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Experimental investigation of single-lap bolted and bolted/bonded (hybrid) joints of polymeric plates

  • Berkant Dindar EMAIL logo , İnan Ağır and Hasan Çallıoğlu
Published/Copyright: December 31, 2022
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 20 Issue 1

Abstract

In this study, the joint strengths of single-lap bolted and bolted/bonded (hybrid) joints formed by using four different engineering plastics were experimentally investigated. High-density polyethylene (HDPE), ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, Delrin (POM), and Teflon were used as plate materials in single-lap connections. Standard M6 bolts were used in bolt connections. The specimens were prepared as single bolted, double bolted, single bolted/bonded, and double bolted/bonded in 20, 40, and 60 mm single-lap lengths. Weicon company’s RK-7100 two-component adhesive was used as the adhesive. Tensile tests were carried out with the displacement control of 2 mm/min. After the tensile tests, load–extension graphs were created for each connection type, and the strengths of the connections were compared with each other. Three parameters were used to evaluate the strength of the additional lap joints. These are effect of the bolt numbers, effect of the adhesive, and effect of single-lap length. Depending on the plate material, double-bolt connections performed 20–56% better than single-bolt connections. The adhesive had no effect on ultimate joint strength. As the overlap length increased, an increase was generally observed in the joint strength of the specimens. Depending on the overlap length increase from 20 to 60 mm, the strength of the single-bolt configurations of HDPE-B specimens was found to be approximately two times that of the best results. When polymeric plates are compared among themselves, double-bolted Delrin (POM) specimens exhibited the highest joint strength in all single-lap lengths.

Keywords: mechanical properties; single-lap joints; bolting; adhesive; polymers

1 Introduction

Structural applications are usually formed by combining many parts. Loads are transferred to these parts by means of fasteners. Bonding or bolting method is generally used for the connections of these parts [1]. While bolted connections are preferred in aviation due to their advantages such as strength, ease of replacement, and maintenance; adhesive connections are preferred due to their lightness and ease of application. Bolted/bonded (hybrid) joints can be used as an alternative joining method in non-aviation applications [2].

Recent studies have shown that improvement in joint strength is achieved when there is good synergy in the load sharing between bonded and bolted in hybrid joints compared to bonded and bolted separately [3]. There are different studies on the mechanical properties of single-lap joints in the literature and some of these include: Heimbs et al. that experimentally investigated the possible strain rate effects of quasi-static loading [4]. In bolted connections, especially at low loads, a large part of the applied load is covered by friction [5]. Anyfantis and Tsouvalis investigated the single-lap joint strength of different materials according to the variability of lap length and adhesive thickness parameters [6]. Ozenç and Sekercioglu stated that if the bonding process is supported mechanically, the bond strength increases significantly [7]. The joining of polymeric materials is generally done by bonded or bolted joints. The performance of the bonded joints is affected by many parameters such as adhesive thickness of bonded area, joint geometry surface roughness, and material properties [8,9]. Combining these techniques can be effective in long overlap length joints, because the adhesive behaves more rigidly in terms of structural running and is exposed to a large part of the applied load [10]. Recently, the hybrid (bolted/bonded) joint technique has attracted the attention of researchers. For example, Kelly obtained a 21% better strength compared to the bolted joint and 33% better than the bonded joint with the hybrid (bonded/bolted) joint in a study using polyurethane [11]. Bonded/bolted joints can change the load distribution in the stress zone on the side of the hole allowing their plates to bear more load [12]. The strength of adhesive joints decreases with the change of ambient temperature. The strength of some commonly used adhesives decreased by up to 50% between room temperature (24°C) and 70°C [13]. Li et al. investigated the strength of carbon fiber reinforced plastic/aluminum plates’ single-lap bolt joints in four interference sizes (0, 0.42, 2.14, and 3.02%) and it reported that the best joint strength was obtained at 2.14% [14]. Luo et al. designed a double-lap bolted joint to connect the composites in three different configurations: glass fiber/epoxy, carbon epoxy, and hybrid. In continuation of the study, three-point bending tests were performed on these designs and the results were compared [15]. Compared to other techniques, the mechanical properties and failure modes of hybrid (bonded/bolted) joints are more difficult to detect. Models need to be developed to understand the structural behavior and failure mechanisms of joined joints [16]. For bolted/bonded joints, mostly existing in numerical models, 3D finite element method is used [17]. Atta et al. investigated the failure modes of bolted connections in double-lap steel plates using artificial neural networks and finite element analysis [18]. El-Sisi et al. evaluated in the axial direction, high vertical parallel force ratio in the bolts of the cross link. It is recommended to consider this force during the design of the laminate [19]. El-Sisi et al. performed experimental tests to determine the initial stiffness of bolted tapped connections. A 3D finite element model was developed to analyze single and double lapped bolted composite plates [20]. Osama et al. investigated the effect of change in weight fraction of glass fiber on the bearing strength of bolted composites of injection molded chopped glass fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites [21]. A numerical finite element model was developed to determine the remaining fatigue life of the steel component El-Ministerly Bridge combined with rivet connections. And they calculated the remaining service life of the bridge as 11 years [22].

