± 5.42 31.83d ± 4.48 49.35c ± 6.94 65.24aA ± 5.84 0.004
 P-value <0.0001 0.13 0.98 0.002
Triglycerides (mg/dL)
 1 day 90.03bA ± 3.28 61.40dB ± 5.69 73.14cA ± 5.58 135.67aA ± 8.56 0.001
 30 days 64.96B ± 9.80 75.96A ± 6.06 68.82B ± 5.14 53.4C ± 5.32 0.17
 60 days 58.86aC ± 4.51 38.14C ± 3.05 36.94C ± 2.32 55.48abB ± 4.27 0.001
 P-value 0.01 0.001 0.0002 <0.0001

Data are presented as mean values ± SE (n = 15). A,BMean values within a row with different subscript letters were significantly different (P < 0.05). a,bMean values within a column with different subscript letters were significantly different (P < 0.05). CControl (weaning at 60 days old). T1Weaning at 30 days old with 3 doses of DFM (5, 10, and 15 days old). T2Weaning at 45 days old with 3 doses of DFM (5, 10, and 15 days old). T3Weaning at 60 days old with 3 doses of DFM (5, 10, and 15 days old).

3.3 Mineral concentration

Mineral concentration in blood serum of lambs at late weaning showed higher concentration (P < 0.05) of calcium in groups C and T3 compared to concentration in blood serum of lambs in T1 and T2 groups (Table 3). On the other hand, phosphorus concentration was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased by the treatments (T1 and T3) and late weaning (60 days).

Table 3

Mineral concentration in blood serum of Newborn Najdi lambs up to weaning (Mean value ± SE)

Parameters Treatment P-value
C T1 T2 T3
Calcium (mg/dL)
 30 days 9.91 ± 0.45 8.80 ± 1.51 11.02 ± 1.02 9.47 ± 0.88 0.51
 45 days 8.66 ± 1.30 8.58 ± 0.66 9.29 ± 0.90 8.28 ± 0.48 0.87
 60 days 10.74 ± 1.12 7.64 ± 0.91 7.17A ± 0.76 9.72 ± 0.68 0.04
 P-value 0.38 0.73 0.03 0.32
Phosphorus (mg/dL)
 30 days 6.60 ± 0.69 6.82 ± 1.03 6.50 ± 1.02 8.26 ± 0.57 0.45
 45 days 7.13 ± 0.45 7.05 ± 0.11 7.07 ± 0.60 6.20 ± 0.26 0.33
 60 days 6.40a ± 0.47 4.15A ± 0.29 5.05 ± 0.66 6.13 ± 0.27 0.01
 P-value 0.63 0.01 0.21 0.003
Zinc (µg/dL)
 30 days 132.70A ± 4.51 104.97 ± 6.08 93.94A ± 7.56 114.80A ± 4.59 0.002
 45 days 242.17 ± 9.85 207.79 ± 9.43 139.28 ± 9.24 151.32 ± 7.10 0.001
 60 days 167.89 ± 17.45 48.68A ± 3.25 102.14 ± 2.52 117.45 ± 9.74 0.001
 P-value <0.0001 <0.0001 0.001 0.01
Copper (µg/dL)
 30 days 201.19 ± 7.35 188.53 ± 22.02 175.95 ± 7.78 185.84 ± 11.46 0.63
 45 days 190.82 ± 8.18 182.73 ± 11.71 184.38 ± 4.88 161.26 ± 10.25 0.16
 60 days 166.34A ± 5.83 137.51 ± 7.43 140.41A ± 5.52 160.12 ± 5.84 0.01
 P-value 0.01 0.06 0.001 0.13

CControl (weaning at 60 days old). T1Weaning at 30 days old with 3 doses of DFM (5, 10, and 15 days old). T2Weaning at 45 days old with 3 doses of DFM (5, 10, and 15 days old). T3Weaning at 60 days old with 3 doses of DFM (5, 10, and 15 days old). SE = Standard error. Mean values followed by a common letter are not significantly different by the Duncan-test at the 95% level of significance.

