Startseite Effects of welding parameters on the angular distortion of welded steel plates
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Effects of welding parameters on the angular distortion of welded steel plates

  • Ezgi Dogan EMAIL logo , Mustafa Ay , Memduh Kurtulmus , Ahmet Irfan Yukler und Ayhan Etyemez
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 20. Mai 2022
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Open Chemistry
Aus der Zeitschrift Open Chemistry Band 20 Heft 1

Abstract

In a welding process, distortion is inevitable and causes a significant problem. Distortion could be minimized up to a specific limit by controlling the welding parameters. The expansion and contraction of the welding metal and the adjacent base metal during the heating and cooling cycles of the welding process create thermal stresses and angular distortion in a welding joint. The welding parameters determine the geometry of a weld bead. The form of the weld bead is vital in the angular distortion of butt welded plates. This article discusses the influence of some flux-cored arc welding process parameters such as shielding gas flow rate, weaving motion of welding electrodes, and torch angle on bead profile and angular distortion of St 37 steel plates of 10 mm thickness. The angular distortion decreases with the torch angle, but it increases with the gas flow rate. The electrode weaving motion consists of three components: the designed weld width, the vertical motion period in the welding direction, and the lateral motion speed normal to the welding direction. The angular distortion decreases with the weld width and the vertical motion period but decreases with the lateral speed.

Keywords: FCAW; angular distortion; gas flow rate; torch angle; weaving motion of welding electrodes

1 Introduction

In every welding process, the weld metal and adjacent base metal heterogeneity heat and cool. Meanwhile, heterogeneous expansion and contraction occur in the weld area, producing thermal stresses in the weld zone [1]. The weld metal size is maximum at the solidification temperature. On cooling, the weld metal contracts, but it is restrained from doing by the adjacent base metal. Because of this, stresses develop within the weld and the adjacent base metal. Six types of distortions happen in weldments because of the weld shrinkage stresses [2]. The transverse and longitudinal shrinkage types occur when the shrinkage forces are perpendicular and parallel to the weld bead. The angular distortion occurs when the non-uniform shrinkage forces are produced through the thickness, generating a resultant force in the weld metal’s centroid [3]. When this centroid differs from the centroid of the base metal’s transverse cross section, a bending moment occurs and warps the plate [4]. Angular distortion is a widespread welding defect that leads to expensive repairs in steel constructions [5].

The weld bead geometry is critical because it determines the shrinkage amount and the created internal shrinkage stresses. The magnitude and the direction of the angular distortion depend on the contraction stresses [6]. Two different full penetration and butt weld joint beads are produced using laser welding [7]. Multiplying the contraction force of each weld metal point and the distance between this point and the centroid of the plate gives the bending moment that occurred at that point. The resultant bending moment of all weld metal points gives the resultant bending moment of the weld. Each weld has a different weld bead so that different contraction stresses and bending moments could be produced after the welding process. When the distance between the centroid of the weld bead and the plate is short, a small resultant bending moment and a tiny angular distortion are obtained. Welding parameters influence the bead geometry. The welding parameters can be classified as primary and secondary parameters [8]. The primary parameters are the welding current, the arc voltage, and the welding speed, which directly determine the profile of the weld pool and the weld form [9]. The secondary parameters indirectly affect the weld bead geometry. They make changes to primary parameters and hence affect the weld form. These parameters are arc distance, torch angle, the chemical composition of the shielding gas, gas flow rate, electrode polarity, etc. [10]. The objective of the present study involves studying the effect of shielding gas flow rate, weaving motion of welding electrodes, and torch angle on bead profile and angular distortion of mild steel plates. These three parameters are all-electric arc welding secondary parameters.

From the gas flow rate effect and the torch angle effect experiments, the researchers got conflicting results. Sudhakaran et al. found that the angular distortion decreased between the 50o and 60o torch angle. They also found that the angular distortion remained constant between 60o and 80o and increased when the torch angle was above 80o [11]. Aggarwal et al. found that the angular distortion increased when the torch angle varied from 50o to 70o. The angular distortion was maximum at 70o and then decreased with the torch angle increase [12]. In his experiments, Pandit determined that the angular distortion decreases linearly when the torch angle is increased from 70o to 100o [13]. Ramani et al. found that the angular distortion increased continuously as the torch angle increased between 70o and 100o [14]. The results of Ramani and Pandit have been entirely opposite to each other. Upreti et al., on the other hand, found that the angular distortion remained constant when the torch angle was between 45o and 55o, and it increased continuously after 55o [15]. Since the researchers’ experiments showed contradictory results, exactly how the torch angle affected the angular distortion could not be determined.

In a study, the effects of shielding gas flow rate on welding angular distortion in Tungsten Inert Gas welding of stainless steels were investigated. It was observed that when the gas flow rate was increased from 5 to 15 L/min, the angular distortion decreased and then distortion increased with higher gas flow rates [11]. Three different researchers found that the angular distortion increases with the torch angle [4,16,17,18]. Akella’s tests indicated that the angular distortion decreased with the torch angle [19]. During the welding process, the electrode weaving movement causes a change in the geometry of the liquid weld pool and thus the center of gravity of the weld, which affects the angular distortion [20]. The electrode weaving movement determines the weld thermal stresses and hence affects the welding distortion [21]. There are not enough articles describing the effect of electrode weaving movement on the welding angular distortion. In these studies, which were examined in the literature, it was seen that contradictory results were obtained with regard to the torch angle, shielding gas flow rate, and electrode weaving motion, which are among the factors affecting the weld distortion. The aim of this study is to conduct an experimental study in order to clarify the contradiction in the relevant factors.

