Startseite Naturwissenschaften Diagnostic and therapeutic radioisotopes in nuclear medicine: Determination of gamma-ray transmission factors and safety competencies of high-dense and transparent glassy shields
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Diagnostic and therapeutic radioisotopes in nuclear medicine: Determination of gamma-ray transmission factors and safety competencies of high-dense and transparent glassy shields

  • Rabiye Uslu Erdemir , Gokhan Kilic , Duygu Sen Baykal , Ghada ALMisned , Shams A. M. Issa , Hesham M. H. Zakaly , Antoaneta Ene EMAIL logo und Huseyin Ozan Tekin EMAIL logo
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 21. Juni 2022
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Open Chemistry
Aus der Zeitschrift Open Chemistry Band 20 Heft 1

Abstract

We present the findings of an extensive examination on newly designed CdO-rich and transparent glass shields for nuclear medicine facilities in lieu of traditional and unfavorable materials, such as lead and concrete. Gamma-ray transmission factors of newly designed glass shields are determined using a variety of diagnostic, therapeutic, and research radioisotopes, including 67Ga, 57Co, 111In, 201Tl, 99mTc, 51Cr, 131I, 58Co, 137Cs, 133Ba, and 60Co. A general-purpose Monte Carlo code MCNPX (version 2.7.0) is used to determine the attenuation parameters of different material thicknesses. Next, the findings are compared using a standard concrete shielding material. The results indicate that adding more CdO to the glass composition improves the overall gamma-ray attenuation properties. As a result, among the heavy and transparent glasses developed, the C40 sample containing 40% CdO exhibited the best gamma-ray absorption properties against all radioisotopes. Furthermore, the gamma-ray absorption characteristics of this created high-density glass were shown to be better to those of a standard and heavy concrete sample. It can be concluded that the newly developed CdO-rich and transparent glass sample may be used in medical radiation fields where the radioisotopes examined are used in daily clinical and research applications.

Keywords: nuclear medicine; radioisotopes; gamma-ray; MCNPX; nuclear safety

1 Introduction

Nuclear medicine is a field of research in which radioisotope-containing medications are used to diagnose and treat diseases [1]. It began in the 1950s with the use of 131-Iodine for thyroid cancer detection and treatment. Nuclear medicine techniques are extremely effective, reliable, and painless. They involve administering a small amount of radioisotope material or radiopharmaceuticals (inorganic compounds labeled with radioisotopes, organic compounds, peptides, proteins, monoclonal antibodies and fragments, and oligonucleotides) to the patient to examine the physiological and molecular processes occurring in the body. On the other hand, gamma-rays generated by radioisotopes administered to patients are detected in nuclear medicine using planar or tomographic technologies, such as gamma camera, single photon emission tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), and hybrid systems (SPECT/CT, PET/CT). Diseases are diagnosed using the images generated as a consequence of processing [2,3]. In nuclear imaging, radioisotope-labeled carriers are used as noninvasive diagnostic tools to offer information on the function and structure of tissues and their surroundings [4]. All radioisotopes used in nuclear medicine are synthetic, and they are manufactured in a variety of ways, including fission in the reactor, thermal neutrons in the reactor, generator-made radioisotopes, and cyclotron-produced radioisotopes [1]. Radioisotopes are utilized in nuclear medicine for two purposes, such as therapy and diagnostics. While radioisotopes that generate electromagnetic gamma radiation are utilized for imaging, radioisotopes that are heavier, have a larger ionization energy, and decay by scattering beta- or alpha-rays with a particulate nature are employed for therapy. Meanwhile, nuclear medicine is an intentional exposure to radiation. While ionizing radiation travels through living tissue, it transfers part or all of its energy to the tissue, resulting in recognized detrimental effects on live creatures at low to high exposure levels. These are stochastic (cancer, mutations) and deterministic (tissue responses) consequences (such as dermatitis, cataract). It is critical to maintain radiation workers and the general public’s exposure to radiation below safe dosage limits to avoid undiscovered negative consequences. ALARA (as low a dose as reasonably attainable) and ALARP (as low a dose as reasonably practical) principles, as well as dosage limitations established for the profession and society by international and national atomic energy institutes, and radiation safety legislation, should be obeyed [3]. With the introduction of novel targeted radioisotopes for treatment, particularly for malignant disorders, radioisotope therapy is increasingly used in nuclear medicine clinics [4]. As a result, while building nuclear medicine units, certain objectives should be defined based on time, distance, and shielding parameters to minimize radiation exposure to both personnel and patients. These objectives include assuring the safety of radioactive sources, maximizing employee, patient, and public exposure, maintaining complete control over radioisotope/radiopharmaceutical activities, and avoiding contamination spread [5,6,7]. Therefore, the scientific community has concentrated on developing next-generation shielding materials that may provide certain advantages over conventional shielding materials in terms of avoiding those shortcomings. In this study, we presented the findings of a complete examination of newly designed CdO-rich and transparent glass shields for usage in nuclear medicine facilities in lieu of traditional and unfavorable materials, such as lead (Pb) and concrete. Gamma-ray transmission factors (TFs) of newly designed glass shields are determined using a variety of diagnostic, therapeutic, and research radioisotopes, including 67Ga, 57Co, 111In, 201Tl, 99mTc, 51Cr, 131I, 58Co, 137Cs, 133Ba, and 60Co. The study’s findings may provide key information for optimizing shielding materials used to protect personnel and patients in units, such as nuclear medicine, that utilize medical radiation sources.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Investigated glassy shields

Cd-doped glasses were effectively fabricated using the melt-quenching process and a range of CdO compositions (x = 0, 15, 20, 30, and 40 mol%) (see Table 1). Each oxidized chemical was separately weighed using a high-precision scale. The platinum crucible containing the solution was heated to very high temperatures during the synthesis of glass shields. The high-temperature furnace was permitted to warm up to 900°C from room temperature for the first 60 min of the procedure. Mechanical stirring was performed every 15 min throughout this time period. Each glass sample was annealed for about an hour at 380–385°C and then cooled back to room temperature (Figure 1).

