Startseite Improving the thermal performance of existing buildings in light of the requirements of the EU directive 2010/31/EU in Poland
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Improving the thermal performance of existing buildings in light of the requirements of the EU directive 2010/31/EU in Poland

  • Tomasz Sumera und Tadeusz Olkuski EMAIL logo
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 26. Januar 2022
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Open Chemistry
Aus der Zeitschrift Open Chemistry Band 20 Heft 1

Abstract

Nowadays, the issue of energy saving is becoming increasingly important. Both households and large public facilities, such as schools, kindergartens, health centers, shopping, or leisure centers, implement energy saving systems. To start saving, one must first identify where the greatest energy losses occur. For this purpose, energy audits are carried out. The results of the audit make it possible to implement the necessary changes, including the replacement of old heating systems with modern energy-efficient equipment with the same, or even better, heating effect. This article presents research conducted in two public buildings, namely the Elementary School in Powroźnik in the administrative district of Muszyna and the Municipal Sports and Recreation Center in Dębica in Poland. The tests were carried out in accordance with the Directive 2010/31/EU (with later changes: directive 2012/27/EU and (EU)2018/844). The obtained results confirmed the need for comprehensive thermal upgrades in both buildings. The objective of the research was to develop the method aimed to reach the nearly zero-energy building in a public sector. Buildings in this category are usually of the great volume and heating space, but the functions of the buildings may be very diverse. It can be an administrative office, school, swimming pool, ice rink, hospital, etc. The article shows that although the functions of the buildings can be different some common methods of effective thermomodernization can be developed. In general, in large public buildings, complex solutions should be implemented. These include heat recovery using heat pumps in ventilation systems, renewable energy sources, such as photovoltaics, heat pumps, or combined heat and power for space heating, building management systems that adjust the heat supplied according to the weather conditions, and lighting systems.

Keywords: thermal performance of buildings; energy auditing; heat recovery; building management system; climate protection

1 Introduction

Global environmental awareness is increasing every year. More and more people recognize the need for the rational use of fuels and energy, taking care of the natural environment, saving air, water, and land resources. The growing environmental movement is forcing national governments to pass and implement laws to protect our planet from devastation. To prevent a climate catastrophe, measures are being undertaken by various countries to reduce the use of fossil fuels and switch to renewable energy sources (RES). These include, among others, the commitments made during the Paris Agreement [1,2,3,4,5,6]. For years, the European Union has been at the forefront of activities aimed at decarbonizing national economies and achieving climate neutrality, through the so-called European Green Deal [7]. Intensive work is also underway on revising the clean energy for all Europeans package [8], European Climate Law [9], and Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism [10], as well as on strengthening the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS) system for the next decade (EU ETS Revision for phase 4 [2021–2030]) [11], and the Just Transition Mechanism [12].

In Europe, the leading country in renewable energy is Germany. Country, which already in May 2011 adopted the Energiewende package aimed at the transition to renewable energy [13,14,15,16,17,18]. Among others, in the construction sector, it is planned to reduce CO2 emissions from 209 million tons in 1990 to 70–72 million tons in 2030, a reduction by 66–67% [19]. The federal government will support the retrofitting of existing buildings and implement high energy-efficiency standards. The demand for heating and cooling will be covered by RES.

The need to protect the climate is recognized by politicians and citizens of most countries in the world. It is a sign of the times that the United States has rejoined the Paris Agreement [20] on 21 January 2021.

2 Background

Poland has adopted the Act on RES [21], the Energy Efficiency Act [22], and the National Air Protection Plan [23], aimed at improving the air quality in Poland. This is particularly vital in areas with the highest concentrations of air pollutants and large population centers. One of the most recent documents regulating energy and environmental issues in Poland is the Energy Policy of Poland until 2040, adopted in February this year [24]. Numerous government documents, such as acts and regulations concerning buildings, heating, cooling, ventilation, and air conditioning, have also been adopted in Poland over the years [25,26,27,28,29,30,31]. Additionally, at the local level measures are being undertaken to encourage the implementation of the thermal upgrade of public buildings. The Provincial Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management in Kraków cofinances the thermal upgrade of buildings, with assuming a minimum area of 600 m2. Such subsidies are available for the following [32]:

  • Hospitals or medical entities (up to 30%).

  • Hospices (up to 60%).

  • Cultural institutions (state and local government; up to 20%).

  • Church legal entities (up to 30%).

  • Research institutes and public universities (up to 20%).

  • National parks (up to 20%).

Loans, which are granted for up to 100% of eligible net costs, have preferential interest rates. Similar activities are also carried out by other provincial funds, such as the Provincial Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management in Warsaw [33], Lublin [34], Łódź [35], Wrocław [36], Poznań [37], Gdańsk [38], Katowice [39], and many other provincial cities.

In addition to the fear of an ecological disaster that can result from overexploitation of the planet’s resources, there is a growing generation that recognizes the potential negative effects of such management. As pointed out by Fücks [40], there is a trend in wealthy societies to move away from accumulating material possessions to satisfying other needs, such as self-realization or learning about oneself and the surrounding world. Above a certain threshold of prosperity, it is no longer about “more” but “better.” Such an approach to life gives hope that the environment can be preserved to ensure that future generations can function at a level no worse than today.

In Poland, coal is still the main energy source for household heating. As much as 87% of coal burned in the EU for individual heating purposes is consumed in Poland [41]. However, this situation will change as the decarbonization of the power sector progresses. A similar trend developes by the space heating. According to an analysis carried out by the Forum Energii, around 1.5 million heat pumps could be installed in Poland by 2030, which would make it possible to replace almost half of the coal-burning furnaces and boilers used today. The authors of this report believe that Poland needs a vision for the transformation of the heating sector and a strategy that will achieve its goals of clean air, increased energy efficiency, and minimized climate impact of the energy sector.

Energy management in buildings is also an important issue. There are many systems for energy management in buildings, and the most effective are Building Management Systems (BMS), that is, advanced technical solutions aimed at efficient control of installations in a building, such as electrical, ventilation, heating, and cooling systems, and adjusting their operation to changing conditions [42,43].

