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Investigation of inlet air pressure and evaporative cooling of four different cogeneration cycles

  • Rabi Karaali EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: December 31, 2022
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 20 Issue 1

Abstract

The objective of this study was to search the effects of the inlet air compressor pressure and evaporative cooling of four different cogeneration plants that are absorption cooling (ab), basic (bsc), air heating (airh), and air fuel heating (airfh) cogeneration systems by using the first law and the second law of thermodynamics, and the exergy analysis methods. For analysis, a program is written by the author in the FORTRAN programming language. Decreasing the atmospheric pressure or increasing the installation altitude of the plants increases the Z factor (ratio of lost exergy to useful exergy) of the four cycles about 10–13%. Also, decreasing inlet air pressure decreases the specific work about 25–28%, and the fuel energy saving ratio of the four cycles decreases about 29–30%. The method of water spray cooling of the compressor inlet air especially in the summer months, the humidity increases and the evaporative cooling can be obtained. By using this method, the ratio of lost exergy to useful exergy can be decreased for the four cycles about 0.5–2%. Also, the specific work of the four cycles can be increased about 1.2–6%.

Keywords: cogeneration; inlet air pressure; evaporative cooling

1 Introduction

In the conventional system, heat is produced in two separate systems in order to produce power and heat. However, in cogeneration systems, power and heat are produced in one system. In that situation, while the total energy efficiency of conventional systems is around 60%, the energy efficiency of a cogeneration plant can reach up to 90%. In other words, it is seen that there is about 30% more benefit from the energy of the fuel in the cogeneration plant. Furthermore, when a cogeneration plant is installed in systems that require heat and electrical energy at the same time, the costs of the system can be significantly reduced [1,2]. The operating method, efficiency, and other properties of the gas turbine identify the characteristics, the operating style, and the efficiency of the whole plant. Cogeneration systems can be classified as steam turbine cogeneration, gas turbine cogeneration, gas–steam turbine combined cogeneration, fuel cells, and motor cogeneration [3,4]. Energy efficiency in cogeneration plants varies between 50 and 90%. In the hot exhaust gases of the turbine outlet, there are around 1.5–3 kW of usable heat energy for each kW of electricity output. It is desired that the minimum flue gas temperature is around 150°C so that the condensation of the steam in the exhaust (corrosion formation) can be prevented [5,6,7].

Compressor inlet air pressure has serious effects on the heat and electrical energy power of the cogeneration plants. It is imperative to know the effects of the height of the chosen place or the choice of location in the installation of the facilities. As the altitude increases, the pressure of the air decreases. There are also advantages and disadvantages in working conditions. The gas turbine performance and the efficiency depend on the ambient and turbine pressures and ambient temperature. For 1 K increase in the inlet temperature, the electrical power is decreased about 0.9%. An increase of 100 m on altitude decreases the electrical power about 1.2%. For every kPa pressure, a decrease of the inlet air pressure in elements, filters, ducts, and components decreases the electrical power by around 1.2–2%. Kehlhofet et al. studied the effect of altitude above sea level on obtained work. They have drawn curves showing decreases as the height increases, and this decrease is from 10 to 75%. They have reported that these results are in agreement with the literature [8].

The inlet air temperatures affect the heat and electrical energy power of the plants. Water particles are injected into the inlet air, and then, this air is compressed in the summer months by this method to increase the humidity, as well as evaporative cooling in this way; it is possible to easily connect the electrical power to the temperature of the surrounding air. Depending on the evaporative humidity, it is possible to increase the electrical power between 2 and 7%. In the literature, it is found that the decrease in inlet air temperatures increases the mechanical power; for instance, a decrease from 25 to 0°C means an increase in the mechanical power about 14%; however, the heat energy decreases about 10–15% [7,8,9,10].

Ashraf in his study on this subject examined the evaporative effect of cooling on power and found similar results [11]. Al-Fahed et al. reported in their research that the influence of ambient temperature on the performance of a simple cycle varies. The decrease in the air temperature increases the density, so less energy is required for the compression of the same mass of flow. For some regions especially in the Middle East, the difference between daytime–nighttime temperatures is large, which changes the cost greatly. In the study of Al-Fahed et al. and in the literature studies, it was reported that an increasing 1°C on the compressor inlet air temperature decreases electricity production about 0.7%. In the literature, it can be seen that the work efficiency increases about 0.7–2%, if the compressor inlet air could be cooled to 5°C [10,12,13].

Basrawi et al. have obtained the results that increasing ambient temperature decreases the mechanical efficiency; however, heat energy of exhaust gas recovery increased. They also obtained that an increase in the ambient temperature increases the heat of the exhaust gases and also the heat recovery. They also obtained that this exhaust energy to power energy ratio had the same properties with the exhaust heat energy recovery to power energy ratio [14].

Fernandez et al. have found in their study that an increase in the ambient temperature decreases the electrical power about 22%. They also found that for each 1°C increasing above ISO conditions, the heat efficiency of the systems decreases about 0.06%. The results showed an insight into the cogeneration systems of the tropical climate [15]. In addition to some other works done [16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29], there are still some open questions in this field. Thus, the objective of this study is to search the effects of the inlet air compressor pressure and evaporative cooling of four different cogeneration plants that are absorption cooling (ab), basic (bsc), air heating (airh), and air fuel heating (airfh) cogeneration systems by using the first law and the second law of thermodynamics, and the exergy analysis methods.

2 Materials and methods

Cogeneration plants consist of some apparatus, and in chemical compositions, on pressures, and in temperatures changes occur in those apparatus; in addition, a chemical reaction takes place in a combustion chamber. The assumptions made in the calculations of the cycles are as follows [30]: the ideal gas mixture laws have been applied to air and exhaust, the cogeneration plant works in a continuous regime, combustion is completed, there is no NOx formation, methane was chosen as the fuel and accepted as an ideal gas, and the combustion chamber heat loss is about 2% of the upper heating value of the fuel. The heat loss is zero in other apparatus, and the kinetic–potential energies are accepted as zero.