Serum zinc concentration was significantly (P < 0.05) affected by the treatments and weaning system, with the C group having a higher zinc concentration (P < 0.05) at the different weaning periods (30, 45, and 60 days). Interestingly, the lowest serum zinc concentrations in T1 lambs (48.68 μg/dL) were found in the late weaning compared with the other treatments (Table 3). In addition, serum copper levels were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in groups C and T2 compared with the other treatments at late weaning (60 days).

4 Discussion

4.1 Growth performance and mortality rate

The most important characteristic of a well-functioning digestive tract is a balanced bacterial microflora, which is disturbed when animals are exposed to sudden stress, such as weaning, high temperatures, castration, and feed changes [16]. The most critical period is lamb weaning, which is associated with severe stress and results in change in body composition, manifested by fat loss or a sharp decrease in body fat accumulation with a corresponding increase in lean tissue [17]. In the current study, differences in BW and BWG were observed between different groups. Improvement was seen in lambs with supplementation DFM in T2 and T3, particularly at late weaning. This can be returned to DFM to improve rumen microflora and get lambs sufficient milk with late weaning. A previous study found that consuming DFM before weaning increased final BW and daily weight gain [18]. Similarly, probiotic administration was found to increase lamb BW [19]. In comparison to the control group, DFM treatment had no significant effect on BW, feed intake, or conversion rate in growing lambs [20]. Elghandour and colleagues [10] demonstrated rapid rumen development in DFM-supplemented newborn calves, as well as fermentation at 30 days of age as solid diet was increased. Furthermore, the levels of acetic acid and lactic acid in the rumen had a significant impact on gram-negative bacteria and, as a result, the uptake of some metabolites [10,21].

The percentage of mortality in this study was greatly reduced in T2 and T3, which was consistent with the findings of Alhidary and colleagues [18] and Kritas et al. [22], who reported lower mortality rates in lambs supplemented with DFM compared to the non-supplemented groups. In the perinatal period, lamb mortality rates reach up to 20.8% within 3 days of birth, 28.7% within the first 7 days, and approximately 8% within the next 8 days [41]. The main cause of starvation in lambs that can lead to death was a lack of suckling milk at early weaning, 30 days, and a decrease in the development of rumen microflora. However, the decrease in mortality with late weaning, 60 days, demonstrated that the lamb was getting enough milk and that the rumen had developed the ability to digest diet. It is generally believed that feeding DFM stimulates the immune system, especially in young ruminants, resulting in greater susceptibility to microbial colonization by pathogens in the small intestinal tract [10,23] and improved health and productive yield through the production of cytokines by macrophages to fight infections [24].

4.2 Metabolites in the blood

In the current study, cortisol concentrations in the treated and control groups decreased at weaning compared to the perinatal period. On the contrary, weaning was associated with increased plasma cortisol levels, according to Vosooghi-Poostindoz et al. [25], and treatment with the probiotic mixture improved these levels. The serum glucose concentration significantly decreased in T1 and T2 lambs at late weaning compared to the other groups. The findings of this study were consistent with those reported by Antunović et al. [26] in growing lambs fed with a probiotic mixture. Feeding DMF and solid diets to calve at a young age may result in acidosis caused by lactic acid-producing bacteria, which has also been linked to lower rates of gluconeogenesis [27].

DFM supplementation affected serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels, resulting in a decrease in lambs in T1 and T2 compared to the other groups at late weaning. These finding were similar to those reported by Santillo et al. [28] and Moarrab et al. [29]. These observations could be attributed to the activity of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), which reduced intestinal lipid absorption by deconjugating bile acids [30,31]. This explains why bacterial fermentation and inhibition of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase, a protein that regulates cholesterol synthesis, results in higher fecal propionic acid concentrations and lower blood concentrations [32].