Thermal efficiency improvement will be carried out at such a pace to meet the goal of zero-emission buildings by 2050 [44]. This is important as most Poles live and work in insufficiently insulated buildings. It is estimated that this problem affects 72% of detached houses (approximately 3.6 million), 50% of multifamily residentials, and approximately 70% of nonresidential buildings [45]. Currently, the “Clean Air” program is being implemented in Poland [46]. It is a program targeted at owners and coowners of detached houses. Under this program, it is possible to obtain a grant to replace old and inefficient solid fuel heat sources with modern heat sources meeting the highest standards and to carry out the necessary thermal upgrade of the building. The maximum grant amount is up to 30,000 PLN for the basic financing level and 37,000 PLN for the increased financing level. The total amount allocated for this purpose is 103 billion PLN. According to the survey conducted by Market and Social Research Institute [47], as many as 70% of Kraków’s residents would like electricity in public buildings to come from renewable sources. Every second respondent would expect the municipality to make announcements about air quality, and nearly 43% want the municipality to inform its residents about air protection regulations.

Replacement of old inefficient appliances with new energy-efficient ones and thermal upgrade of buildings are costly but bring long-term benefits. These issues have been addressed by many authors in Poland [48,49,50,51], but each case requires individual analysis and calculation. Similar problems also exist in other countries [52,53] and must be analyzed on a case-by-case basis.

The Act on the Energy Performance of Buildings [54] and further regulations [55] connected with the Act require that the energy used for heating space and domestic hot water in a new building owned by the community council after 2020 cannot exceed E PH+W = 45 kW h/m2. Similarly, low values are set for lighting (E PL = 50 kW h/m2) and cooling (E PC = 25 kW h/m2). These limits pose the same problems to project makers because the limits are set for 1 m2 independent of the height of the building. For example, if the internal height of the story is 2.5 m, then E PH+W = 45 kW h/m2 means 18 k Wh/m3. In the case of the story height of 16 m (like in sports halls), the same factor is 2.81 kW h/m3 (Figure 1).

Figure 1 Primary energy limit depending on the height of the building [56].
Figure 1

Primary energy limit depending on the height of the building [56].

To reach such a low factor, it is often not enough to insulate the walls and roof, even by the standard of passive houses, and use low-emission windows. Most of the energy in insulated buildings goes to heating the air during the ventilation process, especially if the volume of the building is significant, for example, in sport halls.

In this case, the primary energy factor EP was exceeded in all aspects (space heating, domestic hot water, air conditioning, and lighting), although the window wall and ceilings insulations as well as light-emitting diodes (LED) lamps were designed according to passive house standards. In addition, the ventilation system was equipped with a heat exchanger of 68% efficiency.

Figure 2 shows that the key to solving the problem of the use of primary energy over the limit of space heating is to reduce ventilation losses. The solution aimed at and developed in the energy audit is to introduce a ventilation unit equipped not only with a passive heat exchanger but also with an air/air heat pump. This increases the recuperation efficiency over 95% during an average heating season. This solution not only recovers heat but also reduces the energy used for air conditioning. Two problems seemed to be solved by one unit. Unfortunately, heat pumps use electric energy, and the demand for electric energy by the ventilation system increases seasonally. Electric energy in Poland has its primary energy factor equal to three because our power plants are mostly supplied with coal. Electric energy produced this way is equal to one-third of the chemical energy of coal and two-thirds is waste heat. Hence, although the final energy use by heat pumps is very limited due to very good coefficient of performance (COP) of the heat pump, the primary energy use is still high.

Figure 2 Space heating-energy losses (source: based on an earlier study [56]).
Figure 2

Space heating-energy losses (source: based on an earlier study [56]).

To solve the next problem, it is necessary to reduce the consumption of electric energy using photovoltaics (PV) installations, for example. A PV system reduces the demand for the primary energy through utilizing RES directly from the sun.

3 Method

Directive 2010/31/EU [57] at the article 7 (existing buildings) states:

“Member States shall take the necessary measures to ensure that when buildings undergo major renovation, the energy performance of the building or the renovated part thereof is upgraded in order to meet minimum energy performance requirements set in accordance with Article 4 in so far as this is technically, functionally and economically feasible.” This means that an existing building does not have to meet the requirement of E PH+W = 45 kW h/m2 like in the example above, but it is important to balance the cost and results so as not to do things which are unfeasible economically.

3.1 Case 1: elementary school at Powroźnik community Muszyna

The Elementary School at the Powroźnik Community in Muszyna is a building from the 1970s. The heating space is 3511.41 m2 (Figure 3).

Figure 3 Elementary school in Powroźnik (source: Tomasz Sumera).
Figure 3

Elementary school in Powroźnik (source: Tomasz Sumera).

About 10 years ago, the building was insulated with 5 cm thick polystyrene, so thermal transmittance of the walls was on the level U = 0.3 W/Km2. The thermal transmittance for the roof was U = 0.6 W/Km2 and U = 2.6 for the windows. The boilers were replaced and thermosolar system was already developed. The ventilation system is natural and the heating system is based on gas boilers. The energy used by the school building is shown in Table 1 and the calculation of Ep factor is shown in Table 2.

Table 1

Energy demand of the building

Annual primary energy demand in public buildings [kWh/year]
Description Heating + ventilation Domestic hot water Cooling Lighting Auxiliary energy Total
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
School Before modernization 590,219 71,500 0 73,323 5,832 740,874

Source: own study.

Table 2

Factors: E PH+W, E PL, and E PH+W+L (kW h/m2)

Description Total energy for heating and domestic hot water Heating space (m2) E PH+W indicator E PL indicator E PH+W+L indicator
1 2 3 + 4 9 10 11 12
School Before modernization 667,551 3511.41 190.11 20.88 210.99

Source: own study.

Based on the results of the energy audit, the following solutions were proposed:

  1. Isolation of the roof with rock wool of λ = 0.035 (W/[m K]) and 14 cm thickness

  2. Isolation of the external walls using 8 cm polystyrene of λ = 0.036 (W/[m K])

  3. Isolation of the floor on the ground floor using 10 cm polystyrene of λ = 0.036 (W/[m K])

  4. Replacing the windows with new ones of U < 0.9 (W/[m2 K])

  5. Implementation of a mechanical ventilation system using ventilation units equipped with rotors as the heat exchangers and integrated heat pump as the second stage of recovering energy.