2 Materials and methods

A 10 mm thick mild steel plate-type St 37 with chemical composition listed in Table 1 was used in this study. The C% describes the carbon content of the material which is used in the experiments. The mechanical properties of the plate are shown in Table 2; 100X250 mm test specimens were cut from the plates.

Table 1

Chemical analysis of the test plate

C% Mn% Cu% S% P% Balance (Fe)%
0.15 1.24 0.36 0.03 0.02 98.2
Table 2

Mechanical properties of the test plate

Yield strength (MPa) Tensile strength (MPa) Elongation (%)
229 387 18.4

ESAB Aristo Mig U5000i metal inert gas welding machine and ESAB Railtrac B42V welding robot was used in welding operations. ESAB OK Tubrod 15.17 flux-cored arc welding (FCAW) wire of 1.2 mm diameter has been used in welding operations. The welding operations were carried out on a specially prepared table. Before welding, one end of the test piece was tightened with a screw. Bead on plate welding was done on the test piece. The length of each weld was 100 mm. The vertical movement of the plate over the free end of the test piece was measured with a dial indicator. This vertical movement gave the measurement of the angular distortion of the weld. The working table, the workpiece, the weld, and the dial indicator are shown in Figure 1. The dial indicator was protected from welding spatters by placing a sheet metal curtain between the device and the welding torch during welding.

Figure 1 The welded workpiece and the dial indicator.
Figure 1

The welded workpiece and the dial indicator.

The weaving motion is described in Figure 2. The x sign describes the movement length of the electrode perpendicular to the welding direction. The letter y identifies the electrode movement in the direction of welding progress. The letter t defines the moving duration in the y direction. Welding was done with only two different values of each of the electrode weaving motion parameters. The x value was 10 or 20 mm, the y parameter was 0.6 or 0.9 s, and the t parameter was 20 or 25 mm/s.

Figure 2 The weaving motion of the welding electrode.
Figure 2

The weaving motion of the welding electrode.

An optical microscope was used to measure the dimensions of the weld bead depth and bead width. All metallographic specimens were obtained by cutting the weldments normal to the welding direction. Then, microscope specimens were prepared by conventional grinding, polishing, and etching technics. The etching reagent was a 2 mL HNO3 + 98 mL ethyl alcohol solution.

3 Results and discussions

3.1 Effects of torch angle on welding angular distortion

The effect of the welding torch angle on the angular distortion is shown in Figure 3. The welds were produced with a constant 6.5 m/min wire feeding rate, 26 volts arc voltage, 5.5 mm/s welding speed, and 12 L/min gas flow rate. The angular distortion decreased linearly with the torch angle. The cross-sections of weld bead geometries are indicated in Figure 4. The weld on the left belongs to the 70° weld angle welding operation. The other weld was produced with the 110o torch angle. The size of the welds is given in Table 3. At the 70o torch angle, there was less weld depth, but bigger weld width, higher reinforcement height, and more distortion were obtained. The increment of the torch angle caused a change in the weld geometry and the distortion magnitude as shown in Table 3. The weld depth increased, and the reinforcement and the width decreased. The distance between the weld metal centroid and the plate center decreased. The increase in the torch angle changed the weld geometry, which caused a drastic decrease in distortion, as shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3 The variation of the angular distortion with the torch angle.
Figure 3

The variation of the angular distortion with the torch angle.

Figure 4 The welds’ microstructures were produced with 70o torch angle shown in the picture on the left and 110o torch angle shown in the picture on the right.
Figure 4

The welds’ microstructures were produced with 70o torch angle shown in the picture on the left and 110o torch angle shown in the picture on the right.

Table 3

Weld bead geometry sizes and distortion of the welds as shown in Figure 6

Torch angle (°) Weld depth (mm) Weld width (mm) Height of reinforcement (mm) Vertical displacement (mm)
70 0.78 11.07 2.64 1.92
110 0.89 10.67 1.82 1.11

The torch angle is effective in the transfer of welding energy to the workpiece. Larger torch angles have been reported to introduce an entire arc on the weld zone resulting in a higher penetration in the base metal [22]. The photographs in Figure 4 and the results in Table 4 are compatible with the published literature. In the 70o torch angle, a wide weld bead caused higher shrinkage stress in the weld [6]. The distance between the centroid of the weld metal and the center of the plate was considerable because the reinforcement was high. The long distance caused a high bending moment and a significant distortion in the weld [11]. The bending moment produced in the 70o torch angle was huge. The high reinforcement was the main reason for the high bending moment. The high bending moment resulted in high distortion. The variations in the weld bead geometry of the 100o torch angle produced a smaller bending moment and hence a more minor distortion than the 70o torch angle.

Table 4

Weld bead geometry sizes and distortion of the welds as shown in Figure 6

Shielding gas flow rate (L/min) Weld depth (mm) Weld width (mm) Height of reinforcement (mm) Vertical displacement (mm)
9 1.32 12.51 2.81 0.80
18 1.01 13.00 3.17 2.04

3.2 Effects of shielding gas flow rate on welding angular distortion

In the welding process, the amount of gas flowing per unit time is known as the gas flow rate. The gas flow rate will determine the amount of depth of melting, and thus, it will affect the dilution. The effect of shielding gas flow rate on angular distortion is shown in Figure 5. In this test, all welds were produced with a constant 6.5 m/min wire feeding rate, 26 volts arc voltage, 5.5 mm/s welding speed, and 90o torch angle. The angular distortion increased with the gas flow rate. It has been determined that in electric arc welding operations, the net weld energy increases with the gas flow rate, regardless of the chemical composition of the shielding gas [23]. It has been experimentally proven that when CO2 is used as a shielding gas, the disintegrated carbon and oxygen atoms in the arc region recombine and increase the number of CO2 molecules in the arc [23]. As the gas flow rate increases, this event occurs more. The combination of these atoms causes more energy input in the weld pool [24]. The increase in the energy transfer to the workpiece leads to the pool’s high amount of metal deposition. As a consequence of higher metal deposition in the weld pool, more shrinkage and shrinkage stress occurs. Therefore, the angular distortion increases with the gas flow rate.