In this study, the late weaned lambs in T3 had a higher urea nitrogen concentration than the other treatments, while T1 had a lower concentration. This change could be related to acidosis, a condition in which there are significant changes in glutamine utilization and synthesis as a result of ammonia transfer from the rumen [26]. The lower serum urea nitrogen in T1 lambs at late weaning may be due to some absorption of NH3 from the rumen in addition to full uptake of NH3 for glutamine synthesis [26]. In addition, creatinine levels at late weaning were lower in T1 and T2 than in other treatments. Creatinine is produced in muscle, and its concentration is directly related to physical activity levels [26]. The current study’s reduction in creatinine levels could be attributed to DFM supplementation. Furthermore, these metabolites provide information about the nutritional and metabolic status of the lambs in this experiment, which was healthy and disease-free.

4.3 Mineral concentration

Minerals exist as electrolytes in body tissues and fluids and play roles in osmotic pressure, acid-base balance, membrane permeability, and tissue irritability. Mineral deficiency generally has a negative impact on animal health and performance [33]. Mineral concentration was generally influenced by DFM supplementation and weaning system in the current study. The impact of ruminant physiological stages on mineral absorption is poorly understood, and more research is needed to define the relationship between DFM and mineral intake [18]. Rumen bacteria produce fermentation by-products such as short-chain fatty acids and lactic acid, which can contribute to pH reduction and, as a result, affect mineral solubility and uptake positively or negatively [34].

In this study, serum minerals (Ca, P, Zn, and Cu) decreased at late weaning in all treatments, but this was within normal limits and could be attributed to an increase in physiological demand. Low calcium and phosphorus concentrations could be the result of metabolic acidosis caused by high levels of lactic acid-producing bacteria as a result of DFM addition. Antunović and colleagues [26] found similar results in growing lambs fed with probiotics. This result contradicts the findings of Underwood and Suttle [35], who found a tendency for higher plasma phosphorus in chronic calcium deficiency. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is involved in the reduction in blood calcium via the synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2 D3) in the kidney, which affects calcium absorption from the intestine and kidney. Furthermore, metabolic acidosis causes increased excretion via the renal system [36].

The minerals zinc and copper are very important trace minerals that play an important role in the metabolism and health of animals, especially as components of many important enzymes [37]. In the present study, zinc concentration in blood serum was significantly affected by DFM supplementation and weaning system. According to report by Herdt and Hoff [38], zinc levels in this study were normal (80–120 g/dL), with the exception of T1, which had the lowest levels (48.68 g/dL) when compared to other treatments. This could be due to the lambs’ physiological stage and increased mineral requirement. Because most ruminant diets are zinc deficient, a contribution of less than 45 mg/kg Zn in the diet is said to cause micromineral deficiency in cattle [39]. Serum copper concentration at late weaning was significantly (P < 0.01) lower in lambs from groups C and T2 than in other groups in this study, despite the fact that all values were within the normal range (70–200 g/dL) according to Puls [40] and Herdt and Hoff [38].

5 Conclusion

DFM supplementation during the perinatal period and late weaning (60 days) improved their BW, average BW, and decreased mortality. The use of live bacteria as DFM to stimulate rumen development, as well as late weaning, allows lambs to get enough suckling milk; this practice is considered safe and profitable in sheep farming.

Acknowledgments

The authors sincerely acknowledge the Researchers Supporting Project for funding this work number (RSP-2021/232) at King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

  1. Funding information: The authors sincerely acknowledge the Researchers Supporting Project for funding this work number (RSP-2021/232) at King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

  2. Author contributions: Conceptualization: R.A.A. and A.R.A.; methodology: R.A.A. and A.A.A; validation: A.R.A., R.A.A., and A.M.M.; formal analysis: A.M.M.; investigation: R.A.A. and A.R.A.; data curation: A.R.A.; writing – original draft preparation: R.A.A. and A.R.A.; writing – review and editing: R.A.A., A.R.A., and A.M.M.; visualization: A.R.A., A.A.A., and M.Q.A.; supervision: A.R.A. and M.Q.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

  4. Ethical approval: All experiments were conducted according to the Guidelines of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Department of Animal Production, King Saud University.