The compressor compresses air to high pressure. The three types of compressors are piston compressors for high-pressure (P 2/P 1 = r > 30) low-flow, centrifugal compressors for medium-pressure (r = 5–25) medium-flow, axial compressors for low pressure (less than r = 20) high flow. The gas turbine cogeneration systems mostly use axial and centrifugal compressors and their efficiencies are approximately 90 and 85%, respectively [9]. A part of the heat of the exhaust transfers by a recuperator to the gases of the outlet of the compressor. Recuperators are generally produced in sheet type. The combustion chamber’s main function is to maintain a good combustion reaction. The combustion chambers used in gas turbines have three characteristics: mixing zone, combustion zone, and dilution zone. Gas turbine combustion chambers have the feature of producing low NOx called dry low emission. Combustion chambers with catalytic combustion, where the combustion is close to the surface of the catalyst, provide near-zero NOx emissions, and its use is becoming more widespread [30]. There are two types of gas turbines: axial flow and radial turbines. Gas turbines are classified as reaction and impulse turbines. The 95% of applications have axial flow turbines. A part of the energy of the exhaust gases is transformed into mechanical energy in a gas turbine. Heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) passes a part of the energy of the exhaust gases to steam production. The pressure of the remaining exhaust gases is higher than the atmospheric pressure [31,32].

As can be seen in Figure 1, the compressed air at the exit of the compressor is burned in a combustion chamber with natural gas. Some of the exhaust energy is obtained as mechanical energy in a gas turbine, and the remaining energy of the exhaust is used in an HRSG device to obtain steam.

Figure 1 Diagram of a bsc cogeneration cycle.
Figure 1

Diagram of a bsc cogeneration cycle.

In Figure 2, the diagram of an airh cogeneration cycle is given. As can be seen, the air of the outlet of the compressor is heated by using the exhaust energy with a recuperator before entering the combustion chamber.

Figure 2 Diagram of an airh cogeneration cycle.
Figure 2

Diagram of an airh cogeneration cycle.

In Figure 3, the diagram of an airfh cogeneration cycle is given. The fuel and the compressed air, before entering into the combustion chamber, are heated with recuperators.

Figure 3 Diagram of an airfh cogeneration cycle.
Figure 3

Diagram of an airfh cogeneration cycle.

In Figure 4, the diagram of a cogeneration cycle added ab that the air before entering into the compressor is cooled by an absorption component that uses the heat energy of the exhaust is shown. Some of the remaining heat energy of the exhaust energy is passed to steam production.

Figure 4 Diagram of an ab cogeneration cycle.
Figure 4

Diagram of an ab cogeneration cycle.

For an open system and steady state, the first law of thermodynamics is as follows:

(1) Q ̇ CV − W ̇ CV + ∑ in m ̇ in h in + V in 2 2 + g z in − ∑ out m ̇ out h out + V out 2 2 + g z out = 0 .

In the steady state, the law of conservation mass is as follows:

(2) ∑ m ̇ in = ∑ m ̇ out .

Chemical energy is converted into thermal energy by combustion. In this study, it is accepted that the combustion reaction happens ideally and completely. It is also assumed that the natural gases are taken as methane gas for simplifying the calculations. The following chemical reaction is taken as a basis:

(3) λ ¯ CH 4 + [ 0.7748 N 2 + 0.205 O 2 + 0.0003 CO 2 + 0.019 H 2 0 ] → ( 1 + λ ) [ X N 2 N 2 + X O 2 O 2 + X CO 2 C O 2 + X H 2 O H 2 O ] .

For completing the theoretical combustion, the required minimum amount of air is called the stoichiometric amount of air. However, for complete combustion, more air than the theoretical amount of air is always used. The excess air coefficient is the ratio of the real amount of air to the theoretical amount of air [30]. Exergy or availability is the theoretical maximum amount of available work, which is obtained if equilibrium with the environment is achieved at the end of a reversible process. It has two components: chemical and physical. The perfect gas mixture of physical exergy can be written in molar terms for mixed substances

(4) e phy = ( h ¯ − h ¯ 0 ) mix − T 0 . ( s − s 0 ) mix = ∑ i x i ∫ T 0 T c ¯ p 0 i ( T ) d T − T 0 . × ∫ T 0 T c ¯ p 0 i ( T ) T d T − R ¯ ln P i P 0 .

Chemical exergy is the maximum useful work, which is achieved when a substance in the reference state (T 0, P 0) becomes thermodynamic equilibrium in terms of chemical composition with its surroundings [32]. The chemical exergy of gas mixtures is calculated as follows:

(5) e ¯ chem , mix = ∑ i x i . e ¯ chem , i + R ¯ . T 0 . ∑ i x i . ln x i .

Thus, the total exergy of a flow or control volume is as follows:

(6) E ¯ = E ¯ phy + E ¯ chem .

The exergy equation for open systems (input and output mass quantities are equal to each other) is as follows:

(7) ∑ i m ̇ i h i − ∑ i T 0 S i − ∑ j m ̇ j h j + ∑ j T 0 S j + ∑ Q ̇ k − ∑ Q ̇ k T 0 T k − W ̇ = E ̇ loss .

In Table 1, energy, entropy, and mass equations of the apparatus of the ab system are given.