Figure 5 The variation of the angular distortion with the shielding gas flow rate.
Figure 5

The variation of the angular distortion with the shielding gas flow rate.

The effect of gas flow rate on weld bead formation is shown in Figure 6. The welds were produced with a constant 6.5 m/min wire feeding rate, 26 volts arc voltage, 5.5 mm/s welding speed, and 90o torch angle. The gas flow rate was 9 L/min on the left weld and 18 L/min on the proper weld. The weld bead parameter sizes of these two welds are given in Table 4. The increase in the gas flow rate increased the cross-sectional area of the weld. The weld produced with 18 L/min gas flow has a bigger weld width and a reinforcement height than the other weld. The weld depth decreased as the gas flow rate increased, while the weld width and reinforcement height increased [25]. The increase in the width increased the amount of shrinkage during solidification and, accordingly, the shrinkage stress. The changes in weld bead geometry also made a difference in the location of the weld center point. As the gas flow rate increases, the center of gravity of the weld shifts upward and the distance between the centroid of gravity of the workpiece increases. As the shrinkage force and the distance between the center of gravity increased, the bending moment in the welded part increased. The amount of angular distortion grew with the bending moment. Figure 6 shows that the angular distortion increases almost linearly with the gas flow rate.

Figure 6 The welds’ microstructures were produced by 9 L/min gas flow rate shown in the picture on the left and 18 L/min gas flow rate shown in the picture on the right.
Figure 6

The welds’ microstructures were produced by 9 L/min gas flow rate shown in the picture on the left and 18 L/min gas flow rate shown in the picture on the right.

3.3 Effects of electrode weaving motion on welding angular distortion

Table 5 shows the varying parameters used in the weaving motion experiments and the obtained angular distortion values. In these experiments, the wire feed speed was 6 m/min, the arc voltage was 25 volts, the welding speed was 6 mm/s, the gas flow rate was 12 L/min, and the torch angle was kept constant 90o. In the experiments, the weld width was either 10 mm or 20 mm, the x-axis welding speed was 20 or 25 mm/s, and the travel time on the y-axis was changed to 0.6–0.9 s. The obtained angular distortion test results are shown in Table 5. Figures 7–9 are drawn by using the results of Table 5.

Table 5

Electrode weaving movement parameters and angular distortions

Weld width (x) (mm) Movement duration in y-axis (s) Movement speed in x-axis (mm/s) Vertical displacement (mm)
10 0.6 20 1.41
10 0.9 20 1.58
20 0.6 20 1.77
20 0.9 20 1.98
10 0.6 25 1.12
10 0.9 25 1.45
20 0.6 25 1.51
20 0.9 25 1.63
Figure 7 The effect of weld width and y-axis movement duration on the angular distortion of plates welded with 20 mm/s x-axis welding speed.
Figure 7

The effect of weld width and y-axis movement duration on the angular distortion of plates welded with 20 mm/s x-axis welding speed.

Figure 8 The effect of y-axis movement duration and x-axis welding speed on the angular distortion of 10 mm wide weld plates.
Figure 8

The effect of y-axis movement duration and x-axis welding speed on the angular distortion of 10 mm wide weld plates.

Figure 9 The effect of y-axis movement duration and x-axis welding speed on the angular distortion of 20 mm wide weld plates.
Figure 9

The effect of y-axis movement duration and x-axis welding speed on the angular distortion of 20 mm wide weld plates.

The angular distortion increased when the weld bead width was increased from 10 to 20 mm under all test conditions (Table 5). As the weld bead width increased, the amount of shrinkage and the shrinkage force grew, increasing the angular distortion. This situation tells us that the weld should not be wider than the optimum size. Another point that draws our attention in Table 5 is that the angular distortion enlarged in each experimental group as the electrode movement duration in the y-axis increased. For example, when the travel time in the y-axis is increased from 0.6 to 0.9 s at the moving speed of 20 mm/s with the 10 mm weld width, the amount of angular distortion enlarged from 1.41 to 1.58 mm. Because high welding time causes an increase in the amount of metal deposited in the weld and the shrinkage force increased in the weld. This situation occurred in each experimental group, as indicated in Figure 7. The distortion is more significant in the 20 mm wide weld than the 10 mm wide weld. Increasing the weld time caused a significant growth in distortion in 20 mm wide welds. The enlargement of distortion in 10 mm weld is much smaller.

The angular distortion decreased when the x-axis movement speed was increased from 20 to 25 mm/s (Figures 8 and 9). For example, in the 10 mm wide welds, the plate displaced 1.41 mm at the moving speed of 20 mm/s, but the plate displaced 1.12 mm at the 25 mm/s speed (Figure 8). Figure 9 indicates similar results for 20 mm wide welds.

4 Conclusions

The following results were obtained from the FCAW process on-plate welding of St 37 steel plate tests:

  1. The angular distortion increases with the shielding gas flow rate.

  2. The angular distortion decreases with increase in the torch angle.

  3. The weaving motion of electrodes affects the angular distortion.

In this study, it is found that the lowest angular distortion was obtained with a 100o torch angle of 1.11 mm. With a 9 L/min shielding gas flow rate, the minimum vertical displacement was acquired.

  1. Funding information: The author declares that there is no funding to be acknowledged.

  2. Author contributions: ED: writing – original draft and visualization (Master Student); MA: supervision and project administration (First Student Advisor); MK: supervision, validation and resources (Second Student Advisor); AIY: conceptualization, data curation and methodology; AE: conceptualization and validation.

