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Study on the influence of physical interlayers on the remaining oil production under different development modes

  • Zhao Yu , Ma Wenguo EMAIL logo , Du Qinglong , Xu Qiang , Li Zengzhi , Ma Ruilin and Chen Qi
Published/Copyright: October 3, 2022
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 20 Issue 1

Abstract

Using the complex stratigraphic structure model, we study the changes in remaining oil on the millimeter scale in different structural parts during the different water flooding development methods. According to the actual geological structure characteristics of the oil layer, We designed and produced the meter-level experimental model, which ensures the similarity between the model structure and actual oil layer structure. The recovery rate of the primary water flooding stage is 10.36%. The stage recovery rate addition of the change flow direction stage is 7.85%. The final recovery rate is 41.36%. The physical interlayer structure has an influence on the oil saturation change in the nearby layers. The oil saturation reduction value is highest in the left part of layer 3 in the primary water flooding stage, the reduction range is 24.81%. There are 2 parts and 1 part where the oil saturation decreases by more than 10.0% in the second boost flooding stage and the change flow direction stage, respectively.

Keywords: complex structure reservoir; physical interlayers; development modes; remaining oil quantification; CT scan; core flooding experiment

1 Introduction

The macroscopic and microscopic residual oil distribution in the reservoir is complex in the stage of high water cut [1,2,3]. Scholars have carried out a lot of research work on the distribution of residual oil after different flooding methods [4,5]. Through the sand-packing pipe experiments, some scholars analyzed the mechanism and effect of nitrogen foam flooding to enhance oil recovery, and concluded that the high-porosity, high-permeability and strong edge-water reservoirs entered the high water-cut stage. Remaining oil mainly distributes at the top and edge of the structure, and it is useless to rely solely on the energy displacement of marginal water [6]. Some scholars have used a combination of literature research, theoretical research and numerical simulation of oil reservoirs to conduct research on the adaptability of kilometer-scale well patterns in oilfields. Research works of numerical simulation show the water flooding effect change worse after the longer the development time. The more inhomogeneous the oil layer structure is, the more oil remains after the conventional well pattern development [7,8]. Scholars have carried out research on the microscopic pore structure and the characteristics of rock seepage capacity [9,10]. Some scholars have carried out continuous flow research at the pore scale, and carried out research on the formation causes, types, and re-production mechanisms of remaining oil at the nanometer scale [11,12,13]. There are also many scholars who have carried out a lot of research on the coupling effect of the fluid–fluid interface. They assumed that the relative permeability and capillary pressure curves only depend on the saturation condition, and carried out fluid flow simulation analysis to study the understanding of the pore size fluid distribution law, and formed a certain understanding [14,15,16,17]. In recent years, with the help of industrial CT scanning reconstruction technology and nuclear magnetic resonance technology, scholars have carried out a lot of research work on the distribution and quantification of micro-scale residual oil at the nano-micro pore level [18,19,20]. The researchers have got certain results in the study of oil types and occurrence changes [21,22,23,24]. Scholars have compared and analyzed the micro-scale residual oil distribution, but while ensuring the test accuracy, the test area is small, which cannot effectively reflect the influence of the actual reservoir geological structure on the oil displacement effect [25,26]. In this work, using the medical CT, we studied the variation law of remaining oil in millimeter-scale heterogeneous oil reservoirs with different displacement methods, the results can provide a theoretical basis for the optimization of development methods and the enhanced oil recovery technology.

2 Experimental materials

2.1 Experimental model

The experimental model was designed according to the statistical analysis of the inspection well data in the XLD block. The research site is a low-curved channel and middle of the point bar. The model contains two physical interlayers and the inclination of the interlayers is 5 degrees represents the reservoir: Class II oil layer; the permeability values of different parts are given by comprehensive statistics of the data of six inspection wells, and the development characteristics of the channel sand body in the P122 unit of Well Xing 6–20-Jian 647 are the main reference objects. The design size of the model is 0.6 m long, 0.208 m high, 0.3 m wide, and has a net weight of 82.60 kg. The model includes two physical interlayers. The gas permeability of the physical interlayer is 30 × 10−3 μm2 and the thickness is 0.1 m. The designed permeability in the model is 30.0 × 10−3 μm2 and the thickness is 4.0 mm. In the actual strata, the permeability of oil layers on both sides of each layer with physical properties at the same depth is different due to the barrier of physical properties. The composition is shown in Figure 1 and Table 1.

Figure 1 The geological model of typical heterogeneous reservoirs and the schematic diagram of the layers.
Figure 1

The geological model of typical heterogeneous reservoirs and the schematic diagram of the layers.

