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Analysis of standard systems with solar monitoring systems

  • Ali Osman Alak EMAIL logo and Abdulhakim Karakaya
Published/Copyright: December 31, 2022
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 20 Issue 1

Abstract

With the increase in the need for electrical energy in the world, electricity is tried to be generated by various methods. Some of these methods cause global warming and environmental pollution to increase. Therefore, it is aimed to generate electricity using renewable energy sources instead of fossil fuels. The sun is one of these renewable energy sources. Electricity generation with solar energy is one of the methods that have become quite common in recent years. One of the most important considerations required to achieve maximum efficiency in solar power and electricity generation is to ensure that the rays are perpendicular to the panel. When this is achieved, the depreciation time of the system will be reduced and electricity generation will be carried out with high efficiency from these panels with limited service life. To achieve this, various solar tracking systems are designed. In this study, the analysis of fixed systems was performed by comparing them with single- and dual-axis solar tracking systems. Comparisons were made using a design and simulation software (PVSOL) program for photovoltaic systems. In these comparisons, the effects of single- and dual-axis solar tracking methods on depreciation time compared to fixed systems were examined.

Keywords: dual-axis solar tracking system; energy; energy conversion; fixed solar panel system; PVSOL; renewable energy; single-axis solar tracking system

1 Introduction

The demand for renewable energy sources is increasing due to the depletion of fossil resources and the damage they cause to the environment. As a result of this demand, many renewable energy sources have been discovered. One of them is solar energy. Electricity generation from solar energy is provided by photovoltaic panels. Many scientific studies such as solar tracking systems are carried out to obtain maximum efficiency from these panels with limited service life.

When the solar tracking systems used to obtain maximum efficiency from solar panels are examined; Seme et al. examined studies on single- and dual-axis solar tracking systems. According to the results of the examination, they found that the amount of electrical energy generated in all solar-monitored studies was higher [1]. Batayneh et al. compared two different fixed, single-axis solar tracking systems. One of the single-axis solar tracking systems was set to three locations: morning, noon, and evening, and the other continuously allowed it to follow the sun on one axis. These two solar tracking systems have a higher efficiency than the fixed system [2].

Abhilash et al. designed a single-axis solar tracking system using light-dependent resistance (LDR). They operated the irrigation pump with the system they designed. According to the results of the experiment, there was a 79.4% increase in the amount of irrigation [3]. Oral and Ucan designed a dual-axis solar tracking system instead of LDR, depending on the amount of energy generated from the panel [4]. Mamodiya and Tiwari built the single-axis solar tracking system using two LDR. According to the fixed system, the efficiency increased by 32.17% [5]. Rajesh et al. built the dual-axis solar tracking system using LDR. Compared to the fixed panel system, they observed a yield increase between 30.2 and 33.62% [6]. Morales et al. examined algorithms in active solar tracking systems. They found that it works more stable than passive solar tracking systems. In this study, 30% efficiency increase was seen compared to fixed systems [7]. Pawar et al. built the solar tracking system using eight LDRs. In this study, the angles of the panels from east to west were changed in eight steps with angles of 22.5%. They found a 40% efficiency increase compared to fixed systems [8]. Munanga et al. used a stepper motor and crank mechanism in the single-axis solar tracking system. Twenty-five percentage more efficiency was achieved than the fixed system [9]. Wu et al. controlled the dual-axis solar tracking system with a microcontroller. They determined the location of the sun with date, time, and geographical information. For this, they used a real-time clock and a satellite system (GPS) that made it possible to determine the exact position on Earth by measuring the distance between them and the satellites [10]. Jamroen et al. compared the solar monitoring system with dual-axis ultraviolet (UV) sensor with the LDR solar monitoring system and the stationary system. It was determined that the UV sensor tracking system was 19.97% more efficient than the LDR-fixed system and 11% more efficient than the solar tracking system [11]. Angulo et al. used a low-cost passive solar tracking system based on dual-axis image processing. They achieved a higher efficiency than fixed systems [12]. Akdemir and Karakaya used PVSOL in their study and examined the effects of controllers on the depreciation periods of the system [13]. Tyagi et al. talked about the decrease in the costs of solar cells and the increase in their use. In particular, they noted the high efficiency of monocrystalline solar cells [14]. Karimov et al. allowed it to follow four solar panels along a 120° angle. They have proven that the proposed system has high efficiency [15]. Akash et al. worked on solar panels, materials, and solar monitoring systems to improve efficiency. They decided that monocrystalline and dual-axis solar tracking systems were the most efficient [16]. Demirkiran and Karakaya compared the efficiencies of the same solar panels at different altitudes with PVSOL. They compared the data they obtained from the PVSOL program [17]. When such studies are examined, it has been found that single-axis solar tracking systems have higher efficiency than fixed systems, and at the same time, the installation cost is less than the dual-axis solar tracking system [18,19,20]. On the other hand, it has been found that dual-axis solar tracking systems are more efficient than fixed and single-axis solar tracking systems in terms of efficiency [21,22,23,24,25]. Many studies have been carried out to analyze the efficiency of PV systems using different programs [26,27,28,29,30]. Besides PV system, there are many different studies performed on material science for different purposes [31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46].

In literature studies, solar tracking systems have generally been compared in terms of performance with fixed panel systems. However, there was no comparison of these systems in terms of their effect on depreciation periods. Therefore, in this study, the analysis of fixed systems in terms of depreciation time was performed with single- and dual-axis solar tracking methods. A 450 kWp (kilo watt peak) solar power plant installed in Manisa, Turkey, was analyzed using the PVSOL program. Annual electrical energy generation data were obtained from the installed power plant models according to the application method. According to these data, the depreciation periods of the systems established were compared and yield analysis was performed.