Table 1

Glass codes, glass compositions, thickness, and density values of glasses

Code P2O5 (mol%) TeO2 (mol%) ZnO (mol%) CdO (mol%) Density (g/cm3) Thickness (mm)
C0 20 30 50 — 4.41970 2.637
C15 20 30 35 15 4.65192 2.678
C20 20 30 30 20 4.72403 2.66
C30 20 30 20 30 4.87138 2.785
C40 20 30 10 40 5.01752 2.447
Figure 1 Synthesized glass series.
Figure 1

Synthesized glass series.

2.2 Calculation of gamma-ray TFs

The absorption characteristics of materials intended for use in fields containing medical radiation, such as nuclear medicine and diagnostic radiology, against gamma-rays are significant. The reason for this is the exposure that personnel working in such environments may face when dealing with the associated radiation sources, as well as the deterministic and stochastic impacts, which this exposure may have in the short and long terms [8,9,10,11,12,13,14]. The TF [15,16,17] is a critical shielding metric that is derived using the percent reduction of primary gamma-ray radiation incident on a material. It demonstrates the length dependency of the gamma-ray transmission process. Calculating TF values for a single material offers information on the degree of absorption provided by that material, while studying it for a group of materials provides critical information about the effect of changing material content on this transition factor. Thus, the direct influence of manufacturing modifications on the absorption characteristics is also well recognized. In this study, the absorption properties of CdO-based and high-density glass materials produced against some diagnostic and therapeutic radioisotopes (see Table 2) were investigated for different energies and different material thicknesses and compared with some conventional shielding materials within the framework of the same parameters. The general-purpose radiation transport code MCNPX [18] operating with the Monte Carlo simulation method was used to calculate the TF values. First, the glass structures produced were defined according to the elemental properties given in Table 1 in the INPUT file of the MCNPX code, and their respective densities were included in the INPUT file. Then, by defining two detection areas of equal size directly in front of and behind the absorber material, fluxes of primary and secondary gamma-rays were obtained. This operation is done with the F4 definition of the MCNPX code. Finally, a source with point isotropic behaviors was located at a point before the absorber glass material and the first detection area (see Figure 2). For each simulation cycle, the source description and hence the characteristic gamma-ray energy were determined. Meanwhile, 108 particle counts were generated for each simulation cycle through random event generator of MCNPX. At the end of the simulation processes, the relative error rates from the OUTPUT file were observed to be less than 1%. MCNPX simulations were performed using the D00205ALLCP03 MCNPXDATA package is included of DLC-200/MCNPDATA cross-section libs (Figure 1).

Table 2

Radioisotopes and gamma-ray energies used for gamma-ray TF calculations

Radioisotope Gamma-ray energy (MeV)
67Ga 0.0086, 0.0093, 0.1840
57Co 0.0144, 0.1221, 0.1365
111In 0.0230, 0.1710, 0.2450
133Ba 0.0532, 0.0796, 0.0810, 0.2764, 0.3029, 0.3560, 0.3838
201Tl 0.0710, 0.1350, 0.1670
99mTc 0.1405
51Cr 0.3201
131I 0.2843, 0.3645, 0.6370, 0.7229
58Co 0.5110, 0.8108
137Cs 0.6617
60Co 1.1732, 1.3325
Figure 2 (a) 2-D view of designed MCNPX simulation setup. (b) 3-D illustration of designed MCNPX setup (2-D and 3-D views are obtained from MCNPX Visual Editor VisedX22S).
Figure 2

(a) 2-D view of designed MCNPX simulation setup. (b) 3-D illustration of designed MCNPX setup (2-D and 3-D views are obtained from MCNPX Visual Editor VisedX22S).

3 Results and discussions

The TF values of the fabricated glass materials were calculated for 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, and 3 cm thicknesses as a function of the gamma-ray values emitted from different radioisotopes. Figure 3 depicts the TFs of investigated glasses and steel-magnetite concrete as a function of used radioisotope energy (MeV) at different glass thicknesses. As can be seen from the figure, the amount of the transmitted gamma-rays that all for glass samples and the conventional shielding materials (i.e., reinforced concrete) increased depending on the increasing radioisotope energy at all material thicknesses. Behaviorally, the common attitudes of all materials is the low transmission rate observed at low gamma-ray energies. This is due to the limited penetrating capability of low energy gamma-rays. On the other hand, for the same energy value, a certain TF value difference was observed proportionately between the material with the lowest thickness and the material with the highest thickness. This may be explained by the fact that the primary gamma-ray that penetrates the thin material does not undergo complete energy absorption. On the other hand, obtaining the lowest TF value at 3 cm, which is the thickest value for the same energy value, can be explained by the primary gamma-ray’s first interaction and subsequent interactions in the material occurring at a sufficiently large thickness and simply left the material with minimal quantitative values. As a consequence, the TF values for the radioisotope energies utilized in the glass samples and the concrete material used as the reference material were lowest at low energies and high thicknesses. In the largest context, this situation is linked to the penetrating qualities of gamma-rays [19,20,21,22], and no abnormal behavior tendencies have been identified. As the second step of TF value assessment, the TF values of glass and concrete samples were compared for identical thickness values, and the material with the lowest TF value and hence the best absorption characteristics was determined. Figure 4 depicts the comparison of the TFs as a function of used radioisotope energy (MeV) for different glass thicknesses and concrete. Figure 4 also quantitatively depicts the particular gamma-ray TF behavior of all materials investigated and compared at the same thickness. The TF value of the C series glasses fabricated according to the data obtained in this phase of the investigation is proportional to the ratio of CdO added to the glass at a certain thickness. Among the glass samples developed, the C40 sample with the greatest CdO doping ratio and densest structure exhibited the lowest TF values throughout the thickness range. This may be attributed to the positive contribution of the maximum CdO solid’s density rise to the gamma-ray absorption qualities. Meanwhile, the C40 sample’s TF values are lower than those of the concrete with additives. This demonstrates that these next-generation materials, which outperform the absorption capabilities of currently used heavy-mixed concrete, may be employed for identical reasons. In the last comparison stage of the study, the half value layer (HVL) values of all C series glasses were compared with the reinforced concrete material. Figure 5 depicts the variations of HVL (cm) with photon energy (MeV) for all C0–C8 glasses and concrete. A material’s HVL value may be defined for a given photon energy [23]. The HVL value is the material thickness necessary to quantitatively lower the intensity of photons at the relevant energy using that material [24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35]. Thus, the fact that the HVL value is low for a given photon energy value is a significant pattern of the material’s exceptional absorption capabilities. As seen in the figure, the C40 sample had the lowest possible HVL values at all energy levels. As a result, employing C40 samples instead of traditional concrete shields may be advantageous in terms of physical space requirements and space costs.

