Startseite An insight on Vietnamese bio-waste materials as activated carbon precursors for multiple applications in environmental protection
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An insight on Vietnamese bio-waste materials as activated carbon precursors for multiple applications in environmental protection

  • Thi Cam Quyen Ngo , Lam Van Tan , Nguyen Phuong Thao , Thi Kim Ngan Tran und Ngoc Bich Hoang EMAIL logo
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 12. Juli 2022
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Open Chemistry
Aus der Zeitschrift Open Chemistry Band 20 Heft 1

Abstract

Vietnam is known as an agricultural country with a variety of agricultural crops. In addition to agricultural by-products, bio-waste is the by-product from livestock waste, forestry, industry, and daily life. They affect the soil, water, and air environment by self-degradation processes in the environment. Therefore, researchers have come up with ideas for the usage of the by-products to decrease the amount of waste and minimize the environmental effects. In Vietnam, the by-products were used by researchers to produce bio-ethanol, fertilizers, composites, and activated carbon (AC). AC is one of the materials used to rapidly reduce the number of agricultural by-products by researchers. The synthesis process is optimized for the highest yield, while the physicochemical properties are also clearly analyzed through the X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, and Bacterial endotoxin testing assays. The average recorded specific surface area was about 300 m2 g−1. The functional groups and surface structure showed that the material has an amorphous structure with –OH, –CH, –CC, –C═C, –C═O groups. The AC from agricultural waste had been studied and applied to treat pollutants present in water.

Keywords: activated carbon; agricultural by-products; potential application

1 Introduction

Vietnam is a country with a tropical climate in Southeast Asia. This country is known as an agricultural country with a variety of agricultural crops. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the output of agricultural products in Vietnam was about 47 million tons in 2020. Along with the economic development of the agricultural industry, the problem of agricultural waste after harvesting and preliminary processing was a matter of concern. Agricultural wastes had the ability to biodegrade in the natural environment, but it took a lot of time. While the agricultural output in Vietnam was growing and tended to increase rapidly in the coming years, it could be seen that the source of agricultural by-products in Vietnam also increased year-on-year. In addition to the agricultural by-products, bio-waste was the by-products from livestock waste, forestry, industry, and daily life [1,2], and the collection and treatment of biomass were applied only in a small amount.

The agricultural waste and bio-waste affect the soil, water, and air environment by self-degrading in the environment. The effects have been depicted in Figure 1. A large number of by-products would be decomposed in the environment after a period of time. This decomposition process produced a large amount of polluting gases such as methane, carbon oxide, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and dinitrogen oxide [2,3]. They had a negative impact on the atmosphere. The soil environment was contaminated with a large amount of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and other organic substances [2,4]. During the decomposition process, a large amount of leachate flows into rivers, streams, or groundwater, affecting the water environment [4,5]. Therefore, researchers had thought of using the by-products to decrease the waste amount to the environmental effect.

Figure 1 Impact of agricultural waste on the surrounding environment.
Figure 1

Impact of agricultural waste on the surrounding environment.

In Vietnam, by-products were applied by researchers to produce bio-ethanol, fertilizer, compost, and activated carbon (AC) [6,7,8]. AC was one of the materials used to rapidly reduce the number of agricultural by-products by researchers. Over the past decades, by-products such as rice husk ash, coir, corncob, and bamboo have been researched and used as AC [9,10,11,12,13]. But the applicability in practice was quite limited. There were also many by-products that were yet to be researched and developed. In this report, the research works in Vietnam are reviewed in general. Methods for synthesizing AC from agricultural by-products have been proposed. After the synthesis process, the physicochemical properties of the materials were also clearly synthesized through the X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and Bacterial endotoxin testing (BET) analyses results. Besides, the applicability of the material was also considered and application orientation.

2 Potential of bio-waste in Vietnam

The output of agricultural products in Vietnam, according to the FAO, is shown in Figure 2a. The output of agricultural products to supply domestic and foreign markets was about 47 million tons in 2020. The main agricultural crops were rice, vegetables, fruits, or short-term crops (Figure 2b). After harvesting and transporting, a large amount of agricultural by-products were generated. This was about 10% of the total yield [1,2]. While the output of agricultural products was increasing in Vietnam, it can be seen that the source of agricultural by-products was also increasing year-on-year. They were affecting the soil, water, and air environment by self-degrading in the environment. To reduce the amount of waste affecting the environment, researchers have come up with ideas for the usage of the agricultural by-products. In the study by Thuong et al., they used pre-treated durian skins to adsorb methylene blue (MB) [14]. The functional groups identified through FTIR results include OH, CH, C═C, and CO. Besides, the adsorption capacity of the durian skin was 235.80 mg/g for MB, and was 527.64 mg/g for crystal violet (CV). The adsorption capacity of raw materials was also paid attention to by the researchers. This shows the great interest of researchers for by-products in Vietnam. In addition, Vietnamese authors had also used the orange peel, grapefruit peel, passion fruit peel, and rice husk to remove pollutants [14,15,16,17]. This shows that Vietnamese by-products were potential for interested researchers.

