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Characterization of the elastic modulus of ceramic–metal composites with physical and mechanical properties by ultrasonic technique

  • Ayhan Erol ORCID logo , Vildan Özkan Bilici ORCID logo and Ahmet Yönetken ORCID logo EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: July 12, 2022
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 20 Issue 1

Abstract

The scope of this study, that is, the effect of the elastic modulus obtained by ultrasonic method on the physical and mechanical properties of tungsten carbide (WC)-based ceramic–metal composites, which have Ni and Co metallic binder composition produced by powder metallurgy and represented by high strength and hardness criteria, was investigated. In order to obtain composite samples in the study, it was sintered in a microwave furnace at different temperatures to combine the powder particles prepared at the rate of 60% Ni, 20% Co, and 20% WC by weight. Then, the velocities and longitudinal attenuation values of longitudinal and shear ultrasonic waves along the composite sample were measured using the ultrasonic pulse-echo method. The elastic modulus of the composites was determined using ultrasonic velocities and sample density. Hardness testing, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses were also performed. The results show that the elastic modulus increases with the increase in sintering temperature and ultrasonic wave speeds, but decreases with the longitudinal attenuation value, considering the SEM images and XRD analysis. There is also a linear relationship between elastic modulus and stiffness.

Keywords: ultrasonic; composite; elastic modulus; sintering temperature; hardness

1 Introduction

The field of materials science and characterization is to create new materials under different physical conditions, develop, and improve previously known materials [1]. Today, the quality of WC-reinforced ceramic–metal composites produced in powder metallurgy is expressed by their high strength and hardness values. In addition, composite materials with WC are known to be used in places requiring high strength [2,3,4,5,6]. The subject of material characterization is mainly the study of elastic behavior, material microstructure, and morphological properties, and relevant mechanical properties and includes evaluation. Destructive and non-destructive testing techniques are available for full material characterization without damaging the structure [7]. In recent years, it is possible to characterize the microstructural, physical, and mechanical properties of materials using ultrasonic testing methods. Research studies and development of ultrasonic testing procedures and equipment are carried out, trying to achieve better results. Each ultrasonic test parameter is significantly affected by changes in the microstructural or mechanical properties of the materials. Quantities, ultrasonic velocity, and attenuation are important parameters required for the ultrasonic nondestructive material characterization technique [8,9,10]. Ultrasonic velocity gives information about the mechanical, anisotropic, and elastic properties of the medium through which it passes, while at the same time it is related to the elastic constants and density of a material [11,12]. In addition, as a result of the studies, it has been observed that the ultrasonic method is a very sensitive and reliable technique from the data obtained for sintered composite samples and materials [13,14,15,16,17,18].

According to the literature, materials obtained by microwave sintering can exhibit comparable and high-level properties under the conditions of appropriate chemical composition and production technology, in specific application conditions superior to the observed properties of many hard metals, alloys, cermets, and composites. Microwave sintering has been widely used in the field of powder metal technology [19,20]. Compared to other conventional sintering methods, microwave sintering is an economical heating method that saves time and energy and also limits grain growth with its fast-heating rate. It provides better production performance with a good microstructure and therefore improved mechanical properties [21,22,23,24]. All these advantages make it one of the scientific and economical and industrially practical methods for the preparation of hard metals such as nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), and tungsten carbide (WC) to be formed by microwave heating. Besides this kind of work, there are many kinds of works done on material science to investigate different properties [25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51].

In this study, ceramic–metal composites were sintered at different sintering temperatures. The aim is to measure the elastic modulus of composites prepared at different temperatures ultrasonically and to examine the relationship between ultrasonic properties and physical and mechanical properties without damaging the structure in order to explain the changes in the structure. In the study, the velocity and attenuation values of the samples and the modulus of elasticity were measured using ultrasonic method, microstructural development was examined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), and hardness measurement was made for hardness values.