2 Methods

Various methods are used in the generation of electricity from solar panels. The most commonly used method is the generation of electricity from fixed panels. In addition, various sun tracking methods are used to obtain more efficiency from the sun.

2.1 Fixed panel systems

It is the most widely used method recently. As seen in Figure 1, the panel angle is adjusted according to the latitude and longitude of the country and city. The panels are fixed on the profiles at this angle and their angles do not change. The efficiency of fixed panel systems is low as the position of sunlight relative to the panels changes continuously during the day. In general, it is the most widely used method in solar power plants and personal use recently.

Figure 1 Fixed panel system.
Figure 1

Fixed panel system.

2.2 Single-axis solar tracking system

To increase the efficiency of solar panels, single-axis solar tracking systems are usually used, which provide east–west rotation. As shown in Figure 2, the panel is mounted on a designed platform. The direction it will turn is determined by sensors or the scheduled time. The rotational movement is provided by a servo, stepper motor or a chemical that evaporates at low temperature.

Figure 2 Single-axis solar tracking system.
Figure 2

Single-axis solar tracking system.

2.3 Dual-axis solar tracking system

The sun is moved in the east–west direction during the day. Unlike the single-axis solar tracking system, panels are also provided to follow the sun in the north and south directions. As shown in Figure 3, the panel is mounted on a designed platform. The directions of movement of the panels are determined by using sensors or programming methods depending on the time. Horizontal and vertical rotational movement is provided by two servos, stepper motors, or a chemical.

Figure 3 Dual-axis solar tracking system.
Figure 3

Dual-axis solar tracking system.

3 Application

The PVSOL program was used to compare the energy generated by fixed systems and single- and dual-axis solar tracking systems. To achieve this, three on-grid 450 kWp power plants with equivalent characteristics were designed in Manisa, Turkey. The 3D view of the built power plants is given in Figure 4. The 21-year operation of these power plants was examined. These power plants were designed in the same city and location. A total of 1,500 units of 300 W Hareon Solar HR-300-24/Ca monocrystalline panels were used in each power plant. These panels were modeled on a flat terrain with an area of 77.5 m × 74 m. To minimize the shadowing effect, 2 m gap was left between the panels. In practice, panel installation costs were calculated as 1$ (₺13.65) per watt. The cleaning and so on expenses of the power plants were determined as 2,000₺ per month. The amount of electricity consumption of the motors used for each panel group in single- and dual-axis tracking systems was neglected. In addition, 20 kW × 20 kW SolarMax 20SHT inverters were used to transfer the electricity generated to the grid. Power plant models are on-grid systems with 3 phase 230 V voltage. It was accepted that the panels used in power plants have a loss of 1% annual efficiency. The unit price of the energy generated was determined as 0.5827₺, which is the price determined in the purchase of energy generated by the Turkish state from the enterprises during the period of the study.

Figure 4 3D image of the plant made in PVSOL program.
Figure 4

3D image of the plant made in PVSOL program.

The location information of all power plants, the average temperature information during the year, the radiation information received from the sun throughout the year, and their electrical values are given in Figure 5.

Figure 5 Fixed panel switchboard information.
Figure 5

Fixed panel switchboard information.

The number of photovoltaic panels, total power, solar tracking method, sun viewpoint, and total rotation angle in the power plant, which has a single-axis solar tracking system, are included in Figure 6.

Figure 6 Single-axis solar tracking system switchboard information.
Figure 6

Single-axis solar tracking system switchboard information.

The number of photovoltaic panels, total power, solar tracking method, maximum inclination angle, and total rotation angle in the power plant, which has a dual-axis solar tracking system, are included in Figure 7.

Figure 7 Dual-axis solar tracking system switchboard information.
Figure 7

Dual-axis solar tracking system switchboard information.

4 Analysis of data

The data obtained from the power plants created in the PVSOL program are analyzed in this section. The effect of fixed and single-axis and dual-axis solar monitoring systems installed in the same position on electricity generation is examined. The cost, depreciation period, and profit amounts of these power plants are compared. The data of three power plants are shown in Table 1. When these data are examined, it is seen that only the types of power plants and the perspective of the panels toward the sun have changed. The power plants are installed at the location indicated in Figure 5.

Table 1

Switchboard data

Power plant data Power plants
Fixed system Single axis Dual axis
Where it was founded Manisa Manisa Manisa
Installed power (kWp) 450 450 450
Power plant type Constant Single axis Dual axis
Tilt deficit (degree) 34 34/Variable Variable
Annual average radiation (kWh/m²) 1,682 1,682 1,682
Average annual temperature (°C) 17 17 17

The monthly energy generation amounts of all three power plants installed during the year are seen in the graph in Figure 8. According to this graph, it is seen that the production amount decreases in all three types of power plants due to the decrease in solar radiation amounts in winter, when clouds are high and shading is high. However, it is clear that the amount of energy generation of solar monitoring systems is higher than the fixed system. In the summer months, especially in July and August, it is seen that the difference in the amount of energy generated by solar monitoring systems increases even more compared to the fixed system. According to fixed systems, the energy generation of single- and dual-axis power plants was higher throughout the year. When single- and dual-axis power plants are compared to each other, it is seen that the dual-axis power plant generates higher energy than a single-axis power plant.

Figure 8 Estimated generation of power plants by month.
Figure 8

Estimated generation of power plants by month.

Figure 9 displays the total amounts of energy generation of power plants within 1 year. The energy obtained from fixed and single-axis and dual-axis power plants is 651687.7–914486.7 and 992833.3 kWh, respectively.

