Volume 23, Issue 1

Diabetes mellitus is a global health problem requiring innovative approaches for effective management. Natural compounds derived from medicinal plants offer promising avenues due to their diverse biological activities. The aim of this study was to assess the inhibitory effects of Cedrus atlantica extracts on the enzymes α-amylase and α-glucosidase, which play a crucial role in the regulation of postprandial glucose levels, as well as to investigate their phytochemical composition and antioxidant capabilities. Aqueous extract of bark (EA), aqueous extract of cones (CA), and aqueous extract of leaves (FA) of C. atlántica were prepared and evaluated for enzyme inhibition using acarbose as a standard. The CA extract showed potent α-amylase inhibition (IC 50 307 ± 0.02 μg/mL) and remarkable α-glucosidase inhibition (IC 50 70 ± 0.04 μg/mL), outperforming the FA and EA extracts. Quantitative analysis revealed that EA and CA extracts had higher total phenolic content, flavonoid content, and tannin content than FA extract. Antioxidant assessments highlighted the outstanding performance of CA extract, with a low IC 50 ABTS (30.65 ± 0.1 μg/mL) and an impressive EC 50 FRAP (59.43 ± 1.19 μg/mL), outperforming FA extract. The results demonstrate the remarkable antidiabetic potential of C. atlantica extracts, particularly the CA extract, by inhibiting key enzymes involved in carbohydrate digestion. These extracts possess various phytochemical compounds with significant antioxidant capacities, suggesting that they are suitable for pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and cosmetic applications. Further research to isolate and identify the bioactive compounds in CA extract could lead to new therapeutic strategies for managing diabetes and oxidative stress-related conditions.

In this study, the effects of B 4 C particle addition on the microstructural, mechanical, and tribological properties of bronze matrix brake pad materials were analyzed. To this end, bronze matrix brake pads reinforced with different proportions (0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 wt%) of B 4 C particles were fabricated via hot pressing at 800°C and 40 MPa for 5 min. The hardness, density, and transverse rupture strength (TRS) were measured and friction–wear tests were performed to evaluate the effectiveness of adding B 4 C. The results revealed that the hardness increased with increasing B 4 C content, whereas the density slightly decreased. The TRSs of the B 4 C-reinforced specimens exceeded that of the non-reinforced material. Furthermore, the friction stability, average friction coefficient, and wear resistance, which are crucial quality parameters of the brake pad material, increased upon adding >3 wt% B 4 C to the specimen compared with those of the non-reinforced specimen. After the wear test, the worn surfaces of the specimens were examined via scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and a 3D optical profilometer to identify the wear mechanisms involved during friction.

The HslVU enzyme complex, a proteasomal analog found in bacteria, consists of two components, i.e., the HslV protease and the HslU ATPase. These proteins come together to form a functional enzyme complex, where the C-terminal helix of each HslU subunit is inserted into the binding pocket of each HslV dimer. This interaction leads to the activation of the HslV protease through allosteric mechanisms, enabling its enzymatic function. This bacterial complex is reflected as an attractive target for drug development due to its presence in disease-causing microorganisms and concurrent absence in humans. The objective of this research was to identify certain promising drug candidates that could excessively stimulate the HslV protease, leading to uncontrolled protein breakdown in the pathogens. Four dihydropyrimidone derivatives have been identified as potential activators of HslV protease exhibiting high docking scores, favorable binding patterns, and significant in vitro activation capabilities. These compounds have demonstrated effective dose 50 values within the sub-micromolar range, i.e., 0.4–0.58 µM. Normal mode analysis investigations provided additional confirmation regarding the stability of the conformational interactions between the HslV protease and the active compounds. In addition, the predicted absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity properties of these lead compounds remarkably demonstrated their considerable drug-like and non-toxic qualities. This study not only presents more potent small non-peptide activators of the HslV protease but also enhances the understanding regarding the mechanism of HslVU complex activation via small non-peptidic molecules.