2 Experimental procedures

2.1 preparation of sample

In this study, Ni, Co, and tungsten carbide (WC) were used in the form of powders. The powders used in the study were 99.8% purity and particle size Ni from lower than −325 mesh, Co powders with 99.9% purity and a particle size of lower than 150 μm, and WC powder with 99.9% purity and a particle size of lower than 50 μm. All powders were obtained from Sigma Aldrich. The powders prepared by weight (60% Ni–20% Co–20% WC) were mixed homogeneously in a mixer for 24 h after weighing. All the powders were placed in a mold of 15 mm diameter and 5 mm height and pressed using a hydraulic press at a pressure of 305.9 kg/cm2, and then, the cold-pressed samples underwent sintering at 600–1,000℃ for 2 h in a microwave sintering. The sintering process was carried out in a Phoenix Standard Unit (CEM Innovations in Microwave Technology) brand microwave oven with a heating rate of 10°C per minute.

2.2 Mechanical characterization

Microhardness measurements of Ni–Co–WC composite specimens were made using a METTEST-HT (Vickers) brand microhardness tester by applying Vickers hardness at 0.5 kg load. In addition, in order for the results of the hardness measurements to be accurate, measurements were taken from 10 different regions of each composite sample, and the hardness value was given with an average value.

Shimadzu brand XRD-6,000 X-Ray diffraction analyzer was operated with Cu K alpha radiation at a scanning rate of 2° per minute.

Equipped with X-ray (energy-dispersive X-ray – EDX spectroscopy) detector, LEO-1,430 VP SEM was applied to observe the microstructure of composite material.

The densities of the prepared composite samples of the (60% Ni–20% Co–20% WC) composition were calculated according to the Archimedes principle, taking into account the volumetric changes after sintering at different temperatures.

2.3 Ultrasonic measurements

In ultrasonic measurement methods, as in every experimental system, there is a transducer that produces the ultrasound and another transducer that detects the produced ultrasound from the other end of the environment. In our experimental study, we used pulse-echo method, one of the ultrasonic measurement methods. The ultrasonic pulse-echo technique is generally used to take precise measurements of ultrasonic velocity and absorption in the megahertz and gigahertz frequency regions, to evaluate its elastic modulus, determine microstructure characterization, and evaluate its mechanical properties [52]. Velocity and attenuation measurements of the samples were made with Sonatest Sitescan 150 model ultrasonic wave flaw detector. A 2 MHz (Sonatest SLH2-10, T/R) transmitter/receiver longitudinal probe was used to measure ultrasonic longitudinal velocity, and 4 MHz (GE Inspection Technologies MB 4Y 66100541) transmitter/receiver shear probe was used to measure ultrasonic shear wave velocity. Sonatest sonagel-W liquid gel was used as a coupling fluid between the probes and the sample. Then, the image of the ultrasonic wave sent to the sample with the transmitter/receiver transducer was obtained with the front wall reflection, back wall reflection peaks and echoes peaks on the A-Scan screen. By changing the height of the transducers from the sample, measurements were tried to be taken until the sharpest peak in the spectrum was obtained. The propagation rate of ultrasonic waves through the thickness of the samples was evaluated as follows:

(1) V = 2 × d t ,

where d is the sample thickness (mm), t is the propagation time of ultrasonic wave (ns), and V is the propagation speed of the ultrasonic wave (m/s) [53,54]. Considering that the samples obtained in this analysis are isotropic, Young’s modulus can be calculated by using the standard velocity–elasticity formulas and the density of the sample. In this case, Young’s modulus is calculated from the measured ultrasonic longitudinal (V L) and transverse (V T) wave velocities and density (ρ) [55] as follows:

(2) E = ρ V T 2 3 V L 2 − 4 V T 2 V L 2 − V T 2 .