Table 1

Energy, entropy, and mass equations of the apparatus of the ab system [5,7,30,32]

Devices Mass equation Energy equation Entropy equation
Compressor m ̇ 1 = m ̇ 2 m ̇ 1 h 1 + W ̇ C = m ̇ 2 h 2 m ̇ 1 s 1 − m ̇ 1 s 2 + S ̇ gen , C = 0
Turbine m ̇ 3 = m ̇ 4 m ̇ 3 h 3 = W ̇ T + W ̇ C + m ̇ 4 h 4 m ̇ 3 s 3 − m ̇ 4 s 4 + S ̇ gen , T = 0
HRSG m ̇ 5 = m ̇ 6 m ̇ 5 h 5 + m ̇ 10 h 10 = m ̇ 6 h 6 + m ̇ 11 h 11 m ̇ 5 s 5 + m ̇ 10 s 10 − m ̇ 6 s 6 − m ̇ 11 s 11 + S ̇ gen , HRSG = 0
m ̇ 10 = m ̇ 11
Combustion chamber m ̇ 2 + m ̇ 7 = m ̇ 3 m ̇ 2 h 2 + m ̇ 7 h 7 = m ̇ 3 h 3 + 0.02 m ̇ 7 LHV m ̇ 2 s 2 + m ̇ 7 s 7 − m ̇ 3 s 3 + S ̇ gen , CC = 0
Overall cycle h ¯ i = f ( T i )
s ¯ i = f ( T i , P i )
m ̇ air h air + m ̇ fuel LHV CH 4 − Q ̇ Loss , CC − m ̇ e g . , out h e g . , out − W ̇ T − m ̇ steam ( h water , in − h steam , out ) = 0
Q ̇ Loss , CC = 0.02 m ̇ fuel LHV CH 4

In Table 2, exergy, evaluation criteria, and exergy efficiency equations of the apparatus of the ab system are given.

Table 2

Exergy, evaluation criteria, and exergy efficiency equations of the apparatus of the ab system [5,7,30,32]

Devices Exergy equation Exergy efficiency
Compressor E ̇ D , C = E ̇ 1 + W ̇ C − E ̇ 2 η e x , C = E ̇ out , C − E ̇ in , C W ̇ C
Turbine E ̇ D , T = E ̇ 3 − E ̇ 4 − W ̇ C − W ̇ T η ex , T = W ̇ net , T + W ̇ C E ̇ in , T − E ̇ out , T
HRSG E ̇ D , HRSG = E ̇ 5 − E ̇ 6 + E ̇ 10 − E ̇ 11 η ex , HRSG = E ̇ steam , HRSG − E ̇ water , HRSG E ̇ in , exhaust , HRSG − E ̇ out , exhaust , HRSG
Combustion chamber E ̇ D , C C = E ̇ 2 + E ̇ 7 − E ̇ 3 η ex , CC = E ̇ out , CC E ̇ in , CC + E ̇ fuel
Overall cycle Electrical heat ratio EHR = W net Q net
Exergy efficiency E ̇ = E ̇ p h + E ̇ c h
E ̇ p h = m ̇ ( h − h 0 − T 0 ( s − s 0 ) )
E ̇ ch = m ̇ M ∑ x k e ¯ k c h + R ¯ T 0 ∑ x k ln x k
η ex = W ̇ net , T + ( E ̇ steam , HRSG − E ̇ water , HRSG ) E ̇ fuel
ATE η a = W Q Fuel , inlet − ( Q NET / ( η CC ) H )
SFC SFC = 3600 . m ̇ fuel W ̇ net
IHR ( IHR ) CG = Q Fuel,inlet . CG W CG - ( Q NET ) CG ( η CC ) CG W CG = 1 η e l − λ CG ( η CC ) CG
Z factor (ratio of lost exergy to useful exergy) Z = I ̇ Lost . E ̇ usef .
FESR FESR = Δ Q Fuel , inlet ( Q H ( η CC ) H + W η e l )

3 Results and discussion

In this research, ambient pressure and temperature are taken as 101.3 kPa and 298.15 K, respectively. For the calculations, the inlet fuel mass m fuel = 1.64 kg/s, the inlet compressor air mass flow m air = 91.3 kg/s, the turbine and the compressor isentropic efficiency η izC = η izT = 0.86, the compressor compression ratio r = 10, recuperator outlet temperature T recout = 850 K, steam temperature T steam = 485.57 K, and exhaust outlet temperature T exh = 426 K are taken.

In this study, compressor inlet air or ambient pressure depends on the installation altitude of the cogeneration system, and evaporative cooling is carried out by spraying water particles in the inlet air up to the saturation point on the 1.9% molar water vapor under normal conditions (at 25°C and 1 atm). Accordingly, the new temperature of the air was found from the amount of water injected using the psychrometric diagram and used in the calculation. Increasing the specific humidity affects the density of the air, thus the variation of specific heat with temperature. When the specific humidity is increased, it also increases the specific gas and heat constant values at a specific pressure.

In Figure 5, variation of the Z factor (ratio of lost exergy to useful exergy) with inlet air (atmospheric) pressure for ab, bsc, airh, and airfh cogeneration systems is given. It can be seen that increasing atmospheric pressure (or decreasing altitudes) decreases the Z factor (ratio of lost exergy to useful exergy) of the four cycles. Upon decreasing the inlet air (atmospheric) pressure of the four cycles from 101.3 to 70 kPa, the Z factors of the cycles increase about 10% for ab and bsc cycles and about 13% for airh and airfh cycles, which is important. Increasing inlet air (atmospheric) pressure decreases the lost exergy, which is unignorable, and should be taken into account.

Figure 5 Variation of the Z factor (ratio of lost exergy to useful exergy) with inlet air (atmospheric) pressure for ab, bsc, airh, and airfh cogeneration systems.
Figure 5

Variation of the Z factor (ratio of lost exergy to useful exergy) with inlet air (atmospheric) pressure for ab, bsc, airh, and airfh cogeneration systems.

In Figure 6, variation of the specific work with inlet air (atmospheric) pressure for ab, bsc, airh, and airfh cogeneration systems is given. It can be shown that decreasing inlet air pressure decreases the specific work about 28% for airh and airfh cogeneration systems. Upon decreasing the inlet air pressure, for ab and bsc cycles, the decrease in specific work is about 25%.

Figure 6 Variation of the specific work with inlet air (atmospheric) pressure for ab, bsc, airh, and airfh cogeneration systems.
Figure 6

Variation of the specific work with inlet air (atmospheric) pressure for ab, bsc, airh, and airfh cogeneration systems.

