Extraction and characterization of natural fibre from Ethiopian Typha latifolia leaf plant
-
Anmen Admas
and
Alemayehu Assefa
Abstract
The environmental issues associated with synthetic fibres have led to a significant growth in the use of natural fibres (NFs). Because of this environmental issue, the demand for NF is higher as compared to synthetic fibres. The purpose of the present study was to extract and characterize fibres from the Ethiopian Typha latifolia leaf plant. Manual, water-retting, and chemical extraction techniques were employed for the extraction of the fibre from the leaf of the Typha latifolia plant. The extracted fibre’s chemical content was evaluated, and its cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin contents were almost similar to those of other NFs. The mean length, fineness, and tensile strength of fibre extracted by manual, water retting, and alkaline methods were determined, and its length was 502, 489, and 389 mm, and its fineness was 1.42 ± 0.4 Tex, 1.32 ± 0.2 Tex, and 1.12 ± 0.15 Tex, and its strength was 260.3, 308.5, and 192.8 MPa, respectively. The ranges for moisture content and regain were 8.4–10.8% and 8.7–11.4%, respectively, which is comparable to other natural plant fibres (5–17%). The Fourier transform-infrared curves of the extracted fibre revealed the presence of the functional groups for cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin.
1 Introduction
Scientists, scholars, and industrialists are growing increasingly concerned about the damaging consequences that synthetic fibres have on the environment [1,2,3]. The textile and garment industries are a prime example of the world’s most developed and polluting industries. Approximately 25% of the world’s industrial water comes from it. Consequently, a lot of innovations are being employed to safeguard our mother planet [4,5]. With the Kyoto Protocols focusing on greenhouse gas reduction and CO2 neutral production, the shift to a bio-based economy and sustainable advancements presents promising opportunities for the natural fibre (NF) industries [2,6]. Because synthetic fibres are usually non-biodegradable and the primary source of environmental pollution, NFs are utilized in place of synthetic fibres due to their biodegradability, sustainability, non-toxic nature, and wide range of applications [7,8,9,10,11]. Consequently, NFs have gained popularity as a synthetic fibre substitute in the textile industry throughout the past several decades. Their benefits over traditional glass and carbon fibres have drawn the interest of numerous scientists and researchers [12]. Given their affordability and abundance, NFs are selective for different areas [6]. Numerous studies have demonstrated the widespread use of this NF in industrial and commercial environments, including the interiors of passenger cars, panels for false ceilings and partitions, roof tiles, packaging, furniture applications, low-energy homes as insulating materials, and geo-textiles for controlling soil erosion and protection, improving barrier properties, composites, etc. [6,13,14,15,16,17,18].
The sources of NF are plants, animals, and minerals [19]. Animal fibres primarily consist of protein, while plant fibres are primarily made of cellulose [20]. Eight major types of plant fibres can be distinguished based on the parts they found. Bast fibres are gathered from the skin and bast surrounding the plant stem, which includes jute, ramie, flax, rattan, soybean, hemp, vine, banana, and kenaf. Leaf fibres are obtained from leaves that involved abaca, banana, sisal, and pineapple. Seed fibres are collected from seeds and seed cases which consist of cotton, coir, and kapok fibers, along with those from plants like corn, wheat, bamboo, barley, and rice, are categorized as grass fibers. Fibres like wood pulp are also categorized under core fibres. Root fibres like luffa, swede, and cassava are obtained from the root of plants [19,20,21,22]. Conversely, bast fibres are not as strong as leaf fibres [23,24]. While the fibres from fruits and seeds are only a few centimetres long, the fibres from stems and leaves are significantly longer [25].
Plant fibres are examples of extremely complex organic matrices that are mostly composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, with a minor amount of smaller extractable chemicals [26,27]. Cellulose has a crystalline structure made up of regions that are amorphous and crystalline [28]. With its unique structural properties, it is the most important and easily accessible renewable material for textiles [29]. Among the lignocellulose fibrous plants that are used to extract NFs are flax, jute, hemp, bamboo, pineapple, bananas, and sisal [30]. Fibre extraction is the technique used to remove fibres from plant parts such as stems, fruits, leaves, bark, and roots [31]. Natural cellulosic fibres are made up of an amorphous lignin and hemicellulose matrix that surrounds cellulose micro-fibrils. The percentage of these chemical constituents in a fibre varies depending on the type of plant, growth rate, and location inside the plant, among other factors. This fibres’ chemical properties, such as their high cellulose content, are intimately associated with their tensile properties, crystallinity, and density [32,33]. The other most important determinants of fibre quality are the kind of plant, the cultivation environment, the age of the plant, and the extraction method used [34].