Table 1

Analysis of horizon parameters of heterogeneous model in laboratory oil flooding experiment

Layer number Distance from the top (m) Permeability (×10−3 μm2) Actual layer thickness (m) Thickness of indoor model (m)
Left part Right part Left part Right part Left part Right part
1 0.01 300.0 500.0 0.5 1.0 0.02 0.04
2 0.03 800.0 500.0 1.0 0.04 0.04
3 0.05 800.0 1000.0 1.0 0.04 0.04
4 0.07 1000.0 1.0 0.02 0.04
5 0.09 1600.0 600.0 1.0 0.5 0.04 0.02
6 0.11 1600.0 1400.0 1.0 1.5 0.04 0.06
7 0.15 1400.0 1.0 1.5 0.04 0.06
8 0.18 2500.0 1.0 0.04 0.04

In order to compare and analyze the remaining oil distribution in different parts of the model during the experimental test by the medical CT test model, we selected eight different layers in the physical model for comparative analysis of the distribution change in remaining oil. The specific location of the layer is shown in the Figure 1.

There are 8 wellhead ends at the top of the model and 30 discharge ports in 4 directions on the sides. Model saturated water, saturated oil, and water flooding experiments are carried out. The three-dimensional schematic diagram of the development of each layer and the position of the wellhead in the indoor heterogeneous reservoir geological model is shown in Figure 2. The schematic diagram of the well location of water well and oil well is shown in Figures 3 and 4 (Table 2).

Figure 2 Schematic diagram of the development of each layer and the position of the wellhead in the three-dimensional position of the indoor heterogeneous reservoir geological model.
Figure 2

Schematic diagram of the development of each layer and the position of the wellhead in the three-dimensional position of the indoor heterogeneous reservoir geological model.

Figure 3 Geological model and well layout of artificial heterogeneous reservoir.
Figure 3

Geological model and well layout of artificial heterogeneous reservoir.

Figure 4 Weighing diagram at the end of saturated water of the model.
Figure 4

Weighing diagram at the end of saturated water of the model.

Table 2

The calculated values of the volume of different permeability parts of the model

Analysis of parts Permeability (×10−3 μm2) Volume of parts (cm3) Site volume weight (%)
1 Left 300.00 1950.00 5.38
1 Right 500.00 1600.00 4.41
2 Left 800.00 400.00 1.10
2 Right 500.00 2000.00 5.51
3 Left 800.00 200.00 0.55
3 Right 1000.00 3520.00 9.70
4 1000.00 5000.00 13.79
5 Left 1600.00 2000.00 5.51
5 Right 600.00 457.00 1.26
6 Left 1600.00 1543.00 4.25
6 Right 1400.00 3200.00 8.82
7 1400.00 7200.00 19.85
8 2500.00 7200.00 19.85
Total — 36270.00 100.00

2.2 Experimental fluid

The experimental oil is the kerosene and the viscosity value is 10.0 mPa·s at room temperature. The experimental water was prepared by adding 15.0% KI to deionized water.

3 Millimeter residual oil production analysis

Analysis of remaining oil production at the millimeter scale CT scans were carried out before and after the oil displacement experiment to quantitatively characterize the fluid in the micro-scale pores, and to analyze the reproducing ability of different chemical systems for various types of microscopic remaining oil and the distribution of remaining oil.

3.1 Test equipment

In order to obtain the millimeter scale change data of oil saturation in each layer of the large-sized pore model in different displacement stages, the experimental model was tested by medical CT. The CT scanning medical equipment is shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5 Picture of medical CT instrument for testing.
Figure 5

Picture of medical CT instrument for testing.

3.2 Experiment scheme

We carried out water flooding experiments by using the large-scale heterogeneous model, and we ended the experiments at different stages of water flooding to 98.0% water cut, and CT scans were performed to obtain the distribution law of remaining oil in each layer.

  1. The primary water flooding stage: W1 and W2 water flooding, injection rate of single well is 2.40 mL/min, oil production from O1–O6 wells, CT scanning evaluation after water flooding.

  2. The first boost flooding stage: W1 and W2 water flooding injection wells, the injection rate is 3.04 mL/min. CT scan is performed to obtain the distribution law of remaining oil in each layer.

  3. The second boost flooding stage: The injection rate is 3.60 mL/min, W1 and W2 water flooding was injected, and CT scan was performed to obtain each layer.

  4. The change flow direction stage: Wells W1 and W2 were closed, and wells O2 and O5 were adjusted to injection wells for water injection. The injection rate of a single well was adjusted to 3.60 mL/min. Oil was produced from O1, O3, O4, and O6 wells. CT scanning was performed to obtain the distribution law of remaining oil in each layer.

  5. The horizontal well flooding stage: The horizontal well is 0.025 m away from the top layer of the model, and drills pass through the model from left to right. Horizontal wells are set at both ends. The wells O2 and O5 were adjusted to injection wells, the injection rate of a single well was adjusted to 3.60 mL/min, the horizontal wells P1 and P2 produced oil. CT scan was performed to obtain the distribution law of remaining oil in each layer.