  5. Data availability statement: The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article.

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Received: 2022-02-15
Revised: 2022-04-17
Accepted: 2022-05-04
Published Online: 2022-05-26

© 2022 Ramzi A. Amran et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2022-0165
Keywords for this article
direct-fed microbial; weaning system; performance; mortality; Najdi lambs
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B in aqueous phase by bimetallic metal-organic framework M/Fe-MOF (M = Co, Cu, and Mg)
  3. Assessment of using electronic portal imaging device for analysing bolus material utilised in radiation therapy
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  25. Cyclic connectivity index of bipolar fuzzy incidence graph
  26. The role of passage numbers of donor cells in the development of Arabian Oryx – Cow interspecific somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos
  27. Mechanical property evaluation of tellurite–germanate glasses and comparison of their radiation-shielding characteristics using EPICS2017 to other glass systems
  28. Molecular screening of ionic liquids for CO2 absorption and molecular dynamic simulation
  29. Microwave-assisted preparation of Ag/Fe magnetic biochar from clivia leaves for adsorbing daptomycin antibiotics
  30. Iminodisuccinic acid enhances antioxidant and mineral element accumulation in young leaves of Ziziphus jujuba
  31. Cytotoxic activity of guaiane-type sesquiterpene lactone (deoxycynaropicrin) isolated from the leaves of Centaurothamnus maximus
  32. Effects of welding parameters on the angular distortion of welded steel plates
  33. Simulation of a reactor considering the Stamicarbon, Snamprogetti, and Toyo patents for obtaining urea
  34. Effect of different ramie (Boehmeria nivea L. Gaud) cultivars on the adsorption of heavy metal ions cadmium and lead in the remediation of contaminated farmland soils
  35. Impact of a live bacterial-based direct-fed microbial (DFM) postpartum and weaning system on performance, mortality, and health of Najdi lambs
  36. Anti-tumor effect of liposomes containing extracted Murrayafoline A against liver cancer cells in 2D and 3D cultured models
  37. Physicochemical properties and some mineral concentration of milk samples from different animals and altitudes
  38. Copper(ii) complexes supported by modified azo-based ligands: Nucleic acid binding and molecular docking studies
  39. Diagnostic and therapeutic radioisotopes in nuclear medicine: Determination of gamma-ray transmission factors and safety competencies of high-dense and transparent glassy shields
  40. Calculation of NaI(Tl) detector efficiency using 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K radioisotopes: Three-phase Monte Carlo simulation study
  41. Isolation and identification of unstable components from Caesalpinia sappan by high-speed counter-current chromatography combined with preparative high-performance liquid chromatography
  42. Quantification of biomarkers and evaluation of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxicity properties of Dodonaea viscosa grown in Saudi Arabia using HPTLC technique
  43. Characterization of the elastic modulus of ceramic–metal composites with physical and mechanical properties by ultrasonic technique
  44. GC-MS analysis of Vespa velutina auraria Smith and its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities in vitro
  45. Texturing of nanocoatings for surface acoustic wave-based sensors for volatile organic compounds
  46. Insights into the molecular basis of some chalcone analogues as potential inhibitors of Leishmania donovani: An integrated in silico and in vitro study
  47. (1R,2S,5R)-5-Methyl-2-(propan-2-yl)cyclohexyl 4-amino-3-phenylbutanoate hydrochloride: Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity
  48. On the relative extraction rates of colour compounds and caffeine during brewing, an investigation of tea over time and temperature
  49. Characterization of egg shell powder-doped ceramic–metal composites
  50. Rapeseed oil-based hippurate amide nanocomposite coating material for anticorrosive and antibacterial applications
  51. Chemically modified Teucrium polium (Lamiaceae) plant act as an effective adsorbent tool for potassium permanganate (KMnO4) in wastewater remediation
  52. Efficiency analysis of photovoltaic systems installed in different geographical locations
  53. Risk prioritization model driven by success factor in the light of multicriteria decision making