Single-lap joints are one of the most widely used geometries due to the simplicity of fabrication [23,24]. Based on the literature search, it is understood that single-lap joints have been investigated in different materials, but there is a lack of research on the failure modes of single-lap joints bolted and bolted/bonded of polymeric plates. In this study, the effects of lap length on the joint strength of single-lap joint engineering plastics in bolting and bolted/bonded connections were investigated.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Materials

Polymeric materials find use in many places in daily life. The expected properties of these materials vary according to their intended use [25]. In this study, four different engineering plastics were used as plate. The first is high-density polyethylene (HDPE) used widely as organic polymer, because it is very stable and non-biodegradable. The second polymeric sheet used is ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE). This material is a subtype of polyethylene and also a geosynthetic. Geosynthetic plates are suitable materials for engineering and structural repairs [26]. Third, polyoxymethylene (POM), trade name Delrin, is an engineering material with a high degree of crystallinity, low friction, and hardness. Because of these properties, it is preferred where high-dimensional stability is required [27]. Fourth, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is preferred in engineering applications due to its high temperature resistance, low surface energy, and low friction coefficient [28]. Teflon is the trade name of PTFE polymer. Teflon, which is resistant to heat, chemicals, humidity, and friction, does not stick to any material, and its friction coefficient is smaller than that of all solid objects [28]. Some properties of polymeric plates are presented in Table 1.

Table 1

Some properties of polymeric plates [29,30,31,32,33]

Property HDPE UHMWPE Delrin (POM) Teflon (PTFE)
Melting temperature, T m (°C) 125–130 130–133 175 327
Glass transition temperature, T g (°C) −116.2 −116.1 −35 129.4
Density (g/cm3) 0.95 0.96 1.41 2.2
Poisson ratio (ν) 0.46 0.42 0.44 0.46
Elongation at break (%) 500–700 200–500 15–75 200–400
Chemical formula (C2H4) n CH2CH2 (CH2O) n (C2F4) n

Two-component WEICON Easy-Mix RK-7100 adhesive was used for the bonding joints of the polymeric plates in this study. Easy-Mix RK-7100 can be used to bond numerous materials such as plastics, metals, and ceramics among themselves. It is particularly convenient for structural bonding if high-strength connections are required. The adhesive is very viscous and is therefore suitable for applications on vertical surfaces [34].

2.2 Fabrication of specimens

First, hybrid materials in which bonding and bolting are used together were bonded. Tool geometry is a very important consideration when plastic plates are drilled, especially when the quality of the machined hole is critical [35]. In this regard, the holes of the plates were opened with a fixed axis drill using a 6 mm diameter drill bit. Due to the nature of the polymeric materials, low surface roughness and precise dimensional and geometric tolerances were obtained in the holes after drilling (Table 2).

Table 2

Meanings and numerical values of the symbols in Figure 1

Symbol Meaning Value (mm)
Lt Specimen length 220, 200, 180
Lo Overlay length 20, 40, 60
Ld Grip length 50
ta Adhesive thickness 0.4
tp Plate thickness 5
td Grip thickness 5
B Wide 40
Ø Bolt diameter 6
Cm Distance between bolt centers 12
Bm Distance from the edge to bolt center (single bolt) 20
Km Distance from the edge to bolt center (double bolt) 11
δ Displacement —
F Load —
Figure 1 Configuration and dimensions of specimens: (a) dimensions and loads, (b) dimensions of single-bolt joint, (c) dimensions of double-bolt joint, and (d) three-dimensional view.
Figure 1

Configuration and dimensions of specimens: (a) dimensions and loads, (b) dimensions of single-bolt joint, (c) dimensions of double-bolt joint, and (d) three-dimensional view.

In Figure 2, an example is given over Delrin (POM) for coding the specimens. Here, the commercial name of the sample comes first, then the letter indicating the number of bolts is used as “B” if it is single bolted, and as “BB” if it double bolted. If there is an adhesive in the connection, then letter “A” comes. The last part represents the single-lap lengths in millimeter.

Figure 2 Coding of joint configurations.
Figure 2

Coding of joint configurations.

2.3 Experimental studies

The single-lap joints of engineering plastics were subjected to uniaxial tension in a 50 kN INSTRON-8801 universal testing machine. The test specimens were loaded with a displacement speed controlled at 2 mm/min. Two single-lap joint specimens, such as bolted and bolted/bonded joints, were subjected to tensile test on a three overlay length. Experiments were carried out at room temperature and ambient humidity conditions.

3 Results and discussion

The mechanical properties of the materials used are already available in the literature. However, there may be slight differences due to the production process of the companies. Therefore, tensile strengths and elastic modulus of the materials used in the study were determined from the tensile specimens by performing tensile tests. Stress–strain curves and modulus of elasticity values given in Figure 3 are the average values obtained as a result of 60 mm × 40 mm × 5 mm sized specimens.

Figure 3 (a) Stress–strain curves and (b) elastic modulus of the materials.
Figure 3

(a) Stress–strain curves and (b) elastic modulus of the materials.

Adhesive bonding is the process of bonding two components using a suitable binder (i.e., an adhesive). In bonded/bolted joints load applied to the specimens is primarily covered by the adhesive. Adhesive thickness has a significant effect on the strength of the joint. Experiences show that the thinner the bond line, the higher the lap joint strength [36,37]. The decrease in bond strength versus adhesive thickness is attributed to the thicker bond lines containing more defects such as voids and microcracks [36]. In this context, the adhesive thickness was adjusted to be 0.5 mm. Also, surface treatment is another parameter that can significantly affect the joint strength. In order to obtain a quality bonding, the polymeric plates were roughened with a sandpaper.