In Figure 7, variation of the specific fuel consumption (SFC) with atmospheric pressure for bsc, ab, airh, and airfh cogeneration systems is given. In Figure 7, it can be seen that increase in altitude or decrease in atmospheric pressure of the inlet air of the compressor increases the SFC of the four cycles. Decrease in atmospheric pressure of the inlet air of the compressor increases the SFC of bsc cycle about 27%, airh and airfh cycle about 28%, and the ab cycle about 25%.

Figure 7 Variation of the SFC with inlet air (atmospheric) pressure for ab, bsc, airh, and airfh cogeneration systems.
Figure 7

Variation of the SFC with inlet air (atmospheric) pressure for ab, bsc, airh, and airfh cogeneration systems.

In Figure 8, variation of the fuel energy saving ratio (FESR) with altitude and atmospheric pressure for ab, bsc, airh, and airfh cogeneration systems is given. Figure 9 shows that decreasing the pressure of the inlet air decreases the FESR of the four cycles. The FESR decreases about 29% with decrease in the atmospheric pressure for airh and airfh cogeneration systems. For ab and bsc systems, FESR decreases about 30% with decrease in atmospheric pressure.

Figure 8 Variation of the FESR with atmospheric pressure for ab, bsc, airh, and airfh cogeneration systems.
Figure 8

Variation of the FESR with atmospheric pressure for ab, bsc, airh, and airfh cogeneration systems.

Figure 9 Variation of the IHR with atmospheric pressure for ab, bsc, airh, and airfh cogeneration systems.
Figure 9

Variation of the IHR with atmospheric pressure for ab, bsc, airh, and airfh cogeneration systems.

In Figure 9, variation of the incremental heat rate (IHR) with atmospheric pressure for ab, bsc, airh, and airfh cogeneration systems is given. It can be concluded that decreasing the pressure of the inlet air increases the IHR of the four cycles. The IHRs of the ab, bsc, airh, and airfh cogeneration systems are increasing about 10% with decreasing compressor inlet air pressure.

In the summer months, the method of spraying water in the inlet air increases the humidity, so the evaporative cooling can be obtained. It is possible to connect the electrical power to the temperature of the ambient in this way. Increasing the electrical power between 2 and 6% depends on the ambient humidity. Reducing the inlet air temperature by spraying water particles into the compressor inlet air also reduces the combustion chamber outlet temperature.

In Figure 10, variation of the Z factor (ratio of lost exergy to useful exergy) with spraying water into compressor inlet air (g/kg) for ab, bsc, airh, and airfh cogeneration systems is given. As can be seen in Figure 10, the Z factor (ratio of lost exergy to useful exergy) decreases with increasing (evaporative) compressor inlet air humidity ratio for ab, bsc, airh, and airfh cogeneration systems. The ratio of lost exergy to useful exergy decreases for ab and bsc cycles about 2%, and for airh and airfh plants it is about 0.5%.

Figure 10 Variation of Z factor (ratio of lost exergy to useful exergy) with spraying water into compressor inlet air (g/kg) for ab, bsc, airh, and airfh cogeneration systems.
Figure 10

Variation of Z factor (ratio of lost exergy to useful exergy) with spraying water into compressor inlet air (g/kg) for ab, bsc, airh, and airfh cogeneration systems.

In Figure 11, variation of the specific work with compressor inlet air humidity ratio for ab, bsc, airh, and airfh cogeneration systems is given. As shown in Figure 11, this increase in evaporative inlet air humidity increases the specific work of the ab, bsc, airh, and airfh cogeneration systems. Increasing spraying water in compressor inlet air (g/kg) increases the specific work of ab and bsc cycles about 6%, and for the airh and the airfh cycles it is about 1.2%.

Figure 11 Variation of the specific work with spraying water into compressor inlet air (g/kg) for ab, bsc, airh, and airfh cogeneration systems [10].
Figure 11

Variation of the specific work with spraying water into compressor inlet air (g/kg) for ab, bsc, airh, and airfh cogeneration systems [10].

In Figure 12, variation of the SFC with spraying water into compressor inlet air (g/kg) for ab, bsc, airh, and airfh cogeneration systems is given. It is shown in Figure 12 that increasing spraying water into inlet air (g/kg) decreases the SFC of ab, bsc, airh, and airfh cogeneration systems. Increasing evaporative air humidity decreases the SFC of the ab and the bsc plants about 6% and decreases the airh cycle about 1.9% and the airfh plants about 1.1%.

Figure 12 Variation of the SFC with spraying water into compressor inlet air (g/kg) for ab, bsc, airh, and airfh cogeneration systems.
Figure 12

Variation of the SFC with spraying water into compressor inlet air (g/kg) for ab, bsc, airh, and airfh cogeneration systems.

In Figure 13, variation of the artificial thermal efficiency (ATE) with spraying water into compressor inlet air (g/kg) for ab, bsc, airh, and airfh cogeneration systems is given. As can be seen in Figure 13, increasing spraying water into compressor inlet air (g/kg) increases the ATE of ab and bsc plants about 1%, and for the airh and the airfh plants it stays almost the same.

Figure 13 Variation of the ATE with spraying water into compressor inlet air (g/kg) for ab, bsc, airh, and airfh cogeneration systems.
Figure 13

Variation of the ATE with spraying water into compressor inlet air (g/kg) for ab, bsc, airh, and airfh cogeneration systems.

In Figure 14, variation of the FESR with spraying water into compressor inlet air (g/kg) for ab, bsc, airh, and airfh cogeneration systems is given. It is shown in Figure 14 that increasing evaporative inlet air humidity ratio increases the FESR of the ab and the bsc plants about 6%. However, the increase for the airh plant and for the airfh plant is about 0.5%.

Figure 14 Variation of the FESR with spraying water into compressor inlet air (g/kg) for ab, bsc, airh, and airfh cogeneration systems.
Figure 14

Variation of the FESR with spraying water into compressor inlet air (g/kg) for ab, bsc, airh, and airfh cogeneration systems.

In Figure 15, variation of the IHR with spraying water into compressor inlet air (g/kg) for ab, bsc, airh, and airfh cogeneration systems is given. As it is shown in Figure 15, increasing spraying water into inlet air (g/kg) decreases the IHR of the bsc and ab cycles about 1%. However, for the airh and the airfh cycles, it stays almost the same.