3.3 The flooding experiment results

  1. The injection rate of saturated water and saturated oil is 2.40 mL/min/well. First, the experimental simulated oil is injected from the O1 and O6 wells on one side. After the liquid produced by the remote liquid port is free of water, close the liquid port, and open the vent ports at the bottom on both sides one by one from far to near. After the current group of vent ports is 100% oily, close the two vent ports in this group. Open a closer set of vents and continue to saturate the simulated oil until reaching the closest set of vents for injection wells O1 and O6. Then, the above process is repeated using O3 and O4 wells as injection wells in reverse, until all injection wells at the top are injected with simulated oil, and when saturated oil is over, the liquid produced by each vent is 100% oil-containing, and the saturation process is ended.

  2. Water flooding experiment: In order to study the change in remaining oil in different water flooding stages and the effect evaluation of different development measures under water flooding limit conditions, an indoor oil flooding experiment was carried out. The injection rate was 2.40 mL/min, the cumulative injection of simulated oil was 7.5283 L, and the initial oil saturation was 64.43%. The recovery rate results of each development stage and the effect of different development measures (including the change flow direction stage and horizontal well flooding stage) under the condition that the water flooding water reaches the limit, carry out the laboratory oil flooding experiment, experimental plan, injection conditions and results are shown in Table 3, and the experimental characteristic curve is shown in Figure 6.

Table 3

Experimental parameters and results

Flooding stage Injection speed (mL/min) A/B pump injection pressure (kPa) Pore volume Stage recovery rate addition (%) Total recovery rate (%)
The primary water flooding stage 2.40 82/101 2.27 10.36 10.36
The first boost flooding stage 3.06 107/138 1.66 5.94 16.3
The second boost flooding stage 3.60 107/135 0.30 0.38 0.38
The change flow direction stage 3.60 117/170 1.20 7.85 8.23
The horizontal well flooding stage 3.60 128/156 2.53 16.82 41.36
Figure 6 Total recovery rate curves at different flooding stages. Note: (a) the primary water flooding stage; (b) the first boost flooding stage; (c) the second boost flooding stage; (d) the change flow direction stage; and (e) the horizontal well flooding stage.
Figure 6

Total recovery rate curves at different flooding stages. Note: (a) the primary water flooding stage; (b) the first boost flooding stage; (c) the second boost flooding stage; (d) the change flow direction stage; and (e) the horizontal well flooding stage.

In different water flooding development stages, the experiment is stopped when the water flooding reached 98.0% of the water in the stage. The recovery rate of the primary water flooding stage is 10.36%. The stage recovery rate addition of the first boost flooding stage and the second boost flooding stage is 5.94 and 0.38%, respectively. The stage recovery rate addition of the change flow direction stage is 7.85%. The stage recovery rate addition of the horizontal well flooding stage is 16.82%, and the final recovery rate of the displacement flooding is 41.36%.

4 Variation and quantitative analysis of remaining oil distribution

4.1 Analysis of the distribution change in remaining oil

In order to compare and analyze the changes in oil saturation in each layer during the water flooding process, the large-scale medical CT test data and image analysis software were used to carry out image reconstruction and quantitative analysis of the remaining oil in each layer, and the oil saturation at the millimeter scale of each layer in each stage was obtained. Distribution map, the influence of oil saturation distribution in different stages of each layer is shown in Figure 7. From the results of the influence of different measures to improve the development effect of water flooding on the distribution of remaining oil at the millimeter scale in each layer of the model, it can be seen that the physical interlayer has an influence on the change in oil saturation in the nearby structural layers. Layers 5 and 6 have obvious influence on the production of remaining oil in each water flooding development measure, while layers 7 and 8 have less influence. In the horizontal well flooding stage, the variation in remaining oil at different distances from the horizontal well can be seen to be affected by the physical interlayer. In the far area, there is no effective seepage channel, and the oil-bearing production is less. The layers near the upper horizontal well, the lower the oil saturation, but the oil-bearing production near the edge of the model is less. As the distance increases, the residual oil production becomes worse, and the influence of horizontal wells near the layer 4 on the remaining oil production disappears.

Figure 7 Influence of physical interlayer on the remaining oil distribution in different parts. (a) Original saturated oil; (b) the primary water flooding stage; (c) the first boost flooding stage; (d) the second boost flooding stage; (e) the change flow direction stage; (f) the horizontal well flooding stage.
Figure 7

Influence of physical interlayer on the remaining oil distribution in different parts. (a) Original saturated oil; (b) the primary water flooding stage; (c) the first boost flooding stage; (d) the second boost flooding stage; (e) the change flow direction stage; (f) the horizontal well flooding stage.

