Home Mechanical property evaluation of tellurite–germanate glasses and comparison of their radiation-shielding characteristics using EPICS2017 to other glass systems
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Mechanical property evaluation of tellurite–germanate glasses and comparison of their radiation-shielding characteristics using EPICS2017 to other glass systems

  • Aljawhara H. Almuqrin , M. I. Sayyed EMAIL logo , J. F. M. Jecong , Nimitha S. Prabhu , Y. Raviprakash and Sudha D. Kamath
Published/Copyright: April 23, 2022
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 20 Issue 1

Abstract

In this study, four tellurite–germanate glasses containing zinc, lithium, and bismuth with varied Bi2O3 and TeO2 amounts were investigated. The mechanical qualities of sample glasses were investigated and associated with their structural properties. Furthermore, the radiation-shielding capabilities of N1–N4 glasses were evaluated at 0.662 MeV using EPICS2017. The radiation-shielding characteristics were compared with the radiation-shielding parameters published in the literature for various glass systems. When TeO2 was replaced with Bi2O3, Young’s and bulk moduli of the material decreased. The L values of glasses were higher than their S values (14–13 GPa), indicating that they can tolerate longitudinal stress better than shear stress and can be bent rather than elongated readily. The MACs calculated were comparable to those obtained using WinXcom. The tenth-value layer (TVL) of all of the sample glasses was higher than that of the bismuth aluminosilicate glasses. All of the borate glass systems containing bismuth, sodium, and antimony had lower TVLs than N1–N3 glasses. The half-value layer was more in the N4 glass with the greatest Bi2O3 content than those in 50 and 60 mol% PbO-containing strontium borate glasses.

Keywords: tellurite–germanate glasses; EPICS2017; mechanical and radiation-shielding properties

1 Introduction

Radiation leakage is considered a serious issue that has a negative impact on human health and the environment. Since radioactive sources are being used in a wide range of human activities, effective protection against ionizing radiation is a must for a safe life. Hence, nuclear engineers are searching for better radiation barriers. Lead, a dense material, was traditionally employed in most radiation-shielding applications to protect medical personnel, the environment, and radiation workers. However, recent research studies have revealed that using lead as a shielding material raises some issues. Moreover, lead poisoning can occur when a person is exposed to extremely high quantities of lead in a short period of time [1,2,3,4,5]. To eliminate such concerns, materials including alloys, ceramics, glasses, nanomaterials, and others have been used to create low-cost, effective shields that are also environmentally friendly [6,7,8,9,10,11].

Glasses are excellent radiation shields due to their unique properties. Transparency to visible light, ease of preparation, and the ability to modify the composition during the fabrication process are some of their features [12,13,14,15]. Different glass systems have become a fundamental feature of modern architecture and a crucial part of medical devices; therefore, understanding their usage is important. Most importantly, glasses can protect us from the ionizing radiation found in space, oil, nuclear reactors, medical and dental facilities, universities, and research laboratories. However, the debate over which types of glasses are superior for radiation protection has been increasingly intense in recent years [16,17,18]. Lately, many computational and experimental works have been performed to develop an ultimate protection medium out of a variety of glass systems doped with various modifiers such as alkaline, alkali, oxides, and so on [10,11,12,16,18,19]. Researchers discovered that adding Bi2O3 to glasses improves their density [20,21] and refractive index [21]. Glass formers (B2O3, P2O5, and SiO2) are also significant glass constituents. Adding glass formers is fundamental to form ionic–covalent bonds with the oxygen atoms that constitute the structure of the glass.

Photon interaction data are required for the theoretical evaluation of a material’s radiation-shielding properties. Using EPICS2017, the most recent data library, the radiation-shielding properties of numerous materials were examined [22,23,24,25]. Even though the results were mostly comparable to those evaluated using old data libraries, namely, NIST-XCOM and EPDL97, the shielding properties measured near the K-edge absorption energies for materials containing elements with atomic numbers greater than 10 show the most significant difference between the results. Due to this, EPICS2017 is currently the most widely used data library for analyzing the radiation-shielding capabilities of any glass system [26,27,28,29].

This study looked at the mechanical properties of four tellurite–germanate glasses containing zinc, lithium, and bismuth. The radiation-shielding capabilities of these sample glasses at 0.662 MeV were also evaluated using EPICS2017. The half-value layer (HVL) and tenth-value layer (TVL) of sample glasses were also compared to the HVL and TVL of various glass systems published in the literature.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Glass samples

The glass samples and compositions in this work are based on the research of Sayyed et al. [30]. They synthesized a series of tellurite–germanate glasses containing zinc, lithium, and bismuth, coded as N1, N2, N3, and N4, using the melt-quench method. The compositions of these Bi2O3–Li2O–ZnO–GeO2–TeO2 glasses are presented in Table 1. With Bi2O3 replacing TeO2, the glass density (ρ) increased from 5.1560 to 5.6405 g/cm3. The X-ray diffraction pattern indicated that these glasses were non-crystalline. The structural units in the network were validated using attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and the optical bandgap and Urbach energy were determined using optical absorption spectroscopy [30].