If good plate stiffness is provided, the out of plane stresses in the adhesive bonds of lap joints are reduced and the stress distribution in the bonds becomes very close to the pure shear load. On the other hand, lower plate hardness causes the out of plane tension of the adhesive to be higher, which leads to early damage of the joint [6].

It also affects the strength of the joints and the strength of the bonded materials. Therefore, due to the mechanical properties of the adhesive and the material, different types of damages may occur in the joints joined with the adhesive [6].

Adhesive damage occurs when the adhesive is separated from the material (Figure 4(a)). Cohesive damage is a progressive damage caused by plastic deformation of the adhesive along the bonded border (Figure 4(b)). In practice, damage types often occur together. In plate-tear damage, the separation occurs from the surface of the material due to the high bonding strength of the adhesive (Figure 4(c)).

Figure 4 Damage types in single-lap joints: (a) adhesive damage, (b) cohesive damage, and (c) plate-tear damage.
Figure 4

Damage types in single-lap joints: (a) adhesive damage, (b) cohesive damage, and (c) plate-tear damage.

Common types of damages seen in mechanically fixed plate joints may occur in the form of shearing, bearing, and tensile depending on the plates’ material and joint types [4,38,39]. In Figure 5, possible damage types in single-lap bolted joints are shown schematically. Bolt shear damage, which is one of the damages, is generally encountered in connections where high-strength plate materials are joined. This type of damage was not found in the engineering plastics tested in this study. In Mod-2, damage occurs due to the bearing stress caused by the compressive force exerted by the bolt on the plate. This type of damage is generally seen in soft materials with short single-lap lengths. It occurred in HDPE, UHMWPE, and PTFE plate specimens in this study. Finally, in Mod-3, tensile damage is seen due to the tensile load. This type of damage is observed in the double-bolted joints in POM plates.

Figure 5 Bolt joint failure modes.
Figure 5

Bolt joint failure modes.

3.1 Bolted/bonded (hybrid)

As an example, tensile tests and load–extension curves of specimens with POM-BA-60, UHMWPE-BBA-40, and HDPE-BA-60 configurations are given in Figure 6(a–c), respectively. All the bolted/bonded joints first suffered adhesive damage as shown in Figure 6(a). Large displacement curves were obtained as a result of the applied tensile loads. In bolted/bonded joints, the curves show linear behavior until the adhesive is damaged. Up to this point, it is thought that bonding forces dominate. After the adhesive is damaged, the plates begin to slide on each other, and in this region, friction forces come to the fore. Adhesion damage values on the bolted/bonded joints are given in Figure 6(a) for bolted/bonded (BA) and in Figure 6(b) for double-bolted/bonded (BBA) configuration.

Figure 6 Tensile tests of specimens with bolted/bonded: (a) POM-BA-60, (b) UHMWPE-BBA-40, and (c) HDPE-BA-60.
Figure 6

Tensile tests of specimens with bolted/bonded: (a) POM-BA-60, (b) UHMWPE-BBA-40, and (c) HDPE-BA-60.

Figure 7 shows the values where the adhesive is damaged in bolted/bonded joints. Adhesive damage of the double-bolted/bonded specimens occurred at relatively higher loading values when compared to the bolted/bonded specimens. When compared on a material basis, the bonding of Delrin (POM) materials showed the highest strength in the corresponding single-lap length, indicating that it bonded the best with the adhesive.

Figure 7 Adhesive damage loads of single-lap joints: (a) bolted/bonded (BA) and (b) double-bolted/bonded (BBA).
Figure 7

Adhesive damage loads of single-lap joints: (a) bolted/bonded (BA) and (b) double-bolted/bonded (BBA).

3.2 Bolt joints

3.2.1 Load transfer in bolted joint

In Figure 8, the forces acting on the plate are shown in the free body diagram created friction model. The applied force is first (initial stage) met by the friction force, and if the friction force is defeated, the plates begin to slide over each other, at this point the laminate friction changes from static to kinetic, and the friction magnitude begins to decrease. Also, during the slide, the frictional forces under the washer reach the maximum just before the bolt contacts the plate. The increase in frictional force between the washer and the plate is most likely due to the bolt being bent toward the hole and the washer widening the hole [40]. After the bolt is tipped over, the frictional force generated by the bolt in the axial direction has a very small component.

Figure 8 Force components on the specimen (initial stage).
Figure 8

Force components on the specimen (initial stage).

In the first stage of loading, the washers prevented the bolt rotation in the axial direction [14]. If the substrate materials are not rigid enough, in the late stage, as shown in Figure 9, the washers can widen the hole and cause the bolt to come out of the hole.

Figure 9 Force distribution of bearing surfaces during late stage.
Figure 9

Force distribution of bearing surfaces during late stage.

3.2.2 Failure modes

Fractured specimens were visually examined to determine the failure mode. Figure 10 shows the joint damage of the single-lap bolted specimens. Any shear load acting on the bolts can cause axial loads on the bolt by moving the plates [41]. As a result of these loadings, bearing stress occurs between the bolt and the plates, and the material changes its shape, after this deformation the bolt head comes out of the plastic plate and the joint is separated. This type of joint damage is been observed in HDPE, UHMWPE, and PTFE specimens in single-bolt joints with the lap lengths of 40 and 60 mm. All the configurations of these specimens with a single bolt of 20 mm single-lap length (B-20 and BA-20) were damaged due to the bearing stress. On the other hand, in double-bolted configurations (BB and BBA) both bearing and tensile damages were seen together. Unlike these three plastics, the damage of POM specimens was in the form of brittle fracture as a result of sudden fragmentation. In the POM B-20 and POM-BA-20 configurations, a capillary crack occurred in the direction of the tensile axis before disintegration.