Figure 15 Variation of the IHR with spraying water into compressor inlet air (g/kg) for ab, bsc, airh, and airfh cogeneration systems.
Figure 15

Variation of the IHR with spraying water into compressor inlet air (g/kg) for ab, bsc, airh, and airfh cogeneration systems.

4 Conclusions

In this study, compressor inlet air pressure and evaporative cooling effects on the performances is investigated. It is found that increasing atmospheric pressure (or decreasing installation altitudes) decreases the Z factor (ratio of lost exergy to useful exergy) of the four cycles. Upon decreasing the inlet air (atmospheric) pressure of the four cycles from 101.3 to 70 kPa, the Z factors of the cycles increase about 10% for ab and bsc cycles and about 13% for airh and airfh cycles. Increasing inlet air (atmospheric) pressure decreases the lost exergy, which is unignorable, and should be taken into account. Also, decreasing inlet air pressure decreases the specific work about 28% for the airh and airfh cycles, and for ab and bsc cycles, it is about 25%. In addition, decreasing the atmospheric pressure of the inlet air increases the SFC about 25–28% and decreases the FESR of the four cycles about 29–30%.

By spraying water into the compressor inlet air especially in the summer months, the humidity increases and evaporative cooling can be obtained. By using this method, the ratio of lost exergy to useful exergy can be decreased for the four cycles about 0.5–2%. Also, by increasing evaporative inlet air humidity the specific work of the four cycles can be increased about 1.2–6%, and the SFC can be decreased about 1.2–6%. In addition, increasing spraying water into inlet air, the FESR can be increased about 0.5–6%.

Acknowledgement

There is no acknowledgement.

  1. Funding information: There is no funding for his work.

  2. Author contributions: The author has equal rights on the preparation of this study.

  3. Conflict of interest: The author declares that there is no conflict of interest.

  4. Ethical approval: Ethical approval is not required, as the study was not performed in vivo.

  5. Data availability statement: The processed data necessary to reproduce these findings are available upon request with permission.

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Received: 2022-11-19
Revised: 2022-11-29
Accepted: 2022-12-01
Published Online: 2022-12-31