Various NF extraction methods have been used. The three most frequent extraction procedures are manual extraction, water retting, and chemical extraction. The fibre can be removed manually by combing the fibre containing plant components [35]. Water retting is the process of immersing the raw plant in water for many days to separate fibres from its stem and other contaminants. NF can be extracted using an alkali such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or an acidic treatment at a certain alkali concentration and temperature [35,36]. Advanced extraction technologies are currently evolving. Gamma, plasma, ultrasonic, ultraviolet, and microwave radiations are used in the textile industry to extract fibres and dyes. These electromagnetic spectrum technologies use different wavelengths or frequencies and supply powers, and they are usually used to extract textile dyes [37,38,39,40,41,42,43]. For example, during the extraction of dye from harmal seeds for dyeing of bio-mordanted wool fabric, a gamma-ray-assisted extraction was performed by demonstrating that a gamma ray absorbed a dose of up to 10 kGy with an interval of 2 kGy [44]. Furthermore, this fibre can also be extracted using microwave irradiation at a frequency of around 2,450 MHz with a power of 750 W, followed by an alkali (NaOH) treatment [39]. This method has also been used to extract cellulose fibre from hemp bast [45].
However, the kind and structure of the plant, the type of fibre and its intended use, the cost of extraction, the amount of time needed for extraction, the effectiveness of the plant, etc. are the main elements that affect the choice of extraction method [46]. As a result, this study employs manual extraction, chemical extraction, and water retting methods.
More study needs to be done on fibre sources because NFs are being used in an increasing number of applications. The Ethiopian plant Typha latifolia (commonly known as broad-leaved cattail or reedmace) grows abundantly in the country's waterways and marshlands and serves as a source of textile fibers. The country’s total area is estimated to be 1.13 million km2. Water bodies, which comprise marshes, rivers, lakes, ponds, reservoirs, and other wetlands, make up 0.7% of the 22,500 km2 area, or 2% of which are wetlands [47,48]. The country’s larger wetlands are situated around major rivers, including the Abay, Awash, and Baro, as well as rift valley lakes like the Abaya, Hawassa, and wetlands linked with the Chamo people [49,50]. Both Typha latifolia and Cyperus ustulatus are plants that can be found across Ethiopia [51,52]. The leaf length of Typha latifolia species can reach heights of up to 35 cm [53]. Throughout marshes, wet meadows, lakeshores, pond margins, seacoast estuaries, roadside ditches, bogs, and fens, as well as aquatic deposits, this plant can be found [54].
This NF offers various advantages. As compared to synthetic fibres, it is less expensive, lighter in weight, poses fewer health risks during processing, has a lower density, is biodegradable, is abundantly available and easy to obtain, requires less energy, requires little investment at a cheap cost, and emits less CO2. It can also be cultivated four times per year. As a result, the use of this plant fibre in the textile industry has no substantial impact on the environment. As a result, it can be utilized as a textile material in the same way as other NFs, which have an advantage in terms of environmental preservation. Therefore, this study focuses on the extraction and characterization of NF from Ethiopian Typha latifolia leaf plant, which will be used for various textile applications.
2 Experimental methods
2.1 Materials
Ethiopian Typha latifolia plants were gathered near the Blue Nile River in the Amhara regional state of Ethiopia, as depicted in Figure 1. NaOH, river water, and distilled water were utilized for the extraction process. Petroleum ether, ethanol, sulfuric acid (H2SO4), potassium hydroxide (KOH), and nitric acid (HNO₃) were utilized to determine the chemical content of the fibre. Among the equipment or tools used in this investigation are a digital balance, a conditioner chamber, a ruler, stirring rods, and a single fibre strength tester.
Ethiopian Typha latifolia plant.