Figure 10 Experimental damage patterns of plates in the joints.
Figure 10

Experimental damage patterns of plates in the joints.

3.2.3 Load–extension curves and connection strengths

The load–extension curves of the connections consisting of HDPE, UHMWPE, POM, and PTFE specimens are given in Figure 11. It was seen from the load–extension curves of HDPE in Figure 11(a) that there was an increase in load values with a small elongation and after reaching the maximum strength value, the material began to flow and damage. In the last stage of the tensile curve, the material was damaged and becomes unable to bear the load. In Figure 11(b), load–extension curves of UHMWPE, which is another type of the same material, behaved similarly. However, UHMWPE specimens showed higher strength values than HDPE specimens. In Figure 11(c), the slope of the load–extension curves of the joints made of Delrin (POM) material obtained was lower than those of other materials until the load values in the curves reached maximum, and the specimens were damaged by breaking apart after the maximum load values. After the damage, the load curves suddenly continued straight down. In Figure 11(d), the load value increased rapidly in the first stage of the connections with Teflon (PTFE) material. In the next stage, the flow of the material accelerated and the rate of increase in the load value slowed down. In the last stage, damage occurred and the load carried by the material decreased to zero.

Figure 11 Load–extension curves: (a) HDPE, (b) UHMWPE, (c) POM, and (d) PTFE specimens.
Figure 11

Load–extension curves: (a) HDPE, (b) UHMWPE, (c) POM, and (d) PTFE specimens.

The ultimate load values of the connections are given in Figure 12(a–d). As can be seen from the figure, the strength values are, respectively, from the low through the high for PTFE, HDPE, UHMWPE, and POM specimens. It can be said that the increase in single-lap length provides a proportional increase in the strength of the double-bolted (BB) joints, excluding PTFE. The ultimate strengths of bonded and unbonded specimens are similar in both single-bolt joints and double-bolt joints.

Figure 12 Ultimate load of single-lap joints: (a) single bolted (B), (b) double bolted (BB), (c) single bolted/bonded (BA), and (d) double bolted/bonded (BBA).
Figure 12

Ultimate load of single-lap joints: (a) single bolted (B), (b) double bolted (BB), (c) single bolted/bonded (BA), and (d) double bolted/bonded (BBA).

4 Conclusions

In this study, joint failure mechanisms of single-lap bolted and bolted/bonded engineering plastics were investigated. Key observations from the research presented in this paper are as follows:

  • When polymeric plates are compared among themselves, double-bolted Delrin (POM) specimens exhibited the highest joint strength in all single-lap lengths.

  • Since Teflon (PTFE) plates are not suitable materials for bonding, only mechanical joints have been made. As a result of the experiments, these plates exhibited the lowest joint strength.

  • As the overlap length increased, an increase was observed in the joint strength of the specimens in general. As the overlap length increased from 20 to 60 mm, the best results were observed in single-bolt configurations of HDPE specimens, with an approximate two-fold increase in joint strengths.

  • In all the specimens, the adhered areas were separated as a result of adhesive damage.

  • In both adhesive and bolt joint strengths, it is seen that the materials are in correlation with their tensile strength.

  • In double-bolted Teflon (PTFE) connections, lap length variations did not have a significant effect on joint strength.

Acknowledgement

There is no acknowledgement.

  1. Funding information: There is no funding for this work.

  2. Author contributions: Berkant Dindar: writing – original draft, formal analysis, experimental analyses, methodology, and validation. Inan Agir: experimental analyses and validation. Hasan Callioglu: supervision.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

  4. Ethical approval: Ethical approval is not required, as the study was not performed in vivo.

  5. Data availability statement: The processed data necessary to reproduce these findings are available upon request with permission.

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Received: 2022-11-16
Revised: 2022-12-07
Accepted: 2022-12-12
Published Online: 2022-12-31