Also, while the ultrasound wave propagates in a solid environment, the term absorption is used for the average energy loss that occurs due to its direct interaction with the particles in the environment. This reduction event occurs due to the absorption and scattering properties of the solid and is called “attenuation.” Using a flaw detector, the attenuation coefficient is generally obtained by the ratio of the amplitudes of the first back-wall echo to that of the second back-wall echo and echo peaks on the A-Scan screen [56]. This formula is used for calculating the attenuation coefficient as follows:

(3) α = 1 d 20 log A 1 A 2 ,

where A 1 and A 2 are the amplitude of two consecutive back wall echoes and d is the thickness of the samples in (mm). Also, in Figure 1, the general schematic representation of the experimental setup used for the ultrasonic measurements of the samples with the applied pulse-echo test is given.

Figure 1 Ultrasonic pulse-echo testing setup.
Figure 1

Ultrasonic pulse-echo testing setup.

3 Results and discussion

The 60% Ni–20% Co–20% WC composite samples formed with the powders prepared in certain proportions were sintered in a microwave furnace at temperatures ranging from 600 to 1,000°C. The main focus of this study is to investigate the effect of the elastic modulus obtained using ultrasonic method on the physical and mechanical properties of these ready-made composite samples. The ultrasonic velocity, ultrasonic longitudinal attenuation and elastic modulus values depending on the sintering temperature are shown in Table 1. In the study, graphs showing the change of physical-mechanical properties such as hardness, sintering temperature (°C), ultrasonic velocity values, and longitudinal attenuation of the samples given in Table 1 against elastic modulus values were drawn (Figure 2).

Table 1

Physical and mechanical properties and sintering temperature of Ni–Co–WC ceramic–metal composites

Composite samples Sintering temperature V L (m/s), at V T (m/s), at Longitudinal attenuation (dB), at E (GPa) Hardness Density (g/cm3)
(°C) 2 MHz 4 MHz 2 MHz (0.05 HV)
60% Ni–20% Co–20% WC 600 1504.8 ± 9 1051.2 ± 29 0.567 ± 0.021 15.99 231.28 7.073
700 1816 ± 23 1180.3 ± 4 0.338 ± 0.032 21.94 246.57 6.943
800 2761.6 ± 28 1678.5 ± 16 0.274 ± 0.015 46.01 258.03 6.765
900 2949.6 ± 29 2071.4 ± 20 0.253 ± 0.025 58.89 270.04 6.771
1,000 3140.4 ± 23 2158.4 ± 24 0.217 ± 0.031 65.33 301.69 6.663
Figure 2 The relationship between E values and the physical–mechanical properties of composites.
Figure 2

The relationship between E values and the physical–mechanical properties of composites.

Ultrasonic velocity in powder compaction processes in powder metallurgy is directly dependent on the density and elastic modulus. In order for ultrasonic velocity to realize its full potential as a parameter for the characterization of sintered materials, a better understanding of the relationship between ultrasonic velocity and powder compact state is required [57]. When the velocities of both ultrasonic longitudinal and shear waves at 600°C sintering temperature and 1,000°C sintering temperature are examined, it is seen that there is an increase of approximately two times. It has been observed that a more stable and dense structure can be obtained as the sintering temperature increases. In our study, it was found to be consistent with similar results in the literature. In addition, the fact that the velocity is high in low-density samples and low in high-density samples is a result of the measurements being made parallel to the pressing direction. As the temperature increases, the grain boundary movement speed increases, and because the pores move more slowly at the grain boundary, densification increases. For a sintering temperature of 1,000°C, the wave velocities are independent of the heating rate and reach their maximum values. Longitudinal and shear wave velocity and elastic modulus values vary in proportion to the total hardness values (Table 1). It is known that the existing pores in the structure block the path of incoming ultrasonic signals and thus reduce the velocity of ultrasonic waves [58]. Therefore, it can be easily said that the total porosity values are low for a structure with high velocity and elastic modulus values. At the same time, the ultrasonic velocity measurement method appears to be an easy, convenient and suitable non-destructive technique for estimating porosity in materials [59]. The relationship of Ni–Co–WC ceramic–metal composite samples with the elastic modulus is clearly shown in the graphs drawn. While the elastic modulus decreases with the increase in the longitudinal attenuation polynomial (Figure 2c), it increases with the sintering temperature (Figure 2a) and the longitudinal and shear velocity values (Figure 2b). The results also show that the elastic modulus values increase with the increase in the hardness values (Figure 2d). Hardness, which is actually a type of strength, is largely controlled by its microstructure and the presence of imperfections. It is used to detect invisible discontinuities in materials or open discontinuities on the material surface using the pulse-echo method, which is one of the non-destructive testing methods. In this way, the microstructural, physical, and mechanical properties of 60% Ni–20% Co–20% WC composite samples were evaluated.