  3. Conflict of interest: The author declares that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

  4. Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

  5. Data availability statement: The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to privacy or ethical restrictions.

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Received: 2022-02-04
Revised: 2022-03-20
Accepted: 2022-03-29
Published Online: 2022-05-20

© 2022 Ezgi Dogan et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  67. Optimized linear regression control of DC motor under various disturbances
  68. Influence of different sample preparation strategies on hypothesis-driven shotgun proteomic analysis of human saliva
  69. Determination of flow distance of the fluid metal due to fluidity in ductile iron casting by artificial neural networks approach
  70. Investigation of mechanical activation effect on high-volume natural pozzolanic cements
  71. In vitro: Anti-coccidia activity of Calotropis procera leaf extract on Eimeria papillata oocysts sporulation and sporozoite
  72. Determination of oil composition of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) seeds under influence of organic fertilizer forms
  73. Activated partial thromboplastin time maybe associated with the prognosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma
  74. Treatment of rat brain ischemia model by NSCs-polymer scaffold transplantation
  75. Lead and cadmium removal with native yeast from coastal wetlands
  76. Characterization of electroless Ni-coated Fe–Co composite using powder metallurgy
  77. Ferrate synthesis using NaOCl and its application for dye removal
  78. Antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anticholinesterase potential of Chenopodium murale L. extracts using in vitro and in vivo approaches
  79. Study on essential oil, antioxidant activity, anti-human prostate cancer effects, and induction of apoptosis by Equisetum arvense
  80. Experimental study on turning machine with permanent magnetic cutting tool
  81. Numerical simulation and mathematical modeling of the casting process for pearlitic spheroidal graphite cast iron
  82. Design, synthesis, and cytotoxicity evaluation of novel thiophene, pyrimidine, pyridazine, and pyridine: Griseofulvin heterocyclic extension derivatives
  83. Isolation and identification of promising antibiotic-producing bacteria
  84. Ultrasonic-induced reversible blood–brain barrier opening: Safety evaluation into the cellular level
  85. Evaluation of phytochemical and antioxidant potential of various extracts from traditionally used medicinal plants of Pakistan
  86. Effect of calcium lactate in standard diet on selected markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in ovariectomized rats
  87. Identification of crucial salivary proteins/genes and pathways involved in pathogenesis of temporomandibular disorders
  88. Zirconium-modified attapulgite was used for removing of Cr(vi) in aqueous solution
  89. The stress distribution of different types of restorative materials in primary molar
  90. Reducing surface heat loss in steam boilers
  91. Deformation behavior and formability of friction stir processed DP600 steel
  92. Synthesis and characterization of bismuth oxide/commercial activated carbon composite for battery anode
  93. Phytochemical analysis of Ziziphus jujube leaf at different foliar ages based on widely targeted metabolomics
  94. Effects of in ovo injection of black cumin (Nigella sativa) extract on hatching performance of broiler eggs
  95. Separation and evaluation of potential antioxidant, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activities of limonene-rich essential oils from Citrus sinensis (L.)
  96. Bioactivity of a polyhydroxy gorgostane steroid from Xenia umbellata
  97. BiCAM-based automated scoring system for digital logic circuit diagrams
  98. Analysis of standard systems with solar monitoring systems
  99. Structural and spectroscopic properties of voriconazole and fluconazole – Experimental and theoretical studies
  100. New plant resistance inducers based on polyamines
  101. Experimental investigation of single-lap bolted and bolted/bonded (hybrid) joints of polymeric plates
  102. Investigation of inlet air pressure and evaporative cooling of four different cogeneration cycles
  103. Review Articles
  104. Comprehensive review on synthesis, physicochemical properties, and application of activated carbon from the Arecaceae plants for enhanced wastewater treatment
  105. Research progress on speciation analysis of arsenic in traditional Chinese medicine
  106. Recent modified air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction applications for medicines and organic compounds in various samples: A review
  107. An insight on Vietnamese bio-waste materials as activated carbon precursors for multiple applications in environmental protection
  108. Antimicrobial activities of the extracts and secondary metabolites from Clausena genus – A review
  109. Bioremediation of organic/heavy metal contaminants by mixed cultures of microorganisms: A review
  110. Sonodynamic therapy for breast cancer: A literature review
  111. Recent progress of amino acid transporters as a novel antitumor target
  112. Aconitum coreanum Rapaics: Botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology
  113. Corrigendum
  114. Corrigendum to “Petrology and geochemistry of multiphase post-granitic dikes: A case study from the Gabal Serbal area, Southwestern Sinai, Egypt”
  115. Corrigendum to “Design of a Robust sliding mode controller for bioreactor cultures in overflow metabolism via an interdisciplinary approach”
  116. Corrigendum to “Statistical analysis on the radiological assessment and geochemical studies of granite rocks in the north of Um Taghir area, Eastern Desert, Egypt”
  117. Corrigendum to “Aroma components of tobacco powder from different producing areas based on gas chromatography ion mobility spectrometry”
  118. Corrigendum to “Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, transmission factors, and gamma-ray-shielding performances of Bi2O3–P2O5–B2O3–V2O5 quaternary glass system”
  119. Erratum
  120. Erratum to “Copper(ii) complexes supported by modified azo-based ligands: Nucleic acid binding and molecular docking studies”
  121. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology (ABB 2021)
  122. Study of solidification and stabilization of heavy metals by passivators in heavy metal-contaminated soil