Figure 3 TFs of investigated glasses and steel-magnetite concrete as a function of used radioisotope energy (MeV) at different glass thicknesses.
Figure 3

TFs of investigated glasses and steel-magnetite concrete as a function of used radioisotope energy (MeV) at different glass thicknesses.

Figure 4 Comparison of the TFs as a function of used radioisotope energy (MeV) for different glass thicknesses and concrete.
Figure 4

Comparison of the TFs as a function of used radioisotope energy (MeV) for different glass thicknesses and concrete.

Figure 5 Variations of half value layer (cm) with photon energy (MeV) for all C0–C8 glasses and concrete.
Figure 5

Variations of half value layer (cm) with photon energy (MeV) for all C0–C8 glasses and concrete.

4 Conclusion

One of the challenges that researchers have focused on in recent years is developing alternative, ecologically acceptable, nontoxic, and low-cost materials to substitute Pb and concrete in equipment and structural designs used in medical and industrial radiation applications. Currently, some specialized glasses are employed in a variety of configurations for a variety of purposes in nuclear and diagnostic radiology facilities. Our primary goal in this research was to observe the absorption differences across a broad radioisotope energy range caused by structural changes in the glass composition accompanied by certain chemical modifications and to investigate the relationship between these differences and the chemical modifications. The TF values of glasses synthesized utilizing the distinctive gamma-ray energies of a variety of therapeutic, diagnostic, and research radioisotopes, such as Barium, were determined for this purpose. The findings indicate that the linearly increasing CdO ratio in such a glass composition contributes positively to all gamma-ray energies. As a consequence, the C40 sample containing 40% CdO was shown to have the best absorption characteristics among the heavy and thick glasses prepared. More importantly, the gamma-ray absorption properties of this high-density glass manufactured were shown to be superior to those of conventional and heavy concrete sample. The critical point is that the transparency of the C40 sample, which exhibits superior qualities to conventional materials, allows for viewing of the radioactive source and prompt identification of any contamination that may occur, allowing required measures to be taken. Nevertheless, implementing the outcomes of this research in practice and expanding the allowable CdO additive quantity to greater levels may be a few critical future studies that may be recommended to scientific community.

Acknowledgments

This work was performed under Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project Number (PNURSP2022R149), Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Authors express their sincere gratitude to Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University.

  1. Funding information: This study was supported by Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project Number (PNURSP2022R149).

  2. Author contributions: Methodology: H.O.T., R.U.E., H.M.H.Z., S.A.M.I., and G.K; software: H.O.T., G.A., H.M.H.Z., and A.E.; validation: S.A.M.I., R.U.E., and A.E.; formal analysis: G.K., D.S.B., H.M.H.Z., and R.U.E.; investigation: G.K. and H.O.T.; resources: G.K., G.A., and H.O.T.; data curation: S.A.M.I. and A.E.; writing – original draft preparation: H.O.T., G.S., G.L., Y.S.R., and G.A; writing – review and editing: H.M.H.Z., S.A.M.I., and A.E.; visualization: D.S.B. and G.K.; supervision: H.M.H.Z. and G.A.; project administration: H.O.T. and R.U.E.; funding acquisition: A.E. (The authors thank the “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati, Romania, for the APC support.) All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

  4. Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

  5. Data availability statement: The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.

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Received: 2022-04-16
Revised: 2022-05-01
Accepted: 2022-05-09
Published Online: 2022-06-21