4.2 Quantitative analysis of remaining oil

CT scanning method is used to study the change in fluid distribution in the rock pores during the water-flooding process. According to the theoretical basis of quantitative calculation, the same X-ray linear attenuation theory is used for the calculation of the remaining oil distribution in the micro-pores of nano-micron CT, that is, the single-energy X-ray conforms to Beer’s law [25], it is assumed that the pore structure and the shape of the framework particles do not change during the process of oil-saturated and water-saturated oil displacement, and it is assumed that the total pressure along the path of the fluid in the pore seepage process has no effect on the stress-sensitive characteristics of the rock, and the pores of the core are not affected. There is no change in the structure, and on this basis, the oil saturation change analysis at the millimeter scale is carried out. Using CT scanning imaging technology, the cores at different displacement times were scanned to obtain the CT values of the cores, and the oil saturation of the model in the failure stage is calculated by formula (1).

(1) S o = H water − H air H w,r − H a,r H w,r − H two-phase H water − H oil × 100 % ,

where H a,r – CT value of dry core before saturation of formation water, H stone – CT value of core skeleton particles, H air – CT value of air, H w,r – CT value of wet core after saturation of formation water, H water – CT value of formation water, H two-phase – CT value of core at a certain time of water flooding, H oil – CT value of crude oil.

Due to the complexity structure of this model, according to the CT value data of different parts of the model, the partition weighting method is introduced in this study to calculate the oil saturation changes in different parts. Combined with the remaining oil saturation distribution image, a comparative study can be carried out on the model as a whole and the changes in remaining oil in each layer at different stages during the water flooding process. Table 4 shows the oil saturation of the parts.

Table 4

Oil saturation data of each layer in different displacement stages

Part The saturated oil stage (%) The primary water flooding stage (%) The first boost flooding stage (%) The second boost flooding stage (%) The change flow direction stage (%) The horizontal well flooding stage (%)
1 Left 69.25 56.23 49.56 48.16 43.37 38.50
1 Right 58.49 71.25 65.62 56.24 48.32 48.93
2 Left 66.95 55.06 54.27 49.88 38.56 34.65
2 Right 63.41 64.35 62.17 51.22 41.97 39.87
3 Left 68.97 44.16 43.12 41.26 37.22 31.05
3 Right 62.24 60.27 61.66 50.71 43.12 37.13
4 65.80 58.80 52.40 46.60 39.40 37.20
5 Left 66.94 52.34 48.21 44.25 38.84 36.01
5 Right 50.06 50.51 53.53 50.43 47.23 38.11
6 Left 69.40 53.66 51.94 50.10 41.47 38.25
6 Right 63.77 58.31 49.66 48.77 45.81 46.77
7 64.20 49.00 43.60 43.80 38.40 29.40
8 65.00 50.20 47.60 44.40 37.60 32.40

We carried out the primary water flooding stage, the first boost flooding stage, the second boost flooding stage, the change flow direction stage, the horizontal well flooding stage in order. In the primary water flooding stage, there are seven parts where the oil saturation decline is higher than 10.0%, and the oil saturation in the left part of layer 3 has the largest decline, from 68.97 to 44.16%, a decline of 24.81%, the other 3 parts have a decline of less than 10.0%. The oil saturation reduction in each layer in the first boost flooding stage is less than 10.0%. There are 2 parts in the second boost flooding stage in which the oil saturation decline is higher than 10.0%, namely, the right part of layer 2 and the right part of layer 3, with a reduction range of 10.94 and 10.95%, respectively. There is 1 part in the change flow direction stage in which the oil saturation decline is higher than 10.0%, and the decline range of the left part of layer 2 is 11.32%. In the horizontal well flooding stage, the oil saturation decreased by less than 10.0%, and the oil saturation increased in 2 parts, but the increase was less than 1.00%.

We analyzed the changes in oil saturation near the physical interlayer in different displacement stages by CT detection data. The oil saturation of the right part of the layer 1 increases abnormally after the primary water flooding stage, which is higher than the original oil saturation, 12.75%. Other oil saturation increases occurred on the right side of layer 2, with an increase of 0.94%, and on the right side of layer 5, the oil saturation increased by 0.45%. The oil saturation also increased in the right part of layer 3 and the right part of layer 5 in the first boost flooding stage, and the increments were 1.39 and 3.02%, respectively. The oil saturation of layer 7 in the second boost flooding stage increased slightly, with an amplitude of 0.2%; the oil saturation on the right side of layer 1 and the right side of layer 6 in the horizontal well flooding stage increased slightly compared with the previous stage, the amplitudes were, respectively, 0.61 and 0.96%. Using the variation data of oil saturation in different layers, combined with the millimeter-scale oil saturation field map obtained by CT detection, it is possible to analyze the production capacity of oil in each layer and the reasons for the generation of remaining oil enrichment sites by development methods in different displacement stages.