  123. Human health risk assessment and distribution of VOCs in a chemical site, Weinan, China
  124. Preparation and characterization of Sparassis latifolia β-glucan microcapsules
  125. Special Issue on the Conference of Energy, Fuels, Environment 2020
  126. Improving the thermal performance of existing buildings in light of the requirements of the EU directive 2010/31/EU in Poland
  127. Special Issue on Ethnobotanical, Phytochemical and Biological Investigation of Medicinal Plants
  128. Study of plant resources with ethnomedicinal relevance from district Bagh, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
  129. Studies on the chemical composition of plants used in traditional medicine in Congo
  130. Special Issue on Applied Chemistry in Agriculture and Food Science
  131. Strip spraying technology for precise herbicide application in carrot fields
  132. Special Issue on Pharmacology and Metabolomics of Ethnobotanical and Herbal Medicine
  133. Phytochemical profiling, antibacterial and antioxidant properties of Crocus sativus flower: A comparison between tepals and stigmas
  134. Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of polyphenolics from Withania adpressa (Coss.) Batt. against selected drug-resistant bacterial strains
  135. Integrating network pharmacology and molecular docking to explore the potential mechanism of Xinguan No. 3 in the treatment of COVID-19
  136. Chemical composition and in vitro and in vivo biological assortment of fixed oil extracted from Ficus benghalensis L.
  137. A review of the pharmacological activities and protective effects of Inonotus obliquus triterpenoids in kidney diseases
  138. Ethnopharmacological study of medicinal plants in Kastamonu province (Türkiye)
  139. Protective effects of asperuloside against cyclophosphamide-induced urotoxicity and hematotoxicity in rats
  140. Special Issue on Essential Oil, Extraction, Phytochemistry, Advances, and Application
  141. Identification of volatile compounds and antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal properties against drug-resistant microbes of essential oils from the leaves of Mentha rotundifolia var. apodysa Briq. (Lamiaceae)
  142. Phenolic contents, anticancer, antioxidant, and antimicrobial capacities of MeOH extract from the aerial parts of Trema orientalis plant
  143. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils from Mentha pulegium and Rosmarinus officinalis against multidrug-resistant microbes and their acute toxicity study
  144. Special Issue on Marine Environmental Sciences and Significance of the Multidisciplinary Approaches
  145. An insightful overview of the distribution pattern of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in the marine sediments of the Red Sea
  146. Antifungal–antiproliferative norcycloartane-type triterpenes from the Red Sea green alga Tydemania expeditionis
  147. Solvent effect, dipole moment, and DFT studies of multi donor–acceptor type pyridine derivative
  148. An extensive assessment on the distribution pattern of organic contaminants in the aerosols samples in the Middle East
  149. Special Issue on 4th IC3PE
  150. Energetics of carboxylic acid–pyridine heterosynthon revisited: A computational study of intermolecular hydrogen bond domination on phenylacetic acid–nicotinamide cocrystals
  151. A review: Silver–zinc oxide nanoparticles – organoclay-reinforced chitosan bionanocomposites for food packaging
  152. Green synthesis of magnetic activated carbon from peanut shells functionalized with TiO2 photocatalyst for Batik liquid waste treatment
  153. Coagulation activity of liquid extraction of Leucaena leucocephala and Sesbania grandiflora on the removal of turbidity
  154. Hydrocracking optimization of palm oil over NiMoO4/activated carbon catalyst to produce biogasoline and kerosine
  155. Special Issue on Pharmacology and metabolomics of ethnobotanical and herbal medicine
  156. Cynarin inhibits PDGF-BB-induced proliferation and activation in hepatic stellate cells through PPARγ
  157. Special Issue on The 1st Malaysia International Conference on Nanotechnology & Catalysis (MICNC2021)
  158. Surfactant evaluation for enhanced oil recovery: Phase behavior and interfacial tension
  159. Topical Issue on phytochemicals, biological and toxicological analysis of aromatic medicinal plants
  160. Phytochemical analysis of leaves and stems of Physalis alkekengi L. (Solanaceae)
  161. Phytochemical and pharmacological profiling of Trewia nudiflora Linn. leaf extract deciphers therapeutic potentials against thrombosis, arthritis, helminths, and insects
  162. Pergularia tomentosa coupled with selenium nanoparticles salvaged lead acetate-induced redox imbalance, inflammation, apoptosis, and disruption of neurotransmission in rats’ brain
  163. Protective effect of Allium atroviolaceum-synthesized SeNPs on aluminum-induced brain damage in mice
  164. Mechanism study of Cordyceps sinensis alleviates renal ischemia–reperfusion injury
  165. Plant-derived bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid tetrandrine prevents human podocyte injury by regulating the miR-150-5p/NPHS1 axis
  166. Network pharmacology combined with molecular docking to explore the anti-osteoporosis mechanisms of β-ecdysone derived from medicinal plants
  167. Chinese medicinal plant Polygonum cuspidatum ameliorates silicosis via suppressing the Wnt/β-catenin pathway
  168. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Biological Applications - Part I
  169. Investigation of improved optical and conductivity properties of poly(methyl methacrylate)–MXenes (PMMA–MXenes) nanocomposite thin films for optoelectronic applications
  170. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology (ABB 2022)
  171. Model predictive control for precision irrigation of a Quinoa crop
https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2022-0152
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
FCAW; angular distortion; gas flow rate; torch angle; weaving motion of welding electrodes
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Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B in aqueous phase by bimetallic metal-organic framework M/Fe-MOF (M = Co, Cu, and Mg)
  3. Assessment of using electronic portal imaging device for analysing bolus material utilised in radiation therapy
  4. A detailed investigation on highly dense CuZr bulk metallic glasses for shielding purposes
  5. Simulation of gamma-ray shielding properties for materials of medical interest