© 2022 Rabiye Uslu Erdemir et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  34. Effect of different ramie (Boehmeria nivea L. Gaud) cultivars on the adsorption of heavy metal ions cadmium and lead in the remediation of contaminated farmland soils
  35. Impact of a live bacterial-based direct-fed microbial (DFM) postpartum and weaning system on performance, mortality, and health of Najdi lambs
  36. Anti-tumor effect of liposomes containing extracted Murrayafoline A against liver cancer cells in 2D and 3D cultured models
  37. Physicochemical properties and some mineral concentration of milk samples from different animals and altitudes
  38. Copper(ii) complexes supported by modified azo-based ligands: Nucleic acid binding and molecular docking studies
  39. Diagnostic and therapeutic radioisotopes in nuclear medicine: Determination of gamma-ray transmission factors and safety competencies of high-dense and transparent glassy shields
  40. Calculation of NaI(Tl) detector efficiency using 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K radioisotopes: Three-phase Monte Carlo simulation study
  41. Isolation and identification of unstable components from Caesalpinia sappan by high-speed counter-current chromatography combined with preparative high-performance liquid chromatography
  42. Quantification of biomarkers and evaluation of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxicity properties of Dodonaea viscosa grown in Saudi Arabia using HPTLC technique
  43. Characterization of the elastic modulus of ceramic–metal composites with physical and mechanical properties by ultrasonic technique
  44. GC-MS analysis of Vespa velutina auraria Smith and its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities in vitro
  45. Texturing of nanocoatings for surface acoustic wave-based sensors for volatile organic compounds
  46. Insights into the molecular basis of some chalcone analogues as potential inhibitors of Leishmania donovani: An integrated in silico and in vitro study
  47. (1R,2S,5R)-5-Methyl-2-(propan-2-yl)cyclohexyl 4-amino-3-phenylbutanoate hydrochloride: Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity
  48. On the relative extraction rates of colour compounds and caffeine during brewing, an investigation of tea over time and temperature
  49. Characterization of egg shell powder-doped ceramic–metal composites
  50. Rapeseed oil-based hippurate amide nanocomposite coating material for anticorrosive and antibacterial applications
  51. Chemically modified Teucrium polium (Lamiaceae) plant act as an effective adsorbent tool for potassium permanganate (KMnO4) in wastewater remediation
  52. Efficiency analysis of photovoltaic systems installed in different geographical locations
  53. Risk prioritization model driven by success factor in the light of multicriteria decision making
  54. Theoretical investigations on the excited-state intramolecular proton transfer in the solvated 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde carbohydrazone
  55. Mechanical and gamma-ray shielding examinations of Bi2O3–PbO–CdO–B2O3 glass system
  56. Machine learning-based forecasting of potability of drinking water through adaptive boosting model
  57. The potential effect of the Rumex vesicarius water seeds extract treatment on mice before and during pregnancy on the serum enzymes and the histology of kidney and liver
  58. Impact of benzimidazole functional groups on the n-doping properties of benzimidazole derivatives
  59. Extraction of red pigment from Chinese jujube peel and the antioxidant activity of the pigment extracts
  60. Flexural strength and thermal properties of carbon black nanoparticle reinforced epoxy composites obtained from waste tires
  61. A focusing study on radioprotective and antioxidant effects of Annona muricata leaf extract in the circulation and liver tissue: Clinical and experimental studies
  62. Clinical comprehensive and experimental assessment of the radioprotective effect of Annona muricata leaf extract to prevent cellular damage in the ileum tissue
  63. Effect of WC content on ultrasonic properties, thermal and electrical conductivity of WC–Co–Ni–Cr composites
  64. Influence of various class cleaning agents for prosthesis on Co–Cr alloy surface
  65. The synthesis of nanocellulose-based nanocomposites for the effective removal of hexavalent chromium ions from aqueous solution
  66. Study on the influence of physical interlayers on the remaining oil production under different development modes
  67. Optimized linear regression control of DC motor under various disturbances
  68. Influence of different sample preparation strategies on hypothesis-driven shotgun proteomic analysis of human saliva
  69. Determination of flow distance of the fluid metal due to fluidity in ductile iron casting by artificial neural networks approach
  70. Investigation of mechanical activation effect on high-volume natural pozzolanic cements
  71. In vitro: Anti-coccidia activity of Calotropis procera leaf extract on Eimeria papillata oocysts sporulation and sporozoite
  72. Determination of oil composition of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) seeds under influence of organic fertilizer forms
  73. Activated partial thromboplastin time maybe associated with the prognosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma
  74. Treatment of rat brain ischemia model by NSCs-polymer scaffold transplantation
  75. Lead and cadmium removal with native yeast from coastal wetlands
  76. Characterization of electroless Ni-coated Fe–Co composite using powder metallurgy
  77. Ferrate synthesis using NaOCl and its application for dye removal
  78. Antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anticholinesterase potential of Chenopodium murale L. extracts using in vitro and in vivo approaches
  79. Study on essential oil, antioxidant activity, anti-human prostate cancer effects, and induction of apoptosis by Equisetum arvense
  80. Experimental study on turning machine with permanent magnetic cutting tool
  81. Numerical simulation and mathematical modeling of the casting process for pearlitic spheroidal graphite cast iron
  82. Design, synthesis, and cytotoxicity evaluation of novel thiophene, pyrimidine, pyridazine, and pyridine: Griseofulvin heterocyclic extension derivatives
  83. Isolation and identification of promising antibiotic-producing bacteria
  84. Ultrasonic-induced reversible blood–brain barrier opening: Safety evaluation into the cellular level
  85. Evaluation of phytochemical and antioxidant potential of various extracts from traditionally used medicinal plants of Pakistan
  86. Effect of calcium lactate in standard diet on selected markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in ovariectomized rats
  87. Identification of crucial salivary proteins/genes and pathways involved in pathogenesis of temporomandibular disorders
  88. Zirconium-modified attapulgite was used for removing of Cr(vi) in aqueous solution
  89. The stress distribution of different types of restorative materials in primary molar
  90. Reducing surface heat loss in steam boilers