  6. Cascade of three new condensing gas boilers and two absorption heat pumps powered with natural gas. Total power of the set is 179.8 kW. Heat pumps alone about 70 kW.

  7. Energy control system based on the weather forecast.

In terms of the electric energy:

  1. New light sources in LED technology inside and outside the building.

  2. PV system of 39.73 kWp.

In addition, BMS monitoring the energy for space heating, domestic hot water, lighting, and the rest of electric energy was applied. This means 2 m of the heat and two of electric energy were integrated with controlling program. The results are as follows:

The single increase by auxiliary energy comes from the heat pumps working in the ventilation system, which is only partially compensated by the PV system.

Generally, the reduction of the energy demand of the building reaches 75%.

The values presented in the tables are the results of calculations made within the energy audit based on the monthly method. The real gas consumption for space heating in the year 2018 was 530,896 kW h, which is about 11% less than the calculated value. The calculation was made using temperatures in a standard heating season as defined by the Polish Ministry of Infrastructure. The year 2018 was warmer than the standard values. For example, according to the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management National Research Institute [58], the temperature of January 2018 was of about 3°C higher than the average value in years 1971–2000.

The external temperature anomaly explains the difference between calculated values and those measured by the gas counter.

3.2 Case 2: The heat recovery from an artificial ice rink

A sports complex in Dębica consists of an ice rink and swimming pools. Everything is arranged in one great hall divided into two parts (Figure 4).

Figure 4 Municipal sports and recreation center in Dębica (source: Tomasz Sumera).
Figure 4

Municipal sports and recreation center in Dębica (source: Tomasz Sumera).

The existing equipment was separated before the energy audit has started.

The ice rink was cooled with an old cooling machine, which returned the heat from cooling into the atmosphere. However, the swimming pool was supplied with energy from the district heating.

The idea to use heat recovered from the ice rink for heating the swimming pool was considered in the energy audit provided by Tomasz Sumera.

A high power heat pump with a cooling capacity of 403 kW and heating power of 560 kW was considered in the project. A heat pump using CO2 refrigerant (R744) is also better for the environment and human health than the old system, which uses ammonia.

4 Results and discussion

Both examples show the increasing role of proper use and preserving the internal heat gains of the building. Increasingly sophisticated methods and equipment should be used to reach the goal, which is the nearly zero or very low amounts of energy required per building. The first case shows that preserving the energy in the building, sometimes, can be the most effective way to reduce than using RES. The ventilation system takes a very important role in reducing the energy demand of the building. High-effective ventilation unit consists of the rotation heat exchanger of maximum efficiency about 80% and also a heat pump air/air, which works with a very high COP level over five and heats the incoming air after the rotation heat exchanger using the energy gained from the exhaust air. Of course, it increases the electric energy demand of the building because the new ventilation units require electric supply and the previous ventilation system was the natural one. The photovoltaic system reduces the demand of the electric energy. To recover 100% of the thermal energy given back by the ventilation units, the internal heat pumps at the ventilation system use electric energy on the level of only about 20% of the thermal energy recovered. This is possible due to COP > 5 of the heat pumps working in ventilation system. In such case, covering the additional demand of the electric energy by a photovoltaic system is a very efficient solution. It reduces the external energy electric demand to a level almost zero. Parallelly, the heat recovery at the ventilation system reduces the demand of the thermal energy demand to the level, which would not be possible to reach due to the isolation of the building only (Table 3).

Table 3

Energy saving after modernization

Description Heating + ventilation Domestic hot water Cooling Lighting Auxiliary energy Total
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
School Before modernization (kWh/year) 590,219 71,500 0 73,323 5,832 740,874
After modernization (kWh/year) 82,684 54,017 0 39,381 8,303 184,384
Energy reduction (kWh/year) 507,536 17,483 33,942 −2,471 556,490
% 85.99 24.45 46.29 −42.37 75.11

Source: own study.

The second case – the energy recovery from the ice rink shows a great potential for saving the energy by the heat recovery form one part of the building to another or even between two separated buildings located nearby.

The calculations made at the energy audit showed that the proper use of the internal heat gains, via transfer from the zone where they are useless to the zone where the energy is needed can be more effective than simple isolation of the envelope of the building or using RES. The examples are shown in the table below. The calculations are made based on the Polish price levels.

The heat recovery shown in Table 4 is 4649.263/8,619 = 54%.

Table 4

Energy saving due to the heat recovery at the ice rink

Month Heat pump electricity consumption (MWh) Heat recovery by heat pump The heat consumption of the MOSiR1 facility in Dębica based on invoices Saving heat energy from MPEC2 by using a heat pump (GJ)
MWh GJ Space heating of cloakroom at the ice rink + swimming pool (GJ) Swimming pool (GJ) Domestic hot water. Ice rink + swimming pool (GJ) Total MOSiR facilities (GJ)
1 83.160 248.648 895.132 909.000 516.000 208.000 1633.000 895.132
2 47.600 142.324 512.367 805.000 468.000 201.000 1474.000 512.367
3 62.472 186.790 672.444 789.000 420.000 168.000 1377.000 672.444
8 96.240 287.757 1035.925 13.700 91.500 16.900 122.100 122.100
9 65.008 194.373 699.743 164.300 156.200 109.400 429.900 429.900
10 64.791 193.725 697.411 569.400 337.300 138.000 1044.700 697.411
11 60.000 179.401 645.843 655.300 390.000 156.700 1202.000 645.843
12 62.622 187.241 674.066 743.800 424.600 168.500 1336.900 674.066
Sum 541.893 1620.259 5832.931 4649.500 2803.600 1166.500 8619.600 4649.263

1MOSiR, Municipal Sports and Recreation Center and 2MPEC, Municipal Heat Supply Company.

Source: own study.

During the cooling season, the heat pump will use 106.637 MW h = 383.9 GJ of electric energy, so the building’s final energy consumption reduction will be (4649.263–383.9)/8,619 = 49.1%.

The thermal energy consumption of the sports facility given in Table 4 (ice rink and swimming pool) is counted by proper energy meters. The electric energy consumption and the heat produced by the heat pump were calculated in the energy audit. Selection of the heat pump was based on the cooling capacity of existing equipment because the cooling capacity of the old system was sufficient and proper (as evidenced checked by about 20 years of operation), and only the energy efficiency of the old machines was low.