  54. Theoretical investigations on the excited-state intramolecular proton transfer in the solvated 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde carbohydrazone
  55. Mechanical and gamma-ray shielding examinations of Bi2O3–PbO–CdO–B2O3 glass system
  56. Machine learning-based forecasting of potability of drinking water through adaptive boosting model
  57. The potential effect of the Rumex vesicarius water seeds extract treatment on mice before and during pregnancy on the serum enzymes and the histology of kidney and liver
  58. Impact of benzimidazole functional groups on the n-doping properties of benzimidazole derivatives
  59. Extraction of red pigment from Chinese jujube peel and the antioxidant activity of the pigment extracts
  60. Flexural strength and thermal properties of carbon black nanoparticle reinforced epoxy composites obtained from waste tires
  61. A focusing study on radioprotective and antioxidant effects of Annona muricata leaf extract in the circulation and liver tissue: Clinical and experimental studies
  62. Clinical comprehensive and experimental assessment of the radioprotective effect of Annona muricata leaf extract to prevent cellular damage in the ileum tissue
  63. Effect of WC content on ultrasonic properties, thermal and electrical conductivity of WC–Co–Ni–Cr composites
  64. Influence of various class cleaning agents for prosthesis on Co–Cr alloy surface
  65. The synthesis of nanocellulose-based nanocomposites for the effective removal of hexavalent chromium ions from aqueous solution
  66. Study on the influence of physical interlayers on the remaining oil production under different development modes
  67. Optimized linear regression control of DC motor under various disturbances
  68. Influence of different sample preparation strategies on hypothesis-driven shotgun proteomic analysis of human saliva
  69. Determination of flow distance of the fluid metal due to fluidity in ductile iron casting by artificial neural networks approach
  70. Investigation of mechanical activation effect on high-volume natural pozzolanic cements
  71. In vitro: Anti-coccidia activity of Calotropis procera leaf extract on Eimeria papillata oocysts sporulation and sporozoite
  72. Determination of oil composition of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) seeds under influence of organic fertilizer forms
  73. Activated partial thromboplastin time maybe associated with the prognosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma
  74. Treatment of rat brain ischemia model by NSCs-polymer scaffold transplantation
  75. Lead and cadmium removal with native yeast from coastal wetlands
  76. Characterization of electroless Ni-coated Fe–Co composite using powder metallurgy
  77. Ferrate synthesis using NaOCl and its application for dye removal
  78. Antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anticholinesterase potential of Chenopodium murale L. extracts using in vitro and in vivo approaches
  79. Study on essential oil, antioxidant activity, anti-human prostate cancer effects, and induction of apoptosis by Equisetum arvense
  80. Experimental study on turning machine with permanent magnetic cutting tool
  81. Numerical simulation and mathematical modeling of the casting process for pearlitic spheroidal graphite cast iron
  82. Design, synthesis, and cytotoxicity evaluation of novel thiophene, pyrimidine, pyridazine, and pyridine: Griseofulvin heterocyclic extension derivatives
  83. Isolation and identification of promising antibiotic-producing bacteria
  84. Ultrasonic-induced reversible blood–brain barrier opening: Safety evaluation into the cellular level
  85. Evaluation of phytochemical and antioxidant potential of various extracts from traditionally used medicinal plants of Pakistan
  86. Effect of calcium lactate in standard diet on selected markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in ovariectomized rats
  87. Identification of crucial salivary proteins/genes and pathways involved in pathogenesis of temporomandibular disorders
  88. Zirconium-modified attapulgite was used for removing of Cr(vi) in aqueous solution
  89. The stress distribution of different types of restorative materials in primary molar
  90. Reducing surface heat loss in steam boilers
  91. Deformation behavior and formability of friction stir processed DP600 steel
  92. Synthesis and characterization of bismuth oxide/commercial activated carbon composite for battery anode