  91. Deformation behavior and formability of friction stir processed DP600 steel
  92. Synthesis and characterization of bismuth oxide/commercial activated carbon composite for battery anode
  93. Phytochemical analysis of Ziziphus jujube leaf at different foliar ages based on widely targeted metabolomics
  94. Effects of in ovo injection of black cumin (Nigella sativa) extract on hatching performance of broiler eggs
  95. Separation and evaluation of potential antioxidant, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activities of limonene-rich essential oils from Citrus sinensis (L.)
  96. Bioactivity of a polyhydroxy gorgostane steroid from Xenia umbellata
  97. BiCAM-based automated scoring system for digital logic circuit diagrams
  98. Analysis of standard systems with solar monitoring systems
  99. Structural and spectroscopic properties of voriconazole and fluconazole – Experimental and theoretical studies
  100. New plant resistance inducers based on polyamines
  101. Experimental investigation of single-lap bolted and bolted/bonded (hybrid) joints of polymeric plates
  102. Investigation of inlet air pressure and evaporative cooling of four different cogeneration cycles
  103. Review Articles
  104. Comprehensive review on synthesis, physicochemical properties, and application of activated carbon from the Arecaceae plants for enhanced wastewater treatment
  105. Research progress on speciation analysis of arsenic in traditional Chinese medicine
  106. Recent modified air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction applications for medicines and organic compounds in various samples: A review
  107. An insight on Vietnamese bio-waste materials as activated carbon precursors for multiple applications in environmental protection
  108. Antimicrobial activities of the extracts and secondary metabolites from Clausena genus – A review
  109. Bioremediation of organic/heavy metal contaminants by mixed cultures of microorganisms: A review
  110. Sonodynamic therapy for breast cancer: A literature review
  111. Recent progress of amino acid transporters as a novel antitumor target
  112. Aconitum coreanum Rapaics: Botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology
  113. Corrigendum
  114. Corrigendum to “Petrology and geochemistry of multiphase post-granitic dikes: A case study from the Gabal Serbal area, Southwestern Sinai, Egypt”
  115. Corrigendum to “Design of a Robust sliding mode controller for bioreactor cultures in overflow metabolism via an interdisciplinary approach”
  116. Corrigendum to “Statistical analysis on the radiological assessment and geochemical studies of granite rocks in the north of Um Taghir area, Eastern Desert, Egypt”
  117. Corrigendum to “Aroma components of tobacco powder from different producing areas based on gas chromatography ion mobility spectrometry”
  118. Corrigendum to “Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, transmission factors, and gamma-ray-shielding performances of Bi2O3–P2O5–B2O3–V2O5 quaternary glass system”
  119. Erratum
  120. Erratum to “Copper(ii) complexes supported by modified azo-based ligands: Nucleic acid binding and molecular docking studies”
  121. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology (ABB 2021)
  122. Study of solidification and stabilization of heavy metals by passivators in heavy metal-contaminated soil
  123. Human health risk assessment and distribution of VOCs in a chemical site, Weinan, China
  124. Preparation and characterization of Sparassis latifolia β-glucan microcapsules
  125. Special Issue on the Conference of Energy, Fuels, Environment 2020
  126. Improving the thermal performance of existing buildings in light of the requirements of the EU directive 2010/31/EU in Poland
  127. Special Issue on Ethnobotanical, Phytochemical and Biological Investigation of Medicinal Plants
  128. Study of plant resources with ethnomedicinal relevance from district Bagh, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
  129. Studies on the chemical composition of plants used in traditional medicine in Congo
  130. Special Issue on Applied Chemistry in Agriculture and Food Science
  131. Strip spraying technology for precise herbicide application in carrot fields
  132. Special Issue on Pharmacology and Metabolomics of Ethnobotanical and Herbal Medicine
  133. Phytochemical profiling, antibacterial and antioxidant properties of Crocus sativus flower: A comparison between tepals and stigmas
  134. Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of polyphenolics from Withania adpressa (Coss.) Batt. against selected drug-resistant bacterial strains
  135. Integrating network pharmacology and molecular docking to explore the potential mechanism of Xinguan No. 3 in the treatment of COVID-19
  136. Chemical composition and in vitro and in vivo biological assortment of fixed oil extracted from Ficus benghalensis L.
  137. A review of the pharmacological activities and protective effects of Inonotus obliquus triterpenoids in kidney diseases
  138. Ethnopharmacological study of medicinal plants in Kastamonu province (Türkiye)
  139. Protective effects of asperuloside against cyclophosphamide-induced urotoxicity and hematotoxicity in rats
  140. Special Issue on Essential Oil, Extraction, Phytochemistry, Advances, and Application
  141. Identification of volatile compounds and antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal properties against drug-resistant microbes of essential oils from the leaves of Mentha rotundifolia var. apodysa Briq. (Lamiaceae)
  142. Phenolic contents, anticancer, antioxidant, and antimicrobial capacities of MeOH extract from the aerial parts of Trema orientalis plant
  143. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils from Mentha pulegium and Rosmarinus officinalis against multidrug-resistant microbes and their acute toxicity study
  144. Special Issue on Marine Environmental Sciences and Significance of the Multidisciplinary Approaches
  145. An insightful overview of the distribution pattern of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in the marine sediments of the Red Sea
  146. Antifungal–antiproliferative norcycloartane-type triterpenes from the Red Sea green alga Tydemania expeditionis
  147. Solvent effect, dipole moment, and DFT studies of multi donor–acceptor type pyridine derivative
  148. An extensive assessment on the distribution pattern of organic contaminants in the aerosols samples in the Middle East
  149. Special Issue on 4th IC3PE
  150. Energetics of carboxylic acid–pyridine heterosynthon revisited: A computational study of intermolecular hydrogen bond domination on phenylacetic acid–nicotinamide cocrystals
  151. A review: Silver–zinc oxide nanoparticles – organoclay-reinforced chitosan bionanocomposites for food packaging
  152. Green synthesis of magnetic activated carbon from peanut shells functionalized with TiO2 photocatalyst for Batik liquid waste treatment
  153. Coagulation activity of liquid extraction of Leucaena leucocephala and Sesbania grandiflora on the removal of turbidity