Aging conditions, including time, temperature, humidity, and flipping frequency, play an important role in the flavor development of cigars. In this study, the headspace–gas chromatography–ion mobility spectrometry (HS–GC–IMS) method was used to analyze the changes in the volatile flavor compounds (VFCs) of cigars under different aging conditions. A total of 82 VFCs were identified from cigars. Differences in the VFCs of cigar samples were shown in topographic plots and fingerprints. The effects of aging temperature, humidity, and flipping frequency on the VFCs of cigars were more important than the aging time. When the aging time exceeded 60 days, the effect on the VFCs of cigars was minimal. Moreover, the changes in the main VFCs of cigars under different aging conditions were the result of a series of chemical reactions, including the Maillard reaction and the degradation of carotenoids. Orthogonal projection to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) results demonstrated that the samples, which were subjected to various aging conditions, could be distinctly classified. Therefore, the integration of HS–GC–IMS with OPLS-DA proves to be a sensitive method for identifying and differentiating the VFCs of cigar samples under diverse aging conditions. This study provides a theoretical basis for optimizing the aging process and improving the flavor quality of cigars.

The increasing environmental concerns over wastewater contamination have spurred significant interest in developing efficient and sustainable methods for wastewater treatment. In this study, a simple and user-friendly approach was employed to synthesize iron oxide nanoparticles (IO-NPs) using Musa acuminata peel extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The synthesized IO-NPs were thoroughly characterized using transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis to investigate their structural, morphological, compositional, and optical properties. The crystallite size was determined to be 38.42 nm, while the particle size was nearly double, at 65.22 nm. The IO-NPs were further evaluated for their photocatalytic efficacy in degrading methyl orange (MO) and rhodamine 6G (R-6G), two common organic dye pollutants. The highest degradation efficiency of 99.42% was achieved for R-6G, while MO showed a degradation of 79.87% within 160 min. Photocatalytic experiments were conducted under varying conditions of catalyst dosage, initial dye concentration, and solution pH to optimize the degradation process. The recycling potential of the IO-NPs was also examined by performing the photocatalytic process over five cycles, demonstrating their reusability and potential for sustainable wastewater treatment. Graphical abstract

Herbal teas are very popular drinks. Their contamination could cause health problems for the population. Therefore, it is important to ensure that common toxic elements, which are released into the environment, are not present at high levels. We used inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to determine the concentration of As, Pb, Cd, and Cr in the infusions of 16 different brands of herbal teas sold in Jordan. In addition, the Hg content of the infusions was determined using a mercury analyzer which is based on atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The estimated daily intake (EDI) was below the threshold recommended by the World Health Organization. The highest EDI was found for Pb with values that reached 9.22 × 10 −2  μg kg −1 in sample T11, while Hg had the lowest values, which were less than or equal to 3.71 × 10 −4  μg kg −1 . The target hazard quotient, an estimate of non-carcinogenic effects, was found to be within the acceptable limits of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for both adults and children. Moreover, the incremental lifetime cancer risk values were also found to fall within the acceptable limits of the US EPA. These results confirm that the herbal tea brands sold in Jordan are safe for human consumption.

In this study, a survey was conducted on cadmium levels in seawater crabs during 2015–2023 in Jiaxing, China, to evaluate their concentration levels, distribution characteristics, and health risks. The concentrations of cadmium were analyzed using atomic absorption spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The pollution level and health risks were assessed using the single-factor pollution index and margin of safety (MOS) method. The results showed that cadmium in seawater crabs ranged from 0.091 to 21.136 mg/kg, with a median value of 1.360 mg/kg and an exceedance rate of 15.8%. Over 88% of cadmium was primarily accumulated in crab roe and hepatopancreas. Bread crabs had the highest cadmium content (1.894 mg/kg), followed by swimming crabs (1.422 mg/kg), flower crabs (1.226 mg/kg), and mud crabs (1.070 mg/kg). The single-factor pollution index indicated that the median cadmium level in seawater crabs represented mild pollution ( P i = 0.453). MOS risk assessment revealed that cadmium exposure from general consumption posed a low health risk (P50, MOS = 3.47). However, there was a potential risk associated with high consumption of highly polluted swimming crabs (P95, MOS = 0.94) and bread crabs (P95, MOS = 0.45). The above-standard cadmium content in market-sold seawater crabs highlights the need for improved food market monitoring. While daily consumption poses relatively low dietary risks for the general population, careful considerations on daily intake levels are needed.