© 2022 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B in aqueous phase by bimetallic metal-organic framework M/Fe-MOF (M = Co, Cu, and Mg)
  3. Assessment of using electronic portal imaging device for analysing bolus material utilised in radiation therapy
  4. A detailed investigation on highly dense CuZr bulk metallic glasses for shielding purposes
  5. Simulation of gamma-ray shielding properties for materials of medical interest
  6. Environmental impact assesment regulation applications and their analysis in Turkey
  7. Sample age effect on parameters of dynamic nuclear polarization in certain difluorobenzen isomers/MC800 asphaltene suspensions
  8. Passenger demand forecasting for railway systems
  9. Design of a Robust sliding mode controller for bioreactor cultures in overflow metabolism via an interdisciplinary approach
  10. Gamma, neutron, and heavy charged ion shielding properties of Er3+-doped and Sm3+-doped zinc borate glasses
  11. Bridging chiral de-tert-butylcalix[4]arenes: Optical resolution based on column chromatography and structural characterization
  12. Petrology and geochemistry of multiphase post-granitic dikes: A case study from the Gabal Serbal area, Southwestern Sinai, Egypt
  13. Comparison of the yield and purity of plasma exosomes extracted by ultracentrifugation, precipitation, and membrane-based approaches
  14. Bioactive triterpenoids from Indonesian medicinal plant Syzygium aqueum
  15. Investigation of the effects of machining parameters on surface integrity in micromachining
  16. The mesoporous aluminosilicate application as support for bifunctional catalysts for n-hexadecane hydroconversion
  17. Gamma-ray shielding properties of Nd2O3-added iron–boron–phosphate-based composites
  18. Numerical investigation on perforated sheet metals under tension loading
  19. Statistical analysis on the radiological assessment and geochemical studies of granite rocks in the north of Um Taghir area, Eastern Desert, Egypt
  20. Two new polypodane-type bicyclic triterpenoids from mastic
  21. Structural, physical, and mechanical properties of the TiO2 added hydroxyapatite composites
  22. Tribological properties and characterization of borided Co–Mg alloys
  23. Studies on Anemone nemorosa L. extracts; polyphenols profile, antioxidant activity, and effects on Caco-2 cells by in vitro and in silico studies
  24. Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, transmission factors, and gamma-ray-shielding performances of Bi2O3–P2O5–B2O3–V2O5 quaternary glass system
  25. Cyclic connectivity index of bipolar fuzzy incidence graph
  26. The role of passage numbers of donor cells in the development of Arabian Oryx – Cow interspecific somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos
  27. Mechanical property evaluation of tellurite–germanate glasses and comparison of their radiation-shielding characteristics using EPICS2017 to other glass systems
  28. Molecular screening of ionic liquids for CO2 absorption and molecular dynamic simulation
  29. Microwave-assisted preparation of Ag/Fe magnetic biochar from clivia leaves for adsorbing daptomycin antibiotics
  30. Iminodisuccinic acid enhances antioxidant and mineral element accumulation in young leaves of Ziziphus jujuba
  31. Cytotoxic activity of guaiane-type sesquiterpene lactone (deoxycynaropicrin) isolated from the leaves of Centaurothamnus maximus
  32. Effects of welding parameters on the angular distortion of welded steel plates
  33. Simulation of a reactor considering the Stamicarbon, Snamprogetti, and Toyo patents for obtaining urea
  34. Effect of different ramie (Boehmeria nivea L. Gaud) cultivars on the adsorption of heavy metal ions cadmium and lead in the remediation of contaminated farmland soils
  35. Impact of a live bacterial-based direct-fed microbial (DFM) postpartum and weaning system on performance, mortality, and health of Najdi lambs
  36. Anti-tumor effect of liposomes containing extracted Murrayafoline A against liver cancer cells in 2D and 3D cultured models
  37. Physicochemical properties and some mineral concentration of milk samples from different animals and altitudes
  38. Copper(ii) complexes supported by modified azo-based ligands: Nucleic acid binding and molecular docking studies
  39. Diagnostic and therapeutic radioisotopes in nuclear medicine: Determination of gamma-ray transmission factors and safety competencies of high-dense and transparent glassy shields
  40. Calculation of NaI(Tl) detector efficiency using 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K radioisotopes: Three-phase Monte Carlo simulation study
  41. Isolation and identification of unstable components from Caesalpinia sappan by high-speed counter-current chromatography combined with preparative high-performance liquid chromatography
  42. Quantification of biomarkers and evaluation of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxicity properties of Dodonaea viscosa grown in Saudi Arabia using HPTLC technique
  43. Characterization of the elastic modulus of ceramic–metal composites with physical and mechanical properties by ultrasonic technique
  44. GC-MS analysis of Vespa velutina auraria Smith and its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities in vitro
  45. Texturing of nanocoatings for surface acoustic wave-based sensors for volatile organic compounds
  46. Insights into the molecular basis of some chalcone analogues as potential inhibitors of Leishmania donovani: An integrated in silico and in vitro study
  47. (1R,2S,5R)-5-Methyl-2-(propan-2-yl)cyclohexyl 4-amino-3-phenylbutanoate hydrochloride: Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity
  48. On the relative extraction rates of colour compounds and caffeine during brewing, an investigation of tea over time and temperature
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  50. Rapeseed oil-based hippurate amide nanocomposite coating material for anticorrosive and antibacterial applications
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  52. Efficiency analysis of photovoltaic systems installed in different geographical locations
  53. Risk prioritization model driven by success factor in the light of multicriteria decision making
  54. Theoretical investigations on the excited-state intramolecular proton transfer in the solvated 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde carbohydrazone
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https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2022-0263
Keywords for this article
cogeneration; inlet air pressure; evaporative cooling
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B in aqueous phase by bimetallic metal-organic framework M/Fe-MOF (M = Co, Cu, and Mg)
  3. Assessment of using electronic portal imaging device for analysing bolus material utilised in radiation therapy
  4. A detailed investigation on highly dense CuZr bulk metallic glasses for shielding purposes
  5. Simulation of gamma-ray shielding properties for materials of medical interest
  6. Environmental impact assesment regulation applications and their analysis in Turkey
  7. Sample age effect on parameters of dynamic nuclear polarization in certain difluorobenzen isomers/MC800 asphaltene suspensions
  8. Passenger demand forecasting for railway systems
  9. Design of a Robust sliding mode controller for bioreactor cultures in overflow metabolism via an interdisciplinary approach
  10. Gamma, neutron, and heavy charged ion shielding properties of Er3+-doped and Sm3+-doped zinc borate glasses
  11. Bridging chiral de-tert-butylcalix[4]arenes: Optical resolution based on column chromatography and structural characterization
  12. Petrology and geochemistry of multiphase post-granitic dikes: A case study from the Gabal Serbal area, Southwestern Sinai, Egypt
  13. Comparison of the yield and purity of plasma exosomes extracted by ultracentrifugation, precipitation, and membrane-based approaches
  14. Bioactive triterpenoids from Indonesian medicinal plant Syzygium aqueum
  15. Investigation of the effects of machining parameters on surface integrity in micromachining
  16. The mesoporous aluminosilicate application as support for bifunctional catalysts for n-hexadecane hydroconversion
  17. Gamma-ray shielding properties of Nd2O3-added iron–boron–phosphate-based composites
  18. Numerical investigation on perforated sheet metals under tension loading