5 Conclusion

  1. The Recovery Rate of the primary water flooding stage is 10.36%. The stage recovery rate addition of the first boost flooding stage and the second flooding stage is 5.94 and 0.38%, respectively. The stage recovery rate addition of the change flow direction stage is 7.85%. The stage recovery rate addition of horizontal well flooding Stage is 16.82%, and the final recovery rate of the water flooding is 41.36%.

  2. In the horizontal well flooding stage, the change in remaining oil at different distances from the horizontal well can be seen to be affected by the physical interlayer, no effective seepage channel is established, and oil production is less. As the distance from the horizontal well increases, the remaining oil production gradually deteriorated, and the horizontal well effect disappeared near layer 4.

  3. The oil saturation reduction value is higher in the primary water flooding stage and the change flow direction stage. The oil saturation reduction value is highest in the left part of layer 3 in the primary water flooding stage, the reduction range is 24.81%, from 68.97 to 44.16%. There are 2 parts and 1 part where the oil saturation decreases by more than 10.0% in the second boost flooding stage and the change flow direction stage, respectively.

  1. Funding information: This work was supported by the National Science and Technology Major Projects of China for Oil and Gas (Projects no. 2016ZX05010 and 2016ZX05058).

  2. Author contributions: Investigation: Y.Z., M.W., and D.Q.; resources: Y.Z. and M.W.; funding acquisition: Y.Z., M.W., and D.Q.; experiment: X.Q., L.Z., M.R., and C.Q.; methodology: Y.Z., M.W., D.Q., and X.Q; data curation: Y.Z., M.W., D.Q., X.Q., L.Z., M.R., and C.Q. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

  4. Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

  5. Data availability statement: All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

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Received: 2022-04-05
Revised: 2022-07-09
Accepted: 2022-07-13
Published Online: 2022-10-03