Figure 2 Production of Vietnamese agricultural products as per the FAO system (a) and percentage of main agricultural crops in Vietnam (b), data sources are reproduced from the FAO at https://www.fao.org under an open access Creative Common CC BY license.
Figure 2

Production of Vietnamese agricultural products as per the FAO system (a) and percentage of main agricultural crops in Vietnam (b), data sources are reproduced from the FAO at https://www.fao.org under an open access Creative Common CC BY license.

3 Potential of AC from bio-waste in Vietnam

3.1 Physical activation methods

The physical activation method was one of the simplest AC synthesis methods used by the researchers. The conditions for synthesizing AC by the physical activation method are shown in Table 1, which shows that heat treatment process was the most used process by the researchers. There were also other methods such as hydrothermal, shaking, ultrasonic, and microwave methods. The synthesis temperature suitable for the synthesis process was proposed to be 500oC but studies were carried out from 300 to 900°C. Besides, use of nitrogen gas and the synthesis time of 120 min had also been proposed by the researchers. During the study, the inert gases used included nitrogen and oxygen. The time period tested by studies ranged from 30 to 360 min. Lots of by-products such as coconut, coffee, bamboo, and rice husk were used in the study [9,10,11].

Table 1

Synthesis of AC by physical activation method

AC material Activator Ref.
Coconut Husk 900°C + N2 [18]
Bituminous coal, bamboo, and coconut shell 800°C + N2 + 240 min [19]
Rice Husk 133°C [20]
Cashew nut shell 850°C + N2 + 70 min [21]
Cashew nut shell 600°C + N2 + 30 min [22]
Cashew nut shell 850°C + N2 [23]
Wattle bark 500°C + O2 + 120 min [24]
Mimosa plants, wattle bark, and coffee husks 500°C + O2 + 120 min [25]
Spent coffee 500°C + 120 min [26]
Eichhornia crassipes and Phragmites australis 500°C + 120 min [27]
Rice husk 500°C + O2 + 180 min [28]
Mimosa pigra 500°C + 120 min [29]
Coffee husk derived biochar 450°C [30]
Biochar from urban 500°C + O2 + 180 min [31]
Biochar production from cattle waste 600°C [32]
Sugarcane bagasse (SB) and Cassava root husks (CRHs) 400°C + O2 + 120 min [33]
CRH-derived biochar 400°C + O2 + 120 min [34]
Rice straw 300°C + 360 min [35]
Coffee husk 350°C + 60 min [11]
Bamboo 600°C + N2 + 120 min [10]
Magnetic rice straw biochar 500°C + O2 + 120 min [9]
ACHC-KOH 1:1 and ACHC-KOH 1 M KOH + 130°C + 120 min [36]
Rice straw 600°C + N2 [17]

3.2 Chemical activation methods

Chemical activation was considered a method that was not of interest for most researchers. In 2021, coconut coir was synthesized with the activator NaOH to treat MB and methyl orange dyes [37], in which, NaOH was used to activate at a concentration of 25%. It can be seen that the researchers had selected the method of material synthesis. The selection helped to bring the best quality material.

3.3 Physicochemical activation methods

In recent years, physicochemical methods interested researchers and were used to synthesize AC from agricultural by-products. Common activators such as ZnCl2, KOH, NaOH, and H3PO4 were used [38,39,40,41], among which, the activators ZnCl2, KOH, and NaOH were widely used. Synthesis temperatures had also been reported to range from 400 to 800°C. The best synthesis temperature was 500oC and was used in most of the research studies. It can be seen that AC was easily synthesized by different methods, in which the activation process was used heat as the main parameter. The applicability of the material would be revealed after the assessment of the material’s physicochemical properties (Table 2).

Table 2

Synthesis of AC by physicochemical activation method

AC material Activator Ref.
SB ZnCl2 + 500°C [12]
Banana peel KOH + 500°C + N2 [41]
SB ZnCl2 + 500°C [42]
SB ZnCl2 + N2 + 400°C [43]
Corncob wastes H3PO4 + 400°C + O2 [13]
Durian shell KOH + 600°C + N2 [44]
Rice husk K2CO3 + 600°C + N2 [45]
Pomelo peels KOH + 800°C + N2 [8]
Coffee husk NaOH + 500°C + N2 [38]
Spent coffee NaOH + 500°C + N2 [46]
Spent coffee grounds KOH + 500°C + N2 [47]
Iron–manganese rice husk silica (FMRS) NaOH + 650°C [39]
Corn stalk H3PO4 + 600°C [40]
Modified biochar AlCl3 + 500°C [48]
Citrus maxima peel KOH + 700°C + CO2 [49]