3.1 Metallographic and XRD analysis

SEM and XRD analysis results of metal matrix composite sample obtained from powders (60% Ni–20% Co–20% WC) sintered at 600°C and 1,000°C are shown in Figures 3 and 4. Sintering is not better understood at (60% Ni–20% Co–20% WC) composition at 600°C temperature. The SEM picture (Figure 3b and c) shows some porous unclear phases.

Figure 3 SEM image of (Ni–Co–WC) composite 600–1,000°C. (a) 600°C, (b) 700°C, (c) 800°C, (d) 900°C and (e) 1,000°C.
Figure 3

SEM image of (Ni–Co–WC) composite 600–1,000°C. (a) 600°C, (b) 700°C, (c) 800°C, (d) 900°C and (e) 1,000°C.

Figure 4 XRD analysis of (Ni–Co–WC) composite sintered in microwave furnace at (a) 600°C and (b) 1,000°C.
Figure 4

XRD analysis of (Ni–Co–WC) composite sintered in microwave furnace at (a) 600°C and (b) 1,000°C.

In Figure 3d, the interaction between the particles has started and the structure is getting denser, the existing grain boundaries are gradually disappearing. Figure 3e is an SEM photograph taken at 1,000°C of the produced sample. It shows the start of the neck formation between particles. Grain boundaries are unclear. It is the moment when the porosity is less. Density is also a property that depends on the amount of porosity. In this case, there is a structure that becomes more stable with necking and the hardness value is the highest. After SEM analysis of the samples produced at 600, 700, 800, 900, and 1,000°C, X-ray analysis was made of the samples sintered at 600 and 1,000°C (Figure 4). The strong tungsten carbide peak according to the phases and elements, which emerged according to the XRD analysis taken at both temperature values, shows that the structure is composed of tungsten carbide and that WC, WO2, WO3, CoWO4, and W2C formations occur and the existence of the WC–Co system. Among these peaks, the W2C phase was not observed in the Ni–Co–WC composite sample sintered at 1,000°C, which is shown in Figure 4b. The obstacles to using the WC phase alone in the WC–Co system are its very brittleness and extreme difficulty in sintering. WC particles embedded in the cobalt phase give the structure its hardness and wear resistance, while the cobalt phase gives toughness and holds the WC particles together. In addition, in structures such as WC–Co, the stiffness is affected by the amount of the W2C phase [60]. The disappearance of this phase at 1,000°C supports the high elastic modulus and hardness value.

4 Conclusion

Ni–Co and WC mixture powders were produced samples and were investigated. Metal powders are reinforced with ceramic powder. In the study, 60% Ni–20% Co–20% WC composite samples produced at different temperatures were characterized, and the ultrasonic pulse-echo technique was effectively used for the characterization of their properties.