  19. Statistical analysis on the radiological assessment and geochemical studies of granite rocks in the north of Um Taghir area, Eastern Desert, Egypt
  20. Two new polypodane-type bicyclic triterpenoids from mastic
  21. Structural, physical, and mechanical properties of the TiO2 added hydroxyapatite composites
  22. Tribological properties and characterization of borided Co–Mg alloys
  23. Studies on Anemone nemorosa L. extracts; polyphenols profile, antioxidant activity, and effects on Caco-2 cells by in vitro and in silico studies
  24. Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, transmission factors, and gamma-ray-shielding performances of Bi2O3–P2O5–B2O3–V2O5 quaternary glass system
  25. Cyclic connectivity index of bipolar fuzzy incidence graph
  26. The role of passage numbers of donor cells in the development of Arabian Oryx – Cow interspecific somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos
  27. Mechanical property evaluation of tellurite–germanate glasses and comparison of their radiation-shielding characteristics using EPICS2017 to other glass systems
  28. Molecular screening of ionic liquids for CO2 absorption and molecular dynamic simulation
  29. Microwave-assisted preparation of Ag/Fe magnetic biochar from clivia leaves for adsorbing daptomycin antibiotics
  30. Iminodisuccinic acid enhances antioxidant and mineral element accumulation in young leaves of Ziziphus jujuba
  31. Cytotoxic activity of guaiane-type sesquiterpene lactone (deoxycynaropicrin) isolated from the leaves of Centaurothamnus maximus
  32. Effects of welding parameters on the angular distortion of welded steel plates
  33. Simulation of a reactor considering the Stamicarbon, Snamprogetti, and Toyo patents for obtaining urea
  34. Effect of different ramie (Boehmeria nivea L. Gaud) cultivars on the adsorption of heavy metal ions cadmium and lead in the remediation of contaminated farmland soils
  35. Impact of a live bacterial-based direct-fed microbial (DFM) postpartum and weaning system on performance, mortality, and health of Najdi lambs
  36. Anti-tumor effect of liposomes containing extracted Murrayafoline A against liver cancer cells in 2D and 3D cultured models
  37. Physicochemical properties and some mineral concentration of milk samples from different animals and altitudes
  38. Copper(ii) complexes supported by modified azo-based ligands: Nucleic acid binding and molecular docking studies
  39. Diagnostic and therapeutic radioisotopes in nuclear medicine: Determination of gamma-ray transmission factors and safety competencies of high-dense and transparent glassy shields
  40. Calculation of NaI(Tl) detector efficiency using 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K radioisotopes: Three-phase Monte Carlo simulation study
  41. Isolation and identification of unstable components from Caesalpinia sappan by high-speed counter-current chromatography combined with preparative high-performance liquid chromatography
  42. Quantification of biomarkers and evaluation of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxicity properties of Dodonaea viscosa grown in Saudi Arabia using HPTLC technique
  43. Characterization of the elastic modulus of ceramic–metal composites with physical and mechanical properties by ultrasonic technique
  44. GC-MS analysis of Vespa velutina auraria Smith and its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities in vitro
  45. Texturing of nanocoatings for surface acoustic wave-based sensors for volatile organic compounds
  46. Insights into the molecular basis of some chalcone analogues as potential inhibitors of Leishmania donovani: An integrated in silico and in vitro study
  47. (1R,2S,5R)-5-Methyl-2-(propan-2-yl)cyclohexyl 4-amino-3-phenylbutanoate hydrochloride: Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity
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  50. Rapeseed oil-based hippurate amide nanocomposite coating material for anticorrosive and antibacterial applications
  51. Chemically modified Teucrium polium (Lamiaceae) plant act as an effective adsorbent tool for potassium permanganate (KMnO4) in wastewater remediation
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  54. Theoretical investigations on the excited-state intramolecular proton transfer in the solvated 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde carbohydrazone
  55. Mechanical and gamma-ray shielding examinations of Bi2O3–PbO–CdO–B2O3 glass system
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  57. The potential effect of the Rumex vesicarius water seeds extract treatment on mice before and during pregnancy on the serum enzymes and the histology of kidney and liver
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  60. Flexural strength and thermal properties of carbon black nanoparticle reinforced epoxy composites obtained from waste tires
  61. A focusing study on radioprotective and antioxidant effects of Annona muricata leaf extract in the circulation and liver tissue: Clinical and experimental studies
  62. Clinical comprehensive and experimental assessment of the radioprotective effect of Annona muricata leaf extract to prevent cellular damage in the ileum tissue
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  68. Influence of different sample preparation strategies on hypothesis-driven shotgun proteomic analysis of human saliva
  69. Determination of flow distance of the fluid metal due to fluidity in ductile iron casting by artificial neural networks approach
  70. Investigation of mechanical activation effect on high-volume natural pozzolanic cements
  71. In vitro: Anti-coccidia activity of Calotropis procera leaf extract on Eimeria papillata oocysts sporulation and sporozoite
  72. Determination of oil composition of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) seeds under influence of organic fertilizer forms
  73. Activated partial thromboplastin time maybe associated with the prognosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma
  74. Treatment of rat brain ischemia model by NSCs-polymer scaffold transplantation
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  77. Ferrate synthesis using NaOCl and its application for dye removal
  78. Antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anticholinesterase potential of Chenopodium murale L. extracts using in vitro and in vivo approaches
  79. Study on essential oil, antioxidant activity, anti-human prostate cancer effects, and induction of apoptosis by Equisetum arvense
  80. Experimental study on turning machine with permanent magnetic cutting tool
  81. Numerical simulation and mathematical modeling of the casting process for pearlitic spheroidal graphite cast iron
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  83. Isolation and identification of promising antibiotic-producing bacteria
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  85. Evaluation of phytochemical and antioxidant potential of various extracts from traditionally used medicinal plants of Pakistan
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  87. Identification of crucial salivary proteins/genes and pathways involved in pathogenesis of temporomandibular disorders
  88. Zirconium-modified attapulgite was used for removing of Cr(vi) in aqueous solution
  89. The stress distribution of different types of restorative materials in primary molar
  90. Reducing surface heat loss in steam boilers
  91. Deformation behavior and formability of friction stir processed DP600 steel
  92. Synthesis and characterization of bismuth oxide/commercial activated carbon composite for battery anode
  93. Phytochemical analysis of Ziziphus jujube leaf at different foliar ages based on widely targeted metabolomics
  94. Effects of in ovo injection of black cumin (Nigella sativa) extract on hatching performance of broiler eggs
  95. Separation and evaluation of potential antioxidant, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activities of limonene-rich essential oils from Citrus sinensis (L.)
  96. Bioactivity of a polyhydroxy gorgostane steroid from Xenia umbellata
  97. BiCAM-based automated scoring system for digital logic circuit diagrams
  98. Analysis of standard systems with solar monitoring systems
  99. Structural and spectroscopic properties of voriconazole and fluconazole – Experimental and theoretical studies