4 Physicochemical properties of AC from bio-waste in Vietnam

The physicochemical properties were noted, such as specific surface area, functional groups, and crystal structure. They were analyzed by methods such as BET, FTIR, and XRD. The analysis results gave a comprehensive view of AC from agricultural by-products. For AC activation with KOH, the surface area was quite low about 40 m2 g−1. The surface area was improved for AC activation with NaOH. The activator that gave the largest specific surface area was K2CO3 (1,583 m2 g−1) [45]. When activated by heat, the surface area of the material was quite stable. With an activation temperature of 500°C, the recorded surface area was about 300 m2 g−1 for various materials [24,25,38]. Besides, the material’s crystal was also recorded in 2 (theta) = 20–30°, 45°. This has shown stability in the network structure. The recorded active functional groups of the materials include OH, CO, C═C, C═O, CC, and CH. Representative functional groups for AC were well-proven by previous studies (Table 3).

Table 3

Physical properties of AC from bio-waste in Vietnam

AC source Activator Surface area (m2 g−1) Functional groups Angle of crystalline Ref.
Banana peel KOH 63.5 OH, C═O, NO, CH, CO, C═C, and C≡C 20° and 30° [41]
Corncob wastes H3PO4 1,097 OH, CH, C═C, C═O, and CO — [13]
Coconut husk 900°C + N2 890 — 22o and 44o [18]
Sugarcane bagasse ZnCl2 1,500 OH, ON, CO, and CC 32.2o, 34.8o, and 36.1o [12]
Rice husk K2CO3 1583.6 — 22.5o and 43o [45]
ZnCl2-AC ZnCl2 1495.57 OH, CO, C═O, CC, CN, ON, and CH 20–30o [43]
Wattle bark 500°C + O2 393.15 OH, CH, C≡C, C═C, C═O, and C≡N — [24]
CFBC 500°C + N2 338.4 C═O, OH, and CH — [38]
NaOH-CFBC NaOH + 500°C + N2 987.9
Mimosa plants 500°C + O2 285.53 C≡C, C═C, C═O, and C≡N — [25]
Coffee husks 2.62
Wattle bark 393.15
NaOH-SCG NaOH 116.591 OH, CH, CC, C═C, and C═O — [46]
Magnetite-Eichhornia crassipes biochar (MECB) 500°C — OH, CH, CC, C═C, C═O, CO, and FeO 31.62o, 35.78o, 43.84o, 59.67o, 62.53o, and 74.58o [27]
Magnetite-Phragmites australis biochar (MPAB)
2 M Al-modified biochar AlCl3 + 500°C 255.85 OH, CH, C═O, and Al═O — [48]
Rice husk biochar 500°C + O2 + 180 min 42.22 OH, CH, C═O, C═C, and CO — [28]
Coconut coir NaOH 364.22 OH, CO, and C═O 22.5° and 43° [37]
Rice husk 329.71
Silver-biochar material KOH + 700°C + CO2 79.2 OH, C═C, C═O, CH, and CO 38.2°, 43.6°, 64.4°, and 77.2° [49]
FMRS NaOH + 650°C + 300 min 366.1 OH, SiO, FeO, and MnO, 35.4°, 45.5°, and 56.5° [39]
SB 400°C + O2 + 120 min 4.0703 OH, CO, C═C, C═O, and CH — [33]
CRHs 2.3831 OH, C═C, CO, and CH

(—) unrecognized.

5 Application potential of AC

5.1 Application in dye treatment

In recent years, AC had been applied in color treatment quite a lot. The most treated pigments are cation dyes. Langmuir and pseudo-second-order (PSO) were recorded as suitable kinetic and isothermal models. Adsorption capacities were recorded from 70 to 90 mg g−1. It can be seen that the AC’s adsorption capacity was quite good. AC was activated by KOH for a much superior adsorption capacity of 316 mg g−1 [36]. The influencing factors were also evaluated by the researchers including temperature, time, concentration, pH, and content. The pH factor affects most of the adsorption processes. The alkaline pH medium was suitable for the cation dyes adsorption process [27,36], while the acidic pH medium was suitable for anion dyes [10,33]. The temperature factor was compatible at room temperature [27]. Pigment concentration and time were recorded as 50 mg L−1 and 60 min, respectively. Besides, the combination with magnetic nanoparticles caused the adsorption process to be significantly reduced. The researchers were also interested in the desorption and reuse after the adsorption process. In a study by Huu Tap Van and colleagues, the AC materials from SB and CRHs were combined with ZnO to treat RR24 pigment. The materials had shown the potential to be reused five times [33]. It can be seen that AC has relatively high reusability, which showed the potential of using AC in organic pigment treatment (Table 4).