2.2 Methods
Three distinct extraction techniques, as shown in Figure 2, were used to separate the fibre from the leaf of the plant: manual, chemical, and water-retting techniques.
Extraction methods of Typha latifolia.
2.2.1 Manual method
To remove the moisture from the stem, the green Typha latifolia plant was left in the sun for a day as part of this extraction technique. Splitting has been done to gain entry into the white section that contains the fibrous material that spans the length of the leaf. Using hands and a basic combing machine, the fibres were meticulously removed from non-fibrous elements after the stem was split in half [35].
2.2.2 Water retting method
Water retting is a naturally occurring process in which microorganisms are used to dissolve the lignin in the Typha latifolia, making it easier for the fibre bundle to split into individual fibres [36,55]. Therefore, the samples were immersed in an open system in a large plastic bucket (bath) filled with water from the Blue Nile (Abay) river for 28 days at room temperature. Following the break, lignin and non-fibre components could be easily removed by giving them a gentle wash with tap water.
2.2.3 Chemical extraction method
After being thoroughly washed with distilled water, the dried stems were treated with NaOH. The concentration of caustic soda and the liquor ratio were used to regulate the extraction time and temperature. Ethiopian Typha latifolia plant fibres were extracted using 3% caustic soda, a material-to-liquor ratio of 1:20, at a temperature of 45°C for 30 min. Sheferaw et al. [55] also employed this optimum condition for the extraction of Cyperus papyrus fibres. Following the procedure, five soap washes were performed on the retrieved fibres.
2.3 Determination of chemical contents
NF makes up micro-fibrils of cellulose embedded in an amorphous matrix of lignin and hemicellulose. One may think of the lignocellulose cell wall as a naturally occurring composite structure made up of different chemical composites aligned in spirals [56,57]. Different NFs have different chemical compositions, including cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, wax, ash, pectin, and moisture content. The percentage of chemical compositions in fibre is determined by the location, rate, and tissue of the plant. The amount of cellulose in a plant determines the strength and stiffness of plant fibres [58,59].
2.3.1 Determination of cellulose content
After weighing 1.5 g of fibre sample that is taken as original weight (W o), 20 mL of 80% acetic acid, 1 mL of concentrated nitric acid, and three glass beads were added to the beaker. For 30 min, the content refluxed. After cooling and cleaning the sample, it was centrifuged for 5 min at 15,000 rpm in a 50 mL centrifuge tube filled with 95% hot ethanol. Following the liquid’s decantation, 95% ethanol was added, mixed, and filtered through suction. Three washes with hot benzene, two with 95% ethanol, and one with ether were performed on the sample. The sample was put into a crucible that had been weighed and heated to 105°C for an hour which is taken as the weight of the sample after drying (W d). After cooling in desiccators, the crucible was weighed. The crucible and its contents were put in a furnace set at 500°C (W a) for 3 h in order to determine the amount of ash in them. After that, they were cooled in desiccators and weighed [60]. Equation (1) was used to calculate the cellulose content.
where W a is the weight of the sample ash after 500°C, W d is the weight of the sample after drying at 105°C, and W o is the original weight of the sample.
2.3.2 Determination of hemicellulose content
The mixtures were filtered after the extracted fibres were treated for 2 h with 5% KOH. In order to separate (precipitate) the hemicellulose from the filtrate, ethanol was added, and centrifugation was performed for 15 min. The hemicellulose that had been separated was dried and weighed (W 1, dried weight of fibre sample) at 105°C for an hour in a covered container. The dried sample was placed in a furnace set at 500°C for 3 h to obtain sample ash. It was then cooled and weighed in a closed container. An evaluation was conducted on the precipitated hemicellulose (W p) weight. Using equation (2), the proportion of hemicellulose in the fibre sample was determined [36].
where W p is the dried weight of the precipitated hemicellulose, and W 1 is the dried weight of the fibre sample.