Figure 9 Total annual power generation amounts of power plants.
Figure 9

Total annual power generation amounts of power plants.

The estimated earnings chart for all three plants established is shown in Figure 10. When this graph is examined, the lowest gain is obtained from the fixed panel power plant, while the highest gain is obtained from the dual-axis solar monitoring system power plant. When the gain between the fixed system power plant and the single-axis solar monitoring system is examined, it is seen that there are big differences between the two. Compared to the gain obtained from single- and dual-axis solar tracking systems, it is seen that the dual-axis power plant has higher profits.

Figure 10 Annual earnings of power plants.
Figure 10

Annual earnings of power plants.

Investment costs and gains are given in Table 2. Many techniques are used in solar tracking systems. The costs of these techniques vary. For this reason, investment costs are taken equally to make the analyzes healthier.

Table 2

Income expense statement of power plants

Power plants
Fixed system Single axis Dual axis
Total revenues ₺7153187.11 ₺9985993.99 ₺10839390.4
Total expenses ₺42000.00 ₺42000.00 ₺42000.00
Investment cost ₺6142500.00 ₺6142500.00 ₺6142500.00
Total profit ₺968687.11 ₺3801493.99 ₺4654890.4

5 Conclusion

As a result of this study, based on the total energy generation amounts in a year; compared to the fixed system, it has been determined that the single-axis solar tracking system generates 40.33% more energy and the dual-axis solar tracking system generates 52.35% more energy. In addition, the dual-axis solar tracking system has been found to generate 8.57% more energy than the single-axis solar tracking system. At the end of the 21st year, more than 2832806.88₺ and 3686203.29₺ were obtained from single- and dual-axis solar tracking systems, respectively, according to the fixed system. The dual-axis solar tracking system was 853396.41₺ more than the single-axis solar tracking system. Depreciation periods of the systems were determined as 17.8, 12.4, and 11.4 years, respectively, in fixed and single- and dual-axis systems. In addition, it has been found that solar tracking systems increase their efficiency considerably by receiving more radiation than fixed systems in winter months or cloudy weather. For example, when the month of December, when the month of the most clouding is examined, the single-axis solar tracking system generated 166% more energy and the dual-axis solar tracking system generated 213% more energy than the fixed system. Compared to the single-axis solar tracking system, the dual-axis solar tracking system generated 18% more energy. Considering all these data, the installation of single-axis solar tracking systems may be more advantageous if the investment cost required for the motor and control units used in solar tracking systems is taken into account. In the near future, the use of solar tracking systems is predicted to increase to achieve higher efficiency from panels.

  1. Funding information: There is no funding for this article.

  2. Author contributions: Authors have equal contribution to this article.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

  4. Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

  5. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Received: 2022-11-18
Revised: 2022-12-02
Accepted: 2022-12-05
Published Online: 2022-12-31