Table 4

Optimum conditions for AC from bio-waste in dye treatment

Adsorbent Pollutants Adsorption conditions Adsorption capacity (mg g−1) Adsorption model Ref.
ACHC-KOH 1:1 MB Temperature = 30°C, pH = 7, 960 min, dosage = 1 g L−1, and C o = 50 mg L−1 316.46 Langmuir and PSO [36]
ACHC-KOH 1 M MB Temperature = 30°C, pH = 7, 960 min, dosage = 1 g L−1, and C o = 50 mg L−1 357.38 Langmuir and PSO [36]
MECB MB Dosage = 10 g L−1, temperature = 25°C, and C o = 30 mg L−1 for MB and 20 mg L−1 for RB 19 88.89 Langmuir and PSO [27]
RB 19 44.78 Freundlich and PFO
MPAB MB 72.56 Langmuir and PSO
RB 19 39.36 Freundlich and PSO
Silver-biochar material (Ag-CMPB) MB C o = 50 mg L−1 and time = 120 min 95.5 — [49]
MO 51.5
RB 69.3
SB RR24 C o = 250 mg L−1, dosage = 1 g L−1, pH = 3, and time = 60 min 75.13 Langmuir [33]
CRHs 71.13
Ultrasound-assisted biochar of water bamboo RB5 C o = 60 mg L−1, dosage = 10 g L−1, pH = 2, and time = 2,880 min 3.486 Langmuir and PSO [10]

5.2 Application in heavy metal treatment

In addition to the application in the removal of organic colorants, researchers have also noticed the application of AC in heavy metals. The contaminated water with heavy metals was commonly known for the leaking wastewater process from metallurgical factories or existed in groundwater for a long time. Heavy metal ions such as iron, copper, zinc, arsenic, mercury, lead, etc., were commonly encountered. Currently, the studies on the application of AC application in heavy metal treatment are still quite limited. This is due to the lack of equipment during the assessment process making the assessment process incomplete. Therefore, the researchers studying the effect and treatment capacity of AC on heavy metals are still limited. Studies on heavy metal treatment by AC are shown in Table 5. AC was synthesized from the banana peel, SB, durian peel, and rice husk ash. They were used to treat copper, nickel, lead, and arsenic ions. The adsorption capacity was recorded in the range of 20–30 mg g−1 at fairly high concentrations (>60 mg L−1). The neutral pH value was evaluated for the pH factor of the solution. Besides, the RSM model was used to optimize the adsorption conditions.

Table 5

Optimum conditions for AC from bio-waste in heavy metal treatment

Adsorbent Pollutants Adsorption conditions Adsorption capacity (mg g−1) Adsorption model Ref.
Banana peel Cu2+ C o = 85 mg L−1, dosage = 2.4 g L−1, and pH = 6.5 14.3 RSM and Langmuir [41]
Ni2+ C o = 90.3 mg L−1, dosage = 1.8 g L−1, and pH = 6.4 27.4
Pb2+ C o = 74.4 mg L−1, dosage = 0.9 g L−1, and pH = 6.1 34.5
SB Cu2+ C o = 75.0 mg L−1, dosage = 5.1 g L−1, and pH = 6.0 13.24 RSM [42]
Ni2+ C o = 22.5 mg L−1, dosage = 5.0 g L−1, and pH = 6.8 2.99
Pb2+ C o = 65.7 mg L−1, dosage = 3.4 g L−1, and pH = 6.5 19.30
Durian shell Cu2+ C o = 61.6 mg L−1, dosage = 5.0 g L−1, and pH = 5.2 76.92 RSM [44]
FMRS Arsenic C o = 2 mg L−1, dosage = 0.5 g L−1, pH = 7, and time = 1,440 min 20.3 Freundlich [39]

5.3 Application in antibiotic treatment

In addition to the handling of pigments and heavy metals, antibiotics are also of great concern. In Vietnam, antibiotic contamination in water is caused by wastewater treatment from hospitals. The most commonly treated antibiotics were norfloxacin and tetracycline. Antibiotic adsorption capacity was about 60–100 mg g−1 for AC from coffee grounds [26,46]. The used optimal models were RSM and Langmuir. The suitable pH medium was neutral. It can be seen that the research on antibiotics with AC was quite limited. This was a money for researchers to develop more about the applicability of AC in Vietnam.

5.4 Application in wastewater treatment

In the study by Bui Quoc Lap, Corn stalk was used to treat livestock wastewater. The values of BOD, COD, pH, and total nitrogen content were studied by the author. Livestock wastewater was collected from an experimental pig farm of Nong Lam University. At the optimum conditions of contact time of 3.0 h, biochar mass of 4.0 g L−1, and pH of 9, the COD and BOD removal reached 40%. The adsorption process took place in column adsorption medium [35]. Besides, corncob and coffee grounds are also used to adsorb ammonium in water. The adsorption capacity of corncobs was recorded at 8.69 mg g−1 with a suitable Thomas model for the adsorption process. Optimum savings were observed at flow = 2 mL min−1, C o = 40 mg L−1, and H = 15.8 cm [13]. The adsorption capacity of Coffee grounds was recorded at 51.52 mg g−1 with Langmuir and PSO models describing the adsorption process. Optimal conditions were also recorded at C o = 60 mg L−1, dosage = 2 g L−1, pH = 7, and time = 30 min [47]. It can be seen that the actual application of AC to adsorb wastewater was in need of further research. This was a potential for domestic researchers to develop more applied research.