  93. Phytochemical analysis of Ziziphus jujube leaf at different foliar ages based on widely targeted metabolomics
  94. Effects of in ovo injection of black cumin (Nigella sativa) extract on hatching performance of broiler eggs
  95. Separation and evaluation of potential antioxidant, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activities of limonene-rich essential oils from Citrus sinensis (L.)
  96. Bioactivity of a polyhydroxy gorgostane steroid from Xenia umbellata
  97. BiCAM-based automated scoring system for digital logic circuit diagrams
  98. Analysis of standard systems with solar monitoring systems
  99. Structural and spectroscopic properties of voriconazole and fluconazole – Experimental and theoretical studies
  100. New plant resistance inducers based on polyamines
  101. Experimental investigation of single-lap bolted and bolted/bonded (hybrid) joints of polymeric plates
  102. Investigation of inlet air pressure and evaporative cooling of four different cogeneration cycles
  103. Review Articles
  104. Comprehensive review on synthesis, physicochemical properties, and application of activated carbon from the Arecaceae plants for enhanced wastewater treatment
  105. Research progress on speciation analysis of arsenic in traditional Chinese medicine
  106. Recent modified air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction applications for medicines and organic compounds in various samples: A review
  107. An insight on Vietnamese bio-waste materials as activated carbon precursors for multiple applications in environmental protection
  108. Antimicrobial activities of the extracts and secondary metabolites from Clausena genus – A review
  109. Bioremediation of organic/heavy metal contaminants by mixed cultures of microorganisms: A review
  110. Sonodynamic therapy for breast cancer: A literature review
  111. Recent progress of amino acid transporters as a novel antitumor target
  112. Aconitum coreanum Rapaics: Botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology
  113. Corrigendum
  114. Corrigendum to “Petrology and geochemistry of multiphase post-granitic dikes: A case study from the Gabal Serbal area, Southwestern Sinai, Egypt”
  115. Corrigendum to “Design of a Robust sliding mode controller for bioreactor cultures in overflow metabolism via an interdisciplinary approach”
  116. Corrigendum to “Statistical analysis on the radiological assessment and geochemical studies of granite rocks in the north of Um Taghir area, Eastern Desert, Egypt”
  117. Corrigendum to “Aroma components of tobacco powder from different producing areas based on gas chromatography ion mobility spectrometry”
  118. Corrigendum to “Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, transmission factors, and gamma-ray-shielding performances of Bi2O3–P2O5–B2O3–V2O5 quaternary glass system”
  119. Erratum
  120. Erratum to “Copper(ii) complexes supported by modified azo-based ligands: Nucleic acid binding and molecular docking studies”
  121. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology (ABB 2021)
  122. Study of solidification and stabilization of heavy metals by passivators in heavy metal-contaminated soil
  123. Human health risk assessment and distribution of VOCs in a chemical site, Weinan, China
  124. Preparation and characterization of Sparassis latifolia β-glucan microcapsules
  125. Special Issue on the Conference of Energy, Fuels, Environment 2020
  126. Improving the thermal performance of existing buildings in light of the requirements of the EU directive 2010/31/EU in Poland
  127. Special Issue on Ethnobotanical, Phytochemical and Biological Investigation of Medicinal Plants
  128. Study of plant resources with ethnomedicinal relevance from district Bagh, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
  129. Studies on the chemical composition of plants used in traditional medicine in Congo
  130. Special Issue on Applied Chemistry in Agriculture and Food Science
  131. Strip spraying technology for precise herbicide application in carrot fields
  132. Special Issue on Pharmacology and Metabolomics of Ethnobotanical and Herbal Medicine
  133. Phytochemical profiling, antibacterial and antioxidant properties of Crocus sativus flower: A comparison between tepals and stigmas
  134. Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of polyphenolics from Withania adpressa (Coss.) Batt. against selected drug-resistant bacterial strains
  135. Integrating network pharmacology and molecular docking to explore the potential mechanism of Xinguan No. 3 in the treatment of COVID-19