  6. Environmental impact assesment regulation applications and their analysis in Turkey
  7. Sample age effect on parameters of dynamic nuclear polarization in certain difluorobenzen isomers/MC800 asphaltene suspensions
  8. Passenger demand forecasting for railway systems
  9. Design of a Robust sliding mode controller for bioreactor cultures in overflow metabolism via an interdisciplinary approach
  10. Gamma, neutron, and heavy charged ion shielding properties of Er3+-doped and Sm3+-doped zinc borate glasses
  11. Bridging chiral de-tert-butylcalix[4]arenes: Optical resolution based on column chromatography and structural characterization
  12. Petrology and geochemistry of multiphase post-granitic dikes: A case study from the Gabal Serbal area, Southwestern Sinai, Egypt
  13. Comparison of the yield and purity of plasma exosomes extracted by ultracentrifugation, precipitation, and membrane-based approaches
  14. Bioactive triterpenoids from Indonesian medicinal plant Syzygium aqueum
  15. Investigation of the effects of machining parameters on surface integrity in micromachining
  16. The mesoporous aluminosilicate application as support for bifunctional catalysts for n-hexadecane hydroconversion
  17. Gamma-ray shielding properties of Nd2O3-added iron–boron–phosphate-based composites
  18. Numerical investigation on perforated sheet metals under tension loading
  19. Statistical analysis on the radiological assessment and geochemical studies of granite rocks in the north of Um Taghir area, Eastern Desert, Egypt
  20. Two new polypodane-type bicyclic triterpenoids from mastic
  21. Structural, physical, and mechanical properties of the TiO2 added hydroxyapatite composites
  22. Tribological properties and characterization of borided Co–Mg alloys
  23. Studies on Anemone nemorosa L. extracts; polyphenols profile, antioxidant activity, and effects on Caco-2 cells by in vitro and in silico studies
  24. Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, transmission factors, and gamma-ray-shielding performances of Bi2O3–P2O5–B2O3–V2O5 quaternary glass system
  25. Cyclic connectivity index of bipolar fuzzy incidence graph
  26. The role of passage numbers of donor cells in the development of Arabian Oryx – Cow interspecific somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos
  27. Mechanical property evaluation of tellurite–germanate glasses and comparison of their radiation-shielding characteristics using EPICS2017 to other glass systems
  28. Molecular screening of ionic liquids for CO2 absorption and molecular dynamic simulation
  29. Microwave-assisted preparation of Ag/Fe magnetic biochar from clivia leaves for adsorbing daptomycin antibiotics
  30. Iminodisuccinic acid enhances antioxidant and mineral element accumulation in young leaves of Ziziphus jujuba
  31. Cytotoxic activity of guaiane-type sesquiterpene lactone (deoxycynaropicrin) isolated from the leaves of Centaurothamnus maximus
  32. Effects of welding parameters on the angular distortion of welded steel plates
  33. Simulation of a reactor considering the Stamicarbon, Snamprogetti, and Toyo patents for obtaining urea
  34. Effect of different ramie (Boehmeria nivea L. Gaud) cultivars on the adsorption of heavy metal ions cadmium and lead in the remediation of contaminated farmland soils
  35. Impact of a live bacterial-based direct-fed microbial (DFM) postpartum and weaning system on performance, mortality, and health of Najdi lambs
  36. Anti-tumor effect of liposomes containing extracted Murrayafoline A against liver cancer cells in 2D and 3D cultured models
  37. Physicochemical properties and some mineral concentration of milk samples from different animals and altitudes
  38. Copper(ii) complexes supported by modified azo-based ligands: Nucleic acid binding and molecular docking studies
  39. Diagnostic and therapeutic radioisotopes in nuclear medicine: Determination of gamma-ray transmission factors and safety competencies of high-dense and transparent glassy shields
  40. Calculation of NaI(Tl) detector efficiency using 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K radioisotopes: Three-phase Monte Carlo simulation study
  41. Isolation and identification of unstable components from Caesalpinia sappan by high-speed counter-current chromatography combined with preparative high-performance liquid chromatography
  42. Quantification of biomarkers and evaluation of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxicity properties of Dodonaea viscosa grown in Saudi Arabia using HPTLC technique
  43. Characterization of the elastic modulus of ceramic–metal composites with physical and mechanical properties by ultrasonic technique
  44. GC-MS analysis of Vespa velutina auraria Smith and its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities in vitro
  45. Texturing of nanocoatings for surface acoustic wave-based sensors for volatile organic compounds
  46. Insights into the molecular basis of some chalcone analogues as potential inhibitors of Leishmania donovani: An integrated in silico and in vitro study
  47. (1R,2S,5R)-5-Methyl-2-(propan-2-yl)cyclohexyl 4-amino-3-phenylbutanoate hydrochloride: Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity
  48. On the relative extraction rates of colour compounds and caffeine during brewing, an investigation of tea over time and temperature
  49. Characterization of egg shell powder-doped ceramic–metal composites
  50. Rapeseed oil-based hippurate amide nanocomposite coating material for anticorrosive and antibacterial applications
  51. Chemically modified Teucrium polium (Lamiaceae) plant act as an effective adsorbent tool for potassium permanganate (KMnO4) in wastewater remediation
  52. Efficiency analysis of photovoltaic systems installed in different geographical locations
  53. Risk prioritization model driven by success factor in the light of multicriteria decision making
  54. Theoretical investigations on the excited-state intramolecular proton transfer in the solvated 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde carbohydrazone
  55. Mechanical and gamma-ray shielding examinations of Bi2O3–PbO–CdO–B2O3 glass system
  56. Machine learning-based forecasting of potability of drinking water through adaptive boosting model
  57. The potential effect of the Rumex vesicarius water seeds extract treatment on mice before and during pregnancy on the serum enzymes and the histology of kidney and liver