Several drugs cure pathogenic microorganisms; however, they all have cost, toxicity, and pathogenic resistance. The present study was designed to evaluate the antibacterial, antifungal, and antileishmanial efficacy, as well as the toxicity profile, of nanoparticles (NPs). Synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) of Cinnamomum zeylanicum ( C. zeylanicum ) bark extract was characterized using several techniques were UV-visible spectroscopy verified NPs production. The absorption peak of C. zeylanicum bark extract was 418 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy used to identified the functional groups in plant extract responsible for reducing AgNO 3 to AgNPs. Scanning electron microscopy showed AgNPs morphology. The synthesized NPs were spherical, rectangular, and oval. The synthesized NPs were analyzed for phase distribution, crystallinity, and purity using X-ray diffraction. C. zeylanicum bark extract AgNPs possess crystal cubic structure, and the Debye-Scherrer equation determined the average particle size of 10.508 nm from full width at half-maximum of the diffraction peaks. In this study, an environmentally friendly synthesis of AgNPs from C. zeylanicum bark extract was tested for antibacterial, antifungal, and antileishmanial efficacy against E. coli , S. aureus , Trichoderma harzianum , and Leishmania tropica (KWH23) strains. Fresh human blood cells were also tested. Green synthesized NPs were effective against pathogenic bacteria. Low dose of AgNPs can be used to reduce toxicity.

Graphical abstract Abstract Essential oils (EOs) are bioactive chemicals derived from the extraction of aromatic and medicinal plants. They have many benefits, including antioxidant and antifungal activity. The present study aims to evaluate the phytochemical composition of Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Mast., Mentha pulegium L., and Thymus zygis L. with biological evaluation and its molecular docking study. The three species studied were collected from the Taza region in north-eastern Morocco. The chemical composition of the EOs was analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, and the antioxidant activity was evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl analysis. The antifungal activity of the studied EOs was tested against apple rot fungi at different concentrations in vitro and in vivo against Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum . Fruit quality parameters and molecular docking of biological activities were also evaluated. The results of this study showed that the EOs of T. articulata (Vahl) Mast. were rich in monoterpenic hydrocarbons (57.71%), whereas M. pulegium L. and T. zygis L. were rich in oxygenated monoterpenes (95.54%). In this study, the EO of T. zygis L. was found to have the highest antioxidant potency (IC 50 = 7.60 ± 0.48 µg/mL), and the efficacy of the EO of this plant against the two pathogens tested is greater than that of the other two plants. Molecular docking results showed important activity, including ligand binding affinity to the active site of the receptor of each fungal strain, hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic bonds, and interactions for antifungal and antioxidant activities.

This study investigates the potential of alkaloids – nitidine, harmine, harmaline, berberine, and magnoflurine – as inhibitors of HIV –CD4 binding, focusing on their molecular interactions, binding affinities, and pharmacokinetic properties. Molecular docking results revealed that all alkaloids exhibited high-affinity binding to the CD4 receptor and showed significant interactions with the HIV spike protein ( HIV -SP). Interaction analysis showed that nitidine and harmaline formed hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions, while harmine and magnoflurine relied on van der Waals forces and π-stacking. Pharmacokinetic evaluations, based on Lipinski’s Rule of Five, showed that nitidine and magnoflurine exhibited favorable oral bioavailability, moderate lipophilicity, and blood–brain barrier permeability, with nitidine having a bioavailability score of 0.55, and showing promising candidate for the development of anti- HIV therapeutics, supported by their binding solid affinities, stability in MD simulations, and favorable pharmacokinetic profiles. MD simulations confirmed the stability of the CD4– HIV -SP complex, with magnesium fluoride showing the highest strength and minimal structural deviation, while nitidine and berberine exhibited binding solid stability. MM-GBSA calculations confirmed magnesium fluoride as the most potent inhibitor with the highest binding free energy.