© 2022 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  32. Effects of welding parameters on the angular distortion of welded steel plates
  33. Simulation of a reactor considering the Stamicarbon, Snamprogetti, and Toyo patents for obtaining urea
  34. Effect of different ramie (Boehmeria nivea L. Gaud) cultivars on the adsorption of heavy metal ions cadmium and lead in the remediation of contaminated farmland soils
  35. Impact of a live bacterial-based direct-fed microbial (DFM) postpartum and weaning system on performance, mortality, and health of Najdi lambs
  36. Anti-tumor effect of liposomes containing extracted Murrayafoline A against liver cancer cells in 2D and 3D cultured models
  37. Physicochemical properties and some mineral concentration of milk samples from different animals and altitudes
  38. Copper(ii) complexes supported by modified azo-based ligands: Nucleic acid binding and molecular docking studies
  39. Diagnostic and therapeutic radioisotopes in nuclear medicine: Determination of gamma-ray transmission factors and safety competencies of high-dense and transparent glassy shields
  40. Calculation of NaI(Tl) detector efficiency using 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K radioisotopes: Three-phase Monte Carlo simulation study
  41. Isolation and identification of unstable components from Caesalpinia sappan by high-speed counter-current chromatography combined with preparative high-performance liquid chromatography
  42. Quantification of biomarkers and evaluation of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxicity properties of Dodonaea viscosa grown in Saudi Arabia using HPTLC technique
  43. Characterization of the elastic modulus of ceramic–metal composites with physical and mechanical properties by ultrasonic technique
  44. GC-MS analysis of Vespa velutina auraria Smith and its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities in vitro
  45. Texturing of nanocoatings for surface acoustic wave-based sensors for volatile organic compounds
  46. Insights into the molecular basis of some chalcone analogues as potential inhibitors of Leishmania donovani: An integrated in silico and in vitro study
  47. (1R,2S,5R)-5-Methyl-2-(propan-2-yl)cyclohexyl 4-amino-3-phenylbutanoate hydrochloride: Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity
  48. On the relative extraction rates of colour compounds and caffeine during brewing, an investigation of tea over time and temperature
  49. Characterization of egg shell powder-doped ceramic–metal composites
  50. Rapeseed oil-based hippurate amide nanocomposite coating material for anticorrosive and antibacterial applications
  51. Chemically modified Teucrium polium (Lamiaceae) plant act as an effective adsorbent tool for potassium permanganate (KMnO4) in wastewater remediation
  52. Efficiency analysis of photovoltaic systems installed in different geographical locations
  53. Risk prioritization model driven by success factor in the light of multicriteria decision making
  54. Theoretical investigations on the excited-state intramolecular proton transfer in the solvated 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde carbohydrazone
  55. Mechanical and gamma-ray shielding examinations of Bi2O3–PbO–CdO–B2O3 glass system
  56. Machine learning-based forecasting of potability of drinking water through adaptive boosting model
  57. The potential effect of the Rumex vesicarius water seeds extract treatment on mice before and during pregnancy on the serum enzymes and the histology of kidney and liver
  58. Impact of benzimidazole functional groups on the n-doping properties of benzimidazole derivatives
  59. Extraction of red pigment from Chinese jujube peel and the antioxidant activity of the pigment extracts
  60. Flexural strength and thermal properties of carbon black nanoparticle reinforced epoxy composites obtained from waste tires
  61. A focusing study on radioprotective and antioxidant effects of Annona muricata leaf extract in the circulation and liver tissue: Clinical and experimental studies
  62. Clinical comprehensive and experimental assessment of the radioprotective effect of Annona muricata leaf extract to prevent cellular damage in the ileum tissue
  63. Effect of WC content on ultrasonic properties, thermal and electrical conductivity of WC–Co–Ni–Cr composites
  64. Influence of various class cleaning agents for prosthesis on Co–Cr alloy surface
  65. The synthesis of nanocellulose-based nanocomposites for the effective removal of hexavalent chromium ions from aqueous solution
  66. Study on the influence of physical interlayers on the remaining oil production under different development modes
  67. Optimized linear regression control of DC motor under various disturbances
  68. Influence of different sample preparation strategies on hypothesis-driven shotgun proteomic analysis of human saliva
  69. Determination of flow distance of the fluid metal due to fluidity in ductile iron casting by artificial neural networks approach
  70. Investigation of mechanical activation effect on high-volume natural pozzolanic cements
  71. In vitro: Anti-coccidia activity of Calotropis procera leaf extract on Eimeria papillata oocysts sporulation and sporozoite
  72. Determination of oil composition of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) seeds under influence of organic fertilizer forms
  73. Activated partial thromboplastin time maybe associated with the prognosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma
  74. Treatment of rat brain ischemia model by NSCs-polymer scaffold transplantation
  75. Lead and cadmium removal with native yeast from coastal wetlands
  76. Characterization of electroless Ni-coated Fe–Co composite using powder metallurgy
  77. Ferrate synthesis using NaOCl and its application for dye removal
  78. Antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anticholinesterase potential of Chenopodium murale L. extracts using in vitro and in vivo approaches
  79. Study on essential oil, antioxidant activity, anti-human prostate cancer effects, and induction of apoptosis by Equisetum arvense
  80. Experimental study on turning machine with permanent magnetic cutting tool
  81. Numerical simulation and mathematical modeling of the casting process for pearlitic spheroidal graphite cast iron
  82. Design, synthesis, and cytotoxicity evaluation of novel thiophene, pyrimidine, pyridazine, and pyridine: Griseofulvin heterocyclic extension derivatives
  83. Isolation and identification of promising antibiotic-producing bacteria
  84. Ultrasonic-induced reversible blood–brain barrier opening: Safety evaluation into the cellular level
  85. Evaluation of phytochemical and antioxidant potential of various extracts from traditionally used medicinal plants of Pakistan
  86. Effect of calcium lactate in standard diet on selected markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in ovariectomized rats
  87. Identification of crucial salivary proteins/genes and pathways involved in pathogenesis of temporomandibular disorders