Unlike conventional sintering, microwave sintering was used in the preparation of samples in the study. The reason is that since the heating of the sample in microwave heating is provided in the interior, it causes volumetric and homogeneous heating. Thus, the structural properties of the obtained sample are improved in many ways. At this point, the relationship between the elastic modulus of Ni–Co–WC ceramic–metal composites obtained by the ultrasonic method and their physical and mechanical properties was investigated. The results of the study show that an elastic modulus measurement is a reliable tool for the characterization of hardness, sintering temperature, ultrasonic longitudinal and shear velocity, and longitudinal attenuation in Ni–Co–WC composites. The highest density, hardness, and elastic modulus values of 60% Ni–20% Co–20WC composite produced by the powder metallurgy method were found as 6.663 gr/cm3, 301.69 HV, and 65.33 GPa, respectively, in the sample sintered at 1,000°C. Besides the desired microstructure, the highest hardness value obtained also brings good strength and stiffness. While the elastic modulus value increased approximately four times at 1,000°C, the longitudinal attenuation value decreased from 0.567 dB to 0.217 dB. The reason for this is that energy is lost as it interacts with more particles in the environment. Since the ultrasonic wave sent to the structure is absorbed by the particle, a reduction occurs depending on the interaction.

Acknowledgment

Study A.K.U. was supported by the Scientific Research Projects Unit with the project numbered 15.Teknoloji.04.

  1. Funding information: This research (15.Teknoloji.04.) was funded by A.K.U. BAPK.

  2. Author contributions: Conceptualization, A.Y. and V.Ö.B.; methodology, V.O.B., A.Y. and A.E. formal analysis, A.Y. and V.Ö.B.; investigation, A.Y. and A.E.; resources, V.O.B., A.Y. and A.E.; data curation, A.Y; writing – original draft preparation, A.Y. and V.O.B.; writing – review and editing, A.Y. and A.E. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

  4. Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

  5. Data availability statement: The processed data necessary to reproduce these findings are available upon request with permission.

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Received: 2022-05-16
Revised: 2022-06-02
Accepted: 2022-06-06
Published Online: 2022-07-12