© 2022 Zhao Yu et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  28. Molecular screening of ionic liquids for CO2 absorption and molecular dynamic simulation
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  30. Iminodisuccinic acid enhances antioxidant and mineral element accumulation in young leaves of Ziziphus jujuba
  31. Cytotoxic activity of guaiane-type sesquiterpene lactone (deoxycynaropicrin) isolated from the leaves of Centaurothamnus maximus
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  34. Effect of different ramie (Boehmeria nivea L. Gaud) cultivars on the adsorption of heavy metal ions cadmium and lead in the remediation of contaminated farmland soils
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  36. Anti-tumor effect of liposomes containing extracted Murrayafoline A against liver cancer cells in 2D and 3D cultured models
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  39. Diagnostic and therapeutic radioisotopes in nuclear medicine: Determination of gamma-ray transmission factors and safety competencies of high-dense and transparent glassy shields
  40. Calculation of NaI(Tl) detector efficiency using 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K radioisotopes: Three-phase Monte Carlo simulation study
  41. Isolation and identification of unstable components from Caesalpinia sappan by high-speed counter-current chromatography combined with preparative high-performance liquid chromatography
  42. Quantification of biomarkers and evaluation of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxicity properties of Dodonaea viscosa grown in Saudi Arabia using HPTLC technique
  43. Characterization of the elastic modulus of ceramic–metal composites with physical and mechanical properties by ultrasonic technique
  44. GC-MS analysis of Vespa velutina auraria Smith and its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities in vitro
  45. Texturing of nanocoatings for surface acoustic wave-based sensors for volatile organic compounds
  46. Insights into the molecular basis of some chalcone analogues as potential inhibitors of Leishmania donovani: An integrated in silico and in vitro study
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  50. Rapeseed oil-based hippurate amide nanocomposite coating material for anticorrosive and antibacterial applications
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  58. Impact of benzimidazole functional groups on the n-doping properties of benzimidazole derivatives
  59. Extraction of red pigment from Chinese jujube peel and the antioxidant activity of the pigment extracts
  60. Flexural strength and thermal properties of carbon black nanoparticle reinforced epoxy composites obtained from waste tires
  61. A focusing study on radioprotective and antioxidant effects of Annona muricata leaf extract in the circulation and liver tissue: Clinical and experimental studies
  62. Clinical comprehensive and experimental assessment of the radioprotective effect of Annona muricata leaf extract to prevent cellular damage in the ileum tissue
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  65. The synthesis of nanocellulose-based nanocomposites for the effective removal of hexavalent chromium ions from aqueous solution
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  67. Optimized linear regression control of DC motor under various disturbances
  68. Influence of different sample preparation strategies on hypothesis-driven shotgun proteomic analysis of human saliva
  69. Determination of flow distance of the fluid metal due to fluidity in ductile iron casting by artificial neural networks approach
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  71. In vitro: Anti-coccidia activity of Calotropis procera leaf extract on Eimeria papillata oocysts sporulation and sporozoite
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  78. Antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anticholinesterase potential of Chenopodium murale L. extracts using in vitro and in vivo approaches
  79. Study on essential oil, antioxidant activity, anti-human prostate cancer effects, and induction of apoptosis by Equisetum arvense
  80. Experimental study on turning machine with permanent magnetic cutting tool
  81. Numerical simulation and mathematical modeling of the casting process for pearlitic spheroidal graphite cast iron
  82. Design, synthesis, and cytotoxicity evaluation of novel thiophene, pyrimidine, pyridazine, and pyridine: Griseofulvin heterocyclic extension derivatives
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  84. Ultrasonic-induced reversible blood–brain barrier opening: Safety evaluation into the cellular level
  85. Evaluation of phytochemical and antioxidant potential of various extracts from traditionally used medicinal plants of Pakistan
  86. Effect of calcium lactate in standard diet on selected markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in ovariectomized rats
  87. Identification of crucial salivary proteins/genes and pathways involved in pathogenesis of temporomandibular disorders
  88. Zirconium-modified attapulgite was used for removing of Cr(vi) in aqueous solution
  89. The stress distribution of different types of restorative materials in primary molar
  90. Reducing surface heat loss in steam boilers
  91. Deformation behavior and formability of friction stir processed DP600 steel
  92. Synthesis and characterization of bismuth oxide/commercial activated carbon composite for battery anode
  93. Phytochemical analysis of Ziziphus jujube leaf at different foliar ages based on widely targeted metabolomics
  94. Effects of in ovo injection of black cumin (Nigella sativa) extract on hatching performance of broiler eggs
  95. Separation and evaluation of potential antioxidant, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activities of limonene-rich essential oils from Citrus sinensis (L.)
  96. Bioactivity of a polyhydroxy gorgostane steroid from Xenia umbellata
  97. BiCAM-based automated scoring system for digital logic circuit diagrams
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  103. Review Articles
  104. Comprehensive review on synthesis, physicochemical properties, and application of activated carbon from the Arecaceae plants for enhanced wastewater treatment
  105. Research progress on speciation analysis of arsenic in traditional Chinese medicine
  106. Recent modified air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction applications for medicines and organic compounds in various samples: A review
  107. An insight on Vietnamese bio-waste materials as activated carbon precursors for multiple applications in environmental protection
  108. Antimicrobial activities of the extracts and secondary metabolites from Clausena genus – A review
  109. Bioremediation of organic/heavy metal contaminants by mixed cultures of microorganisms: A review
  110. Sonodynamic therapy for breast cancer: A literature review
  111. Recent progress of amino acid transporters as a novel antitumor target
  112. Aconitum coreanum Rapaics: Botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology
  113. Corrigendum
  114. Corrigendum to “Petrology and geochemistry of multiphase post-granitic dikes: A case study from the Gabal Serbal area, Southwestern Sinai, Egypt”