  88. Zirconium-modified attapulgite was used for removing of Cr(vi) in aqueous solution
  89. The stress distribution of different types of restorative materials in primary molar
  90. Reducing surface heat loss in steam boilers
  91. Deformation behavior and formability of friction stir processed DP600 steel
  92. Synthesis and characterization of bismuth oxide/commercial activated carbon composite for battery anode
  93. Phytochemical analysis of Ziziphus jujube leaf at different foliar ages based on widely targeted metabolomics
  94. Effects of in ovo injection of black cumin (Nigella sativa) extract on hatching performance of broiler eggs
  95. Separation and evaluation of potential antioxidant, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activities of limonene-rich essential oils from Citrus sinensis (L.)
  96. Bioactivity of a polyhydroxy gorgostane steroid from Xenia umbellata
  97. BiCAM-based automated scoring system for digital logic circuit diagrams
  98. Analysis of standard systems with solar monitoring systems
  99. Structural and spectroscopic properties of voriconazole and fluconazole – Experimental and theoretical studies
  100. New plant resistance inducers based on polyamines
  101. Experimental investigation of single-lap bolted and bolted/bonded (hybrid) joints of polymeric plates
  102. Investigation of inlet air pressure and evaporative cooling of four different cogeneration cycles
  103. Review Articles
  104. Comprehensive review on synthesis, physicochemical properties, and application of activated carbon from the Arecaceae plants for enhanced wastewater treatment
  105. Research progress on speciation analysis of arsenic in traditional Chinese medicine
  106. Recent modified air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction applications for medicines and organic compounds in various samples: A review
  107. An insight on Vietnamese bio-waste materials as activated carbon precursors for multiple applications in environmental protection
  108. Antimicrobial activities of the extracts and secondary metabolites from Clausena genus – A review
  109. Bioremediation of organic/heavy metal contaminants by mixed cultures of microorganisms: A review
  110. Sonodynamic therapy for breast cancer: A literature review
  111. Recent progress of amino acid transporters as a novel antitumor target
  112. Aconitum coreanum Rapaics: Botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology
  113. Corrigendum
  114. Corrigendum to “Petrology and geochemistry of multiphase post-granitic dikes: A case study from the Gabal Serbal area, Southwestern Sinai, Egypt”
  115. Corrigendum to “Design of a Robust sliding mode controller for bioreactor cultures in overflow metabolism via an interdisciplinary approach”
  116. Corrigendum to “Statistical analysis on the radiological assessment and geochemical studies of granite rocks in the north of Um Taghir area, Eastern Desert, Egypt”
  117. Corrigendum to “Aroma components of tobacco powder from different producing areas based on gas chromatography ion mobility spectrometry”
  118. Corrigendum to “Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, transmission factors, and gamma-ray-shielding performances of Bi2O3–P2O5–B2O3–V2O5 quaternary glass system”
  119. Erratum
  120. Erratum to “Copper(ii) complexes supported by modified azo-based ligands: Nucleic acid binding and molecular docking studies”
  121. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology (ABB 2021)
  122. Study of solidification and stabilization of heavy metals by passivators in heavy metal-contaminated soil
  123. Human health risk assessment and distribution of VOCs in a chemical site, Weinan, China
  124. Preparation and characterization of Sparassis latifolia β-glucan microcapsules
  125. Special Issue on the Conference of Energy, Fuels, Environment 2020
  126. Improving the thermal performance of existing buildings in light of the requirements of the EU directive 2010/31/EU in Poland
  127. Special Issue on Ethnobotanical, Phytochemical and Biological Investigation of Medicinal Plants
  128. Study of plant resources with ethnomedicinal relevance from district Bagh, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
  129. Studies on the chemical composition of plants used in traditional medicine in Congo
  130. Special Issue on Applied Chemistry in Agriculture and Food Science
  131. Strip spraying technology for precise herbicide application in carrot fields
  132. Special Issue on Pharmacology and Metabolomics of Ethnobotanical and Herbal Medicine
  133. Phytochemical profiling, antibacterial and antioxidant properties of Crocus sativus flower: A comparison between tepals and stigmas
  134. Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of polyphenolics from Withania adpressa (Coss.) Batt. against selected drug-resistant bacterial strains
  135. Integrating network pharmacology and molecular docking to explore the potential mechanism of Xinguan No. 3 in the treatment of COVID-19
  136. Chemical composition and in vitro and in vivo biological assortment of fixed oil extracted from Ficus benghalensis L.
  137. A review of the pharmacological activities and protective effects of Inonotus obliquus triterpenoids in kidney diseases
  138. Ethnopharmacological study of medicinal plants in Kastamonu province (Türkiye)
  139. Protective effects of asperuloside against cyclophosphamide-induced urotoxicity and hematotoxicity in rats
  140. Special Issue on Essential Oil, Extraction, Phytochemistry, Advances, and Application
  141. Identification of volatile compounds and antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal properties against drug-resistant microbes of essential oils from the leaves of Mentha rotundifolia var. apodysa Briq. (Lamiaceae)
  142. Phenolic contents, anticancer, antioxidant, and antimicrobial capacities of MeOH extract from the aerial parts of Trema orientalis plant
  143. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils from Mentha pulegium and Rosmarinus officinalis against multidrug-resistant microbes and their acute toxicity study
  144. Special Issue on Marine Environmental Sciences and Significance of the Multidisciplinary Approaches
  145. An insightful overview of the distribution pattern of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in the marine sediments of the Red Sea
  146. Antifungal–antiproliferative norcycloartane-type triterpenes from the Red Sea green alga Tydemania expeditionis
  147. Solvent effect, dipole moment, and DFT studies of multi donor–acceptor type pyridine derivative
  148. An extensive assessment on the distribution pattern of organic contaminants in the aerosols samples in the Middle East
  149. Special Issue on 4th IC3PE
  150. Energetics of carboxylic acid–pyridine heterosynthon revisited: A computational study of intermolecular hydrogen bond domination on phenylacetic acid–nicotinamide cocrystals
  151. A review: Silver–zinc oxide nanoparticles – organoclay-reinforced chitosan bionanocomposites for food packaging