  136. Chemical composition and in vitro and in vivo biological assortment of fixed oil extracted from Ficus benghalensis L.
  137. A review of the pharmacological activities and protective effects of Inonotus obliquus triterpenoids in kidney diseases
  138. Ethnopharmacological study of medicinal plants in Kastamonu province (Türkiye)
  139. Protective effects of asperuloside against cyclophosphamide-induced urotoxicity and hematotoxicity in rats
  140. Special Issue on Essential Oil, Extraction, Phytochemistry, Advances, and Application
  141. Identification of volatile compounds and antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal properties against drug-resistant microbes of essential oils from the leaves of Mentha rotundifolia var. apodysa Briq. (Lamiaceae)
  142. Phenolic contents, anticancer, antioxidant, and antimicrobial capacities of MeOH extract from the aerial parts of Trema orientalis plant
  143. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils from Mentha pulegium and Rosmarinus officinalis against multidrug-resistant microbes and their acute toxicity study
  144. Special Issue on Marine Environmental Sciences and Significance of the Multidisciplinary Approaches
  145. An insightful overview of the distribution pattern of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in the marine sediments of the Red Sea
  146. Antifungal–antiproliferative norcycloartane-type triterpenes from the Red Sea green alga Tydemania expeditionis
  147. Solvent effect, dipole moment, and DFT studies of multi donor–acceptor type pyridine derivative
  148. An extensive assessment on the distribution pattern of organic contaminants in the aerosols samples in the Middle East
  149. Special Issue on 4th IC3PE
  150. Energetics of carboxylic acid–pyridine heterosynthon revisited: A computational study of intermolecular hydrogen bond domination on phenylacetic acid–nicotinamide cocrystals
  151. A review: Silver–zinc oxide nanoparticles – organoclay-reinforced chitosan bionanocomposites for food packaging
  152. Green synthesis of magnetic activated carbon from peanut shells functionalized with TiO2 photocatalyst for Batik liquid waste treatment
  153. Coagulation activity of liquid extraction of Leucaena leucocephala and Sesbania grandiflora on the removal of turbidity
  154. Hydrocracking optimization of palm oil over NiMoO4/activated carbon catalyst to produce biogasoline and kerosine
  155. Special Issue on Pharmacology and metabolomics of ethnobotanical and herbal medicine
  156. Cynarin inhibits PDGF-BB-induced proliferation and activation in hepatic stellate cells through PPARγ
  157. Special Issue on The 1st Malaysia International Conference on Nanotechnology & Catalysis (MICNC2021)
  158. Surfactant evaluation for enhanced oil recovery: Phase behavior and interfacial tension
  159. Topical Issue on phytochemicals, biological and toxicological analysis of aromatic medicinal plants
  160. Phytochemical analysis of leaves and stems of Physalis alkekengi L. (Solanaceae)
  161. Phytochemical and pharmacological profiling of Trewia nudiflora Linn. leaf extract deciphers therapeutic potentials against thrombosis, arthritis, helminths, and insects
  162. Pergularia tomentosa coupled with selenium nanoparticles salvaged lead acetate-induced redox imbalance, inflammation, apoptosis, and disruption of neurotransmission in rats’ brain
  163. Protective effect of Allium atroviolaceum-synthesized SeNPs on aluminum-induced brain damage in mice
  164. Mechanism study of Cordyceps sinensis alleviates renal ischemia–reperfusion injury
  165. Plant-derived bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid tetrandrine prevents human podocyte injury by regulating the miR-150-5p/NPHS1 axis
  166. Network pharmacology combined with molecular docking to explore the anti-osteoporosis mechanisms of β-ecdysone derived from medicinal plants
  167. Chinese medicinal plant Polygonum cuspidatum ameliorates silicosis via suppressing the Wnt/β-catenin pathway
  168. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Biological Applications - Part I
  169. Investigation of improved optical and conductivity properties of poly(methyl methacrylate)–MXenes (PMMA–MXenes) nanocomposite thin films for optoelectronic applications
  170. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology (ABB 2022)
  171. Model predictive control for precision irrigation of a Quinoa crop
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