Adsorption of phenylethyl alcohol (PEA) from aqueous solution onto Macronet MN202 was carried out by batch experiments. The effects of initial PEA concentration (250–6,000 mg L −1 ), adsorbent amount (0.025–1 g), and temperature (25–40°C) on the adsorption capacity were investigated. The influence of contact time on adsorption showed that 2 h was adequate for 80.3 ± 4.13% PEA removal (86.6 ± 4.20% for 24 h). Batch experiment equilibrium data were examined using the isotherm and kinetics model approaches. The maximum adsorption capacity q m was found to be 1,250 mg g −1 by the Langmuir isotherm model. Both Langmuir and Freundlich's isotherms and adsorption–desorption cycles confirmed that the mechanism was physical adsorption, besides the Temkin isotherm confirmed that the adsorption is favorable. In addition, the mean free energy of 8.2249 ± 0.2033 kJ mol −1 obtained from the Dubinin–Radushkevich model showed that the adsorption mechanism was associated with reversible ion exchange. It was observed that the adsorption kinetics were compatible with the pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion kinetics models. The thermodynamical investigation of the adsorption process reflected that the Gibbs free energy was negative, the process was spontaneous, the heat of adsorption was exothermic, and the standard entropy change was negative, which meant that less disorder occurred at the solid–liquid interface.

Heterogeneous enzymatic activity of fungal catalase from Penicillium chrysogenum in the hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) disproportionation reaction in a neutral aqueous buffer solution has been examined by means of constant-potential chronoamperometry. A recently developed catalytic peroxide electrode has been used as both an electrochemical detector and a high-speed low-noise stirrer. The determination of immobilized enzyme activity has been performed in an electrochemical system containing a sample of immobilized fungal catalase (from P. chrysogenum ) and a rotating catalytic electrode sensitive to H 2 O 2 concentration placed at a close distance to the sample. Heterogeneous catalytic activities of fungal catalase for H 2 O 2 decomposition have also been assayed in the presence of 0.5 and 1.0% ethanol and methanol. Alterations of catalase catalytic action have been found in the presence of alcohols: while in the absence of alcohols its kinetics obeys the Michaelis–Menten mechanism, in the presence of alcohols it is described by Hill’s model. The apparent kinetic constants of the enzyme-catalyzed process have been proven to differ depending on the type of alcohol and its amount in the medium. The obtained results imply that the use of the electrocatalytic approach can be considered a promising alternative for kinetic characterization of immobilized enzymes, provided that the enzyme substrate is electrochemically active.

This work successfully developed a new green and low-cost preparation method of zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) by adding sodium hydroxide as a proton removing agent and surfactant to reduce the amount of 2-methylimidazole and the size of ZIF-8. Using surfactants cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) to modify ZIF-8. The modified ZIF-8 showed selective adsorption behaviors for Rhodamine B (Rh B), methylene blue (MB), methyl orange (MO), and acid yellow 36 (AC36). ZIF-8 modified by SDS was more likely to adsorb MB and Rh B cationic dyes than ZIF-8 modified by CTAB, with removal rates of 85.3 and 90.1%, respectively. The removal rates of anionic MO and AC36 by CTAB-modified ZIF-8 were 98.7 and 80.4%, respectively. Because of the selectivity of modified ZIF-8, it can separate specific dyes from mixed dyes. Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and zeta potential analysis showed that the adsorption of dyes by modified ZIF-8 was carried out by electrostatic interaction, π–π stacking and hydrogen bonding.