  58. Impact of benzimidazole functional groups on the n-doping properties of benzimidazole derivatives
  59. Extraction of red pigment from Chinese jujube peel and the antioxidant activity of the pigment extracts
  60. Flexural strength and thermal properties of carbon black nanoparticle reinforced epoxy composites obtained from waste tires
  61. A focusing study on radioprotective and antioxidant effects of Annona muricata leaf extract in the circulation and liver tissue: Clinical and experimental studies
  62. Clinical comprehensive and experimental assessment of the radioprotective effect of Annona muricata leaf extract to prevent cellular damage in the ileum tissue
  63. Effect of WC content on ultrasonic properties, thermal and electrical conductivity of WC–Co–Ni–Cr composites
  64. Influence of various class cleaning agents for prosthesis on Co–Cr alloy surface
  65. The synthesis of nanocellulose-based nanocomposites for the effective removal of hexavalent chromium ions from aqueous solution
  66. Study on the influence of physical interlayers on the remaining oil production under different development modes
  67. Optimized linear regression control of DC motor under various disturbances
  68. Influence of different sample preparation strategies on hypothesis-driven shotgun proteomic analysis of human saliva
  69. Determination of flow distance of the fluid metal due to fluidity in ductile iron casting by artificial neural networks approach
  70. Investigation of mechanical activation effect on high-volume natural pozzolanic cements
  71. In vitro: Anti-coccidia activity of Calotropis procera leaf extract on Eimeria papillata oocysts sporulation and sporozoite
  72. Determination of oil composition of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) seeds under influence of organic fertilizer forms
  73. Activated partial thromboplastin time maybe associated with the prognosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma
  74. Treatment of rat brain ischemia model by NSCs-polymer scaffold transplantation
  75. Lead and cadmium removal with native yeast from coastal wetlands
  76. Characterization of electroless Ni-coated Fe–Co composite using powder metallurgy
  77. Ferrate synthesis using NaOCl and its application for dye removal
  78. Antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anticholinesterase potential of Chenopodium murale L. extracts using in vitro and in vivo approaches
  79. Study on essential oil, antioxidant activity, anti-human prostate cancer effects, and induction of apoptosis by Equisetum arvense
  80. Experimental study on turning machine with permanent magnetic cutting tool
  81. Numerical simulation and mathematical modeling of the casting process for pearlitic spheroidal graphite cast iron
  82. Design, synthesis, and cytotoxicity evaluation of novel thiophene, pyrimidine, pyridazine, and pyridine: Griseofulvin heterocyclic extension derivatives
  83. Isolation and identification of promising antibiotic-producing bacteria
  84. Ultrasonic-induced reversible blood–brain barrier opening: Safety evaluation into the cellular level
  85. Evaluation of phytochemical and antioxidant potential of various extracts from traditionally used medicinal plants of Pakistan
  86. Effect of calcium lactate in standard diet on selected markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in ovariectomized rats
  87. Identification of crucial salivary proteins/genes and pathways involved in pathogenesis of temporomandibular disorders
  88. Zirconium-modified attapulgite was used for removing of Cr(vi) in aqueous solution
  89. The stress distribution of different types of restorative materials in primary molar
  90. Reducing surface heat loss in steam boilers
  91. Deformation behavior and formability of friction stir processed DP600 steel
  92. Synthesis and characterization of bismuth oxide/commercial activated carbon composite for battery anode
  93. Phytochemical analysis of Ziziphus jujube leaf at different foliar ages based on widely targeted metabolomics
  94. Effects of in ovo injection of black cumin (Nigella sativa) extract on hatching performance of broiler eggs
  95. Separation and evaluation of potential antioxidant, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activities of limonene-rich essential oils from Citrus sinensis (L.)
  96. Bioactivity of a polyhydroxy gorgostane steroid from Xenia umbellata
  97. BiCAM-based automated scoring system for digital logic circuit diagrams
  98. Analysis of standard systems with solar monitoring systems
  99. Structural and spectroscopic properties of voriconazole and fluconazole – Experimental and theoretical studies
  100. New plant resistance inducers based on polyamines
  101. Experimental investigation of single-lap bolted and bolted/bonded (hybrid) joints of polymeric plates
  102. Investigation of inlet air pressure and evaporative cooling of four different cogeneration cycles
  103. Review Articles
  104. Comprehensive review on synthesis, physicochemical properties, and application of activated carbon from the Arecaceae plants for enhanced wastewater treatment
  105. Research progress on speciation analysis of arsenic in traditional Chinese medicine
  106. Recent modified air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction applications for medicines and organic compounds in various samples: A review
  107. An insight on Vietnamese bio-waste materials as activated carbon precursors for multiple applications in environmental protection
  108. Antimicrobial activities of the extracts and secondary metabolites from Clausena genus – A review
  109. Bioremediation of organic/heavy metal contaminants by mixed cultures of microorganisms: A review
  110. Sonodynamic therapy for breast cancer: A literature review
  111. Recent progress of amino acid transporters as a novel antitumor target
  112. Aconitum coreanum Rapaics: Botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology
  113. Corrigendum
  114. Corrigendum to “Petrology and geochemistry of multiphase post-granitic dikes: A case study from the Gabal Serbal area, Southwestern Sinai, Egypt”
  115. Corrigendum to “Design of a Robust sliding mode controller for bioreactor cultures in overflow metabolism via an interdisciplinary approach”
  116. Corrigendum to “Statistical analysis on the radiological assessment and geochemical studies of granite rocks in the north of Um Taghir area, Eastern Desert, Egypt”