© 2022 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B in aqueous phase by bimetallic metal-organic framework M/Fe-MOF (M = Co, Cu, and Mg)
  3. Assessment of using electronic portal imaging device for analysing bolus material utilised in radiation therapy
  4. A detailed investigation on highly dense CuZr bulk metallic glasses for shielding purposes
  5. Simulation of gamma-ray shielding properties for materials of medical interest
  6. Environmental impact assesment regulation applications and their analysis in Turkey
  7. Sample age effect on parameters of dynamic nuclear polarization in certain difluorobenzen isomers/MC800 asphaltene suspensions
  8. Passenger demand forecasting for railway systems
  9. Design of a Robust sliding mode controller for bioreactor cultures in overflow metabolism via an interdisciplinary approach
  10. Gamma, neutron, and heavy charged ion shielding properties of Er3+-doped and Sm3+-doped zinc borate glasses
  11. Bridging chiral de-tert-butylcalix[4]arenes: Optical resolution based on column chromatography and structural characterization
  12. Petrology and geochemistry of multiphase post-granitic dikes: A case study from the Gabal Serbal area, Southwestern Sinai, Egypt
  13. Comparison of the yield and purity of plasma exosomes extracted by ultracentrifugation, precipitation, and membrane-based approaches
  14. Bioactive triterpenoids from Indonesian medicinal plant Syzygium aqueum
  15. Investigation of the effects of machining parameters on surface integrity in micromachining
  16. The mesoporous aluminosilicate application as support for bifunctional catalysts for n-hexadecane hydroconversion
  17. Gamma-ray shielding properties of Nd2O3-added iron–boron–phosphate-based composites
  18. Numerical investigation on perforated sheet metals under tension loading
  19. Statistical analysis on the radiological assessment and geochemical studies of granite rocks in the north of Um Taghir area, Eastern Desert, Egypt
  20. Two new polypodane-type bicyclic triterpenoids from mastic
  21. Structural, physical, and mechanical properties of the TiO2 added hydroxyapatite composites
  22. Tribological properties and characterization of borided Co–Mg alloys
  23. Studies on Anemone nemorosa L. extracts; polyphenols profile, antioxidant activity, and effects on Caco-2 cells by in vitro and in silico studies
  24. Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, transmission factors, and gamma-ray-shielding performances of Bi2O3–P2O5–B2O3–V2O5 quaternary glass system
  25. Cyclic connectivity index of bipolar fuzzy incidence graph
  26. The role of passage numbers of donor cells in the development of Arabian Oryx – Cow interspecific somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos
  27. Mechanical property evaluation of tellurite–germanate glasses and comparison of their radiation-shielding characteristics using EPICS2017 to other glass systems
  28. Molecular screening of ionic liquids for CO2 absorption and molecular dynamic simulation
  29. Microwave-assisted preparation of Ag/Fe magnetic biochar from clivia leaves for adsorbing daptomycin antibiotics
  30. Iminodisuccinic acid enhances antioxidant and mineral element accumulation in young leaves of Ziziphus jujuba
  31. Cytotoxic activity of guaiane-type sesquiterpene lactone (deoxycynaropicrin) isolated from the leaves of Centaurothamnus maximus
  32. Effects of welding parameters on the angular distortion of welded steel plates
  33. Simulation of a reactor considering the Stamicarbon, Snamprogetti, and Toyo patents for obtaining urea
  34. Effect of different ramie (Boehmeria nivea L. Gaud) cultivars on the adsorption of heavy metal ions cadmium and lead in the remediation of contaminated farmland soils
  35. Impact of a live bacterial-based direct-fed microbial (DFM) postpartum and weaning system on performance, mortality, and health of Najdi lambs
  36. Anti-tumor effect of liposomes containing extracted Murrayafoline A against liver cancer cells in 2D and 3D cultured models
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  38. Copper(ii) complexes supported by modified azo-based ligands: Nucleic acid binding and molecular docking studies
  39. Diagnostic and therapeutic radioisotopes in nuclear medicine: Determination of gamma-ray transmission factors and safety competencies of high-dense and transparent glassy shields
  40. Calculation of NaI(Tl) detector efficiency using 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K radioisotopes: Three-phase Monte Carlo simulation study
  41. Isolation and identification of unstable components from Caesalpinia sappan by high-speed counter-current chromatography combined with preparative high-performance liquid chromatography
  42. Quantification of biomarkers and evaluation of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxicity properties of Dodonaea viscosa grown in Saudi Arabia using HPTLC technique
  43. Characterization of the elastic modulus of ceramic–metal composites with physical and mechanical properties by ultrasonic technique
  44. GC-MS analysis of Vespa velutina auraria Smith and its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities in vitro
  45. Texturing of nanocoatings for surface acoustic wave-based sensors for volatile organic compounds
  46. Insights into the molecular basis of some chalcone analogues as potential inhibitors of Leishmania donovani: An integrated in silico and in vitro study
  47. (1R,2S,5R)-5-Methyl-2-(propan-2-yl)cyclohexyl 4-amino-3-phenylbutanoate hydrochloride: Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity
  48. On the relative extraction rates of colour compounds and caffeine during brewing, an investigation of tea over time and temperature
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  50. Rapeseed oil-based hippurate amide nanocomposite coating material for anticorrosive and antibacterial applications
  51. Chemically modified Teucrium polium (Lamiaceae) plant act as an effective adsorbent tool for potassium permanganate (KMnO4) in wastewater remediation
  52. Efficiency analysis of photovoltaic systems installed in different geographical locations
  53. Risk prioritization model driven by success factor in the light of multicriteria decision making
  54. Theoretical investigations on the excited-state intramolecular proton transfer in the solvated 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde carbohydrazone
  55. Mechanical and gamma-ray shielding examinations of Bi2O3–PbO–CdO–B2O3 glass system
  56. Machine learning-based forecasting of potability of drinking water through adaptive boosting model
  57. The potential effect of the Rumex vesicarius water seeds extract treatment on mice before and during pregnancy on the serum enzymes and the histology of kidney and liver