Table 1.

The physical and mechanical properties of the Bi2O3–Li2O–ZnO–GeO2–TeO2 glasses

Glass Composition (mol%) [30] ρ (g/cm3) [30] PD Elastic constants (GPa) ϑ
Bi2O3 Li2O ZnO GeO2 TeO2 E K S L H
N1 0 10 10 10 70 5.1560 0.61 37 27 14 46 2.16 0.27
N2 5 10 10 10 65 5.3175 0.58 35 24 14 42 2.18 0.26
N3 10 10 10 10 60 5.4790 0.56 33 22 13 40 2.19 0.25
N4 15 10 10 10 55 5.6405 0.54 32 20 13 38 2.20 0.24

2.2 Mechanical properties

Sayyed et al. had only evaluated the sample glasses’ structural, optical, and radiation-shielding properties [30]. The sample glasses were explored further in this study by analyzing their mechanical properties and correlating them to their structural properties. The Makishima–Mackenzie theory [31] was considered for the determination of mechanical properties. The packing density (PD) of the glasses was calculated by the ratio of and ∑ V i x i V, where V i is the packing factor of each chemical in the glass and x i is its mole fraction. The parameter V i of each chemical in the composition was obtained by Makishima–Mackenzie theory which considers the ionic radii of the constituent elements in the chemicals. The dissociation energy per unit volume (G t) of the glasses was determined from the dissociation energy per unit volume for each constituent oxide using the density, molecular weight, and molar heat of formation of the oxide [31], the values of which were taken from ref. [32]. Using G t and PD, the elastic moduli, which are Young’s modulus (E), bulk modulus (K), shear modulus (S), longitudinal modulus (L), Poisson’s ratio ( ϑ ) , and microhardness (H), were calculated as follows [31]:

(1) E   =   2 G t ⋅ PD ,

(2) K   =   1.2 PD ⋅   E ,

(3) S = 3 E K 9 K − E ,

(4) L = K + 4 3 S ,

(5) ϑ = E 2 S − 1 ,

(6) H = ( 1 − 2 ϑ ) E 6 ( 1 + ϑ ) .

2.3 Radiation-shielding parameters

In a multi-element system, the photon cross section (σ, in barns atom−1) is defined as a weighted sum of the cross sections of the constituent elements, as shown in equation (7), where f i is the atom fraction of the ith element.

(7) σ = ∑ f i σ i .

Equation (8) defines the total atomic cross section as the sum of partial cross sections where σ PE, σ coh, σ incoh, σ PP-N, and σ PP-E are the photoelectric, coherent, incoherent, pair production in the nuclear field, and pair production in the electron field (or triplet production) cross sections, respectively.

(8) σ T = σ PE + σ coh + σ incoh + σ PP-N + σ PP-E .

A related number termed the mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) (μ/ρ, in cm2/g) is proportional to the cross section. Equation (9) describes their relationship, where N A is Avogadro’s number, A i is the atomic mass of the ith element, ρ is the density of the material, and μ is the linear attenuation coefficient (in cm−1). Equation (10) describes the HVL, which is the length of the material that reduces the beam intensity by half. The TVL specified in equation (11) is the material length that reduces the beam intensity by one-tenth.

(9) μ ρ = σ T N A ∑ f i σ i ,

(10) HVL = ln 2 μ ,

(11) TVL = ln 10 μ .

The radiation-shielding properties of N1–N4 glasses were re-evaluated using EPICS2017 at 0.662 MeV, as previously determined by Sayyed et al. [30] using WinXcom software. Furthermore, the HVL and TVL of sample glasses were compared to the HVL and TVL of numerous glass systems published in the literature.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Mechanical properties

The density (ρ) values of the N1–N4 coded glasses of the Bi2O3–Li2O–ZnO–GeO2–TeO2 system obtained by Sayyed et al. [30] are given in Table 1. The replacement of TeO2 with Bi2O3 resulted in a gradual increment in the density, which could be attributed to the substitution of the lighter atoms (Te) with heavier atoms (Bi). Figure 1(a) displays the trend in the molar volume (V) of the N1–N4 glasses, wherein the values derived by Sayyed et al. [30] demonstrated that the addition of Bi2O3 would increase the brittleness of this glass system due to volume expansion. The molar volume gradually increased from 22.75 to 28.95 cm3/mol when the Bi2O3 content was increased from 0 to 15 mol%. The increasing values of V suggested that the structure is becoming more open [33]. The calculation of the PD is another way to test this [33]. The trend in the PD of the N1–N4 glasses is shown in Figure 1(b), and the corresponding values are presented in Table 1. The PD of the glass system decreased from 0.61 to 0.54 with the addition of the Bi2O3 content, indicating that the glass structure is becoming more open. This could be due to the addition of Bi2O3 causing the formation of non-bridging oxygens (NBOs). Sayyed et al. [30] attributed the increase in the refractive index of this glass system upon Bi2O3 addition to the NBOs. Therefore, the increase in the molar volume and the decrease in the PD together confirm the role of Bi3+ ions as network modifiers via NBO production [20]. This supports the “open structure” concept, which is defined as the network voids’ inability to accommodate network-modifying ions without causing the glass matrix to expand [20].