6 Conclusion

The AC has been extensively studied in recent years. AC was synthesized by using many methods, and their physicochemical properties were also analyzed. The average specific surface area was about 300 m2 g−1. The functional groups and surface structure showed that AC has an amorphous structure with –OH, –CH, –CC, –C═C, and –C═O groups. XRD results also showed the typical structures of activated carbon (2 (theta) = 20–30°C and 45°C). AC from agricultural waste has been studied and applied to treat pollutants present in water. The research focused mainly on treating pigments and heavy metals using AC, while limitedly focused in antibiotic treatment. Treatment of organic pigments showed that AC treated positive pigments better than negative ones with the compliance of Langmuir and PSO models. For heavy metal treatment, AC is not processed with an adsorption capacity of about 20 mg g−1. The processing has also been optimized using the RSM model. It can be seen that antibiotics are one of the potential research directions that need to be developed. In addition, the optimization of adsorption conditions is also a research direction that needs attention before practical application. The practical application of the as-synthesized AC in wastewater treatment has also shown significant potential.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Nguyen Tat Thanh University for supporting them to carry out this review.

  1. Funding information: This study was funded by Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.

  2. Author contributions: N.P.T. and T.K.N.T. – writing – original draft; L.V.T. and T.C.Q.N. – data curation and investigation; N.B.H. – writing – review and editing.

  3. Conflict of interest: All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

  4. Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

  5. Data availability statement: Not applicable.

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Received: 2022-04-05
Revised: 2022-05-16
Accepted: 2022-05-22
Published Online: 2022-07-12

© 2022 Thi Cam Quyen Ngo et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Artikel in diesem Heft