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  61. A focusing study on radioprotective and antioxidant effects of Annona muricata leaf extract in the circulation and liver tissue: Clinical and experimental studies
  62. Clinical comprehensive and experimental assessment of the radioprotective effect of Annona muricata leaf extract to prevent cellular damage in the ileum tissue
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  65. The synthesis of nanocellulose-based nanocomposites for the effective removal of hexavalent chromium ions from aqueous solution
  66. Study on the influence of physical interlayers on the remaining oil production under different development modes
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  68. Influence of different sample preparation strategies on hypothesis-driven shotgun proteomic analysis of human saliva
  69. Determination of flow distance of the fluid metal due to fluidity in ductile iron casting by artificial neural networks approach
  70. Investigation of mechanical activation effect on high-volume natural pozzolanic cements
  71. In vitro: Anti-coccidia activity of Calotropis procera leaf extract on Eimeria papillata oocysts sporulation and sporozoite
  72. Determination of oil composition of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) seeds under influence of organic fertilizer forms
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  74. Treatment of rat brain ischemia model by NSCs-polymer scaffold transplantation
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  77. Ferrate synthesis using NaOCl and its application for dye removal
  78. Antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anticholinesterase potential of Chenopodium murale L. extracts using in vitro and in vivo approaches
  79. Study on essential oil, antioxidant activity, anti-human prostate cancer effects, and induction of apoptosis by Equisetum arvense
  80. Experimental study on turning machine with permanent magnetic cutting tool
  81. Numerical simulation and mathematical modeling of the casting process for pearlitic spheroidal graphite cast iron
  82. Design, synthesis, and cytotoxicity evaluation of novel thiophene, pyrimidine, pyridazine, and pyridine: Griseofulvin heterocyclic extension derivatives
  83. Isolation and identification of promising antibiotic-producing bacteria
  84. Ultrasonic-induced reversible blood–brain barrier opening: Safety evaluation into the cellular level
  85. Evaluation of phytochemical and antioxidant potential of various extracts from traditionally used medicinal plants of Pakistan
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  87. Identification of crucial salivary proteins/genes and pathways involved in pathogenesis of temporomandibular disorders
  88. Zirconium-modified attapulgite was used for removing of Cr(vi) in aqueous solution
  89. The stress distribution of different types of restorative materials in primary molar
  90. Reducing surface heat loss in steam boilers
  91. Deformation behavior and formability of friction stir processed DP600 steel
  92. Synthesis and characterization of bismuth oxide/commercial activated carbon composite for battery anode
  93. Phytochemical analysis of Ziziphus jujube leaf at different foliar ages based on widely targeted metabolomics
  94. Effects of in ovo injection of black cumin (Nigella sativa) extract on hatching performance of broiler eggs
  95. Separation and evaluation of potential antioxidant, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activities of limonene-rich essential oils from Citrus sinensis (L.)
  96. Bioactivity of a polyhydroxy gorgostane steroid from Xenia umbellata
  97. BiCAM-based automated scoring system for digital logic circuit diagrams
  98. Analysis of standard systems with solar monitoring systems
  99. Structural and spectroscopic properties of voriconazole and fluconazole – Experimental and theoretical studies
  100. New plant resistance inducers based on polyamines
  101. Experimental investigation of single-lap bolted and bolted/bonded (hybrid) joints of polymeric plates
  102. Investigation of inlet air pressure and evaporative cooling of four different cogeneration cycles
  103. Review Articles
  104. Comprehensive review on synthesis, physicochemical properties, and application of activated carbon from the Arecaceae plants for enhanced wastewater treatment
  105. Research progress on speciation analysis of arsenic in traditional Chinese medicine
  106. Recent modified air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction applications for medicines and organic compounds in various samples: A review
  107. An insight on Vietnamese bio-waste materials as activated carbon precursors for multiple applications in environmental protection
  108. Antimicrobial activities of the extracts and secondary metabolites from Clausena genus – A review
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  111. Recent progress of amino acid transporters as a novel antitumor target
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  115. Corrigendum to “Design of a Robust sliding mode controller for bioreactor cultures in overflow metabolism via an interdisciplinary approach”
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  117. Corrigendum to “Aroma components of tobacco powder from different producing areas based on gas chromatography ion mobility spectrometry”
  118. Corrigendum to “Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, transmission factors, and gamma-ray-shielding performances of Bi2O3–P2O5–B2O3–V2O5 quaternary glass system”
  119. Erratum
  120. Erratum to “Copper(ii) complexes supported by modified azo-based ligands: Nucleic acid binding and molecular docking studies”
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https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2022-0267
Keywords for this article
mechanical properties; single-lap joints; bolting; adhesive; polymers
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B in aqueous phase by bimetallic metal-organic framework M/Fe-MOF (M = Co, Cu, and Mg)
  3. Assessment of using electronic portal imaging device for analysing bolus material utilised in radiation therapy
  4. A detailed investigation on highly dense CuZr bulk metallic glasses for shielding purposes
  5. Simulation of gamma-ray shielding properties for materials of medical interest
  6. Environmental impact assesment regulation applications and their analysis in Turkey
  7. Sample age effect on parameters of dynamic nuclear polarization in certain difluorobenzen isomers/MC800 asphaltene suspensions
  8. Passenger demand forecasting for railway systems