Figure 1 Trend in the (a) molar volume, (b) PD, and (c) elastic moduli of the N1–N4 glasses.
Figure 1

Trend in the (a) molar volume, (b) PD, and (c) elastic moduli of the N1–N4 glasses.

The mechanical properties of the glasses are given in Table 1. The trend in the elastic moduli (E, K, S, and L) of the N1–N4 glasses is shown in Figure 1(c). Young’s modulus, which is defined as the ratio of stress and strain, is a measure of the stiffness of material. The values of E slightly reduced from 37 to 32 GPa with Bi2O3 E addition from 0 to 15 mol%, implying that the matrix stiffness is decreasing. The bulk modulus also decreased from 27 to 20 GPa with successive Bi2O3 addition. The values of L of the glasses (46–38 GPa) were greater than their corresponding S values (14–13 GPa), indicating that the glasses can withstand longitudinal stress better than shear stress and can be bent easily rather than elongated. ϑ , the ratio of the transverse and longitudinal strains when tensile force is exerted, ranged from 0.27 to 0.24.

3.2 Radiation-shielding properties

Figure 2 shows the MACs of the four sample glasses at 0.662 MeV evaluated using the EPICS2017 data library. The calculated MACs are comparable to those MACs obtained using WinXcom software. It can be seen from the figure that as more TeO2 oxide is replaced with Bi2O3 oxide, the MAC increases. N4 has the highest MAC among the glass samples because it contains the most Bi2O3 oxide. This is to be expected since Bi2O3 (16.80 barns atom−1) has a far larger cross section than TeO2 (6.62 barns atom−1). It is worth noting that, as demonstrated in equation (9), the MAC is proportional to the cross section.

Figure 2 MAC of the N1–N4 glasses at 0.662 MeV evaluated using EPICS2017.
Figure 2

MAC of the N1–N4 glasses at 0.662 MeV evaluated using EPICS2017.

As mentioned earlier, TVL is the shield thickness at which the intensity of the gamma-photons declines by one-tenth [34], while the HVL is the shield thickness of the material needed to decrease the intensity of the gamma-rays by half [35,36]. Hence, a material with a lower TVL and HVL is a better shield, as a smaller thickness is sufficient to attenuate the radiation by the required factor.

The TVLs of N1–N4 glasses were compared to those of other glass systems with comparable properties [35,36,37,38,39,40]. The comparison of TVLs of the N1–N4 glasses to those of the bismuth aluminosilicate glasses examined by Singh et al. [37] at 0.662 MeV is shown in Figure 3. The TVL of the N1 glass was 5.99 cm, whereas the TVL of the N4 glass was 4.67 cm. From N1 to N4, the TVLs of the sample glasses decreased. This indicates that among the samples analyzed, the N4 glass is the best shield. All of the sample glasses had higher TVLs than the bismuth aluminosilicate glasses. This could be due to the fact that the density of the N1–N4 glasses varied between 5.1560 and 5.6405 g/cm3, but the density of the compared glass system was between 5.412 and 5.768 g/cm3.

Figure 3 TVL comparison of the N1–N4 glasses with bismuth aluminosilicate glasses [37].
Figure 3

TVL comparison of the N1–N4 glasses with bismuth aluminosilicate glasses [37].

As shown in Figure 4, the TVLs of the sample glasses were compared with those of the lithium-containing lead borate glasses examined by Kumar [38]. The TVLs of all of the sample glasses were higher than that of the PbO–Li2O–B2O3 glass system under consideration.

Figure 4 TVL comparison of the N1–N4 glasses with lead lithium borate glasses [38].
Figure 4

TVL comparison of the N1–N4 glasses with lead lithium borate glasses [38].

Abouhaswa et al. studied a borate glass system containing bismuth, sodium, and antimony [39]. The TVLs of the sample glasses compared to that of the one they studied are shown in Figure 5. The TVLs of the N1–N3 glasses were greater than those of all B2O3–Bi2O3–Na2O2–Sb2O3 glasses, but the TVL of the N4 glass with the highest bismuth mol% (4.67 cm) was comparable to that of the 45B2O3–20Bi2O3–20Na2O2–15Sb2O3 (4.61 cm) glass.

Figure 5 TVL comparison of the N1–N4 glasses with antimony sodium boro-bismuth glasses [39].
Figure 5

TVL comparison of the N1–N4 glasses with antimony sodium boro-bismuth glasses [39].