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https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2022-0170
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
activated carbon; agricultural by-products; potential application
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B in aqueous phase by bimetallic metal-organic framework M/Fe-MOF (M = Co, Cu, and Mg)
  3. Assessment of using electronic portal imaging device for analysing bolus material utilised in radiation therapy
  4. A detailed investigation on highly dense CuZr bulk metallic glasses for shielding purposes
  5. Simulation of gamma-ray shielding properties for materials of medical interest
  6. Environmental impact assesment regulation applications and their analysis in Turkey
  7. Sample age effect on parameters of dynamic nuclear polarization in certain difluorobenzen isomers/MC800 asphaltene suspensions
  8. Passenger demand forecasting for railway systems
  9. Design of a Robust sliding mode controller for bioreactor cultures in overflow metabolism via an interdisciplinary approach
  10. Gamma, neutron, and heavy charged ion shielding properties of Er3+-doped and Sm3+-doped zinc borate glasses
  11. Bridging chiral de-tert-butylcalix[4]arenes: Optical resolution based on column chromatography and structural characterization
  12. Petrology and geochemistry of multiphase post-granitic dikes: A case study from the Gabal Serbal area, Southwestern Sinai, Egypt
  13. Comparison of the yield and purity of plasma exosomes extracted by ultracentrifugation, precipitation, and membrane-based approaches
  14. Bioactive triterpenoids from Indonesian medicinal plant Syzygium aqueum
  15. Investigation of the effects of machining parameters on surface integrity in micromachining
  16. The mesoporous aluminosilicate application as support for bifunctional catalysts for n-hexadecane hydroconversion
  17. Gamma-ray shielding properties of Nd2O3-added iron–boron–phosphate-based composites
  18. Numerical investigation on perforated sheet metals under tension loading
  19. Statistical analysis on the radiological assessment and geochemical studies of granite rocks in the north of Um Taghir area, Eastern Desert, Egypt
  20. Two new polypodane-type bicyclic triterpenoids from mastic
  21. Structural, physical, and mechanical properties of the TiO2 added hydroxyapatite composites
  22. Tribological properties and characterization of borided Co–Mg alloys
  23. Studies on Anemone nemorosa L. extracts; polyphenols profile, antioxidant activity, and effects on Caco-2 cells by in vitro and in silico studies
  24. Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, transmission factors, and gamma-ray-shielding performances of Bi2O3–P2O5–B2O3–V2O5 quaternary glass system
  25. Cyclic connectivity index of bipolar fuzzy incidence graph
  26. The role of passage numbers of donor cells in the development of Arabian Oryx – Cow interspecific somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos
  27. Mechanical property evaluation of tellurite–germanate glasses and comparison of their radiation-shielding characteristics using EPICS2017 to other glass systems
  28. Molecular screening of ionic liquids for CO2 absorption and molecular dynamic simulation
  29. Microwave-assisted preparation of Ag/Fe magnetic biochar from clivia leaves for adsorbing daptomycin antibiotics
  30. Iminodisuccinic acid enhances antioxidant and mineral element accumulation in young leaves of Ziziphus jujuba
  31. Cytotoxic activity of guaiane-type sesquiterpene lactone (deoxycynaropicrin) isolated from the leaves of Centaurothamnus maximus
  32. Effects of welding parameters on the angular distortion of welded steel plates
  33. Simulation of a reactor considering the Stamicarbon, Snamprogetti, and Toyo patents for obtaining urea
  34. Effect of different ramie (Boehmeria nivea L. Gaud) cultivars on the adsorption of heavy metal ions cadmium and lead in the remediation of contaminated farmland soils
  35. Impact of a live bacterial-based direct-fed microbial (DFM) postpartum and weaning system on performance, mortality, and health of Najdi lambs
  36. Anti-tumor effect of liposomes containing extracted Murrayafoline A against liver cancer cells in 2D and 3D cultured models
  37. Physicochemical properties and some mineral concentration of milk samples from different animals and altitudes
  38. Copper(ii) complexes supported by modified azo-based ligands: Nucleic acid binding and molecular docking studies
  39. Diagnostic and therapeutic radioisotopes in nuclear medicine: Determination of gamma-ray transmission factors and safety competencies of high-dense and transparent glassy shields
  40. Calculation of NaI(Tl) detector efficiency using 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K radioisotopes: Three-phase Monte Carlo simulation study
  41. Isolation and identification of unstable components from Caesalpinia sappan by high-speed counter-current chromatography combined with preparative high-performance liquid chromatography
  42. Quantification of biomarkers and evaluation of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxicity properties of Dodonaea viscosa grown in Saudi Arabia using HPTLC technique
  43. Characterization of the elastic modulus of ceramic–metal composites with physical and mechanical properties by ultrasonic technique
  44. GC-MS analysis of Vespa velutina auraria Smith and its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities in vitro
  45. Texturing of nanocoatings for surface acoustic wave-based sensors for volatile organic compounds
  46. Insights into the molecular basis of some chalcone analogues as potential inhibitors of Leishmania donovani: An integrated in silico and in vitro study
  47. (1R,2S,5R)-5-Methyl-2-(propan-2-yl)cyclohexyl 4-amino-3-phenylbutanoate hydrochloride: Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity
  48. On the relative extraction rates of colour compounds and caffeine during brewing, an investigation of tea over time and temperature
  49. Characterization of egg shell powder-doped ceramic–metal composites
  50. Rapeseed oil-based hippurate amide nanocomposite coating material for anticorrosive and antibacterial applications
  51. Chemically modified Teucrium polium (Lamiaceae) plant act as an effective adsorbent tool for potassium permanganate (KMnO4) in wastewater remediation
  52. Efficiency analysis of photovoltaic systems installed in different geographical locations
  53. Risk prioritization model driven by success factor in the light of multicriteria decision making
  54. Theoretical investigations on the excited-state intramolecular proton transfer in the solvated 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde carbohydrazone