© 2022 Ayhan Erol et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

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  9. Design of a Robust sliding mode controller for bioreactor cultures in overflow metabolism via an interdisciplinary approach
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https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2022-0180
Keywords for this article
ultrasonic; composite; elastic modulus; sintering temperature; hardness
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B in aqueous phase by bimetallic metal-organic framework M/Fe-MOF (M = Co, Cu, and Mg)
  3. Assessment of using electronic portal imaging device for analysing bolus material utilised in radiation therapy
  4. A detailed investigation on highly dense CuZr bulk metallic glasses for shielding purposes
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  6. Environmental impact assesment regulation applications and their analysis in Turkey
  7. Sample age effect on parameters of dynamic nuclear polarization in certain difluorobenzen isomers/MC800 asphaltene suspensions
  8. Passenger demand forecasting for railway systems
  9. Design of a Robust sliding mode controller for bioreactor cultures in overflow metabolism via an interdisciplinary approach
  10. Gamma, neutron, and heavy charged ion shielding properties of Er3+-doped and Sm3+-doped zinc borate glasses
  11. Bridging chiral de-tert-butylcalix[4]arenes: Optical resolution based on column chromatography and structural characterization
  12. Petrology and geochemistry of multiphase post-granitic dikes: A case study from the Gabal Serbal area, Southwestern Sinai, Egypt
  13. Comparison of the yield and purity of plasma exosomes extracted by ultracentrifugation, precipitation, and membrane-based approaches
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  15. Investigation of the effects of machining parameters on surface integrity in micromachining
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  27. Mechanical property evaluation of tellurite–germanate glasses and comparison of their radiation-shielding characteristics using EPICS2017 to other glass systems
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  91. Deformation behavior and formability of friction stir processed DP600 steel
  92. Synthesis and characterization of bismuth oxide/commercial activated carbon composite for battery anode
  93. Phytochemical analysis of Ziziphus jujube leaf at different foliar ages based on widely targeted metabolomics
  94. Effects of in ovo injection of black cumin (Nigella sativa) extract on hatching performance of broiler eggs
  95. Separation and evaluation of potential antioxidant, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activities of limonene-rich essential oils from Citrus sinensis (L.)
  96. Bioactivity of a polyhydroxy gorgostane steroid from Xenia umbellata
  97. BiCAM-based automated scoring system for digital logic circuit diagrams
  98. Analysis of standard systems with solar monitoring systems
  99. Structural and spectroscopic properties of voriconazole and fluconazole – Experimental and theoretical studies
  100. New plant resistance inducers based on polyamines
  101. Experimental investigation of single-lap bolted and bolted/bonded (hybrid) joints of polymeric plates
  102. Investigation of inlet air pressure and evaporative cooling of four different cogeneration cycles
  103. Review Articles
  104. Comprehensive review on synthesis, physicochemical properties, and application of activated carbon from the Arecaceae plants for enhanced wastewater treatment
  105. Research progress on speciation analysis of arsenic in traditional Chinese medicine
  106. Recent modified air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction applications for medicines and organic compounds in various samples: A review
  107. An insight on Vietnamese bio-waste materials as activated carbon precursors for multiple applications in environmental protection
  108. Antimicrobial activities of the extracts and secondary metabolites from Clausena genus – A review
  109. Bioremediation of organic/heavy metal contaminants by mixed cultures of microorganisms: A review
  110. Sonodynamic therapy for breast cancer: A literature review
  111. Recent progress of amino acid transporters as a novel antitumor target
  112. Aconitum coreanum Rapaics: Botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology
  113. Corrigendum
  114. Corrigendum to “Petrology and geochemistry of multiphase post-granitic dikes: A case study from the Gabal Serbal area, Southwestern Sinai, Egypt”
  115. Corrigendum to “Design of a Robust sliding mode controller for bioreactor cultures in overflow metabolism via an interdisciplinary approach”
  116. Corrigendum to “Statistical analysis on the radiological assessment and geochemical studies of granite rocks in the north of Um Taghir area, Eastern Desert, Egypt”
  117. Corrigendum to “Aroma components of tobacco powder from different producing areas based on gas chromatography ion mobility spectrometry”
  118. Corrigendum to “Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, transmission factors, and gamma-ray-shielding performances of Bi2O3–P2O5–B2O3–V2O5 quaternary glass system”
  119. Erratum
  120. Erratum to “Copper(ii) complexes supported by modified azo-based ligands: Nucleic acid binding and molecular docking studies”
  121. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology (ABB 2021)
  122. Study of solidification and stabilization of heavy metals by passivators in heavy metal-contaminated soil
  123. Human health risk assessment and distribution of VOCs in a chemical site, Weinan, China
  124. Preparation and characterization of Sparassis latifolia β-glucan microcapsules