The TVL of a bismuth sodium borate glass system developed by Cheewasukhanont et al. [36] was compared to those of the sample glasses, as shown in Figure 6. The following trend was observed: the TVL of the N1 glass (5.99 cm) was lower than that of the 15Bi2O3–20Na2O–65B2O3 glass (6.53 cm), the TVL of the N2 glass (5.44 cm) was lower than that of the 20Bi2O3–20Na2O–60B2O3 glass (5.59 cm), the TVL of the N3 glass (5.01 cm) was lower than that of the 25Bi2O3–20Na2O–55B2O3 glass (5.21 cm), and the TVL of the N4 glass (4.67 cm) was lower than that of the 30Bi2O3–20Na2O–50B2O3 glass (4.82 cm). The TVL of N4 glass (with 15 mol% Bi2O3) was substantially lower than that of a Na2O–B2O3 glass containing 15 mol% Bi2O3. This indicates that incorporating not just Bi2O3 but also Li2O, ZnO, GeO2, and TeO2 into the glass has helped enhance the attenuation power.

Figure 6 TVL comparison of the N1–N4 glasses with bismuth sodium borate glasses [36].
Figure 6

TVL comparison of the N1–N4 glasses with bismuth sodium borate glasses [36].

The TVLs of N1–N4 glasses were compared with those of the lead strontium borate glasses investigated by Kaundal et al. [35], as seen in Figure 7. The N2 glass had a TVL of 5.44 cm, which was comparable to those of the 10SrO–30PbO–60B2O3 (5.50 cm) and 20SrO–30PbO–50B2O3 (5.42 cm) glasses. Although the TVL of the N4 glass (4.67 cm) was higher than those of 50 and 60 mol% PbO-containing strontium borate glasses (4.60 and 4.25 cm, respectively), the TVL of this PbO-free glass was lower than those of 10, 20, and 30 mol% PbO-containing strontium borate glasses.

Figure 7 Comparison of the TVL of the N1–N4 glasses with lead strontium borate glasses [35].
Figure 7

Comparison of the TVL of the N1–N4 glasses with lead strontium borate glasses [35].

As shown in Figure 8, the TVLs of the N1–N4 glasses are compared with that of the PbO–WO3–Na2O–MgO–B2O3 glass system investigated by Almuqrin et al. [40]. The comparison revealed that the N4 glass with the lowest TVL in this work had a value of 4.67 cm, which was even lower than the PbO-containing glasses such as 30PbO–10WO3–10Na2O–10MgO–40B2O3 (5.55 cm) and 35PbO–10WO3–10Na2O–10MgO–35B2O3 (5.12 cm).

Figure 8 Comparison of the TVL of the N1–N4 glasses with PbO–WO3–Na2O–MgO–B2O3 glasses [40].
Figure 8

Comparison of the TVL of the N1–N4 glasses with PbO–WO3–Na2O–MgO–B2O3 glasses [40].

Figure 9 shows the computed HVLs of the N1–N4 glasses. The highest HVL was 1.80 cm for the N1 glass, while the lowest was 1.40 cm for the N4 glass. The HVL showed a decreasing trend from N1 to N4. This suggests that among the examined samples, the N4 glass is the best shield.

Figure 9 Comparison of the HVL of the N1–N4 glasses with lead strontium borate glasses [35].
Figure 9

Comparison of the HVL of the N1–N4 glasses with lead strontium borate glasses [35].

The HVLs of the N1–N4 glasses were compared to those of other similar glasses [35,36]. Figure 9 compares the HVLs of N1–N4 glasses with those of lead strontium borate glasses studied by Kaundal et al. [35] at 0.662 MeV. The HVL of the N1 glass (1.80 cm) with no Bi2O3 content was lower than those of lead glasses such as 20SrO–10PbO–70B2O3, 10SrO–20PbO–70B2O3, and 20SrO–20PbO–60B2O3. The HVL of the N2 glass (1.63 cm) was comparable to those of 10SrO–30PbO–60B2O3 (1.65 cm) and 20SrO–30PbO–50B2O3 (1.63 cm) glasses. The N4 glass with the highest Bi2O3 concentration had HVL greater than those of 50 and 60 mol% PbO-containing strontium borate glasses. Yet, the HVL of this glass was lower than those of 10, 20, and 30 mol% PbO-containing strontium borate glasses, suggesting that this glass material has the potential to be a lead-free radiation shield.

Figure 10 shows the HVLs of the N1–N4 glasses at 0.662 MeV compared to those of some bismuth sodium borate glasses studied by Cheewasukhanont et al. [36]. The HVL of the N1 glass (1.80 cm) was substantially lower than that of the 15Bi2O3–20Na2O–65B2O3 glass (1.96 cm), while the HVL of the N2 glass (1.63 cm) was slightly lower than that of the 20Bi2O3–20Na2O–60B2O3 glass (1.68 cm). The HVL of the N4 glass (1.40 cm) was lower than those of 15Bi2O3–20Na2O–65B2O3, 20Bi2O3–20Na2O–60B2O3, 25Bi2O3–20Na2O–55B2O3, and 30Bi2O3–20Na2O–50B2O3 glasses but greater than those of 35Bi2O3–20Na2O–45B2O3 (1.38 cm) glasses. However, the HVL of the N4 glass (1.40 cm) containing 15 mol% Bi2O3 was much lower than that of the bismuth sodium borate glass with 15 mol% Bi2O3 (1.96 cm). This could be due to the higher density of the N4 glass (5.6405 g/cm3) compared to the 3.76 g/cm3 density of the 15Bi2O3–20Na2O–65B2O3 glass.