  55. Mechanical and gamma-ray shielding examinations of Bi2O3–PbO–CdO–B2O3 glass system
  56. Machine learning-based forecasting of potability of drinking water through adaptive boosting model
  57. The potential effect of the Rumex vesicarius water seeds extract treatment on mice before and during pregnancy on the serum enzymes and the histology of kidney and liver
  58. Impact of benzimidazole functional groups on the n-doping properties of benzimidazole derivatives
  59. Extraction of red pigment from Chinese jujube peel and the antioxidant activity of the pigment extracts
  60. Flexural strength and thermal properties of carbon black nanoparticle reinforced epoxy composites obtained from waste tires
  61. A focusing study on radioprotective and antioxidant effects of Annona muricata leaf extract in the circulation and liver tissue: Clinical and experimental studies
  62. Clinical comprehensive and experimental assessment of the radioprotective effect of Annona muricata leaf extract to prevent cellular damage in the ileum tissue
  63. Effect of WC content on ultrasonic properties, thermal and electrical conductivity of WC–Co–Ni–Cr composites
  64. Influence of various class cleaning agents for prosthesis on Co–Cr alloy surface
  65. The synthesis of nanocellulose-based nanocomposites for the effective removal of hexavalent chromium ions from aqueous solution
  66. Study on the influence of physical interlayers on the remaining oil production under different development modes
  67. Optimized linear regression control of DC motor under various disturbances
  68. Influence of different sample preparation strategies on hypothesis-driven shotgun proteomic analysis of human saliva
  69. Determination of flow distance of the fluid metal due to fluidity in ductile iron casting by artificial neural networks approach
  70. Investigation of mechanical activation effect on high-volume natural pozzolanic cements
  71. In vitro: Anti-coccidia activity of Calotropis procera leaf extract on Eimeria papillata oocysts sporulation and sporozoite
  72. Determination of oil composition of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) seeds under influence of organic fertilizer forms
  73. Activated partial thromboplastin time maybe associated with the prognosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma
  74. Treatment of rat brain ischemia model by NSCs-polymer scaffold transplantation
  75. Lead and cadmium removal with native yeast from coastal wetlands
  76. Characterization of electroless Ni-coated Fe–Co composite using powder metallurgy
  77. Ferrate synthesis using NaOCl and its application for dye removal
  78. Antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anticholinesterase potential of Chenopodium murale L. extracts using in vitro and in vivo approaches
  79. Study on essential oil, antioxidant activity, anti-human prostate cancer effects, and induction of apoptosis by Equisetum arvense
  80. Experimental study on turning machine with permanent magnetic cutting tool
  81. Numerical simulation and mathematical modeling of the casting process for pearlitic spheroidal graphite cast iron
  82. Design, synthesis, and cytotoxicity evaluation of novel thiophene, pyrimidine, pyridazine, and pyridine: Griseofulvin heterocyclic extension derivatives
  83. Isolation and identification of promising antibiotic-producing bacteria
  84. Ultrasonic-induced reversible blood–brain barrier opening: Safety evaluation into the cellular level
  85. Evaluation of phytochemical and antioxidant potential of various extracts from traditionally used medicinal plants of Pakistan
  86. Effect of calcium lactate in standard diet on selected markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in ovariectomized rats
  87. Identification of crucial salivary proteins/genes and pathways involved in pathogenesis of temporomandibular disorders
  88. Zirconium-modified attapulgite was used for removing of Cr(vi) in aqueous solution
  89. The stress distribution of different types of restorative materials in primary molar
  90. Reducing surface heat loss in steam boilers
  91. Deformation behavior and formability of friction stir processed DP600 steel
  92. Synthesis and characterization of bismuth oxide/commercial activated carbon composite for battery anode
  93. Phytochemical analysis of Ziziphus jujube leaf at different foliar ages based on widely targeted metabolomics
  94. Effects of in ovo injection of black cumin (Nigella sativa) extract on hatching performance of broiler eggs
  95. Separation and evaluation of potential antioxidant, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activities of limonene-rich essential oils from Citrus sinensis (L.)
  96. Bioactivity of a polyhydroxy gorgostane steroid from Xenia umbellata
  97. BiCAM-based automated scoring system for digital logic circuit diagrams
  98. Analysis of standard systems with solar monitoring systems
  99. Structural and spectroscopic properties of voriconazole and fluconazole – Experimental and theoretical studies
  100. New plant resistance inducers based on polyamines
  101. Experimental investigation of single-lap bolted and bolted/bonded (hybrid) joints of polymeric plates
  102. Investigation of inlet air pressure and evaporative cooling of four different cogeneration cycles
  103. Review Articles
  104. Comprehensive review on synthesis, physicochemical properties, and application of activated carbon from the Arecaceae plants for enhanced wastewater treatment
  105. Research progress on speciation analysis of arsenic in traditional Chinese medicine
  106. Recent modified air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction applications for medicines and organic compounds in various samples: A review
  107. An insight on Vietnamese bio-waste materials as activated carbon precursors for multiple applications in environmental protection
  108. Antimicrobial activities of the extracts and secondary metabolites from Clausena genus – A review
  109. Bioremediation of organic/heavy metal contaminants by mixed cultures of microorganisms: A review
  110. Sonodynamic therapy for breast cancer: A literature review
  111. Recent progress of amino acid transporters as a novel antitumor target
  112. Aconitum coreanum Rapaics: Botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology
  113. Corrigendum
  114. Corrigendum to “Petrology and geochemistry of multiphase post-granitic dikes: A case study from the Gabal Serbal area, Southwestern Sinai, Egypt”
  115. Corrigendum to “Design of a Robust sliding mode controller for bioreactor cultures in overflow metabolism via an interdisciplinary approach”
  116. Corrigendum to “Statistical analysis on the radiological assessment and geochemical studies of granite rocks in the north of Um Taghir area, Eastern Desert, Egypt”