  117. Corrigendum to “Aroma components of tobacco powder from different producing areas based on gas chromatography ion mobility spectrometry”
  118. Corrigendum to “Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, transmission factors, and gamma-ray-shielding performances of Bi2O3–P2O5–B2O3–V2O5 quaternary glass system”
  119. Erratum
  120. Erratum to “Copper(ii) complexes supported by modified azo-based ligands: Nucleic acid binding and molecular docking studies”
  121. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology (ABB 2021)
  122. Study of solidification and stabilization of heavy metals by passivators in heavy metal-contaminated soil
  123. Human health risk assessment and distribution of VOCs in a chemical site, Weinan, China
  124. Preparation and characterization of Sparassis latifolia β-glucan microcapsules
  125. Special Issue on the Conference of Energy, Fuels, Environment 2020
  126. Improving the thermal performance of existing buildings in light of the requirements of the EU directive 2010/31/EU in Poland
  127. Special Issue on Ethnobotanical, Phytochemical and Biological Investigation of Medicinal Plants
  128. Study of plant resources with ethnomedicinal relevance from district Bagh, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
  129. Studies on the chemical composition of plants used in traditional medicine in Congo
  130. Special Issue on Applied Chemistry in Agriculture and Food Science
  131. Strip spraying technology for precise herbicide application in carrot fields
  132. Special Issue on Pharmacology and Metabolomics of Ethnobotanical and Herbal Medicine
  133. Phytochemical profiling, antibacterial and antioxidant properties of Crocus sativus flower: A comparison between tepals and stigmas
  134. Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of polyphenolics from Withania adpressa (Coss.) Batt. against selected drug-resistant bacterial strains
  135. Integrating network pharmacology and molecular docking to explore the potential mechanism of Xinguan No. 3 in the treatment of COVID-19
  136. Chemical composition and in vitro and in vivo biological assortment of fixed oil extracted from Ficus benghalensis L.
  137. A review of the pharmacological activities and protective effects of Inonotus obliquus triterpenoids in kidney diseases
  138. Ethnopharmacological study of medicinal plants in Kastamonu province (Türkiye)
  139. Protective effects of asperuloside against cyclophosphamide-induced urotoxicity and hematotoxicity in rats
  140. Special Issue on Essential Oil, Extraction, Phytochemistry, Advances, and Application
  141. Identification of volatile compounds and antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal properties against drug-resistant microbes of essential oils from the leaves of Mentha rotundifolia var. apodysa Briq. (Lamiaceae)
  142. Phenolic contents, anticancer, antioxidant, and antimicrobial capacities of MeOH extract from the aerial parts of Trema orientalis plant
  143. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils from Mentha pulegium and Rosmarinus officinalis against multidrug-resistant microbes and their acute toxicity study
  144. Special Issue on Marine Environmental Sciences and Significance of the Multidisciplinary Approaches
  145. An insightful overview of the distribution pattern of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in the marine sediments of the Red Sea
  146. Antifungal–antiproliferative norcycloartane-type triterpenes from the Red Sea green alga Tydemania expeditionis
  147. Solvent effect, dipole moment, and DFT studies of multi donor–acceptor type pyridine derivative
  148. An extensive assessment on the distribution pattern of organic contaminants in the aerosols samples in the Middle East
  149. Special Issue on 4th IC3PE
  150. Energetics of carboxylic acid–pyridine heterosynthon revisited: A computational study of intermolecular hydrogen bond domination on phenylacetic acid–nicotinamide cocrystals
  151. A review: Silver–zinc oxide nanoparticles – organoclay-reinforced chitosan bionanocomposites for food packaging
  152. Green synthesis of magnetic activated carbon from peanut shells functionalized with TiO2 photocatalyst for Batik liquid waste treatment
  153. Coagulation activity of liquid extraction of Leucaena leucocephala and Sesbania grandiflora on the removal of turbidity
  154. Hydrocracking optimization of palm oil over NiMoO4/activated carbon catalyst to produce biogasoline and kerosine
  155. Special Issue on Pharmacology and metabolomics of ethnobotanical and herbal medicine
  156. Cynarin inhibits PDGF-BB-induced proliferation and activation in hepatic stellate cells through PPARγ
  157. Special Issue on The 1st Malaysia International Conference on Nanotechnology & Catalysis (MICNC2021)
  158. Surfactant evaluation for enhanced oil recovery: Phase behavior and interfacial tension
  159. Topical Issue on phytochemicals, biological and toxicological analysis of aromatic medicinal plants
  160. Phytochemical analysis of leaves and stems of Physalis alkekengi L. (Solanaceae)
  161. Phytochemical and pharmacological profiling of Trewia nudiflora Linn. leaf extract deciphers therapeutic potentials against thrombosis, arthritis, helminths, and insects
  162. Pergularia tomentosa coupled with selenium nanoparticles salvaged lead acetate-induced redox imbalance, inflammation, apoptosis, and disruption of neurotransmission in rats’ brain
  163. Protective effect of Allium atroviolaceum-synthesized SeNPs on aluminum-induced brain damage in mice
  164. Mechanism study of Cordyceps sinensis alleviates renal ischemia–reperfusion injury
  165. Plant-derived bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid tetrandrine prevents human podocyte injury by regulating the miR-150-5p/NPHS1 axis
  166. Network pharmacology combined with molecular docking to explore the anti-osteoporosis mechanisms of β-ecdysone derived from medicinal plants
  167. Chinese medicinal plant Polygonum cuspidatum ameliorates silicosis via suppressing the Wnt/β-catenin pathway
  168. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Biological Applications - Part I
  169. Investigation of improved optical and conductivity properties of poly(methyl methacrylate)–MXenes (PMMA–MXenes) nanocomposite thin films for optoelectronic applications
  170. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology (ABB 2022)
  171. Model predictive control for precision irrigation of a Quinoa crop
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