In both cases (1 and 2), the calculations of the improvements have been made in MS Excel using formulas implemented by the author. The energy demand at each variant separately was calculated by the dedicated polish programs for calculation of an energy performance of buildings. Developing our own formulas has been necessary because the norm [59] gives no solution for calculation of the internal energy gains that can be transferred to another building or a separate section of the building in other way than through the walls, ceilings, or ventilation system. Our formulas are based on the basic law of conservation of energy and the technical parameters of the heat pumps used in calculation (such as COP, heating capacity, and cooling capacity) The calculations have been confronted with the energy measured by the proper meters and reached the proper accuracy.

The payback time was calculated at the tables according to the formula (Table 5):

Simple Pay Back Time (SPBT) = N u / ΔO ru ,

where NU – cost of implementing the modernization. Annual cost savings ΔOru = (Q0U − Q1U)Oz + 12(qoU – q1U)Om

Table 5

Payback time of the isolation of external walls of the building of the ice rink

No. Overview Unit Before thermos-modernization Variants
1 2 3 4
1 Thickness of an additional layer of thermal insulation g M 0.02 0.05 0.08 0.12
2 Increase of the thermal resistance ΔR m2 K/W 0.6 1.6 2.5 3.8
3 Thermal resistance R m2 K/W 3.46 4.1 5.0 6.0 7.2
4 Q0U, Q1u = 8,64 × 10−5 Sd A Uc GJ/a 9.1 7.7 6.3 5.3 4.4
5 qoU, q1U = 10−6 A (tw0 − tz0) Uc MW 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
6 Annual cost savings ΔOru = (Q0U − Q1U)Oz + 12(qoU − q1U)Om PLN/a 72.80 145.60 234.23 244.40
7 Unit price of improvements PLN/m2 143.00 153.00 158.30 175.50
8 Cost of implementing the modernization NU PLN 15486.90 16569.90 17143.89 19006.65
9 SPBT = NU/ΔOru Years 212.7 113.8 73.2 77.8
10 Uc W/m2 K 0.29 0.24 0.20 0.17 0.14

Source: own study.

The best variant of thermoisolation of the walls of the building using Styrofoam shows 73.2 years payback time (Table 6).

Table 6

Payback time for the photovoltaics at the ice rink

Assessment and selection of a project to reduce electricity costs
Description Electricity cost: 330.35 PLN/MWh
The modernization consists of the installation of 370 photovoltaic panels with an area of 603.4 m2 and a total capacity of 120 kW for electricity production.
Lp. Unit. Current status After modernization
1. Annual electricity consumption kWh/a 547.423 547.423
2. Annual electricity production kWh/a 0.000 117.850
2. Share of RES % 0.0 21.5
3. Cost of electricity PLN/year 180841.32 141909.57
5. Annual cost savings PLN/year 38931.75
6. Cost of modernization PLN 1048770.96
7. SPBT Years 26.9

Source: own study.

The example above shows the payback time of a photovoltaic installation.

The heat recovery by the heat pump installation was calculated in Table 4. The heat recuperation level is 4649.263 GJ (54% of the heat demand of the swimming pool; Table 7).

Table 7

Payback time for the heat recovery form the ice rink to the swimming pool (source: own study)

Saving heat energy 4,649.263 GJ/year
Financial savings for thermal energy 241,761.70 PLN/year
Increase in electricity consumption 106.637 MWh/year
Cost of electricity 35,227.69 PLN/year
Total financial savings 206,534.01 PLN/year
Investment cost 3,037,691.15 PLN
SPBT 14.7 Years

The examples show that the heat recovery system calculated in the energy audit gives two advantages:

  1. best payback time from the modernizations considered above and

  2. highest energy level gained by the system.

The previous technical norms and current one: EN ISO 52016-1:2017 [60].

“Energy performance of buildings – energy needs for heating and cooling, internal temperatures, and sensible and latent heat loads – Part 1: Calculation procedures” describes how to calculate the internal heat gains and energy transmitted from other zones through the walls and other building elements. There is no ready procedure how to include the heat gain transferred from one part of the building to another in other ways than natural transition through the building elements in the calculations. In our opinion, it should be taken into consideration by reviewing the norm.

5 Conclusion

Based on the obtained results, it can be stated that an energy audit in public buildings may be complicated, especially if one wants to meet the requirements of the Directive 2010/31/EU (with later changes: directive 2012/27/EU [60] and (EU) 2018/844 [61]).

To solve this problem, a complex solution is necessary, including, but not limited to heat recovery using heat pumps in ventilation systems, RES such as photovoltaics, heat pump or heating and cooling systems for space heating, building management system that automatically controls space heating based on the weather forecast, and lighting depending on the natural sunlight levels in the building. Heat recovery from other sources can be used where possible; for example, waste heat from industrial production can be used for space heating in factory buildings, and heat recovered from artificial ice rinks can be used to heat swimming pools, etc.

Reaching the goal set by the directive 2010/31/EU (with later changes: directive 2012/27/EU and (EU) 2018/844), therefore, requires that the energy auditor thinks in a more interdisciplinary manner. The ice rink example shows that transmitting the internal heat gains from one part of the building to another or even between two buildings located nearby can improve the energy efficiency and maximize the internal heat gain factor in both buildings. By reviewing the norms regarding energy performance of buildings, this problem and potential updates to the norm should be considered.

Summing up, it should be stated that measures to reduce the consumption of chemical energy contained in fossil fuels are undertaken in many countries, especially in the EU. The effects of these activities are visible in the data showing the final energy consumption. The decline in energy consumption is particularly visible in highly developed countries such as the United Kingdom, Germany, France, and Italy [62].

Due to the work carried out in two public buildings in Poland and presented in this article, the consumption of chemical energy contained in fossil fuels is reduced, which in turn reduces CO2 emissions and helps to protect the Earth’s climate.

  1. Funding information: The preparation of the article was partially financed by the AGH&UST research subvention no. 16.16.210.476.