Povidone iodine has been a widely used standard disinfectant in the medical field. The preparation process has not received sufficient attention because of the influencing factors and their correlations under the same conditions. The response surface methodology matrix was used for variables affecting yield, I 2 , and I content from the central composite design of pH (1–7), stirring speed (400–1,200 rpm), temperature (30–50°C), and time (1–20 h). The evaluation of the IR spectrum after preparation showed similarity in molecular arrangement positions. The compatibility of the predicted data with the model was indicated by an R 2 coefficient > 0.95 ( Y 1) and a CV% of 30 runs reaching 1.15%. The temperature–time factor pair showed a significant positive correlation to Y 1, while I 2 content was positively influenced by pH and temperature. Additionally, the square of stirring speed and the square of temperature also increased the I content. From the verification data, all four factors were shown to have a significant impact on the povidone-iodine preparation process with an error α less than 5%. Graphical abstract

This study thoroughly examined the effects of soil treatments on the soil geotechnical properties and ginger rhizome oil quality. Ginger was cultivated in soil subjected to four different treatment plans: one with organic manure (ORG 1), another with combination of organic manure and seaweed extract (ORG 2), a third with the NPK 15:15:15 fertilizer (CONV 1), and the last one with a blend of fertilizer and seaweed extract (CONV 2). The rhizomes were harvested at peak maturity, and their oil content was chemically analyzed using standard procedures. Additionally, the soil’s properties were evaluated during the experimental period. It was observed that the oil extracted from ginger rhizomes cultivated with organic treatments (ORG 1 and ORG 2) had higher vitamin and iodine levels but lower levels of minerals, acid content, density, specific gravity, refractive index, and peroxide values compared to the oil produced from conventionally cultivated ginger plants. Regarding the microbial pollution of the oil samples, all the ginger oil samples had 0 cfu/mL after incubation. The results depict that a substantial relationship exists between soil treatment and the oil quality. Furthermore, the results indicate that the organic treatments remediated the soil better than the inorganic treatments. Correlating soil properties with the crop performance is vital for identifying optimal soil conditions for producing high-quality oils.

Increasing drug pollution represents a substantial risk to the safeguarding of water resources. Favipiravir, a commonly used antiviral medication, is one of the pharmaceutical residues found in wastewater and poses a threat to the ecosystem. Favipiravir is classified as Category 2 for germ cell mutagenicity and reproductive toxicity and is a drug suspected of leading to genetic abnormalities and adverse effects on the developing fetus. In this study, hazelnut shell-derived activated carbon was utilized as an adsorbent for the removal of favipiravir from aqueous solutions. First, the produced activated carbon was characterized through various analyses. Then, during the adsorption process, key parameters such as initial favipiravir concentration, adsorbent dosage, solution pH, contact time, and temperature were optimized. The process was analyzed based on equilibrium, kinetics, and thermodynamics. Optimum conditions (30 μg/mL initial concentration, 15 mg adsorbent dose, 90 min contact time, pH 2) were determined, and the highest adsorption efficiency of 94.60% was obtained under these conditions. The adsorption mechanism was most accurately by the pseudo-second-order rate model ( R ²: 0.9998) and the Langmuir adsorption model ( R 2 : 0.9942). Moreover, thermodynamic studies have shown that the mechanism is spontaneous since the free energy change (Δ G < 0), exothermic since the enthalpy change (Δ H < 0), and the entropy change (Δ S < 0) reduce the disorder in the system. This study emphasizes the adsorbent’s potential as a green and economical treatment solution.

Tomato root soil quality and microbial community composition are important for improving fruit quality. However, the effect of biochar and soil amendment on tomato fruit quality and root soil characteristics under greenhouse production has been insufficiently explored. In this study, the fruit quality and bacterial communities in tomato root soil and fruit subjected to biochar and soil amendment were analyzed using Illumina sequencing. The results showed that the application of biochar and soil amendment increased the available phosphorous in tomato greenhouse soils, ranging from 49.37 to 52.02 mg kg −1 . Biochar greatly affected the fruit quality, such as the lutein content (1.55 μg g −1 ). The potassium content in the fruits was higher than that of nitrogen and phosphorous, reaching 1.59 g kg −1 . The addition of biochar and soil amendment promoted the abundance of Bacteroidota, Actinobacteriota, and Firmicutes at the phylum level in the tomato fruits. However, biochar and soil amendment slightly reduced the number of Proteobacteria in the fruits. This study provides new insights into practical strategies for promoting tomato fruit quality and soil condition. Graphical abstract