  115. Corrigendum to “Design of a Robust sliding mode controller for bioreactor cultures in overflow metabolism via an interdisciplinary approach”
  116. Corrigendum to “Statistical analysis on the radiological assessment and geochemical studies of granite rocks in the north of Um Taghir area, Eastern Desert, Egypt”
  117. Corrigendum to “Aroma components of tobacco powder from different producing areas based on gas chromatography ion mobility spectrometry”
  118. Corrigendum to “Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, transmission factors, and gamma-ray-shielding performances of Bi2O3–P2O5–B2O3–V2O5 quaternary glass system”
  119. Erratum
  120. Erratum to “Copper(ii) complexes supported by modified azo-based ligands: Nucleic acid binding and molecular docking studies”
  121. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology (ABB 2021)
  122. Study of solidification and stabilization of heavy metals by passivators in heavy metal-contaminated soil
  123. Human health risk assessment and distribution of VOCs in a chemical site, Weinan, China
  124. Preparation and characterization of Sparassis latifolia β-glucan microcapsules
  125. Special Issue on the Conference of Energy, Fuels, Environment 2020
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  127. Special Issue on Ethnobotanical, Phytochemical and Biological Investigation of Medicinal Plants
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  129. Studies on the chemical composition of plants used in traditional medicine in Congo
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  137. A review of the pharmacological activities and protective effects of Inonotus obliquus triterpenoids in kidney diseases
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  140. Special Issue on Essential Oil, Extraction, Phytochemistry, Advances, and Application
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  154. Hydrocracking optimization of palm oil over NiMoO4/activated carbon catalyst to produce biogasoline and kerosine
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https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2022-0194
Keywords for this article
complex structure reservoir; physical interlayers; development modes; remaining oil quantification; CT scan; core flooding experiment
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B in aqueous phase by bimetallic metal-organic framework M/Fe-MOF (M = Co, Cu, and Mg)
  3. Assessment of using electronic portal imaging device for analysing bolus material utilised in radiation therapy
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  9. Design of a Robust sliding mode controller for bioreactor cultures in overflow metabolism via an interdisciplinary approach
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  13. Comparison of the yield and purity of plasma exosomes extracted by ultracentrifugation, precipitation, and membrane-based approaches
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  19. Statistical analysis on the radiological assessment and geochemical studies of granite rocks in the north of Um Taghir area, Eastern Desert, Egypt
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  25. Cyclic connectivity index of bipolar fuzzy incidence graph
  26. The role of passage numbers of donor cells in the development of Arabian Oryx – Cow interspecific somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos
  27. Mechanical property evaluation of tellurite–germanate glasses and comparison of their radiation-shielding characteristics using EPICS2017 to other glass systems
  28. Molecular screening of ionic liquids for CO2 absorption and molecular dynamic simulation
  29. Microwave-assisted preparation of Ag/Fe magnetic biochar from clivia leaves for adsorbing daptomycin antibiotics
  30. Iminodisuccinic acid enhances antioxidant and mineral element accumulation in young leaves of Ziziphus jujuba
  31. Cytotoxic activity of guaiane-type sesquiterpene lactone (deoxycynaropicrin) isolated from the leaves of Centaurothamnus maximus
  32. Effects of welding parameters on the angular distortion of welded steel plates
  33. Simulation of a reactor considering the Stamicarbon, Snamprogetti, and Toyo patents for obtaining urea
  34. Effect of different ramie (Boehmeria nivea L. Gaud) cultivars on the adsorption of heavy metal ions cadmium and lead in the remediation of contaminated farmland soils
  35. Impact of a live bacterial-based direct-fed microbial (DFM) postpartum and weaning system on performance, mortality, and health of Najdi lambs
  36. Anti-tumor effect of liposomes containing extracted Murrayafoline A against liver cancer cells in 2D and 3D cultured models
  37. Physicochemical properties and some mineral concentration of milk samples from different animals and altitudes
  38. Copper(ii) complexes supported by modified azo-based ligands: Nucleic acid binding and molecular docking studies
  39. Diagnostic and therapeutic radioisotopes in nuclear medicine: Determination of gamma-ray transmission factors and safety competencies of high-dense and transparent glassy shields
  40. Calculation of NaI(Tl) detector efficiency using 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K radioisotopes: Three-phase Monte Carlo simulation study
  41. Isolation and identification of unstable components from Caesalpinia sappan by high-speed counter-current chromatography combined with preparative high-performance liquid chromatography
  42. Quantification of biomarkers and evaluation of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxicity properties of Dodonaea viscosa grown in Saudi Arabia using HPTLC technique
  43. Characterization of the elastic modulus of ceramic–metal composites with physical and mechanical properties by ultrasonic technique
  44. GC-MS analysis of Vespa velutina auraria Smith and its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities in vitro
  45. Texturing of nanocoatings for surface acoustic wave-based sensors for volatile organic compounds
  46. Insights into the molecular basis of some chalcone analogues as potential inhibitors of Leishmania donovani: An integrated in silico and in vitro study
  47. (1R,2S,5R)-5-Methyl-2-(propan-2-yl)cyclohexyl 4-amino-3-phenylbutanoate hydrochloride: Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity
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  49. Characterization of egg shell powder-doped ceramic–metal composites
  50. Rapeseed oil-based hippurate amide nanocomposite coating material for anticorrosive and antibacterial applications
  51. Chemically modified Teucrium polium (Lamiaceae) plant act as an effective adsorbent tool for potassium permanganate (KMnO4) in wastewater remediation
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  54. Theoretical investigations on the excited-state intramolecular proton transfer in the solvated 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde carbohydrazone
  55. Mechanical and gamma-ray shielding examinations of Bi2O3–PbO–CdO–B2O3 glass system
  56. Machine learning-based forecasting of potability of drinking water through adaptive boosting model
  57. The potential effect of the Rumex vesicarius water seeds extract treatment on mice before and during pregnancy on the serum enzymes and the histology of kidney and liver