  2. Author contributions: Conceptualization – T.S. and T.O.; Data curation – T.S. and T.O.; Formal analysis – T.S. and T.O.; Funding acquisition – T.S. and T.O.; Investigation – T.S. and T.O.; Methodology – T.S. and T.O.; Project administration – T.S. and T.O.; Resources – T.S. and T.O.; Software – T.S. and T.O.; Supervision – T.S. and T.O.; Validation – T.S. and T.O.; Visualization – T.S. and T.O.; Writing – original draft – T.S. and T.O.; and Writing – review and editing – T.S. and T.O.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

  4. Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

  5. Data availability statement: All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

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Received: 2021-09-06
Revised: 2021-10-26
Accepted: 2021-11-10
Published Online: 2022-01-26

© 2022 Tomasz Sumera and Tadeusz Olkuski, published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  106. Recent modified air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction applications for medicines and organic compounds in various samples: A review
  107. An insight on Vietnamese bio-waste materials as activated carbon precursors for multiple applications in environmental protection
  108. Antimicrobial activities of the extracts and secondary metabolites from Clausena genus – A review
  109. Bioremediation of organic/heavy metal contaminants by mixed cultures of microorganisms: A review
  110. Sonodynamic therapy for breast cancer: A literature review
  111. Recent progress of amino acid transporters as a novel antitumor target
  112. Aconitum coreanum Rapaics: Botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology
  113. Corrigendum
  114. Corrigendum to “Petrology and geochemistry of multiphase post-granitic dikes: A case study from the Gabal Serbal area, Southwestern Sinai, Egypt”
  115. Corrigendum to “Design of a Robust sliding mode controller for bioreactor cultures in overflow metabolism via an interdisciplinary approach”
  116. Corrigendum to “Statistical analysis on the radiological assessment and geochemical studies of granite rocks in the north of Um Taghir area, Eastern Desert, Egypt”
  117. Corrigendum to “Aroma components of tobacco powder from different producing areas based on gas chromatography ion mobility spectrometry”
  118. Corrigendum to “Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, transmission factors, and gamma-ray-shielding performances of Bi2O3–P2O5–B2O3–V2O5 quaternary glass system”
  119. Erratum
  120. Erratum to “Copper(ii) complexes supported by modified azo-based ligands: Nucleic acid binding and molecular docking studies”
  121. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology (ABB 2021)
  122. Study of solidification and stabilization of heavy metals by passivators in heavy metal-contaminated soil
  123. Human health risk assessment and distribution of VOCs in a chemical site, Weinan, China
  124. Preparation and characterization of Sparassis latifolia β-glucan microcapsules
  125. Special Issue on the Conference of Energy, Fuels, Environment 2020
  126. Improving the thermal performance of existing buildings in light of the requirements of the EU directive 2010/31/EU in Poland
  127. Special Issue on Ethnobotanical, Phytochemical and Biological Investigation of Medicinal Plants
  128. Study of plant resources with ethnomedicinal relevance from district Bagh, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
  129. Studies on the chemical composition of plants used in traditional medicine in Congo
  130. Special Issue on Applied Chemistry in Agriculture and Food Science
  131. Strip spraying technology for precise herbicide application in carrot fields
  132. Special Issue on Pharmacology and Metabolomics of Ethnobotanical and Herbal Medicine
  133. Phytochemical profiling, antibacterial and antioxidant properties of Crocus sativus flower: A comparison between tepals and stigmas
  134. Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of polyphenolics from Withania adpressa (Coss.) Batt. against selected drug-resistant bacterial strains
  135. Integrating network pharmacology and molecular docking to explore the potential mechanism of Xinguan No. 3 in the treatment of COVID-19
  136. Chemical composition and in vitro and in vivo biological assortment of fixed oil extracted from Ficus benghalensis L.
  137. A review of the pharmacological activities and protective effects of Inonotus obliquus triterpenoids in kidney diseases
  138. Ethnopharmacological study of medicinal plants in Kastamonu province (Türkiye)
  139. Protective effects of asperuloside against cyclophosphamide-induced urotoxicity and hematotoxicity in rats
  140. Special Issue on Essential Oil, Extraction, Phytochemistry, Advances, and Application
  141. Identification of volatile compounds and antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal properties against drug-resistant microbes of essential oils from the leaves of Mentha rotundifolia var. apodysa Briq. (Lamiaceae)
  142. Phenolic contents, anticancer, antioxidant, and antimicrobial capacities of MeOH extract from the aerial parts of Trema orientalis plant
  143. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils from Mentha pulegium and Rosmarinus officinalis against multidrug-resistant microbes and their acute toxicity study
  144. Special Issue on Marine Environmental Sciences and Significance of the Multidisciplinary Approaches
  145. An insightful overview of the distribution pattern of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in the marine sediments of the Red Sea
  146. Antifungal–antiproliferative norcycloartane-type triterpenes from the Red Sea green alga Tydemania expeditionis
  147. Solvent effect, dipole moment, and DFT studies of multi donor–acceptor type pyridine derivative
  148. An extensive assessment on the distribution pattern of organic contaminants in the aerosols samples in the Middle East
  149. Special Issue on 4th IC3PE
  150. Energetics of carboxylic acid–pyridine heterosynthon revisited: A computational study of intermolecular hydrogen bond domination on phenylacetic acid–nicotinamide cocrystals
  151. A review: Silver–zinc oxide nanoparticles – organoclay-reinforced chitosan bionanocomposites for food packaging
  152. Green synthesis of magnetic activated carbon from peanut shells functionalized with TiO2 photocatalyst for Batik liquid waste treatment
  153. Coagulation activity of liquid extraction of Leucaena leucocephala and Sesbania grandiflora on the removal of turbidity
  154. Hydrocracking optimization of palm oil over NiMoO4/activated carbon catalyst to produce biogasoline and kerosine
  155. Special Issue on Pharmacology and metabolomics of ethnobotanical and herbal medicine
  156. Cynarin inhibits PDGF-BB-induced proliferation and activation in hepatic stellate cells through PPARγ
  157. Special Issue on The 1st Malaysia International Conference on Nanotechnology & Catalysis (MICNC2021)
  158. Surfactant evaluation for enhanced oil recovery: Phase behavior and interfacial tension
  159. Topical Issue on phytochemicals, biological and toxicological analysis of aromatic medicinal plants