  117. Corrigendum to “Aroma components of tobacco powder from different producing areas based on gas chromatography ion mobility spectrometry”
  118. Corrigendum to “Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, transmission factors, and gamma-ray-shielding performances of Bi2O3–P2O5–B2O3–V2O5 quaternary glass system”
  119. Erratum
  120. Erratum to “Copper(ii) complexes supported by modified azo-based ligands: Nucleic acid binding and molecular docking studies”
  121. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology (ABB 2021)
  122. Study of solidification and stabilization of heavy metals by passivators in heavy metal-contaminated soil
  123. Human health risk assessment and distribution of VOCs in a chemical site, Weinan, China
  124. Preparation and characterization of Sparassis latifolia β-glucan microcapsules
  125. Special Issue on the Conference of Energy, Fuels, Environment 2020
  126. Improving the thermal performance of existing buildings in light of the requirements of the EU directive 2010/31/EU in Poland
  127. Special Issue on Ethnobotanical, Phytochemical and Biological Investigation of Medicinal Plants
  128. Study of plant resources with ethnomedicinal relevance from district Bagh, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
  129. Studies on the chemical composition of plants used in traditional medicine in Congo
  130. Special Issue on Applied Chemistry in Agriculture and Food Science
  131. Strip spraying technology for precise herbicide application in carrot fields
  132. Special Issue on Pharmacology and Metabolomics of Ethnobotanical and Herbal Medicine
  133. Phytochemical profiling, antibacterial and antioxidant properties of Crocus sativus flower: A comparison between tepals and stigmas
  134. Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of polyphenolics from Withania adpressa (Coss.) Batt. against selected drug-resistant bacterial strains
  135. Integrating network pharmacology and molecular docking to explore the potential mechanism of Xinguan No. 3 in the treatment of COVID-19
  136. Chemical composition and in vitro and in vivo biological assortment of fixed oil extracted from Ficus benghalensis L.
  137. A review of the pharmacological activities and protective effects of Inonotus obliquus triterpenoids in kidney diseases
  138. Ethnopharmacological study of medicinal plants in Kastamonu province (Türkiye)
  139. Protective effects of asperuloside against cyclophosphamide-induced urotoxicity and hematotoxicity in rats
  140. Special Issue on Essential Oil, Extraction, Phytochemistry, Advances, and Application
  141. Identification of volatile compounds and antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal properties against drug-resistant microbes of essential oils from the leaves of Mentha rotundifolia var. apodysa Briq. (Lamiaceae)
  142. Phenolic contents, anticancer, antioxidant, and antimicrobial capacities of MeOH extract from the aerial parts of Trema orientalis plant
  143. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils from Mentha pulegium and Rosmarinus officinalis against multidrug-resistant microbes and their acute toxicity study
  144. Special Issue on Marine Environmental Sciences and Significance of the Multidisciplinary Approaches
  145. An insightful overview of the distribution pattern of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in the marine sediments of the Red Sea
  146. Antifungal–antiproliferative norcycloartane-type triterpenes from the Red Sea green alga Tydemania expeditionis
  147. Solvent effect, dipole moment, and DFT studies of multi donor–acceptor type pyridine derivative
  148. An extensive assessment on the distribution pattern of organic contaminants in the aerosols samples in the Middle East
  149. Special Issue on 4th IC3PE
  150. Energetics of carboxylic acid–pyridine heterosynthon revisited: A computational study of intermolecular hydrogen bond domination on phenylacetic acid–nicotinamide cocrystals
  151. A review: Silver–zinc oxide nanoparticles – organoclay-reinforced chitosan bionanocomposites for food packaging
  152. Green synthesis of magnetic activated carbon from peanut shells functionalized with TiO2 photocatalyst for Batik liquid waste treatment
  153. Coagulation activity of liquid extraction of Leucaena leucocephala and Sesbania grandiflora on the removal of turbidity
  154. Hydrocracking optimization of palm oil over NiMoO4/activated carbon catalyst to produce biogasoline and kerosine
  155. Special Issue on Pharmacology and metabolomics of ethnobotanical and herbal medicine
  156. Cynarin inhibits PDGF-BB-induced proliferation and activation in hepatic stellate cells through PPARγ
  157. Special Issue on The 1st Malaysia International Conference on Nanotechnology & Catalysis (MICNC2021)
  158. Surfactant evaluation for enhanced oil recovery: Phase behavior and interfacial tension
  159. Topical Issue on phytochemicals, biological and toxicological analysis of aromatic medicinal plants
  160. Phytochemical analysis of leaves and stems of Physalis alkekengi L. (Solanaceae)
  161. Phytochemical and pharmacological profiling of Trewia nudiflora Linn. leaf extract deciphers therapeutic potentials against thrombosis, arthritis, helminths, and insects
  162. Pergularia tomentosa coupled with selenium nanoparticles salvaged lead acetate-induced redox imbalance, inflammation, apoptosis, and disruption of neurotransmission in rats’ brain
  163. Protective effect of Allium atroviolaceum-synthesized SeNPs on aluminum-induced brain damage in mice
  164. Mechanism study of Cordyceps sinensis alleviates renal ischemia–reperfusion injury
  165. Plant-derived bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid tetrandrine prevents human podocyte injury by regulating the miR-150-5p/NPHS1 axis
  166. Network pharmacology combined with molecular docking to explore the anti-osteoporosis mechanisms of β-ecdysone derived from medicinal plants
  167. Chinese medicinal plant Polygonum cuspidatum ameliorates silicosis via suppressing the Wnt/β-catenin pathway
  168. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Biological Applications - Part I
  169. Investigation of improved optical and conductivity properties of poly(methyl methacrylate)–MXenes (PMMA–MXenes) nanocomposite thin films for optoelectronic applications
  170. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology (ABB 2022)
  171. Model predictive control for precision irrigation of a Quinoa crop
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Heruntergeladen am 29.9.2025 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/chem-2022-0170/html
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