Figure 10 Comparison of the HVL of the N1–N4 glasses with bismuth sodium borate glasses [36].
Figure 10

Comparison of the HVL of the N1–N4 glasses with bismuth sodium borate glasses [36].

4 Conclusion

We investigated the mechanical properties of tellurite–germanate glasses containing zinc, lithium, and bismuth with varied Bi2O3 and TeO2 contents. Also, the radiation shielding capabilities of these glasses were evaluated at 0.662 MeV using EPICS2017. We compared the radiation-shielding parameters of these glasses with various glass systems reported in the literature. We found that when TeO2 was replaced with Bi2O3, Young’s and bulk moduli of the material decreased. The MACs calculated via EPICS2017 for the tellurite–germanate glasses are comparable to those obtained using WinXcom. The TVLs of all of the selected glasses were higher than those of the bismuth aluminosilicate glasses. Moreover, all borate glass systems containing bismuth, sodium, and antimony had lower TVLs than the N1–N3 glasses. The HVL of the N1 glass (1.80 cm) was substantially lower than that of the 15Bi2O3–20Na2O–65B2O3 glass (1.96 cm), while the HVL of the N2 glass (1.63 cm) was slightly lower than that of the 20Bi2O3–20Na2O–60B2O3 glass (1.68 cm).

Acknowledgement

The authors express their gratitude to Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project number (PNURSP2022R2), Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

  1. Funding information: The authors express their gratitude to Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project number (PNURSP2022R2), Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

  2. Author contributions: Conceptualization: A.H.A., M.I.S., and N.S.P.; methodology: M.I.S., J.F.M.J., and N.S.P.; software: J.F.M.J.; validation: N.S.P. and R.Y.; formal analysis: M.I.S. and R.Y.; investigation: A.H.A., M.I.S., R.Y., and S.D.K.; resources: J.F.M.J.; data curation: N.S.P. and R.Y.; writing – original draft preparation: A.H.A., M.I.S., J.F.M.J., and N.S.P.; writing – review and editing: A.H.A., S.D.K.; and N.S.P.; visualization: J.F.M.J. and M.I.S.; supervision: S.D.K.; project administration: A.H.A. and M.I.S.; funding acquisition: A.H.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest

  4. Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

  5. Data availability statement: The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.

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Received: 2022-02-24
Revised: 2022-03-21
Accepted: 2022-03-29
Published Online: 2022-04-23