  152. Green synthesis of magnetic activated carbon from peanut shells functionalized with TiO2 photocatalyst for Batik liquid waste treatment
  153. Coagulation activity of liquid extraction of Leucaena leucocephala and Sesbania grandiflora on the removal of turbidity
  154. Hydrocracking optimization of palm oil over NiMoO4/activated carbon catalyst to produce biogasoline and kerosine
  155. Special Issue on Pharmacology and metabolomics of ethnobotanical and herbal medicine
  156. Cynarin inhibits PDGF-BB-induced proliferation and activation in hepatic stellate cells through PPARγ
  157. Special Issue on The 1st Malaysia International Conference on Nanotechnology & Catalysis (MICNC2021)
  158. Surfactant evaluation for enhanced oil recovery: Phase behavior and interfacial tension
  159. Topical Issue on phytochemicals, biological and toxicological analysis of aromatic medicinal plants
  160. Phytochemical analysis of leaves and stems of Physalis alkekengi L. (Solanaceae)
  161. Phytochemical and pharmacological profiling of Trewia nudiflora Linn. leaf extract deciphers therapeutic potentials against thrombosis, arthritis, helminths, and insects
  162. Pergularia tomentosa coupled with selenium nanoparticles salvaged lead acetate-induced redox imbalance, inflammation, apoptosis, and disruption of neurotransmission in rats’ brain
  163. Protective effect of Allium atroviolaceum-synthesized SeNPs on aluminum-induced brain damage in mice
  164. Mechanism study of Cordyceps sinensis alleviates renal ischemia–reperfusion injury
  165. Plant-derived bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid tetrandrine prevents human podocyte injury by regulating the miR-150-5p/NPHS1 axis
  166. Network pharmacology combined with molecular docking to explore the anti-osteoporosis mechanisms of β-ecdysone derived from medicinal plants
  167. Chinese medicinal plant Polygonum cuspidatum ameliorates silicosis via suppressing the Wnt/β-catenin pathway
  168. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Biological Applications - Part I
  169. Investigation of improved optical and conductivity properties of poly(methyl methacrylate)–MXenes (PMMA–MXenes) nanocomposite thin films for optoelectronic applications
  170. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology (ABB 2022)
  171. Model predictive control for precision irrigation of a Quinoa crop
https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2022-0265
Keywords for this article
dual-axis solar tracking system; energy; energy conversion; fixed solar panel system; PVSOL; renewable energy; single-axis solar tracking system
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B in aqueous phase by bimetallic metal-organic framework M/Fe-MOF (M = Co, Cu, and Mg)
  3. Assessment of using electronic portal imaging device for analysing bolus material utilised in radiation therapy
  4. A detailed investigation on highly dense CuZr bulk metallic glasses for shielding purposes
  5. Simulation of gamma-ray shielding properties for materials of medical interest
  6. Environmental impact assesment regulation applications and their analysis in Turkey
  7. Sample age effect on parameters of dynamic nuclear polarization in certain difluorobenzen isomers/MC800 asphaltene suspensions
  8. Passenger demand forecasting for railway systems
  9. Design of a Robust sliding mode controller for bioreactor cultures in overflow metabolism via an interdisciplinary approach
  10. Gamma, neutron, and heavy charged ion shielding properties of Er3+-doped and Sm3+-doped zinc borate glasses
  11. Bridging chiral de-tert-butylcalix[4]arenes: Optical resolution based on column chromatography and structural characterization
  12. Petrology and geochemistry of multiphase post-granitic dikes: A case study from the Gabal Serbal area, Southwestern Sinai, Egypt
  13. Comparison of the yield and purity of plasma exosomes extracted by ultracentrifugation, precipitation, and membrane-based approaches
  14. Bioactive triterpenoids from Indonesian medicinal plant Syzygium aqueum
  15. Investigation of the effects of machining parameters on surface integrity in micromachining
  16. The mesoporous aluminosilicate application as support for bifunctional catalysts for n-hexadecane hydroconversion
  17. Gamma-ray shielding properties of Nd2O3-added iron–boron–phosphate-based composites
  18. Numerical investigation on perforated sheet metals under tension loading
  19. Statistical analysis on the radiological assessment and geochemical studies of granite rocks in the north of Um Taghir area, Eastern Desert, Egypt
  20. Two new polypodane-type bicyclic triterpenoids from mastic
  21. Structural, physical, and mechanical properties of the TiO2 added hydroxyapatite composites
  22. Tribological properties and characterization of borided Co–Mg alloys
  23. Studies on Anemone nemorosa L. extracts; polyphenols profile, antioxidant activity, and effects on Caco-2 cells by in vitro and in silico studies
  24. Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, transmission factors, and gamma-ray-shielding performances of Bi2O3–P2O5–B2O3–V2O5 quaternary glass system
  25. Cyclic connectivity index of bipolar fuzzy incidence graph
  26. The role of passage numbers of donor cells in the development of Arabian Oryx – Cow interspecific somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos
  27. Mechanical property evaluation of tellurite–germanate glasses and comparison of their radiation-shielding characteristics using EPICS2017 to other glass systems
  28. Molecular screening of ionic liquids for CO2 absorption and molecular dynamic simulation
  29. Microwave-assisted preparation of Ag/Fe magnetic biochar from clivia leaves for adsorbing daptomycin antibiotics
  30. Iminodisuccinic acid enhances antioxidant and mineral element accumulation in young leaves of Ziziphus jujuba
  31. Cytotoxic activity of guaiane-type sesquiterpene lactone (deoxycynaropicrin) isolated from the leaves of Centaurothamnus maximus
  32. Effects of welding parameters on the angular distortion of welded steel plates
  33. Simulation of a reactor considering the Stamicarbon, Snamprogetti, and Toyo patents for obtaining urea
  34. Effect of different ramie (Boehmeria nivea L. Gaud) cultivars on the adsorption of heavy metal ions cadmium and lead in the remediation of contaminated farmland soils
  35. Impact of a live bacterial-based direct-fed microbial (DFM) postpartum and weaning system on performance, mortality, and health of Najdi lambs
  36. Anti-tumor effect of liposomes containing extracted Murrayafoline A against liver cancer cells in 2D and 3D cultured models
  37. Physicochemical properties and some mineral concentration of milk samples from different animals and altitudes
  38. Copper(ii) complexes supported by modified azo-based ligands: Nucleic acid binding and molecular docking studies
  39. Diagnostic and therapeutic radioisotopes in nuclear medicine: Determination of gamma-ray transmission factors and safety competencies of high-dense and transparent glassy shields