Textile dye effluents and their contamination in aquatic environments is a serious risk pose of aquatic pollution. Degradation of such dyes using a biological treatment like microbe and plant-based remediation is an eco-friendly approach and more feasible than the physical and chemical treatment processes. In the present study, the biosorption of malachite green (MG) dye from aqueous solution using Sargassum wightii seaweed was evaluated. Using batch mode, several factors, including biosorbent concentration (1–6 g/L), pH (3–10), and temperature (25–60°C), that affected biosorption over a range of time intervals were determined. The absorption capacity was lowered as the temperature increased over 40°C. Similarly, at pH 3.0, the least adsorption of 23 mg/g was recorded. With a large elevation in pH, a gradual increment in adsorption was seen. At pH 7, a maximum uptake capacity of 78 mg/g was observed. The concentrations of dissolved oxygen demand and biological oxygen demand were much reduced in the treated dye-contaminated water. The BOD value decreased from 0.5 to 5,440 mg/L, and the COD value decreased from 20 to 2,080 mg/L as the biosorption time increased. S. wightii- mediated dye degradation resulted in reduced water toxicity level, which is ensured by seed germination when the dye-treated water was used using S. wightii . The dye-treated water exhibited no antimicrobial properties in terms of antifungal and antibacterial when compared to non-treated water. The biosorbent and adsorbent interactions were characterized using FTIR and SEM. FTIR interpretation revealed that the treated water reduces the dye concentration in water, which is evident through reduction of functional groups when compared with FTIR results of untreated water. Dye-treated water and its safe physicochemical and biological parameters were assessed using a green gram germination test and microbial toxicity assay using the treated water.

Mycobacterium leprae , the bacterium that causes leprosy, is still a public health concern which requires innovative strategies to fight drug-resistant forms. This study investigates the potential of natural compounds as FolP protein inhibitors, a key enzyme in the folate biosynthesis pathway critical for M. leprae survival. The aim of this work was to search for natural chemicals that can inhibit FolP protein using molecular docking and absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) analysis. Using the standard precision method of the Glide tool, the FolP protein was matched to a library of natural products comprising 1,400 compounds. Ten of the most promising compounds were chosen for further investigation based on their binding affinities. The binding affinities of the selected compounds ranged from −7.851 to −7.219 kcal/mol. The ADMET properties and toxicity risks of the selected compounds were assessed, and the predicted values of three compounds (LTS0262854, LTS0241035, and LTS0033598) were found to be within an acceptable range. Moreover, the docking studies were supported by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. MD simulations showed that these compounds were stable as potent inhibitors inside the protein binding region. The findings of this study may help develop safe and efficient antileprosy medications, addressing the urgent demand for advanced leprosy care and treatment.

The present investigation assessed the insecticidal potential of zoo chemicals extracted from the test (skeleton) and spines of the sea urchin Salmacis virgulata against Tribolium castaneum , Aedes aegypti , and the Sf-9 cell line through assays for in vitro acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition, cytotoxicity, repellency, larvicidal activity, and in silico modeling. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis of the 50% ethanolic extract identified 40 distinct zoochemicals, including four with known pesticidal properties, from the test and spines of S. virgulata . The zoo extract exhibited promising insecticidal activity, demonstrated by in vitro AChE inhibition with an IC 50 of 143.41 µg/ml. Additionally, in vitro cytotoxicity was measured with an EC 50 of 194.68 µg/ml, a repellent index (IR) of less than 0.80, and an LC 50 for larvicidal toxicity of 153.205 µg/ml. Further statistical and computational techniques confirmed the insecticidal activity of S. virgulata test and spine 50% zoo-extract against T. castaneum and A. aegypti . The identified zoochemicals that are similarly involved in insecticidal activity on all selected insecticide molecular targets have a very strong correlation, with a range of r = 0.977–0.995. This highlights a positive correlation between the insecticide molecular target and strong evidence on zoological insecticides of S. virgulata test and spines against harmful pests through AChE enzyme inhibition, cytotoxicity, repellence, and larvae toxicity. We recommend the utilization of zoo waste from the sea urchin S. virgulata as a promising source of zoological insecticides. These bio-based pesticides offer an eco-friendly approach to pest control through their repellency and toxicity, being readily biodegradable and presenting lower environmental risks compared to synthetic pesticides.