  160. Phytochemical analysis of leaves and stems of Physalis alkekengi L. (Solanaceae)
  161. Phytochemical and pharmacological profiling of Trewia nudiflora Linn. leaf extract deciphers therapeutic potentials against thrombosis, arthritis, helminths, and insects
  162. Pergularia tomentosa coupled with selenium nanoparticles salvaged lead acetate-induced redox imbalance, inflammation, apoptosis, and disruption of neurotransmission in rats’ brain
  163. Protective effect of Allium atroviolaceum-synthesized SeNPs on aluminum-induced brain damage in mice
  164. Mechanism study of Cordyceps sinensis alleviates renal ischemia–reperfusion injury
  165. Plant-derived bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid tetrandrine prevents human podocyte injury by regulating the miR-150-5p/NPHS1 axis
  166. Network pharmacology combined with molecular docking to explore the anti-osteoporosis mechanisms of β-ecdysone derived from medicinal plants
  167. Chinese medicinal plant Polygonum cuspidatum ameliorates silicosis via suppressing the Wnt/β-catenin pathway
  168. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Biological Applications - Part I
  169. Investigation of improved optical and conductivity properties of poly(methyl methacrylate)–MXenes (PMMA–MXenes) nanocomposite thin films for optoelectronic applications
  170. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology (ABB 2022)
  171. Model predictive control for precision irrigation of a Quinoa crop
https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2021-0103
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
thermal performance of buildings; energy auditing; heat recovery; building management system; climate protection
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Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B in aqueous phase by bimetallic metal-organic framework M/Fe-MOF (M = Co, Cu, and Mg)
  3. Assessment of using electronic portal imaging device for analysing bolus material utilised in radiation therapy
  4. A detailed investigation on highly dense CuZr bulk metallic glasses for shielding purposes
  5. Simulation of gamma-ray shielding properties for materials of medical interest
  6. Environmental impact assesment regulation applications and their analysis in Turkey
  7. Sample age effect on parameters of dynamic nuclear polarization in certain difluorobenzen isomers/MC800 asphaltene suspensions
  8. Passenger demand forecasting for railway systems
  9. Design of a Robust sliding mode controller for bioreactor cultures in overflow metabolism via an interdisciplinary approach
  10. Gamma, neutron, and heavy charged ion shielding properties of Er3+-doped and Sm3+-doped zinc borate glasses
  11. Bridging chiral de-tert-butylcalix[4]arenes: Optical resolution based on column chromatography and structural characterization
  12. Petrology and geochemistry of multiphase post-granitic dikes: A case study from the Gabal Serbal area, Southwestern Sinai, Egypt
  13. Comparison of the yield and purity of plasma exosomes extracted by ultracentrifugation, precipitation, and membrane-based approaches
  14. Bioactive triterpenoids from Indonesian medicinal plant Syzygium aqueum
  15. Investigation of the effects of machining parameters on surface integrity in micromachining
  16. The mesoporous aluminosilicate application as support for bifunctional catalysts for n-hexadecane hydroconversion
  17. Gamma-ray shielding properties of Nd2O3-added iron–boron–phosphate-based composites
  18. Numerical investigation on perforated sheet metals under tension loading
  19. Statistical analysis on the radiological assessment and geochemical studies of granite rocks in the north of Um Taghir area, Eastern Desert, Egypt
  20. Two new polypodane-type bicyclic triterpenoids from mastic
  21. Structural, physical, and mechanical properties of the TiO2 added hydroxyapatite composites
  22. Tribological properties and characterization of borided Co–Mg alloys
  23. Studies on Anemone nemorosa L. extracts; polyphenols profile, antioxidant activity, and effects on Caco-2 cells by in vitro and in silico studies
  24. Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, transmission factors, and gamma-ray-shielding performances of Bi2O3–P2O5–B2O3–V2O5 quaternary glass system
  25. Cyclic connectivity index of bipolar fuzzy incidence graph
  26. The role of passage numbers of donor cells in the development of Arabian Oryx – Cow interspecific somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos
  27. Mechanical property evaluation of tellurite–germanate glasses and comparison of their radiation-shielding characteristics using EPICS2017 to other glass systems
  28. Molecular screening of ionic liquids for CO2 absorption and molecular dynamic simulation
  29. Microwave-assisted preparation of Ag/Fe magnetic biochar from clivia leaves for adsorbing daptomycin antibiotics
  30. Iminodisuccinic acid enhances antioxidant and mineral element accumulation in young leaves of Ziziphus jujuba
  31. Cytotoxic activity of guaiane-type sesquiterpene lactone (deoxycynaropicrin) isolated from the leaves of Centaurothamnus maximus
  32. Effects of welding parameters on the angular distortion of welded steel plates
  33. Simulation of a reactor considering the Stamicarbon, Snamprogetti, and Toyo patents for obtaining urea
  34. Effect of different ramie (Boehmeria nivea L. Gaud) cultivars on the adsorption of heavy metal ions cadmium and lead in the remediation of contaminated farmland soils
  35. Impact of a live bacterial-based direct-fed microbial (DFM) postpartum and weaning system on performance, mortality, and health of Najdi lambs
  36. Anti-tumor effect of liposomes containing extracted Murrayafoline A against liver cancer cells in 2D and 3D cultured models
  37. Physicochemical properties and some mineral concentration of milk samples from different animals and altitudes
  38. Copper(ii) complexes supported by modified azo-based ligands: Nucleic acid binding and molecular docking studies
  39. Diagnostic and therapeutic radioisotopes in nuclear medicine: Determination of gamma-ray transmission factors and safety competencies of high-dense and transparent glassy shields
  40. Calculation of NaI(Tl) detector efficiency using 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K radioisotopes: Three-phase Monte Carlo simulation study
  41. Isolation and identification of unstable components from Caesalpinia sappan by high-speed counter-current chromatography combined with preparative high-performance liquid chromatography
  42. Quantification of biomarkers and evaluation of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxicity properties of Dodonaea viscosa grown in Saudi Arabia using HPTLC technique
  43. Characterization of the elastic modulus of ceramic–metal composites with physical and mechanical properties by ultrasonic technique
  44. GC-MS analysis of Vespa velutina auraria Smith and its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities in vitro
  45. Texturing of nanocoatings for surface acoustic wave-based sensors for volatile organic compounds
  46. Insights into the molecular basis of some chalcone analogues as potential inhibitors of Leishmania donovani: An integrated in silico and in vitro study