2.3.3 Determination of lignin content
Gravimetric analysis was used to determine the lignin content of Typha latifolia fibre in compliance with the ASTM D 1106 standard. A beaker containing 2 g of fibre (W i) was filled with 72% H2SO4 and allowed to stand for 2 h. The residue was cleaned with hot water after the acid was filtered out to remove any leftover residue. The sample was dried in an oven for an hour at 105°C and its weight was weighed and taken as W d. The material was then heated in a furnace to 500°C for 3 h, allowed to cool, and weighed within a closed container (W a) [35,60,61].
where W d is the weight of the oven-dried sample, W a is the weight of the ash sample, and W i is the initial weight of the dried sample.
2.4 Characterization of Typha latifolia fibres
The extracted fibre’s physical and chemical characteristics must be assessed in order to ascertain whether or not it may be utilized as a renewable source of fibre for high-value products. Prior to testing, every specimen was conditioned at 21 ± 1°C and 65 ± 2% standard atmospheric conditions (ASTM D1776-98) [62]. All the tests were conducted according to ASTM test standards.
2.4.1 Fibre length
The length of the fibres extracted using each of the three extraction techniques was measured. For every type of fibre that was extracted, 40 samples of the fibres were obtained in order to measure the fibre length. The length of each individual fibre was measured, and the average was used to compare the fibres extracted using various techniques.
2.4.2 Fibre fineness
The standard test procedure ASTM D 1577-07 was used to assess the fineness of the fibre [63]. After selecting 20 samples at random for each extraction technique, each fibre length was measured and weighed on an electronic scale. The single fibre fineness was then computed using the following equation:
2.4.3 Microscopic structure
The ASTM D 276 standard was followed in the evaluation of the fibre structure. The fibre was longitudinally imaged using an optical microscope, and the resulting image was fed into image processing software to calculate the diameter of 20 samples at 5 distinct places.
2.4.4 Tensile strength
Using a Tinius Olsen H1KS single-fibre strength tester, the tensile strength test was performed in compliance with ES ISO 5079 at 20°C and 65% relative humidity. The gauge length of the fibres was 20 mm, and a constant speed of 30 mm/min was maintained. The fibres were pinched at both ends, and force was applied.
2.4.5 Moisture content and moisture regain
Following ASTM D 1776/D1776M-16, the moisture content was determined [64]. Using an electronic balance, the material was weighed and dried at 105°C for 4 h to ascertain its moisture content and recover. A percentage of weight was used to calculate the moisture content of each extracted fibre. The amount of water absorbed by the sample’s dry weight was divided to calculate the moisture recapture, and the amount of moisture absorbed by the fibre was divided from its starting mass before oven drying to measure the moisture content.
2.4.6 Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)
An FTIR spectrometer was used to examine the functional groups of Typha latifolia. The materials’ infrared spectra in the 400–4,000 cm−1 frequency range were recorded using the Perkin Elmer FTIR instrument using the transmittance mode as a function of wavenumber.
3 Results and discussion
3.1 Determination of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin content
The concentration of lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose in a fibre affects its properties.
As can be observed in Table 1, compared to alkali and hand extraction methods, the fibres extracted by water retting had a greater cellulose content (63.2%) and a better tensile strength. This water-retting fibre has less lignin content than the fibres that were manually extracted. This could be due to microbes consuming more lignin in the fibre. The bulk of the lignin content is removed during the extraction process by alkaline extraction, which in turn affects the shape, properties, and structure of the fibre. It is for this reason that alkaline-extracted fibres had the second-highest percentage of cellulose (61.5%) and the lowest lignin content (7.4%).
Chemical composition of Typha latifolia fibre in comparison with other NFs
| Chemical properties | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fibre | Cellulose (%) | Hemicellulose (%) | Lignin (%) | |
| Typha latifolia fibre | Manually extracted | 59.1 | 23.8 | 11.6 |
| Water retted | 63.2 | 19.3 | 9.2 | |
| Alkaline extracted | 61.5 | 16 | 7.4 | |
| Other NFs | Flax | 64.1 | 16.7 | 2.0 |
| Jute | 64.4 | 12 | 11.8 | |
| Cotton | 82.7 | 5.7 | — | |
| Kenaf | 45–57 | 8–13 | 21.5 | |
| Ramie | 68.6–85 | 13–16.7 | 0.5–0.7 | |
| Sisal | 60–78 | 10–14.2 | 8.0–14 | |
| Pineapple | 70–83 | — | 5–12.7 | |
| Hemp | 68 | 15 | 10 | |
| Coir | 32–43 | 0.15–0.25 | 40–45 | |
| Banana | 56–63 | 20–25 | 7–9 | |
| Agave | 68.42 | 4.85 | 4.85 | |
| Abaca | 56–63 | 20–25 | 7–9 | |
Compared to water-retting and manual extracted fibres, alkaline-extracted fibres have the lowest hemicellulose (16%) content. This could be because sodium from the alkaline solution attracts the fibre’s huge number of hydroxyl groups, causing a reaction with them.