Sweet marjoram ( Origanum majorana L.) is a species of economic and industrial importance from the Lamiaceae family, whose leaves are used as spices and condiments, fresh or dried. Additionally, it comprises bioactive substances that have applications in the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries. This study aims to evaluate the effects of different altitudes on some biological activities in O. majorana . The total phenolic content (TPC) was identified by the Folin–Ciocalteu assay, and antioxidant capacities were evaluated by metal chelating activity, cupric reducing antioxidant, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assays. TPC was the highest in the altitudes 1,300–1,400 m (188.67 mg QE/g) and 1,100–1,200 m (185.03 mg QE/g), respectively. The maximum antioxidant activities were found to be 241.34 µg AAE/mL (1,300–1,400 m) and 210.63 µg AAE/mL (800–900 m), respectively. EOs exhibit strong antimicrobial activity, particularly against Salmonella typhi , Enterococcus facelis , and Staphylococcus aureus . The findings indicate that the biological activity of O. majorana may vary depending on different altitudes.

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs), a new class of green solvents, have attracted considerable attention for CO 2 capture. In this study, we synthesised DESs using a superbase, 1,5-diazabicyclo [4.3.0] non-5-ene (DBN), as the hydrogen bond acceptor and a weak acid, diethylene glycol (DEG), as the hydrogen bond donor in different molar ratios to achieve efficient and reversible CO 2 absorption. Experimental results indicate that DES2 (DBN:DEG = 1:2) exhibits optimal CO 2 absorption performance (a maximum absorption capacity of 0.275 gCO 2 /gDES. Deep eutectic solvents at 30°C and flow rate of 30 mL/min). Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy reveals that DEG activated by DBN in DESs can react with CO 2 to form carbonates, thereby enabling CO 2 capture. In addition, monoethanolamine was added to the DESs as a promoter, thereby enhancing the CO 2 absorption performance, with a maximum absorption capacity of 0.316 gCO 2 /gDES. 13 C NMR and Fourier transform infrared analyses revealed that the amino and hydroxyl groups in the DESs can simultaneously react with CO 2 to form carbamate and carbonate, achieving synergistic absorption.

This study developed a zeolite-modified ecological concrete and investigated the effects of zeolite content and particle size on its physical and mechanical properties, as well as its degradation performance. Experimental results demonstrated that for a given particle size of zeolite, an increase in zeolite content led to higher compressive strength. Conversely, with a constant zeolite content, the compressive strength of the concrete blocks increased with larger zeolite particle sizes. In water purification tests, a reduction in zeolite particle size enhanced the melanin removal rate. Specifically, when the zeolite particle size was 0.5–1 mm and the zeolite content was 20%, the melanin removal rate reached 62.4%. At this composition, the water purification efficacy of the concrete blocks was optimal, and their physical and mechanical properties met the necessary application standards.

Chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) are one of the versatile materials that has potential applications in multidomains. However, these diverse applications are not seen in CSNPs produced from a single source. Owing to the above, in this study, we synthesized CSNPs using the ionotropic gelation method and characterized them with UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques for multi-application investigations. SEM and TEM analyses confirmed the spherical shape of the produced CSNPs with their size ranging from 10 to 40 nm. CSNPs were utilized for Zn 2+ ion adsorption from aqueous solutions, optimized using response surface methodology. Optimal reaction conditions were pH 7, 60 min of contact time, and 100 mg/L initial concentration, and a loading capacity of 156.2 mg/g was achieved. The model was significant with p -value <0.0001 and lack-of-fit >0.1. CSNPs exhibited antimicrobial activity with zones of inhibition of 25 mm for Escherichia coli and 24 mm for Staphylococcus aureus . Feeding trials with CSNP-supplemented diets in tilapia showed enhanced growth, reduced mortality, and improved red blood cell and white blood cell counts. These findings demonstrate the multi-functional potential of CSNPs prepared from one source, highlighting their applicability in sustainable practice. Graphical abstract