  125. Special Issue on the Conference of Energy, Fuels, Environment 2020
  126. Improving the thermal performance of existing buildings in light of the requirements of the EU directive 2010/31/EU in Poland
  127. Special Issue on Ethnobotanical, Phytochemical and Biological Investigation of Medicinal Plants
  128. Study of plant resources with ethnomedicinal relevance from district Bagh, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
  129. Studies on the chemical composition of plants used in traditional medicine in Congo
  130. Special Issue on Applied Chemistry in Agriculture and Food Science
  131. Strip spraying technology for precise herbicide application in carrot fields
  132. Special Issue on Pharmacology and Metabolomics of Ethnobotanical and Herbal Medicine
  133. Phytochemical profiling, antibacterial and antioxidant properties of Crocus sativus flower: A comparison between tepals and stigmas
  134. Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of polyphenolics from Withania adpressa (Coss.) Batt. against selected drug-resistant bacterial strains
  135. Integrating network pharmacology and molecular docking to explore the potential mechanism of Xinguan No. 3 in the treatment of COVID-19
  136. Chemical composition and in vitro and in vivo biological assortment of fixed oil extracted from Ficus benghalensis L.
  137. A review of the pharmacological activities and protective effects of Inonotus obliquus triterpenoids in kidney diseases
  138. Ethnopharmacological study of medicinal plants in Kastamonu province (Türkiye)
  139. Protective effects of asperuloside against cyclophosphamide-induced urotoxicity and hematotoxicity in rats
  140. Special Issue on Essential Oil, Extraction, Phytochemistry, Advances, and Application
  141. Identification of volatile compounds and antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal properties against drug-resistant microbes of essential oils from the leaves of Mentha rotundifolia var. apodysa Briq. (Lamiaceae)
  142. Phenolic contents, anticancer, antioxidant, and antimicrobial capacities of MeOH extract from the aerial parts of Trema orientalis plant
  143. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils from Mentha pulegium and Rosmarinus officinalis against multidrug-resistant microbes and their acute toxicity study
  144. Special Issue on Marine Environmental Sciences and Significance of the Multidisciplinary Approaches
  145. An insightful overview of the distribution pattern of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in the marine sediments of the Red Sea
  146. Antifungal–antiproliferative norcycloartane-type triterpenes from the Red Sea green alga Tydemania expeditionis
  147. Solvent effect, dipole moment, and DFT studies of multi donor–acceptor type pyridine derivative
  148. An extensive assessment on the distribution pattern of organic contaminants in the aerosols samples in the Middle East
  149. Special Issue on 4th IC3PE
  150. Energetics of carboxylic acid–pyridine heterosynthon revisited: A computational study of intermolecular hydrogen bond domination on phenylacetic acid–nicotinamide cocrystals
  151. A review: Silver–zinc oxide nanoparticles – organoclay-reinforced chitosan bionanocomposites for food packaging
  152. Green synthesis of magnetic activated carbon from peanut shells functionalized with TiO2 photocatalyst for Batik liquid waste treatment
  153. Coagulation activity of liquid extraction of Leucaena leucocephala and Sesbania grandiflora on the removal of turbidity
  154. Hydrocracking optimization of palm oil over NiMoO4/activated carbon catalyst to produce biogasoline and kerosine
  155. Special Issue on Pharmacology and metabolomics of ethnobotanical and herbal medicine
  156. Cynarin inhibits PDGF-BB-induced proliferation and activation in hepatic stellate cells through PPARγ
  157. Special Issue on The 1st Malaysia International Conference on Nanotechnology & Catalysis (MICNC2021)
  158. Surfactant evaluation for enhanced oil recovery: Phase behavior and interfacial tension
  159. Topical Issue on phytochemicals, biological and toxicological analysis of aromatic medicinal plants
  160. Phytochemical analysis of leaves and stems of Physalis alkekengi L. (Solanaceae)
  161. Phytochemical and pharmacological profiling of Trewia nudiflora Linn. leaf extract deciphers therapeutic potentials against thrombosis, arthritis, helminths, and insects
  162. Pergularia tomentosa coupled with selenium nanoparticles salvaged lead acetate-induced redox imbalance, inflammation, apoptosis, and disruption of neurotransmission in rats’ brain
  163. Protective effect of Allium atroviolaceum-synthesized SeNPs on aluminum-induced brain damage in mice
  164. Mechanism study of Cordyceps sinensis alleviates renal ischemia–reperfusion injury
  165. Plant-derived bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid tetrandrine prevents human podocyte injury by regulating the miR-150-5p/NPHS1 axis
  166. Network pharmacology combined with molecular docking to explore the anti-osteoporosis mechanisms of β-ecdysone derived from medicinal plants
  167. Chinese medicinal plant Polygonum cuspidatum ameliorates silicosis via suppressing the Wnt/β-catenin pathway
  168. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Biological Applications - Part I
  169. Investigation of improved optical and conductivity properties of poly(methyl methacrylate)–MXenes (PMMA–MXenes) nanocomposite thin films for optoelectronic applications
  170. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology (ABB 2022)
  171. Model predictive control for precision irrigation of a Quinoa crop
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