  100. New plant resistance inducers based on polyamines
  101. Experimental investigation of single-lap bolted and bolted/bonded (hybrid) joints of polymeric plates
  102. Investigation of inlet air pressure and evaporative cooling of four different cogeneration cycles
  103. Review Articles
  104. Comprehensive review on synthesis, physicochemical properties, and application of activated carbon from the Arecaceae plants for enhanced wastewater treatment
  105. Research progress on speciation analysis of arsenic in traditional Chinese medicine
  106. Recent modified air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction applications for medicines and organic compounds in various samples: A review
  107. An insight on Vietnamese bio-waste materials as activated carbon precursors for multiple applications in environmental protection
  108. Antimicrobial activities of the extracts and secondary metabolites from Clausena genus – A review
  109. Bioremediation of organic/heavy metal contaminants by mixed cultures of microorganisms: A review
  110. Sonodynamic therapy for breast cancer: A literature review
  111. Recent progress of amino acid transporters as a novel antitumor target
  112. Aconitum coreanum Rapaics: Botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology
  113. Corrigendum
  114. Corrigendum to “Petrology and geochemistry of multiphase post-granitic dikes: A case study from the Gabal Serbal area, Southwestern Sinai, Egypt”
  115. Corrigendum to “Design of a Robust sliding mode controller for bioreactor cultures in overflow metabolism via an interdisciplinary approach”
  116. Corrigendum to “Statistical analysis on the radiological assessment and geochemical studies of granite rocks in the north of Um Taghir area, Eastern Desert, Egypt”
  117. Corrigendum to “Aroma components of tobacco powder from different producing areas based on gas chromatography ion mobility spectrometry”
  118. Corrigendum to “Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, transmission factors, and gamma-ray-shielding performances of Bi2O3–P2O5–B2O3–V2O5 quaternary glass system”
  119. Erratum
  120. Erratum to “Copper(ii) complexes supported by modified azo-based ligands: Nucleic acid binding and molecular docking studies”
  121. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology (ABB 2021)
  122. Study of solidification and stabilization of heavy metals by passivators in heavy metal-contaminated soil
  123. Human health risk assessment and distribution of VOCs in a chemical site, Weinan, China
  124. Preparation and characterization of Sparassis latifolia β-glucan microcapsules
  125. Special Issue on the Conference of Energy, Fuels, Environment 2020
  126. Improving the thermal performance of existing buildings in light of the requirements of the EU directive 2010/31/EU in Poland
  127. Special Issue on Ethnobotanical, Phytochemical and Biological Investigation of Medicinal Plants
  128. Study of plant resources with ethnomedicinal relevance from district Bagh, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
  129. Studies on the chemical composition of plants used in traditional medicine in Congo
  130. Special Issue on Applied Chemistry in Agriculture and Food Science
  131. Strip spraying technology for precise herbicide application in carrot fields
  132. Special Issue on Pharmacology and Metabolomics of Ethnobotanical and Herbal Medicine
  133. Phytochemical profiling, antibacterial and antioxidant properties of Crocus sativus flower: A comparison between tepals and stigmas
  134. Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of polyphenolics from Withania adpressa (Coss.) Batt. against selected drug-resistant bacterial strains
  135. Integrating network pharmacology and molecular docking to explore the potential mechanism of Xinguan No. 3 in the treatment of COVID-19
  136. Chemical composition and in vitro and in vivo biological assortment of fixed oil extracted from Ficus benghalensis L.
  137. A review of the pharmacological activities and protective effects of Inonotus obliquus triterpenoids in kidney diseases
  138. Ethnopharmacological study of medicinal plants in Kastamonu province (Türkiye)
  139. Protective effects of asperuloside against cyclophosphamide-induced urotoxicity and hematotoxicity in rats
  140. Special Issue on Essential Oil, Extraction, Phytochemistry, Advances, and Application
  141. Identification of volatile compounds and antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal properties against drug-resistant microbes of essential oils from the leaves of Mentha rotundifolia var. apodysa Briq. (Lamiaceae)
  142. Phenolic contents, anticancer, antioxidant, and antimicrobial capacities of MeOH extract from the aerial parts of Trema orientalis plant
  143. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils from Mentha pulegium and Rosmarinus officinalis against multidrug-resistant microbes and their acute toxicity study
  144. Special Issue on Marine Environmental Sciences and Significance of the Multidisciplinary Approaches
  145. An insightful overview of the distribution pattern of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in the marine sediments of the Red Sea
  146. Antifungal–antiproliferative norcycloartane-type triterpenes from the Red Sea green alga Tydemania expeditionis
  147. Solvent effect, dipole moment, and DFT studies of multi donor–acceptor type pyridine derivative
  148. An extensive assessment on the distribution pattern of organic contaminants in the aerosols samples in the Middle East
  149. Special Issue on 4th IC3PE
  150. Energetics of carboxylic acid–pyridine heterosynthon revisited: A computational study of intermolecular hydrogen bond domination on phenylacetic acid–nicotinamide cocrystals
  151. A review: Silver–zinc oxide nanoparticles – organoclay-reinforced chitosan bionanocomposites for food packaging
  152. Green synthesis of magnetic activated carbon from peanut shells functionalized with TiO2 photocatalyst for Batik liquid waste treatment
  153. Coagulation activity of liquid extraction of Leucaena leucocephala and Sesbania grandiflora on the removal of turbidity
  154. Hydrocracking optimization of palm oil over NiMoO4/activated carbon catalyst to produce biogasoline and kerosine
  155. Special Issue on Pharmacology and metabolomics of ethnobotanical and herbal medicine
  156. Cynarin inhibits PDGF-BB-induced proliferation and activation in hepatic stellate cells through PPARγ
  157. Special Issue on The 1st Malaysia International Conference on Nanotechnology & Catalysis (MICNC2021)
  158. Surfactant evaluation for enhanced oil recovery: Phase behavior and interfacial tension
  159. Topical Issue on phytochemicals, biological and toxicological analysis of aromatic medicinal plants
  160. Phytochemical analysis of leaves and stems of Physalis alkekengi L. (Solanaceae)
  161. Phytochemical and pharmacological profiling of Trewia nudiflora Linn. leaf extract deciphers therapeutic potentials against thrombosis, arthritis, helminths, and insects
  162. Pergularia tomentosa coupled with selenium nanoparticles salvaged lead acetate-induced redox imbalance, inflammation, apoptosis, and disruption of neurotransmission in rats’ brain
  163. Protective effect of Allium atroviolaceum-synthesized SeNPs on aluminum-induced brain damage in mice
  164. Mechanism study of Cordyceps sinensis alleviates renal ischemia–reperfusion injury
  165. Plant-derived bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid tetrandrine prevents human podocyte injury by regulating the miR-150-5p/NPHS1 axis
  166. Network pharmacology combined with molecular docking to explore the anti-osteoporosis mechanisms of β-ecdysone derived from medicinal plants
  167. Chinese medicinal plant Polygonum cuspidatum ameliorates silicosis via suppressing the Wnt/β-catenin pathway
  168. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Biological Applications - Part I
  169. Investigation of improved optical and conductivity properties of poly(methyl methacrylate)–MXenes (PMMA–MXenes) nanocomposite thin films for optoelectronic applications
  170. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology (ABB 2022)
  171. Model predictive control for precision irrigation of a Quinoa crop
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