  47. (1R,2S,5R)-5-Methyl-2-(propan-2-yl)cyclohexyl 4-amino-3-phenylbutanoate hydrochloride: Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity
  48. On the relative extraction rates of colour compounds and caffeine during brewing, an investigation of tea over time and temperature
  49. Characterization of egg shell powder-doped ceramic–metal composites
  50. Rapeseed oil-based hippurate amide nanocomposite coating material for anticorrosive and antibacterial applications
  51. Chemically modified Teucrium polium (Lamiaceae) plant act as an effective adsorbent tool for potassium permanganate (KMnO4) in wastewater remediation
  52. Efficiency analysis of photovoltaic systems installed in different geographical locations
  53. Risk prioritization model driven by success factor in the light of multicriteria decision making
  54. Theoretical investigations on the excited-state intramolecular proton transfer in the solvated 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde carbohydrazone
  55. Mechanical and gamma-ray shielding examinations of Bi2O3–PbO–CdO–B2O3 glass system
  56. Machine learning-based forecasting of potability of drinking water through adaptive boosting model
  57. The potential effect of the Rumex vesicarius water seeds extract treatment on mice before and during pregnancy on the serum enzymes and the histology of kidney and liver
  58. Impact of benzimidazole functional groups on the n-doping properties of benzimidazole derivatives
  59. Extraction of red pigment from Chinese jujube peel and the antioxidant activity of the pigment extracts
  60. Flexural strength and thermal properties of carbon black nanoparticle reinforced epoxy composites obtained from waste tires
  61. A focusing study on radioprotective and antioxidant effects of Annona muricata leaf extract in the circulation and liver tissue: Clinical and experimental studies
  62. Clinical comprehensive and experimental assessment of the radioprotective effect of Annona muricata leaf extract to prevent cellular damage in the ileum tissue
  63. Effect of WC content on ultrasonic properties, thermal and electrical conductivity of WC–Co–Ni–Cr composites
  64. Influence of various class cleaning agents for prosthesis on Co–Cr alloy surface
  65. The synthesis of nanocellulose-based nanocomposites for the effective removal of hexavalent chromium ions from aqueous solution
  66. Study on the influence of physical interlayers on the remaining oil production under different development modes
  67. Optimized linear regression control of DC motor under various disturbances
  68. Influence of different sample preparation strategies on hypothesis-driven shotgun proteomic analysis of human saliva
  69. Determination of flow distance of the fluid metal due to fluidity in ductile iron casting by artificial neural networks approach
  70. Investigation of mechanical activation effect on high-volume natural pozzolanic cements
  71. In vitro: Anti-coccidia activity of Calotropis procera leaf extract on Eimeria papillata oocysts sporulation and sporozoite
  72. Determination of oil composition of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) seeds under influence of organic fertilizer forms
  73. Activated partial thromboplastin time maybe associated with the prognosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma
  74. Treatment of rat brain ischemia model by NSCs-polymer scaffold transplantation
  75. Lead and cadmium removal with native yeast from coastal wetlands
  76. Characterization of electroless Ni-coated Fe–Co composite using powder metallurgy
  77. Ferrate synthesis using NaOCl and its application for dye removal
  78. Antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anticholinesterase potential of Chenopodium murale L. extracts using in vitro and in vivo approaches
  79. Study on essential oil, antioxidant activity, anti-human prostate cancer effects, and induction of apoptosis by Equisetum arvense
  80. Experimental study on turning machine with permanent magnetic cutting tool
  81. Numerical simulation and mathematical modeling of the casting process for pearlitic spheroidal graphite cast iron
  82. Design, synthesis, and cytotoxicity evaluation of novel thiophene, pyrimidine, pyridazine, and pyridine: Griseofulvin heterocyclic extension derivatives
  83. Isolation and identification of promising antibiotic-producing bacteria
  84. Ultrasonic-induced reversible blood–brain barrier opening: Safety evaluation into the cellular level
  85. Evaluation of phytochemical and antioxidant potential of various extracts from traditionally used medicinal plants of Pakistan
  86. Effect of calcium lactate in standard diet on selected markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in ovariectomized rats
  87. Identification of crucial salivary proteins/genes and pathways involved in pathogenesis of temporomandibular disorders
  88. Zirconium-modified attapulgite was used for removing of Cr(vi) in aqueous solution
  89. The stress distribution of different types of restorative materials in primary molar
  90. Reducing surface heat loss in steam boilers
  91. Deformation behavior and formability of friction stir processed DP600 steel
  92. Synthesis and characterization of bismuth oxide/commercial activated carbon composite for battery anode
  93. Phytochemical analysis of Ziziphus jujube leaf at different foliar ages based on widely targeted metabolomics
  94. Effects of in ovo injection of black cumin (Nigella sativa) extract on hatching performance of broiler eggs
  95. Separation and evaluation of potential antioxidant, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activities of limonene-rich essential oils from Citrus sinensis (L.)
  96. Bioactivity of a polyhydroxy gorgostane steroid from Xenia umbellata
  97. BiCAM-based automated scoring system for digital logic circuit diagrams
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  99. Structural and spectroscopic properties of voriconazole and fluconazole – Experimental and theoretical studies
  100. New plant resistance inducers based on polyamines
  101. Experimental investigation of single-lap bolted and bolted/bonded (hybrid) joints of polymeric plates
  102. Investigation of inlet air pressure and evaporative cooling of four different cogeneration cycles
  103. Review Articles
  104. Comprehensive review on synthesis, physicochemical properties, and application of activated carbon from the Arecaceae plants for enhanced wastewater treatment
  105. Research progress on speciation analysis of arsenic in traditional Chinese medicine
  106. Recent modified air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction applications for medicines and organic compounds in various samples: A review
  107. An insight on Vietnamese bio-waste materials as activated carbon precursors for multiple applications in environmental protection
  108. Antimicrobial activities of the extracts and secondary metabolites from Clausena genus – A review
  109. Bioremediation of organic/heavy metal contaminants by mixed cultures of microorganisms: A review
  110. Sonodynamic therapy for breast cancer: A literature review