© 2022 Aljawhara H. Almuqrin et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B in aqueous phase by bimetallic metal-organic framework M/Fe-MOF (M = Co, Cu, and Mg)
  3. Assessment of using electronic portal imaging device for analysing bolus material utilised in radiation therapy
  4. A detailed investigation on highly dense CuZr bulk metallic glasses for shielding purposes
  5. Simulation of gamma-ray shielding properties for materials of medical interest
  6. Environmental impact assesment regulation applications and their analysis in Turkey
  7. Sample age effect on parameters of dynamic nuclear polarization in certain difluorobenzen isomers/MC800 asphaltene suspensions
  8. Passenger demand forecasting for railway systems
  9. Design of a Robust sliding mode controller for bioreactor cultures in overflow metabolism via an interdisciplinary approach
  10. Gamma, neutron, and heavy charged ion shielding properties of Er3+-doped and Sm3+-doped zinc borate glasses
  11. Bridging chiral de-tert-butylcalix[4]arenes: Optical resolution based on column chromatography and structural characterization
  12. Petrology and geochemistry of multiphase post-granitic dikes: A case study from the Gabal Serbal area, Southwestern Sinai, Egypt
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  14. Bioactive triterpenoids from Indonesian medicinal plant Syzygium aqueum
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  16. The mesoporous aluminosilicate application as support for bifunctional catalysts for n-hexadecane hydroconversion
  17. Gamma-ray shielding properties of Nd2O3-added iron–boron–phosphate-based composites
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https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2022-0151
Keywords for this article
tellurite–germanate glasses; EPICS2017; mechanical and radiation-shielding properties
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B in aqueous phase by bimetallic metal-organic framework M/Fe-MOF (M = Co, Cu, and Mg)
  3. Assessment of using electronic portal imaging device for analysing bolus material utilised in radiation therapy
  4. A detailed investigation on highly dense CuZr bulk metallic glasses for shielding purposes
  5. Simulation of gamma-ray shielding properties for materials of medical interest
  6. Environmental impact assesment regulation applications and their analysis in Turkey
  7. Sample age effect on parameters of dynamic nuclear polarization in certain difluorobenzen isomers/MC800 asphaltene suspensions
  8. Passenger demand forecasting for railway systems
  9. Design of a Robust sliding mode controller for bioreactor cultures in overflow metabolism via an interdisciplinary approach
  10. Gamma, neutron, and heavy charged ion shielding properties of Er3+-doped and Sm3+-doped zinc borate glasses
  11. Bridging chiral de-tert-butylcalix[4]arenes: Optical resolution based on column chromatography and structural characterization
  12. Petrology and geochemistry of multiphase post-granitic dikes: A case study from the Gabal Serbal area, Southwestern Sinai, Egypt
  13. Comparison of the yield and purity of plasma exosomes extracted by ultracentrifugation, precipitation, and membrane-based approaches
  14. Bioactive triterpenoids from Indonesian medicinal plant Syzygium aqueum
  15. Investigation of the effects of machining parameters on surface integrity in micromachining
  16. The mesoporous aluminosilicate application as support for bifunctional catalysts for n-hexadecane hydroconversion
  17. Gamma-ray shielding properties of Nd2O3-added iron–boron–phosphate-based composites
  18. Numerical investigation on perforated sheet metals under tension loading
  19. Statistical analysis on the radiological assessment and geochemical studies of granite rocks in the north of Um Taghir area, Eastern Desert, Egypt
  20. Two new polypodane-type bicyclic triterpenoids from mastic
  21. Structural, physical, and mechanical properties of the TiO2 added hydroxyapatite composites
  22. Tribological properties and characterization of borided Co–Mg alloys
  23. Studies on Anemone nemorosa L. extracts; polyphenols profile, antioxidant activity, and effects on Caco-2 cells by in vitro and in silico studies
  24. Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, transmission factors, and gamma-ray-shielding performances of Bi2O3–P2O5–B2O3–V2O5 quaternary glass system
  25. Cyclic connectivity index of bipolar fuzzy incidence graph
  26. The role of passage numbers of donor cells in the development of Arabian Oryx – Cow interspecific somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos
  27. Mechanical property evaluation of tellurite–germanate glasses and comparison of their radiation-shielding characteristics using EPICS2017 to other glass systems
  28. Molecular screening of ionic liquids for CO2 absorption and molecular dynamic simulation
  29. Microwave-assisted preparation of Ag/Fe magnetic biochar from clivia leaves for adsorbing daptomycin antibiotics
  30. Iminodisuccinic acid enhances antioxidant and mineral element accumulation in young leaves of Ziziphus jujuba
  31. Cytotoxic activity of guaiane-type sesquiterpene lactone (deoxycynaropicrin) isolated from the leaves of Centaurothamnus maximus
  32. Effects of welding parameters on the angular distortion of welded steel plates
  33. Simulation of a reactor considering the Stamicarbon, Snamprogetti, and Toyo patents for obtaining urea
  34. Effect of different ramie (Boehmeria nivea L. Gaud) cultivars on the adsorption of heavy metal ions cadmium and lead in the remediation of contaminated farmland soils
  35. Impact of a live bacterial-based direct-fed microbial (DFM) postpartum and weaning system on performance, mortality, and health of Najdi lambs
  36. Anti-tumor effect of liposomes containing extracted Murrayafoline A against liver cancer cells in 2D and 3D cultured models
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  41. Isolation and identification of unstable components from Caesalpinia sappan by high-speed counter-current chromatography combined with preparative high-performance liquid chromatography
  42. Quantification of biomarkers and evaluation of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxicity properties of Dodonaea viscosa grown in Saudi Arabia using HPTLC technique
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  51. Chemically modified Teucrium polium (Lamiaceae) plant act as an effective adsorbent tool for potassium permanganate (KMnO4) in wastewater remediation
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  55. Mechanical and gamma-ray shielding examinations of Bi2O3–PbO–CdO–B2O3 glass system