3.2 Fibre length
The extracted fibre length was measured, and the average value was recorded and analysed. As illustrated in Figure 3, the three extraction procedures have varied values. The average fibre length extracted using water-retting, manual, and alkaline techniques is 502, 489, and 389 mm, respectively. The length of the fibre obtained via alkaline treatment is the lowest as compared to manual and water-retting techniques. The explanation is that there is a greater chance of fibre breakage or disintegration due to alkaline extraction. Furthermore, alkalization depolymerizes the native cellulose I molecular structure, producing short length crystallites. Alkaline treatment reduces hydrogen bonding due to removal of the hydroxyl groups by reacting with NaOH. Generally, the harsh alkaline treatment affects the extracted fibre length negatively. This phenomenon has also been confirmed by different scholars [65,66].
Length of fibre in different extraction methods.
3.3 Fineness
The fineness of the fibre can be affected by a number of factors, such as weighing and measuring, fibre maturity, growth conditions, and extraction conditions. The length and mass of a single fibre were assessed using single fibre principles in this investigation to determine the fibre fineness. For alkali-extracted fibres, the average fibre fineness was 1.12 ± 0.15 Tex; for water-retted fibres, it was 1.32 ± 0.2 Tex; and for manually extracted fibres, it was 1.42 ± 0.4 Tex. In comparison to manual and water rating procedures, alkaline extraction yields the lowest fibre fineness, as demonstrated in Table 2. This could be because, as observed in Table 1, the hemicellulose and lignin have been effectively removed, increasing the likelihood that the fibres will divide into finer fibres. Furthermore, the breakup of fibre bundles caused by the removal of non-cellulosic elements that bind Alfa fibres is responsible for the large fineness difference in the alkaline extraction procedure. This is in alignment with the work of other scholars [67].
Fineness of extracted Typha latifolia fibre
| Parameters | Extraction methods | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Manual | Water retting | Alkaline | |
| Fibre fineness (Tex) | 1.42 ± 0.4 | 1.32 ± 0.2 | 1.12 ± 0.15 |
3.4 Microscopic structure of Typha latifolia fibre
In this study, in order to obtain detailed information about the fibre’s surface morphology and structure, its longitudinal and cross-sectional views were analysed. Figure 4 illustrates the smooth surface and pristine condition of the fibrils. Fibres with homogenous cross-sections showed a good aspect ratio. Perhaps because there are less wax and other impurities remaining on the surface of each individual fibre, it is readily apparent.
Microscopic view of Typha latifolia fibre at 20× magnification.
3.5 Tensile strength
It is one of the most important fibre characteristics that determines its application areas. As shown in Table 3, the mean values of tensile strength of Typha latifolia fibre were 260.3 MPa for manually extracted fibres, 308.5 MPa for water-retted fibres, and 192.8 MPa for alkaline extracted fibres. The result indicates that the tensile strength of a fibre extracted by the water retting method is higher than the manual method, and that extracted by the alkaline method has the lowest values. This could be attributed to the fibre’s cellulose and lignin concentrations. Tensile strength is negatively correlated with lignin but directly correlated with cellulose. However, this relationship does not have to be linear. As a result, even if chemical extraction yields the lowest lignin content, water-retting yields the highest cellulose content. This cellulose has a bigger crystalline domain, which has a significant impact on tensile strength. This agrees with that of another research [15].