  111. Recent progress of amino acid transporters as a novel antitumor target
  112. Aconitum coreanum Rapaics: Botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology
  113. Corrigendum
  114. Corrigendum to “Petrology and geochemistry of multiphase post-granitic dikes: A case study from the Gabal Serbal area, Southwestern Sinai, Egypt”
  115. Corrigendum to “Design of a Robust sliding mode controller for bioreactor cultures in overflow metabolism via an interdisciplinary approach”
  116. Corrigendum to “Statistical analysis on the radiological assessment and geochemical studies of granite rocks in the north of Um Taghir area, Eastern Desert, Egypt”
  117. Corrigendum to “Aroma components of tobacco powder from different producing areas based on gas chromatography ion mobility spectrometry”
  118. Corrigendum to “Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, transmission factors, and gamma-ray-shielding performances of Bi2O3–P2O5–B2O3–V2O5 quaternary glass system”
  119. Erratum
  120. Erratum to “Copper(ii) complexes supported by modified azo-based ligands: Nucleic acid binding and molecular docking studies”
  121. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology (ABB 2021)
  122. Study of solidification and stabilization of heavy metals by passivators in heavy metal-contaminated soil
  123. Human health risk assessment and distribution of VOCs in a chemical site, Weinan, China
  124. Preparation and characterization of Sparassis latifolia β-glucan microcapsules
  125. Special Issue on the Conference of Energy, Fuels, Environment 2020
  126. Improving the thermal performance of existing buildings in light of the requirements of the EU directive 2010/31/EU in Poland
  127. Special Issue on Ethnobotanical, Phytochemical and Biological Investigation of Medicinal Plants
  128. Study of plant resources with ethnomedicinal relevance from district Bagh, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
  129. Studies on the chemical composition of plants used in traditional medicine in Congo
  130. Special Issue on Applied Chemistry in Agriculture and Food Science
  131. Strip spraying technology for precise herbicide application in carrot fields
  132. Special Issue on Pharmacology and Metabolomics of Ethnobotanical and Herbal Medicine
  133. Phytochemical profiling, antibacterial and antioxidant properties of Crocus sativus flower: A comparison between tepals and stigmas
  134. Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of polyphenolics from Withania adpressa (Coss.) Batt. against selected drug-resistant bacterial strains
  135. Integrating network pharmacology and molecular docking to explore the potential mechanism of Xinguan No. 3 in the treatment of COVID-19
  136. Chemical composition and in vitro and in vivo biological assortment of fixed oil extracted from Ficus benghalensis L.
  137. A review of the pharmacological activities and protective effects of Inonotus obliquus triterpenoids in kidney diseases
  138. Ethnopharmacological study of medicinal plants in Kastamonu province (Türkiye)
  139. Protective effects of asperuloside against cyclophosphamide-induced urotoxicity and hematotoxicity in rats
  140. Special Issue on Essential Oil, Extraction, Phytochemistry, Advances, and Application
  141. Identification of volatile compounds and antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal properties against drug-resistant microbes of essential oils from the leaves of Mentha rotundifolia var. apodysa Briq. (Lamiaceae)
  142. Phenolic contents, anticancer, antioxidant, and antimicrobial capacities of MeOH extract from the aerial parts of Trema orientalis plant
  143. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils from Mentha pulegium and Rosmarinus officinalis against multidrug-resistant microbes and their acute toxicity study
  144. Special Issue on Marine Environmental Sciences and Significance of the Multidisciplinary Approaches
  145. An insightful overview of the distribution pattern of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in the marine sediments of the Red Sea
  146. Antifungal–antiproliferative norcycloartane-type triterpenes from the Red Sea green alga Tydemania expeditionis
  147. Solvent effect, dipole moment, and DFT studies of multi donor–acceptor type pyridine derivative
  148. An extensive assessment on the distribution pattern of organic contaminants in the aerosols samples in the Middle East
  149. Special Issue on 4th IC3PE
  150. Energetics of carboxylic acid–pyridine heterosynthon revisited: A computational study of intermolecular hydrogen bond domination on phenylacetic acid–nicotinamide cocrystals
  151. A review: Silver–zinc oxide nanoparticles – organoclay-reinforced chitosan bionanocomposites for food packaging
  152. Green synthesis of magnetic activated carbon from peanut shells functionalized with TiO2 photocatalyst for Batik liquid waste treatment
  153. Coagulation activity of liquid extraction of Leucaena leucocephala and Sesbania grandiflora on the removal of turbidity
  154. Hydrocracking optimization of palm oil over NiMoO4/activated carbon catalyst to produce biogasoline and kerosine
  155. Special Issue on Pharmacology and metabolomics of ethnobotanical and herbal medicine
  156. Cynarin inhibits PDGF-BB-induced proliferation and activation in hepatic stellate cells through PPARγ
  157. Special Issue on The 1st Malaysia International Conference on Nanotechnology & Catalysis (MICNC2021)
  158. Surfactant evaluation for enhanced oil recovery: Phase behavior and interfacial tension
  159. Topical Issue on phytochemicals, biological and toxicological analysis of aromatic medicinal plants
  160. Phytochemical analysis of leaves and stems of Physalis alkekengi L. (Solanaceae)
  161. Phytochemical and pharmacological profiling of Trewia nudiflora Linn. leaf extract deciphers therapeutic potentials against thrombosis, arthritis, helminths, and insects
  162. Pergularia tomentosa coupled with selenium nanoparticles salvaged lead acetate-induced redox imbalance, inflammation, apoptosis, and disruption of neurotransmission in rats’ brain
  163. Protective effect of Allium atroviolaceum-synthesized SeNPs on aluminum-induced brain damage in mice
  164. Mechanism study of Cordyceps sinensis alleviates renal ischemia–reperfusion injury
  165. Plant-derived bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid tetrandrine prevents human podocyte injury by regulating the miR-150-5p/NPHS1 axis
  166. Network pharmacology combined with molecular docking to explore the anti-osteoporosis mechanisms of β-ecdysone derived from medicinal plants
  167. Chinese medicinal plant Polygonum cuspidatum ameliorates silicosis via suppressing the Wnt/β-catenin pathway
  168. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Biological Applications - Part I
  169. Investigation of improved optical and conductivity properties of poly(methyl methacrylate)–MXenes (PMMA–MXenes) nanocomposite thin films for optoelectronic applications
  170. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology (ABB 2022)
  171. Model predictive control for precision irrigation of a Quinoa crop
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