  40. Calculation of NaI(Tl) detector efficiency using 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K radioisotopes: Three-phase Monte Carlo simulation study
  41. Isolation and identification of unstable components from Caesalpinia sappan by high-speed counter-current chromatography combined with preparative high-performance liquid chromatography
  42. Quantification of biomarkers and evaluation of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxicity properties of Dodonaea viscosa grown in Saudi Arabia using HPTLC technique
  43. Characterization of the elastic modulus of ceramic–metal composites with physical and mechanical properties by ultrasonic technique
  44. GC-MS analysis of Vespa velutina auraria Smith and its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities in vitro
  45. Texturing of nanocoatings for surface acoustic wave-based sensors for volatile organic compounds
  46. Insights into the molecular basis of some chalcone analogues as potential inhibitors of Leishmania donovani: An integrated in silico and in vitro study
  47. (1R,2S,5R)-5-Methyl-2-(propan-2-yl)cyclohexyl 4-amino-3-phenylbutanoate hydrochloride: Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity
  48. On the relative extraction rates of colour compounds and caffeine during brewing, an investigation of tea over time and temperature
  49. Characterization of egg shell powder-doped ceramic–metal composites
  50. Rapeseed oil-based hippurate amide nanocomposite coating material for anticorrosive and antibacterial applications
  51. Chemically modified Teucrium polium (Lamiaceae) plant act as an effective adsorbent tool for potassium permanganate (KMnO4) in wastewater remediation
  52. Efficiency analysis of photovoltaic systems installed in different geographical locations
  53. Risk prioritization model driven by success factor in the light of multicriteria decision making
  54. Theoretical investigations on the excited-state intramolecular proton transfer in the solvated 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde carbohydrazone
  55. Mechanical and gamma-ray shielding examinations of Bi2O3–PbO–CdO–B2O3 glass system
  56. Machine learning-based forecasting of potability of drinking water through adaptive boosting model
  57. The potential effect of the Rumex vesicarius water seeds extract treatment on mice before and during pregnancy on the serum enzymes and the histology of kidney and liver
  58. Impact of benzimidazole functional groups on the n-doping properties of benzimidazole derivatives
  59. Extraction of red pigment from Chinese jujube peel and the antioxidant activity of the pigment extracts
  60. Flexural strength and thermal properties of carbon black nanoparticle reinforced epoxy composites obtained from waste tires
  61. A focusing study on radioprotective and antioxidant effects of Annona muricata leaf extract in the circulation and liver tissue: Clinical and experimental studies
  62. Clinical comprehensive and experimental assessment of the radioprotective effect of Annona muricata leaf extract to prevent cellular damage in the ileum tissue
  63. Effect of WC content on ultrasonic properties, thermal and electrical conductivity of WC–Co–Ni–Cr composites
  64. Influence of various class cleaning agents for prosthesis on Co–Cr alloy surface
  65. The synthesis of nanocellulose-based nanocomposites for the effective removal of hexavalent chromium ions from aqueous solution
  66. Study on the influence of physical interlayers on the remaining oil production under different development modes
  67. Optimized linear regression control of DC motor under various disturbances
  68. Influence of different sample preparation strategies on hypothesis-driven shotgun proteomic analysis of human saliva
  69. Determination of flow distance of the fluid metal due to fluidity in ductile iron casting by artificial neural networks approach
  70. Investigation of mechanical activation effect on high-volume natural pozzolanic cements
  71. In vitro: Anti-coccidia activity of Calotropis procera leaf extract on Eimeria papillata oocysts sporulation and sporozoite
  72. Determination of oil composition of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) seeds under influence of organic fertilizer forms
  73. Activated partial thromboplastin time maybe associated with the prognosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma
  74. Treatment of rat brain ischemia model by NSCs-polymer scaffold transplantation
  75. Lead and cadmium removal with native yeast from coastal wetlands
  76. Characterization of electroless Ni-coated Fe–Co composite using powder metallurgy
  77. Ferrate synthesis using NaOCl and its application for dye removal
  78. Antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anticholinesterase potential of Chenopodium murale L. extracts using in vitro and in vivo approaches
  79. Study on essential oil, antioxidant activity, anti-human prostate cancer effects, and induction of apoptosis by Equisetum arvense
  80. Experimental study on turning machine with permanent magnetic cutting tool
  81. Numerical simulation and mathematical modeling of the casting process for pearlitic spheroidal graphite cast iron
  82. Design, synthesis, and cytotoxicity evaluation of novel thiophene, pyrimidine, pyridazine, and pyridine: Griseofulvin heterocyclic extension derivatives
  83. Isolation and identification of promising antibiotic-producing bacteria
  84. Ultrasonic-induced reversible blood–brain barrier opening: Safety evaluation into the cellular level
  85. Evaluation of phytochemical and antioxidant potential of various extracts from traditionally used medicinal plants of Pakistan
  86. Effect of calcium lactate in standard diet on selected markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in ovariectomized rats
  87. Identification of crucial salivary proteins/genes and pathways involved in pathogenesis of temporomandibular disorders
  88. Zirconium-modified attapulgite was used for removing of Cr(vi) in aqueous solution
  89. The stress distribution of different types of restorative materials in primary molar
  90. Reducing surface heat loss in steam boilers
  91. Deformation behavior and formability of friction stir processed DP600 steel
  92. Synthesis and characterization of bismuth oxide/commercial activated carbon composite for battery anode
  93. Phytochemical analysis of Ziziphus jujube leaf at different foliar ages based on widely targeted metabolomics
  94. Effects of in ovo injection of black cumin (Nigella sativa) extract on hatching performance of broiler eggs
  95. Separation and evaluation of potential antioxidant, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activities of limonene-rich essential oils from Citrus sinensis (L.)
  96. Bioactivity of a polyhydroxy gorgostane steroid from Xenia umbellata
  97. BiCAM-based automated scoring system for digital logic circuit diagrams
  98. Analysis of standard systems with solar monitoring systems