  56. Machine learning-based forecasting of potability of drinking water through adaptive boosting model
  57. The potential effect of the Rumex vesicarius water seeds extract treatment on mice before and during pregnancy on the serum enzymes and the histology of kidney and liver
  58. Impact of benzimidazole functional groups on the n-doping properties of benzimidazole derivatives
  59. Extraction of red pigment from Chinese jujube peel and the antioxidant activity of the pigment extracts
  60. Flexural strength and thermal properties of carbon black nanoparticle reinforced epoxy composites obtained from waste tires
  61. A focusing study on radioprotective and antioxidant effects of Annona muricata leaf extract in the circulation and liver tissue: Clinical and experimental studies
  62. Clinical comprehensive and experimental assessment of the radioprotective effect of Annona muricata leaf extract to prevent cellular damage in the ileum tissue
  63. Effect of WC content on ultrasonic properties, thermal and electrical conductivity of WC–Co–Ni–Cr composites
  64. Influence of various class cleaning agents for prosthesis on Co–Cr alloy surface
  65. The synthesis of nanocellulose-based nanocomposites for the effective removal of hexavalent chromium ions from aqueous solution
  66. Study on the influence of physical interlayers on the remaining oil production under different development modes
  67. Optimized linear regression control of DC motor under various disturbances
  68. Influence of different sample preparation strategies on hypothesis-driven shotgun proteomic analysis of human saliva
  69. Determination of flow distance of the fluid metal due to fluidity in ductile iron casting by artificial neural networks approach
  70. Investigation of mechanical activation effect on high-volume natural pozzolanic cements
  71. In vitro: Anti-coccidia activity of Calotropis procera leaf extract on Eimeria papillata oocysts sporulation and sporozoite
  72. Determination of oil composition of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) seeds under influence of organic fertilizer forms
  73. Activated partial thromboplastin time maybe associated with the prognosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma
  74. Treatment of rat brain ischemia model by NSCs-polymer scaffold transplantation
  75. Lead and cadmium removal with native yeast from coastal wetlands
  76. Characterization of electroless Ni-coated Fe–Co composite using powder metallurgy
  77. Ferrate synthesis using NaOCl and its application for dye removal
  78. Antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anticholinesterase potential of Chenopodium murale L. extracts using in vitro and in vivo approaches
  79. Study on essential oil, antioxidant activity, anti-human prostate cancer effects, and induction of apoptosis by Equisetum arvense
  80. Experimental study on turning machine with permanent magnetic cutting tool
  81. Numerical simulation and mathematical modeling of the casting process for pearlitic spheroidal graphite cast iron
  82. Design, synthesis, and cytotoxicity evaluation of novel thiophene, pyrimidine, pyridazine, and pyridine: Griseofulvin heterocyclic extension derivatives
  83. Isolation and identification of promising antibiotic-producing bacteria
  84. Ultrasonic-induced reversible blood–brain barrier opening: Safety evaluation into the cellular level
  85. Evaluation of phytochemical and antioxidant potential of various extracts from traditionally used medicinal plants of Pakistan
  86. Effect of calcium lactate in standard diet on selected markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in ovariectomized rats
  87. Identification of crucial salivary proteins/genes and pathways involved in pathogenesis of temporomandibular disorders
  88. Zirconium-modified attapulgite was used for removing of Cr(vi) in aqueous solution
  89. The stress distribution of different types of restorative materials in primary molar
  90. Reducing surface heat loss in steam boilers
  91. Deformation behavior and formability of friction stir processed DP600 steel
  92. Synthesis and characterization of bismuth oxide/commercial activated carbon composite for battery anode
  93. Phytochemical analysis of Ziziphus jujube leaf at different foliar ages based on widely targeted metabolomics
  94. Effects of in ovo injection of black cumin (Nigella sativa) extract on hatching performance of broiler eggs
  95. Separation and evaluation of potential antioxidant, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activities of limonene-rich essential oils from Citrus sinensis (L.)
  96. Bioactivity of a polyhydroxy gorgostane steroid from Xenia umbellata
  97. BiCAM-based automated scoring system for digital logic circuit diagrams
  98. Analysis of standard systems with solar monitoring systems
  99. Structural and spectroscopic properties of voriconazole and fluconazole – Experimental and theoretical studies
  100. New plant resistance inducers based on polyamines
  101. Experimental investigation of single-lap bolted and bolted/bonded (hybrid) joints of polymeric plates
  102. Investigation of inlet air pressure and evaporative cooling of four different cogeneration cycles
  103. Review Articles
  104. Comprehensive review on synthesis, physicochemical properties, and application of activated carbon from the Arecaceae plants for enhanced wastewater treatment
  105. Research progress on speciation analysis of arsenic in traditional Chinese medicine
  106. Recent modified air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction applications for medicines and organic compounds in various samples: A review
  107. An insight on Vietnamese bio-waste materials as activated carbon precursors for multiple applications in environmental protection
  108. Antimicrobial activities of the extracts and secondary metabolites from Clausena genus – A review
  109. Bioremediation of organic/heavy metal contaminants by mixed cultures of microorganisms: A review
  110. Sonodynamic therapy for breast cancer: A literature review
  111. Recent progress of amino acid transporters as a novel antitumor target
  112. Aconitum coreanum Rapaics: Botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology
  113. Corrigendum
  114. Corrigendum to “Petrology and geochemistry of multiphase post-granitic dikes: A case study from the Gabal Serbal area, Southwestern Sinai, Egypt”
  115. Corrigendum to “Design of a Robust sliding mode controller for bioreactor cultures in overflow metabolism via an interdisciplinary approach”