Tensile strength of Typha latifolia plant fibre in comparison with other conventional NFs
| NFs | Tensile strength (MPa) | Elongation at break (%) | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Manually extracted | 260.3 | 1.32 ± 0.4 | |
| Water retted | 308.5 | 1.46 ± 0.3 | |
| Alkaline extracted | 192.8 | 1.21 ± 0.2 | |
| Flax | 88–1,500 | 1.2–1.6 | [12,23,68,69] |
| Jute | 400–800 | 1.8 | |
| Cotton | 400 | 3–10 | |
| Kenaf | 295 | 2.7–6.9 | |
| Bagasse | 20–290 | 1.1 | |
| Ramie | 500 | 2 | |
| Sisal | 600–700 | 2–3 | |
| Pineapple | 170–1,672 | 1–3 | |
| Hemp | 550–900 | 1.6 | |
| Coir | 220 | 15–25 | |
| Piassava | 134–142 | 6.4–21.9 | |
| Bamboo | 503 | 1.4 | |
| Coconut | 131–175 | 15–40 |
3.6 Moisture content and moisture regain
Moisture regain and content are common ways of expressing the percentage of water vapor that is absorbed by a textile fibre. In this investigation, water-retting-extracted fibres had a higher moisture content and regain than alkaline-extracted fibres, as shown in Figure 5, although manually extracted fibres had the lowest moisture level. This could be because most of the hydrophilic parts of the fibre have been effectively removed by alkali. Overall, the moisture content and regain of Typha latifolia plant fibre range from 8.4–10.8% and 8.7–11.4%, respectively, which are comparable to other natural plant fibres (5–17%). Azanaw et al. [36] have also validated a similar outlook.
Moisture content and moisture regain of extracted fibres.
3.7 FTIR spectroscopy analysis
The IR radiation absorption or transmittance of the sample material was measured using this technique in relation to its wavelengths or wavenumbers. When a material is subjected to infrared radiation, its molecular structure vibrates. In this work, FTIR spectroscopy was used to characterize the extracted fibres. It was employed for the purpose of defining covalent bonding information and detecting functional groups. Through the creation of an infrared absorption spectrum, the chemical linkages that were present in the extracted fibre were identified. Figure 6 demonstrates the FTIR spectra of the extracted Typha latifolia plant fibres. The highest peak of 3339.6 cm−1 indicates the O–H stretching in the presence of cellulose and its structure. The peak at 2,918 cm−1 indicates C–H stretching, whereas the C–O–C (ester) group had been observed at a peak of 1,034 cm−1. A peak at 1,450 cm−1 suggested C–C stretching of the aromatic ring of lignin, whereas peaks at about 1,720 cm−1 represented carbonyl stretching C–O for acetyl groups in hemicellulose and the aldehydic group of lignin. The observed picks of each functional group are in the ranges of other natural textile fibres. That is why almost all chemical and physical properties like chemical constitution, fibre strength, fibre fineness, and other properties are similar to other existing NFs. For instance, the peak of hydrogen bond stretching of cotton fibre exists at 3,336 cm−1, which is close to that of Typha latifolia plant fibres, which is 3339.6 cm−1 [70]. This confirmed that this innovative NF is suitable for different textile materials. Various researchers also reported similar trends [10,35,36,55,71].
FTIR spectrum analysis of the extracted Ethiopian Typha latifolia plant fibres. Wavenumber: the wavelength of a wave at a given unit of distance, Absorbance (a.u.): the quantity of light absorbed by a fibre.
4 Conclusion
Extracting and characterizing fibre from Typha latifolia plants were the primary goal of this investigation. The features of the fibres were preserved during the effective extraction process, which involved manual, water-retting, and alkaline extraction techniques. An evaluation was conducted on many properties of the fibre. The cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin content of the fibre were similar to those of other NFs. The mean length of the fibre extracted by manual, alkaline, and water retting methods is 502, 489, and 389 mm, in that order. The average fibre fineness for alkali-extracted fibres was 1.12 ± 0.15 Tex; for water-retted fibres, it was 1.32 ± 0.2 Tex; and for manually extracted fibres, it was 1.42 ± 0.4 Tex. The mean tensile strength values of the fibres were 260.3 MPa for manually extracted fibres, 308.5 MPa for water-retted fibres, and the lowest was for alkaline-extracted fibres, which was 192.8 MPa, respectively. But overall, its mean strength is in the range of other NFs. The moisture content of water-retted fibres was higher than that of alkaline-extracted fibres, whereas manually extracted fibres had the lowest moisture content. The extracted fibre’s moisture content and regain fall is within the range of 8.4–10.8% and 8.7–11.4%, respectively, which is similar to other natural plant fibres (5–17%). The cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin functional groups were visible in the FTIR curves of the extracted fibre.