  99. Structural and spectroscopic properties of voriconazole and fluconazole – Experimental and theoretical studies
  100. New plant resistance inducers based on polyamines
  101. Experimental investigation of single-lap bolted and bolted/bonded (hybrid) joints of polymeric plates
  102. Investigation of inlet air pressure and evaporative cooling of four different cogeneration cycles
  103. Review Articles
  104. Comprehensive review on synthesis, physicochemical properties, and application of activated carbon from the Arecaceae plants for enhanced wastewater treatment
  105. Research progress on speciation analysis of arsenic in traditional Chinese medicine
  106. Recent modified air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction applications for medicines and organic compounds in various samples: A review
  107. An insight on Vietnamese bio-waste materials as activated carbon precursors for multiple applications in environmental protection
  108. Antimicrobial activities of the extracts and secondary metabolites from Clausena genus – A review
  109. Bioremediation of organic/heavy metal contaminants by mixed cultures of microorganisms: A review
  110. Sonodynamic therapy for breast cancer: A literature review
  111. Recent progress of amino acid transporters as a novel antitumor target
  112. Aconitum coreanum Rapaics: Botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology
  113. Corrigendum
  114. Corrigendum to “Petrology and geochemistry of multiphase post-granitic dikes: A case study from the Gabal Serbal area, Southwestern Sinai, Egypt”
  115. Corrigendum to “Design of a Robust sliding mode controller for bioreactor cultures in overflow metabolism via an interdisciplinary approach”
  116. Corrigendum to “Statistical analysis on the radiological assessment and geochemical studies of granite rocks in the north of Um Taghir area, Eastern Desert, Egypt”
  117. Corrigendum to “Aroma components of tobacco powder from different producing areas based on gas chromatography ion mobility spectrometry”
  118. Corrigendum to “Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, transmission factors, and gamma-ray-shielding performances of Bi2O3–P2O5–B2O3–V2O5 quaternary glass system”
  119. Erratum
  120. Erratum to “Copper(ii) complexes supported by modified azo-based ligands: Nucleic acid binding and molecular docking studies”
  121. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology (ABB 2021)
  122. Study of solidification and stabilization of heavy metals by passivators in heavy metal-contaminated soil
  123. Human health risk assessment and distribution of VOCs in a chemical site, Weinan, China
  124. Preparation and characterization of Sparassis latifolia β-glucan microcapsules
  125. Special Issue on the Conference of Energy, Fuels, Environment 2020
  126. Improving the thermal performance of existing buildings in light of the requirements of the EU directive 2010/31/EU in Poland
  127. Special Issue on Ethnobotanical, Phytochemical and Biological Investigation of Medicinal Plants
  128. Study of plant resources with ethnomedicinal relevance from district Bagh, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
  129. Studies on the chemical composition of plants used in traditional medicine in Congo
  130. Special Issue on Applied Chemistry in Agriculture and Food Science
  131. Strip spraying technology for precise herbicide application in carrot fields
  132. Special Issue on Pharmacology and Metabolomics of Ethnobotanical and Herbal Medicine
  133. Phytochemical profiling, antibacterial and antioxidant properties of Crocus sativus flower: A comparison between tepals and stigmas
  134. Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of polyphenolics from Withania adpressa (Coss.) Batt. against selected drug-resistant bacterial strains
  135. Integrating network pharmacology and molecular docking to explore the potential mechanism of Xinguan No. 3 in the treatment of COVID-19
  136. Chemical composition and in vitro and in vivo biological assortment of fixed oil extracted from Ficus benghalensis L.
  137. A review of the pharmacological activities and protective effects of Inonotus obliquus triterpenoids in kidney diseases
  138. Ethnopharmacological study of medicinal plants in Kastamonu province (Türkiye)
  139. Protective effects of asperuloside against cyclophosphamide-induced urotoxicity and hematotoxicity in rats
  140. Special Issue on Essential Oil, Extraction, Phytochemistry, Advances, and Application
  141. Identification of volatile compounds and antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal properties against drug-resistant microbes of essential oils from the leaves of Mentha rotundifolia var. apodysa Briq. (Lamiaceae)
  142. Phenolic contents, anticancer, antioxidant, and antimicrobial capacities of MeOH extract from the aerial parts of Trema orientalis plant
  143. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils from Mentha pulegium and Rosmarinus officinalis against multidrug-resistant microbes and their acute toxicity study
  144. Special Issue on Marine Environmental Sciences and Significance of the Multidisciplinary Approaches
  145. An insightful overview of the distribution pattern of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in the marine sediments of the Red Sea
  146. Antifungal–antiproliferative norcycloartane-type triterpenes from the Red Sea green alga Tydemania expeditionis
  147. Solvent effect, dipole moment, and DFT studies of multi donor–acceptor type pyridine derivative
  148. An extensive assessment on the distribution pattern of organic contaminants in the aerosols samples in the Middle East
  149. Special Issue on 4th IC3PE
  150. Energetics of carboxylic acid–pyridine heterosynthon revisited: A computational study of intermolecular hydrogen bond domination on phenylacetic acid–nicotinamide cocrystals
  151. A review: Silver–zinc oxide nanoparticles – organoclay-reinforced chitosan bionanocomposites for food packaging
  152. Green synthesis of magnetic activated carbon from peanut shells functionalized with TiO2 photocatalyst for Batik liquid waste treatment
  153. Coagulation activity of liquid extraction of Leucaena leucocephala and Sesbania grandiflora on the removal of turbidity
  154. Hydrocracking optimization of palm oil over NiMoO4/activated carbon catalyst to produce biogasoline and kerosine
  155. Special Issue on Pharmacology and metabolomics of ethnobotanical and herbal medicine
  156. Cynarin inhibits PDGF-BB-induced proliferation and activation in hepatic stellate cells through PPARγ
  157. Special Issue on The 1st Malaysia International Conference on Nanotechnology & Catalysis (MICNC2021)
  158. Surfactant evaluation for enhanced oil recovery: Phase behavior and interfacial tension
  159. Topical Issue on phytochemicals, biological and toxicological analysis of aromatic medicinal plants
  160. Phytochemical analysis of leaves and stems of Physalis alkekengi L. (Solanaceae)
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