  9. Design of a Robust sliding mode controller for bioreactor cultures in overflow metabolism via an interdisciplinary approach
  10. Gamma, neutron, and heavy charged ion shielding properties of Er3+-doped and Sm3+-doped zinc borate glasses
  11. Bridging chiral de-tert-butylcalix[4]arenes: Optical resolution based on column chromatography and structural characterization
  12. Petrology and geochemistry of multiphase post-granitic dikes: A case study from the Gabal Serbal area, Southwestern Sinai, Egypt
  13. Comparison of the yield and purity of plasma exosomes extracted by ultracentrifugation, precipitation, and membrane-based approaches
  14. Bioactive triterpenoids from Indonesian medicinal plant Syzygium aqueum
  15. Investigation of the effects of machining parameters on surface integrity in micromachining
  16. The mesoporous aluminosilicate application as support for bifunctional catalysts for n-hexadecane hydroconversion
  17. Gamma-ray shielding properties of Nd2O3-added iron–boron–phosphate-based composites
  18. Numerical investigation on perforated sheet metals under tension loading
  19. Statistical analysis on the radiological assessment and geochemical studies of granite rocks in the north of Um Taghir area, Eastern Desert, Egypt
  20. Two new polypodane-type bicyclic triterpenoids from mastic
  21. Structural, physical, and mechanical properties of the TiO2 added hydroxyapatite composites
  22. Tribological properties and characterization of borided Co–Mg alloys
  23. Studies on Anemone nemorosa L. extracts; polyphenols profile, antioxidant activity, and effects on Caco-2 cells by in vitro and in silico studies
  24. Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, transmission factors, and gamma-ray-shielding performances of Bi2O3–P2O5–B2O3–V2O5 quaternary glass system
  25. Cyclic connectivity index of bipolar fuzzy incidence graph
  26. The role of passage numbers of donor cells in the development of Arabian Oryx – Cow interspecific somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos
  27. Mechanical property evaluation of tellurite–germanate glasses and comparison of their radiation-shielding characteristics using EPICS2017 to other glass systems
  28. Molecular screening of ionic liquids for CO2 absorption and molecular dynamic simulation
  29. Microwave-assisted preparation of Ag/Fe magnetic biochar from clivia leaves for adsorbing daptomycin antibiotics
  30. Iminodisuccinic acid enhances antioxidant and mineral element accumulation in young leaves of Ziziphus jujuba
  31. Cytotoxic activity of guaiane-type sesquiterpene lactone (deoxycynaropicrin) isolated from the leaves of Centaurothamnus maximus
  32. Effects of welding parameters on the angular distortion of welded steel plates
  33. Simulation of a reactor considering the Stamicarbon, Snamprogetti, and Toyo patents for obtaining urea
  34. Effect of different ramie (Boehmeria nivea L. Gaud) cultivars on the adsorption of heavy metal ions cadmium and lead in the remediation of contaminated farmland soils
  35. Impact of a live bacterial-based direct-fed microbial (DFM) postpartum and weaning system on performance, mortality, and health of Najdi lambs
  36. Anti-tumor effect of liposomes containing extracted Murrayafoline A against liver cancer cells in 2D and 3D cultured models
  37. Physicochemical properties and some mineral concentration of milk samples from different animals and altitudes
  38. Copper(ii) complexes supported by modified azo-based ligands: Nucleic acid binding and molecular docking studies
  39. Diagnostic and therapeutic radioisotopes in nuclear medicine: Determination of gamma-ray transmission factors and safety competencies of high-dense and transparent glassy shields
  40. Calculation of NaI(Tl) detector efficiency using 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K radioisotopes: Three-phase Monte Carlo simulation study
  41. Isolation and identification of unstable components from Caesalpinia sappan by high-speed counter-current chromatography combined with preparative high-performance liquid chromatography
  42. Quantification of biomarkers and evaluation of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxicity properties of Dodonaea viscosa grown in Saudi Arabia using HPTLC technique
  43. Characterization of the elastic modulus of ceramic–metal composites with physical and mechanical properties by ultrasonic technique
  44. GC-MS analysis of Vespa velutina auraria Smith and its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities in vitro
  45. Texturing of nanocoatings for surface acoustic wave-based sensors for volatile organic compounds
  46. Insights into the molecular basis of some chalcone analogues as potential inhibitors of Leishmania donovani: An integrated in silico and in vitro study
  47. (1R,2S,5R)-5-Methyl-2-(propan-2-yl)cyclohexyl 4-amino-3-phenylbutanoate hydrochloride: Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity
  48. On the relative extraction rates of colour compounds and caffeine during brewing, an investigation of tea over time and temperature
  49. Characterization of egg shell powder-doped ceramic–metal composites
  50. Rapeseed oil-based hippurate amide nanocomposite coating material for anticorrosive and antibacterial applications
  51. Chemically modified Teucrium polium (Lamiaceae) plant act as an effective adsorbent tool for potassium permanganate (KMnO4) in wastewater remediation
  52. Efficiency analysis of photovoltaic systems installed in different geographical locations
  53. Risk prioritization model driven by success factor in the light of multicriteria decision making
  54. Theoretical investigations on the excited-state intramolecular proton transfer in the solvated 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde carbohydrazone
  55. Mechanical and gamma-ray shielding examinations of Bi2O3–PbO–CdO–B2O3 glass system
  56. Machine learning-based forecasting of potability of drinking water through adaptive boosting model
  57. The potential effect of the Rumex vesicarius water seeds extract treatment on mice before and during pregnancy on the serum enzymes and the histology of kidney and liver
  58. Impact of benzimidazole functional groups on the n-doping properties of benzimidazole derivatives
  59. Extraction of red pigment from Chinese jujube peel and the antioxidant activity of the pigment extracts
  60. Flexural strength and thermal properties of carbon black nanoparticle reinforced epoxy composites obtained from waste tires
  61. A focusing study on radioprotective and antioxidant effects of Annona muricata leaf extract in the circulation and liver tissue: Clinical and experimental studies
  62. Clinical comprehensive and experimental assessment of the radioprotective effect of Annona muricata leaf extract to prevent cellular damage in the ileum tissue