The physical, mechanical, and chemical characteristics of the fibre from Ethiopian Typha latifolia plants are comparable to those of other naturally occurring fibres, according to the study’s overall conclusions. It is therefore possible to employ the fibre in textile applications by replacing existing synthetic fibres. This research will be extended to develop Typha latifolia reinforced green composite.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge the Ethiopian Institute of Textile and Fashion Technology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia for the support of this project.
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Author contributions: Anmen Admas; Designing, conducting the experiment, critical revision, and final approval of the article for publication. Alemayehu Assefa; participated on the process includes the design and composition of the research work.
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Conflict of interest: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this article.
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Data availability statement: All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article.
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Articles in the same Issue
- Study and restoration of the costume of the HuoLang (Peddler) in the Ming Dynasty of China
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- Extraction and characterization of natural fibre from Ethiopian Typha latifolia leaf plant
- The effect of the difference in female body shapes on clothing fitting
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- Optimized model formulation through product mix scheduling for profit maximization in the apparel industry
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- Optimal dimension design of high-temperature superconducting levitation weft insertion guideway
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- Design and development of a fibrous structure for the potential treatment of spinal cord injury using parametric modelling in Rhinoceros 3D®
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Articles in the same Issue
- Study and restoration of the costume of the HuoLang (Peddler) in the Ming Dynasty of China
- Texture mapping of warp knitted shoe upper based on ARAP parameterization method
- Extraction and characterization of natural fibre from Ethiopian Typha latifolia leaf plant
- The effect of the difference in female body shapes on clothing fitting
- Structure and physical properties of BioPBS melt-blown nonwovens
- Optimized model formulation through product mix scheduling for profit maximization in the apparel industry
- Fabric pattern recognition using image processing and AHP method
- Optimal dimension design of high-temperature superconducting levitation weft insertion guideway
- Color analysis and performance optimization of 3D virtual simulation knitted fabrics
- Analyzing the effects of Covid-19 pandemic on Turkish women workers in clothing sector
- Closed-loop supply chain for recycling of waste clothing: A comparison of two different modes
- Personalized design of clothing pattern based on KE and IPSO-BP neural network
- 3D modeling of transport properties on the surface of a textronic structure produced using a physical vapor deposition process
- Optimization of particle swarm for force uniformity of personalized 3D printed insoles
- Development of auxetic shoulder straps for sport backpacks with improved thermal comfort
- Image recognition method of cashmere and wool based on SVM-RFE selection with three types of features
- Construction and analysis of yarn tension model in the process of electromagnetic weft insertion
- Influence of spacer fabric on functionality of laminates
- Design and development of a fibrous structure for the potential treatment of spinal cord injury using parametric modelling in Rhinoceros 3D®
- The effect of the process conditions and lubricant application on the quality of yarns produced by mechanical recycling of denim-like fabrics
- Textile fabrics abrasion resistance – The instrumental method for end point assessment
- CFD modeling of heat transfer through composites for protective gloves containing aerogel and Parylene C coatings supported by micro-CT and thermography
- Comparative study on the compressive performance of honeycomb structures fabricated by stereo lithography apparatus
- Effect of cyclic fastening–unfastening and interruption of current flowing through a snap fastener electrical connector on its resistance
- NIRS identification of cashmere and wool fibers based on spare representation and improved AdaBoost algorithm
- Biο-based surfactants derived frοm Mesembryanthemum crystallinum and Salsοla vermiculata: Pοtential applicatiοns in textile prοductiοn
- Predicted sewing thread consumption using neural network method based on the physical and structural parameters of knitted fabrics
- Research on user behavior of traditional Chinese medicine therapeutic smart clothing
- Effect of construction parameters on faux fur knitted fabric properties
- The use of innovative sewing machines to produce two prototypes of women’s skirts