  154. Hydrocracking optimization of palm oil over NiMoO4/activated carbon catalyst to produce biogasoline and kerosine
  155. Special Issue on Pharmacology and metabolomics of ethnobotanical and herbal medicine
  156. Cynarin inhibits PDGF-BB-induced proliferation and activation in hepatic stellate cells through PPARγ
  157. Special Issue on The 1st Malaysia International Conference on Nanotechnology & Catalysis (MICNC2021)
  158. Surfactant evaluation for enhanced oil recovery: Phase behavior and interfacial tension
  159. Topical Issue on phytochemicals, biological and toxicological analysis of aromatic medicinal plants
  160. Phytochemical analysis of leaves and stems of Physalis alkekengi L. (Solanaceae)
  161. Phytochemical and pharmacological profiling of Trewia nudiflora Linn. leaf extract deciphers therapeutic potentials against thrombosis, arthritis, helminths, and insects
  162. Pergularia tomentosa coupled with selenium nanoparticles salvaged lead acetate-induced redox imbalance, inflammation, apoptosis, and disruption of neurotransmission in rats’ brain
  163. Protective effect of Allium atroviolaceum-synthesized SeNPs on aluminum-induced brain damage in mice
  164. Mechanism study of Cordyceps sinensis alleviates renal ischemia–reperfusion injury
  165. Plant-derived bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid tetrandrine prevents human podocyte injury by regulating the miR-150-5p/NPHS1 axis
  166. Network pharmacology combined with molecular docking to explore the anti-osteoporosis mechanisms of β-ecdysone derived from medicinal plants
  167. Chinese medicinal plant Polygonum cuspidatum ameliorates silicosis via suppressing the Wnt/β-catenin pathway
  168. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Biological Applications - Part I
  169. Investigation of improved optical and conductivity properties of poly(methyl methacrylate)–MXenes (PMMA–MXenes) nanocomposite thin films for optoelectronic applications
  170. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology (ABB 2022)
  171. Model predictive control for precision irrigation of a Quinoa crop
https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2022-0167
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
nuclear medicine; radioisotopes; gamma-ray; MCNPX; nuclear safety
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B in aqueous phase by bimetallic metal-organic framework M/Fe-MOF (M = Co, Cu, and Mg)
  3. Assessment of using electronic portal imaging device for analysing bolus material utilised in radiation therapy
  4. A detailed investigation on highly dense CuZr bulk metallic glasses for shielding purposes
  5. Simulation of gamma-ray shielding properties for materials of medical interest
  6. Environmental impact assesment regulation applications and their analysis in Turkey
  7. Sample age effect on parameters of dynamic nuclear polarization in certain difluorobenzen isomers/MC800 asphaltene suspensions
  8. Passenger demand forecasting for railway systems
  9. Design of a Robust sliding mode controller for bioreactor cultures in overflow metabolism via an interdisciplinary approach
  10. Gamma, neutron, and heavy charged ion shielding properties of Er3+-doped and Sm3+-doped zinc borate glasses
  11. Bridging chiral de-tert-butylcalix[4]arenes: Optical resolution based on column chromatography and structural characterization
  12. Petrology and geochemistry of multiphase post-granitic dikes: A case study from the Gabal Serbal area, Southwestern Sinai, Egypt
  13. Comparison of the yield and purity of plasma exosomes extracted by ultracentrifugation, precipitation, and membrane-based approaches
  14. Bioactive triterpenoids from Indonesian medicinal plant Syzygium aqueum
  15. Investigation of the effects of machining parameters on surface integrity in micromachining
  16. The mesoporous aluminosilicate application as support for bifunctional catalysts for n-hexadecane hydroconversion
  17. Gamma-ray shielding properties of Nd2O3-added iron–boron–phosphate-based composites
  18. Numerical investigation on perforated sheet metals under tension loading
  19. Statistical analysis on the radiological assessment and geochemical studies of granite rocks in the north of Um Taghir area, Eastern Desert, Egypt
  20. Two new polypodane-type bicyclic triterpenoids from mastic
  21. Structural, physical, and mechanical properties of the TiO2 added hydroxyapatite composites
  22. Tribological properties and characterization of borided Co–Mg alloys
  23. Studies on Anemone nemorosa L. extracts; polyphenols profile, antioxidant activity, and effects on Caco-2 cells by in vitro and in silico studies
  24. Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, transmission factors, and gamma-ray-shielding performances of Bi2O3–P2O5–B2O3–V2O5 quaternary glass system
  25. Cyclic connectivity index of bipolar fuzzy incidence graph
  26. The role of passage numbers of donor cells in the development of Arabian Oryx – Cow interspecific somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos
  27. Mechanical property evaluation of tellurite–germanate glasses and comparison of their radiation-shielding characteristics using EPICS2017 to other glass systems
  28. Molecular screening of ionic liquids for CO2 absorption and molecular dynamic simulation
  29. Microwave-assisted preparation of Ag/Fe magnetic biochar from clivia leaves for adsorbing daptomycin antibiotics
  30. Iminodisuccinic acid enhances antioxidant and mineral element accumulation in young leaves of Ziziphus jujuba
  31. Cytotoxic activity of guaiane-type sesquiterpene lactone (deoxycynaropicrin) isolated from the leaves of Centaurothamnus maximus
  32. Effects of welding parameters on the angular distortion of welded steel plates
  33. Simulation of a reactor considering the Stamicarbon, Snamprogetti, and Toyo patents for obtaining urea
  34. Effect of different ramie (Boehmeria nivea L. Gaud) cultivars on the adsorption of heavy metal ions cadmium and lead in the remediation of contaminated farmland soils
  35. Impact of a live bacterial-based direct-fed microbial (DFM) postpartum and weaning system on performance, mortality, and health of Najdi lambs
  36. Anti-tumor effect of liposomes containing extracted Murrayafoline A against liver cancer cells in 2D and 3D cultured models
  37. Physicochemical properties and some mineral concentration of milk samples from different animals and altitudes
  38. Copper(ii) complexes supported by modified azo-based ligands: Nucleic acid binding and molecular docking studies
  39. Diagnostic and therapeutic radioisotopes in nuclear medicine: Determination of gamma-ray transmission factors and safety competencies of high-dense and transparent glassy shields
  40. Calculation of NaI(Tl) detector efficiency using 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K radioisotopes: Three-phase Monte Carlo simulation study
  41. Isolation and identification of unstable components from Caesalpinia sappan by high-speed counter-current chromatography combined with preparative high-performance liquid chromatography