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  64. Influence of various class cleaning agents for prosthesis on Co–Cr alloy surface
  65. The synthesis of nanocellulose-based nanocomposites for the effective removal of hexavalent chromium ions from aqueous solution
  66. Study on the influence of physical interlayers on the remaining oil production under different development modes
  67. Optimized linear regression control of DC motor under various disturbances
  68. Influence of different sample preparation strategies on hypothesis-driven shotgun proteomic analysis of human saliva
  69. Determination of flow distance of the fluid metal due to fluidity in ductile iron casting by artificial neural networks approach
  70. Investigation of mechanical activation effect on high-volume natural pozzolanic cements
  71. In vitro: Anti-coccidia activity of Calotropis procera leaf extract on Eimeria papillata oocysts sporulation and sporozoite
  72. Determination of oil composition of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) seeds under influence of organic fertilizer forms
  73. Activated partial thromboplastin time maybe associated with the prognosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma
  74. Treatment of rat brain ischemia model by NSCs-polymer scaffold transplantation
  75. Lead and cadmium removal with native yeast from coastal wetlands
  76. Characterization of electroless Ni-coated Fe–Co composite using powder metallurgy
  77. Ferrate synthesis using NaOCl and its application for dye removal
  78. Antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anticholinesterase potential of Chenopodium murale L. extracts using in vitro and in vivo approaches
  79. Study on essential oil, antioxidant activity, anti-human prostate cancer effects, and induction of apoptosis by Equisetum arvense
  80. Experimental study on turning machine with permanent magnetic cutting tool
  81. Numerical simulation and mathematical modeling of the casting process for pearlitic spheroidal graphite cast iron
  82. Design, synthesis, and cytotoxicity evaluation of novel thiophene, pyrimidine, pyridazine, and pyridine: Griseofulvin heterocyclic extension derivatives
  83. Isolation and identification of promising antibiotic-producing bacteria
  84. Ultrasonic-induced reversible blood–brain barrier opening: Safety evaluation into the cellular level
  85. Evaluation of phytochemical and antioxidant potential of various extracts from traditionally used medicinal plants of Pakistan
  86. Effect of calcium lactate in standard diet on selected markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in ovariectomized rats
  87. Identification of crucial salivary proteins/genes and pathways involved in pathogenesis of temporomandibular disorders
  88. Zirconium-modified attapulgite was used for removing of Cr(vi) in aqueous solution
  89. The stress distribution of different types of restorative materials in primary molar
  90. Reducing surface heat loss in steam boilers
  91. Deformation behavior and formability of friction stir processed DP600 steel
  92. Synthesis and characterization of bismuth oxide/commercial activated carbon composite for battery anode
  93. Phytochemical analysis of Ziziphus jujube leaf at different foliar ages based on widely targeted metabolomics
  94. Effects of in ovo injection of black cumin (Nigella sativa) extract on hatching performance of broiler eggs
  95. Separation and evaluation of potential antioxidant, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activities of limonene-rich essential oils from Citrus sinensis (L.)
  96. Bioactivity of a polyhydroxy gorgostane steroid from Xenia umbellata
  97. BiCAM-based automated scoring system for digital logic circuit diagrams
  98. Analysis of standard systems with solar monitoring systems
  99. Structural and spectroscopic properties of voriconazole and fluconazole – Experimental and theoretical studies
  100. New plant resistance inducers based on polyamines
  101. Experimental investigation of single-lap bolted and bolted/bonded (hybrid) joints of polymeric plates
  102. Investigation of inlet air pressure and evaporative cooling of four different cogeneration cycles
  103. Review Articles
  104. Comprehensive review on synthesis, physicochemical properties, and application of activated carbon from the Arecaceae plants for enhanced wastewater treatment
  105. Research progress on speciation analysis of arsenic in traditional Chinese medicine
  106. Recent modified air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction applications for medicines and organic compounds in various samples: A review
  107. An insight on Vietnamese bio-waste materials as activated carbon precursors for multiple applications in environmental protection
  108. Antimicrobial activities of the extracts and secondary metabolites from Clausena genus – A review
  109. Bioremediation of organic/heavy metal contaminants by mixed cultures of microorganisms: A review
  110. Sonodynamic therapy for breast cancer: A literature review
  111. Recent progress of amino acid transporters as a novel antitumor target
  112. Aconitum coreanum Rapaics: Botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology
  113. Corrigendum
  114. Corrigendum to “Petrology and geochemistry of multiphase post-granitic dikes: A case study from the Gabal Serbal area, Southwestern Sinai, Egypt”
  115. Corrigendum to “Design of a Robust sliding mode controller for bioreactor cultures in overflow metabolism via an interdisciplinary approach”
  116. Corrigendum to “Statistical analysis on the radiological assessment and geochemical studies of granite rocks in the north of Um Taghir area, Eastern Desert, Egypt”
  117. Corrigendum to “Aroma components of tobacco powder from different producing areas based on gas chromatography ion mobility spectrometry”
  118. Corrigendum to “Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, transmission factors, and gamma-ray-shielding performances of Bi2O3–P2O5–B2O3–V2O5 quaternary glass system”
  119. Erratum
  120. Erratum to “Copper(ii) complexes supported by modified azo-based ligands: Nucleic acid binding and molecular docking studies”
  121. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology (ABB 2021)
  122. Study of solidification and stabilization of heavy metals by passivators in heavy metal-contaminated soil
  123. Human health risk assessment and distribution of VOCs in a chemical site, Weinan, China
  124. Preparation and characterization of Sparassis latifolia β-glucan microcapsules
  125. Special Issue on the Conference of Energy, Fuels, Environment 2020
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