  58. Impact of benzimidazole functional groups on the n-doping properties of benzimidazole derivatives
  59. Extraction of red pigment from Chinese jujube peel and the antioxidant activity of the pigment extracts
  60. Flexural strength and thermal properties of carbon black nanoparticle reinforced epoxy composites obtained from waste tires
  61. A focusing study on radioprotective and antioxidant effects of Annona muricata leaf extract in the circulation and liver tissue: Clinical and experimental studies
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  64. Influence of various class cleaning agents for prosthesis on Co–Cr alloy surface
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  67. Optimized linear regression control of DC motor under various disturbances
  68. Influence of different sample preparation strategies on hypothesis-driven shotgun proteomic analysis of human saliva
  69. Determination of flow distance of the fluid metal due to fluidity in ductile iron casting by artificial neural networks approach
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  73. Activated partial thromboplastin time maybe associated with the prognosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma
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  78. Antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anticholinesterase potential of Chenopodium murale L. extracts using in vitro and in vivo approaches
  79. Study on essential oil, antioxidant activity, anti-human prostate cancer effects, and induction of apoptosis by Equisetum arvense
  80. Experimental study on turning machine with permanent magnetic cutting tool
  81. Numerical simulation and mathematical modeling of the casting process for pearlitic spheroidal graphite cast iron
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  83. Isolation and identification of promising antibiotic-producing bacteria
  84. Ultrasonic-induced reversible blood–brain barrier opening: Safety evaluation into the cellular level
  85. Evaluation of phytochemical and antioxidant potential of various extracts from traditionally used medicinal plants of Pakistan
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  97. BiCAM-based automated scoring system for digital logic circuit diagrams
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  99. Structural and spectroscopic properties of voriconazole and fluconazole – Experimental and theoretical studies
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  102. Investigation of inlet air pressure and evaporative cooling of four different cogeneration cycles
  103. Review Articles
  104. Comprehensive review on synthesis, physicochemical properties, and application of activated carbon from the Arecaceae plants for enhanced wastewater treatment
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  106. Recent modified air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction applications for medicines and organic compounds in various samples: A review
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  112. Aconitum coreanum Rapaics: Botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology
  113. Corrigendum
  114. Corrigendum to “Petrology and geochemistry of multiphase post-granitic dikes: A case study from the Gabal Serbal area, Southwestern Sinai, Egypt”
  115. Corrigendum to “Design of a Robust sliding mode controller for bioreactor cultures in overflow metabolism via an interdisciplinary approach”
  116. Corrigendum to “Statistical analysis on the radiological assessment and geochemical studies of granite rocks in the north of Um Taghir area, Eastern Desert, Egypt”
  117. Corrigendum to “Aroma components of tobacco powder from different producing areas based on gas chromatography ion mobility spectrometry”
  118. Corrigendum to “Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, transmission factors, and gamma-ray-shielding performances of Bi2O3–P2O5–B2O3–V2O5 quaternary glass system”
  119. Erratum
  120. Erratum to “Copper(ii) complexes supported by modified azo-based ligands: Nucleic acid binding and molecular docking studies”
  121. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology (ABB 2021)
  122. Study of solidification and stabilization of heavy metals by passivators in heavy metal-contaminated soil
  123. Human health risk assessment and distribution of VOCs in a chemical site, Weinan, China
  124. Preparation and characterization of Sparassis latifolia β-glucan microcapsules
  125. Special Issue on the Conference of Energy, Fuels, Environment 2020
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  127. Special Issue on Ethnobotanical, Phytochemical and Biological Investigation of Medicinal Plants
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  129. Studies on the chemical composition of plants used in traditional medicine in Congo
  130. Special Issue on Applied Chemistry in Agriculture and Food Science
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  132. Special Issue on Pharmacology and Metabolomics of Ethnobotanical and Herbal Medicine
  133. Phytochemical profiling, antibacterial and antioxidant properties of Crocus sativus flower: A comparison between tepals and stigmas
  134. Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of polyphenolics from Withania adpressa (Coss.) Batt. against selected drug-resistant bacterial strains
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  137. A review of the pharmacological activities and protective effects of Inonotus obliquus triterpenoids in kidney diseases
  138. Ethnopharmacological study of medicinal plants in Kastamonu province (Türkiye)
  139. Protective effects of asperuloside against cyclophosphamide-induced urotoxicity and hematotoxicity in rats
  140. Special Issue on Essential Oil, Extraction, Phytochemistry, Advances, and Application
  141. Identification of volatile compounds and antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal properties against drug-resistant microbes of essential oils from the leaves of Mentha rotundifolia var. apodysa Briq. (Lamiaceae)
  142. Phenolic contents, anticancer, antioxidant, and antimicrobial capacities of MeOH extract from the aerial parts of Trema orientalis plant
  143. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils from Mentha pulegium and Rosmarinus officinalis against multidrug-resistant microbes and their acute toxicity study
  144. Special Issue on Marine Environmental Sciences and Significance of the Multidisciplinary Approaches
  145. An insightful overview of the distribution pattern of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in the marine sediments of the Red Sea
  146. Antifungal–antiproliferative norcycloartane-type triterpenes from the Red Sea green alga Tydemania expeditionis
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  149. Special Issue on 4th IC3PE
  150. Energetics of carboxylic acid–pyridine heterosynthon revisited: A computational study of intermolecular hydrogen bond domination on phenylacetic acid–nicotinamide cocrystals
  151. A review: Silver–zinc oxide nanoparticles – organoclay-reinforced chitosan bionanocomposites for food packaging
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  157. Special Issue on The 1st Malaysia International Conference on Nanotechnology & Catalysis (MICNC2021)
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