  42. Quantification of biomarkers and evaluation of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxicity properties of Dodonaea viscosa grown in Saudi Arabia using HPTLC technique
  43. Characterization of the elastic modulus of ceramic–metal composites with physical and mechanical properties by ultrasonic technique
  44. GC-MS analysis of Vespa velutina auraria Smith and its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities in vitro
  45. Texturing of nanocoatings for surface acoustic wave-based sensors for volatile organic compounds
  46. Insights into the molecular basis of some chalcone analogues as potential inhibitors of Leishmania donovani: An integrated in silico and in vitro study
  47. (1R,2S,5R)-5-Methyl-2-(propan-2-yl)cyclohexyl 4-amino-3-phenylbutanoate hydrochloride: Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity
  48. On the relative extraction rates of colour compounds and caffeine during brewing, an investigation of tea over time and temperature
  49. Characterization of egg shell powder-doped ceramic–metal composites
  50. Rapeseed oil-based hippurate amide nanocomposite coating material for anticorrosive and antibacterial applications
  51. Chemically modified Teucrium polium (Lamiaceae) plant act as an effective adsorbent tool for potassium permanganate (KMnO4) in wastewater remediation
  52. Efficiency analysis of photovoltaic systems installed in different geographical locations
  53. Risk prioritization model driven by success factor in the light of multicriteria decision making
  54. Theoretical investigations on the excited-state intramolecular proton transfer in the solvated 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde carbohydrazone
  55. Mechanical and gamma-ray shielding examinations of Bi2O3–PbO–CdO–B2O3 glass system
  56. Machine learning-based forecasting of potability of drinking water through adaptive boosting model
  57. The potential effect of the Rumex vesicarius water seeds extract treatment on mice before and during pregnancy on the serum enzymes and the histology of kidney and liver
  58. Impact of benzimidazole functional groups on the n-doping properties of benzimidazole derivatives
  59. Extraction of red pigment from Chinese jujube peel and the antioxidant activity of the pigment extracts
  60. Flexural strength and thermal properties of carbon black nanoparticle reinforced epoxy composites obtained from waste tires
  61. A focusing study on radioprotective and antioxidant effects of Annona muricata leaf extract in the circulation and liver tissue: Clinical and experimental studies
  62. Clinical comprehensive and experimental assessment of the radioprotective effect of Annona muricata leaf extract to prevent cellular damage in the ileum tissue
  63. Effect of WC content on ultrasonic properties, thermal and electrical conductivity of WC–Co–Ni–Cr composites
  64. Influence of various class cleaning agents for prosthesis on Co–Cr alloy surface
  65. The synthesis of nanocellulose-based nanocomposites for the effective removal of hexavalent chromium ions from aqueous solution
  66. Study on the influence of physical interlayers on the remaining oil production under different development modes
  67. Optimized linear regression control of DC motor under various disturbances
  68. Influence of different sample preparation strategies on hypothesis-driven shotgun proteomic analysis of human saliva
  69. Determination of flow distance of the fluid metal due to fluidity in ductile iron casting by artificial neural networks approach
  70. Investigation of mechanical activation effect on high-volume natural pozzolanic cements
  71. In vitro: Anti-coccidia activity of Calotropis procera leaf extract on Eimeria papillata oocysts sporulation and sporozoite
  72. Determination of oil composition of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) seeds under influence of organic fertilizer forms
  73. Activated partial thromboplastin time maybe associated with the prognosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma
  74. Treatment of rat brain ischemia model by NSCs-polymer scaffold transplantation
  75. Lead and cadmium removal with native yeast from coastal wetlands
  76. Characterization of electroless Ni-coated Fe–Co composite using powder metallurgy
  77. Ferrate synthesis using NaOCl and its application for dye removal
  78. Antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anticholinesterase potential of Chenopodium murale L. extracts using in vitro and in vivo approaches
  79. Study on essential oil, antioxidant activity, anti-human prostate cancer effects, and induction of apoptosis by Equisetum arvense
  80. Experimental study on turning machine with permanent magnetic cutting tool
  81. Numerical simulation and mathematical modeling of the casting process for pearlitic spheroidal graphite cast iron
  82. Design, synthesis, and cytotoxicity evaluation of novel thiophene, pyrimidine, pyridazine, and pyridine: Griseofulvin heterocyclic extension derivatives
  83. Isolation and identification of promising antibiotic-producing bacteria
  84. Ultrasonic-induced reversible blood–brain barrier opening: Safety evaluation into the cellular level
  85. Evaluation of phytochemical and antioxidant potential of various extracts from traditionally used medicinal plants of Pakistan
  86. Effect of calcium lactate in standard diet on selected markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in ovariectomized rats
  87. Identification of crucial salivary proteins/genes and pathways involved in pathogenesis of temporomandibular disorders
  88. Zirconium-modified attapulgite was used for removing of Cr(vi) in aqueous solution
  89. The stress distribution of different types of restorative materials in primary molar
  90. Reducing surface heat loss in steam boilers
  91. Deformation behavior and formability of friction stir processed DP600 steel
  92. Synthesis and characterization of bismuth oxide/commercial activated carbon composite for battery anode
  93. Phytochemical analysis of Ziziphus jujube leaf at different foliar ages based on widely targeted metabolomics
  94. Effects of in ovo injection of black cumin (Nigella sativa) extract on hatching performance of broiler eggs
  95. Separation and evaluation of potential antioxidant, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activities of limonene-rich essential oils from Citrus sinensis (L.)
  96. Bioactivity of a polyhydroxy gorgostane steroid from Xenia umbellata
  97. BiCAM-based automated scoring system for digital logic circuit diagrams
  98. Analysis of standard systems with solar monitoring systems
  99. Structural and spectroscopic properties of voriconazole and fluconazole – Experimental and theoretical studies
  100. New plant resistance inducers based on polyamines
  101. Experimental investigation of single-lap bolted and bolted/bonded (hybrid) joints of polymeric plates
  102. Investigation of inlet air pressure and evaporative cooling of four different cogeneration cycles
  103. Review Articles
  104. Comprehensive review on synthesis, physicochemical properties, and application of activated carbon from the Arecaceae plants for enhanced wastewater treatment