  116. Corrigendum to “Statistical analysis on the radiological assessment and geochemical studies of granite rocks in the north of Um Taghir area, Eastern Desert, Egypt”
  117. Corrigendum to “Aroma components of tobacco powder from different producing areas based on gas chromatography ion mobility spectrometry”
  118. Corrigendum to “Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, transmission factors, and gamma-ray-shielding performances of Bi2O3–P2O5–B2O3–V2O5 quaternary glass system”
  119. Erratum
  120. Erratum to “Copper(ii) complexes supported by modified azo-based ligands: Nucleic acid binding and molecular docking studies”
  121. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology (ABB 2021)
  122. Study of solidification and stabilization of heavy metals by passivators in heavy metal-contaminated soil
  123. Human health risk assessment and distribution of VOCs in a chemical site, Weinan, China
  124. Preparation and characterization of Sparassis latifolia β-glucan microcapsules
  125. Special Issue on the Conference of Energy, Fuels, Environment 2020
  126. Improving the thermal performance of existing buildings in light of the requirements of the EU directive 2010/31/EU in Poland
  127. Special Issue on Ethnobotanical, Phytochemical and Biological Investigation of Medicinal Plants
  128. Study of plant resources with ethnomedicinal relevance from district Bagh, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
  129. Studies on the chemical composition of plants used in traditional medicine in Congo
  130. Special Issue on Applied Chemistry in Agriculture and Food Science
  131. Strip spraying technology for precise herbicide application in carrot fields
  132. Special Issue on Pharmacology and Metabolomics of Ethnobotanical and Herbal Medicine
  133. Phytochemical profiling, antibacterial and antioxidant properties of Crocus sativus flower: A comparison between tepals and stigmas
  134. Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of polyphenolics from Withania adpressa (Coss.) Batt. against selected drug-resistant bacterial strains
  135. Integrating network pharmacology and molecular docking to explore the potential mechanism of Xinguan No. 3 in the treatment of COVID-19
  136. Chemical composition and in vitro and in vivo biological assortment of fixed oil extracted from Ficus benghalensis L.
  137. A review of the pharmacological activities and protective effects of Inonotus obliquus triterpenoids in kidney diseases
  138. Ethnopharmacological study of medicinal plants in Kastamonu province (Türkiye)
  139. Protective effects of asperuloside against cyclophosphamide-induced urotoxicity and hematotoxicity in rats
  140. Special Issue on Essential Oil, Extraction, Phytochemistry, Advances, and Application
  141. Identification of volatile compounds and antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal properties against drug-resistant microbes of essential oils from the leaves of Mentha rotundifolia var. apodysa Briq. (Lamiaceae)
  142. Phenolic contents, anticancer, antioxidant, and antimicrobial capacities of MeOH extract from the aerial parts of Trema orientalis plant
  143. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils from Mentha pulegium and Rosmarinus officinalis against multidrug-resistant microbes and their acute toxicity study
  144. Special Issue on Marine Environmental Sciences and Significance of the Multidisciplinary Approaches
  145. An insightful overview of the distribution pattern of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in the marine sediments of the Red Sea
  146. Antifungal–antiproliferative norcycloartane-type triterpenes from the Red Sea green alga Tydemania expeditionis
  147. Solvent effect, dipole moment, and DFT studies of multi donor–acceptor type pyridine derivative
  148. An extensive assessment on the distribution pattern of organic contaminants in the aerosols samples in the Middle East
  149. Special Issue on 4th IC3PE
  150. Energetics of carboxylic acid–pyridine heterosynthon revisited: A computational study of intermolecular hydrogen bond domination on phenylacetic acid–nicotinamide cocrystals
  151. A review: Silver–zinc oxide nanoparticles – organoclay-reinforced chitosan bionanocomposites for food packaging
  152. Green synthesis of magnetic activated carbon from peanut shells functionalized with TiO2 photocatalyst for Batik liquid waste treatment
  153. Coagulation activity of liquid extraction of Leucaena leucocephala and Sesbania grandiflora on the removal of turbidity
  154. Hydrocracking optimization of palm oil over NiMoO4/activated carbon catalyst to produce biogasoline and kerosine
  155. Special Issue on Pharmacology and metabolomics of ethnobotanical and herbal medicine
  156. Cynarin inhibits PDGF-BB-induced proliferation and activation in hepatic stellate cells through PPARγ
  157. Special Issue on The 1st Malaysia International Conference on Nanotechnology & Catalysis (MICNC2021)
  158. Surfactant evaluation for enhanced oil recovery: Phase behavior and interfacial tension
  159. Topical Issue on phytochemicals, biological and toxicological analysis of aromatic medicinal plants
  160. Phytochemical analysis of leaves and stems of Physalis alkekengi L. (Solanaceae)
  161. Phytochemical and pharmacological profiling of Trewia nudiflora Linn. leaf extract deciphers therapeutic potentials against thrombosis, arthritis, helminths, and insects
  162. Pergularia tomentosa coupled with selenium nanoparticles salvaged lead acetate-induced redox imbalance, inflammation, apoptosis, and disruption of neurotransmission in rats’ brain
  163. Protective effect of Allium atroviolaceum-synthesized SeNPs on aluminum-induced brain damage in mice
  164. Mechanism study of Cordyceps sinensis alleviates renal ischemia–reperfusion injury
  165. Plant-derived bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid tetrandrine prevents human podocyte injury by regulating the miR-150-5p/NPHS1 axis
  166. Network pharmacology combined with molecular docking to explore the anti-osteoporosis mechanisms of β-ecdysone derived from medicinal plants
  167. Chinese medicinal plant Polygonum cuspidatum ameliorates silicosis via suppressing the Wnt/β-catenin pathway
  168. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Biological Applications - Part I
  169. Investigation of improved optical and conductivity properties of poly(methyl methacrylate)–MXenes (PMMA–MXenes) nanocomposite thin films for optoelectronic applications
  170. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology (ABB 2022)
  171. Model predictive control for precision irrigation of a Quinoa crop
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