  105. Research progress on speciation analysis of arsenic in traditional Chinese medicine
  106. Recent modified air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction applications for medicines and organic compounds in various samples: A review
  107. An insight on Vietnamese bio-waste materials as activated carbon precursors for multiple applications in environmental protection
  108. Antimicrobial activities of the extracts and secondary metabolites from Clausena genus – A review
  109. Bioremediation of organic/heavy metal contaminants by mixed cultures of microorganisms: A review
  110. Sonodynamic therapy for breast cancer: A literature review
  111. Recent progress of amino acid transporters as a novel antitumor target
  112. Aconitum coreanum Rapaics: Botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology
  113. Corrigendum
  114. Corrigendum to “Petrology and geochemistry of multiphase post-granitic dikes: A case study from the Gabal Serbal area, Southwestern Sinai, Egypt”
  115. Corrigendum to “Design of a Robust sliding mode controller for bioreactor cultures in overflow metabolism via an interdisciplinary approach”
  116. Corrigendum to “Statistical analysis on the radiological assessment and geochemical studies of granite rocks in the north of Um Taghir area, Eastern Desert, Egypt”
  117. Corrigendum to “Aroma components of tobacco powder from different producing areas based on gas chromatography ion mobility spectrometry”
  118. Corrigendum to “Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, transmission factors, and gamma-ray-shielding performances of Bi2O3–P2O5–B2O3–V2O5 quaternary glass system”
  119. Erratum
  120. Erratum to “Copper(ii) complexes supported by modified azo-based ligands: Nucleic acid binding and molecular docking studies”
  121. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology (ABB 2021)
  122. Study of solidification and stabilization of heavy metals by passivators in heavy metal-contaminated soil
  123. Human health risk assessment and distribution of VOCs in a chemical site, Weinan, China
  124. Preparation and characterization of Sparassis latifolia β-glucan microcapsules
  125. Special Issue on the Conference of Energy, Fuels, Environment 2020
  126. Improving the thermal performance of existing buildings in light of the requirements of the EU directive 2010/31/EU in Poland
  127. Special Issue on Ethnobotanical, Phytochemical and Biological Investigation of Medicinal Plants
  128. Study of plant resources with ethnomedicinal relevance from district Bagh, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
  129. Studies on the chemical composition of plants used in traditional medicine in Congo
  130. Special Issue on Applied Chemistry in Agriculture and Food Science
  131. Strip spraying technology for precise herbicide application in carrot fields
  132. Special Issue on Pharmacology and Metabolomics of Ethnobotanical and Herbal Medicine
  133. Phytochemical profiling, antibacterial and antioxidant properties of Crocus sativus flower: A comparison between tepals and stigmas
  134. Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of polyphenolics from Withania adpressa (Coss.) Batt. against selected drug-resistant bacterial strains
  135. Integrating network pharmacology and molecular docking to explore the potential mechanism of Xinguan No. 3 in the treatment of COVID-19
  136. Chemical composition and in vitro and in vivo biological assortment of fixed oil extracted from Ficus benghalensis L.
  137. A review of the pharmacological activities and protective effects of Inonotus obliquus triterpenoids in kidney diseases
  138. Ethnopharmacological study of medicinal plants in Kastamonu province (Türkiye)
  139. Protective effects of asperuloside against cyclophosphamide-induced urotoxicity and hematotoxicity in rats
  140. Special Issue on Essential Oil, Extraction, Phytochemistry, Advances, and Application
  141. Identification of volatile compounds and antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal properties against drug-resistant microbes of essential oils from the leaves of Mentha rotundifolia var. apodysa Briq. (Lamiaceae)
  142. Phenolic contents, anticancer, antioxidant, and antimicrobial capacities of MeOH extract from the aerial parts of Trema orientalis plant
  143. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils from Mentha pulegium and Rosmarinus officinalis against multidrug-resistant microbes and their acute toxicity study
  144. Special Issue on Marine Environmental Sciences and Significance of the Multidisciplinary Approaches
  145. An insightful overview of the distribution pattern of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in the marine sediments of the Red Sea
  146. Antifungal–antiproliferative norcycloartane-type triterpenes from the Red Sea green alga Tydemania expeditionis
  147. Solvent effect, dipole moment, and DFT studies of multi donor–acceptor type pyridine derivative
  148. An extensive assessment on the distribution pattern of organic contaminants in the aerosols samples in the Middle East
  149. Special Issue on 4th IC3PE
  150. Energetics of carboxylic acid–pyridine heterosynthon revisited: A computational study of intermolecular hydrogen bond domination on phenylacetic acid–nicotinamide cocrystals
  151. A review: Silver–zinc oxide nanoparticles – organoclay-reinforced chitosan bionanocomposites for food packaging
  152. Green synthesis of magnetic activated carbon from peanut shells functionalized with TiO2 photocatalyst for Batik liquid waste treatment
  153. Coagulation activity of liquid extraction of Leucaena leucocephala and Sesbania grandiflora on the removal of turbidity
  154. Hydrocracking optimization of palm oil over NiMoO4/activated carbon catalyst to produce biogasoline and kerosine
  155. Special Issue on Pharmacology and metabolomics of ethnobotanical and herbal medicine
  156. Cynarin inhibits PDGF-BB-induced proliferation and activation in hepatic stellate cells through PPARγ
  157. Special Issue on The 1st Malaysia International Conference on Nanotechnology & Catalysis (MICNC2021)
  158. Surfactant evaluation for enhanced oil recovery: Phase behavior and interfacial tension
  159. Topical Issue on phytochemicals, biological and toxicological analysis of aromatic medicinal plants
  160. Phytochemical analysis of leaves and stems of Physalis alkekengi L. (Solanaceae)
  161. Phytochemical and pharmacological profiling of Trewia nudiflora Linn. leaf extract deciphers therapeutic potentials against thrombosis, arthritis, helminths, and insects
  162. Pergularia tomentosa coupled with selenium nanoparticles salvaged lead acetate-induced redox imbalance, inflammation, apoptosis, and disruption of neurotransmission in rats’ brain
  163. Protective effect of Allium atroviolaceum-synthesized SeNPs on aluminum-induced brain damage in mice
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Heruntergeladen am 27.1.2026 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/chem-2022-0167/html?lang=de
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