The rising incidence of chronic diseases has spurred interest in functional foods rich in antioxidants and essential nutrients, as well as in exploring their potential cytotoxic activity against cancer cells. This study aims to address this gap by providing a comprehensive comparison of their biochemical composition and bioactive properties, offering insights into their targeted applications in functional foods and supplements. This study investigated the nutritional composition and bioactive properties of two algae species, chlorella ( Chlorella vulgaris ) and spirulina ( Arthrospira platensis ). Analysis included total protein content, amino acid profiles, mineral compositions, fatty acid profiles, B vitamin contents, polyphenol profiles, carotenoid contents, antioxidant activities (DPPH˙ and ABTS + assays), and cytotoxic activities. Chlorella exhibited higher protein content (64.63%) compared to spirulina (58.24%). Spirulina showed higher concentrations of non-essential and essential amino acids, except for methionine. Mineral analysis revealed spirulina’s superiority in calcium, potassium, sodium, iron, manganese, and zinc, whereas chlorella contained higher copper and lead levels. Fatty acid analysis indicated chlorella’s dominance in saturated fatty acids, while spirulina showed higher proportions of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Polyphenol analysis highlighted chlorella’s higher levels of p -hydroxybenzoic acid, whereas spirulina contained more rutin and catechin. Chlorella also exhibited higher levels of niacin and riboflavin compared to spirulina. Additionally, spirulina extracts, whether ethanolic or hexane-based, demonstrate substantial antioxidant effects, as evidenced by their lower IC 50 values in both DPPH˙ and ABTS + assays relative to chlorella. Overall, spirulina showed superior antioxidant effect. Chlorella hexane extract showed slightly higher cytotoxic potential compared to spirulina. These findings enhance our understanding of the nutritional and health-promoting properties of chlorella and spirulina, suggesting their potential applications in functional foods and dietary supplements. While in vitro assays indicate promising bioactivity, future studies should include in vivo experiments to confirm the health benefits and functional applications of these microalgae. Graphical abstract

Although Ti6Al4V alloy is used in a wide variety of engineering fields such as automotive, aerospace, chemical, marine, and medical, it has significant disadvantages such as low hardness and wear resistance. The boriding process, which is one of the methods applied to improve the surface properties of the material, is based on the principle of increasing the surface quality of the material by creating a TiB 2 and TiB layer on the surface of the material by boron diffusion. Although many methods are used for boriding of Ti6Al4V alloy, the pack boriding method preferred in this study attracts attention because it is a cheap and easy method. This present study focuses on the characterization of the boride layer formed on Ti6Al4V alloy borided at 950, 1,050, and 1,150°C for 5 and 15 h using two different recipes (M-1 and M-2). In addition, the activation energies of boron diffusion calculated using the TiB 2 layer thicknesses measured from optical images of all samples, including 10 h borided samples, are included in the article.

A series of potassium polyacrylate hydrogels (KPAHs) hyperabsorbents of water 0.08, 0.21, and 0.46 wt% of triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) crosslinker were prepared by a free radical polymerization route of potassium acrylate in the presence of TEGDMA in deionized water. The prepared KPAHs were characterized by Fourier-transform infra-red spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. The aim of this study is to improve the water absorbability of KPAH in heavily loaded soils containing 3–9 g L ‒1 CaCl 2 . To achieve this goal, potassium di- and tri-carboxylate salts were in situ separatly incorporated at different contents in the KPAHs in order to recover the swellability of these hydrogels lost due to the excessive presence of CaCl 2 in the soil. Among the most significant results obtained it was revealed that the best absorbability in water containing CaCl 2 is obtained by the KPAH hydrogel containing 0.08 wt% of TEGDMA. When the dipotassium oxalate is added to the KPAH (1:4.5 by weight) this hydrogel resists the shrinkage in 3 g L −1 CaCl 2 saline water. It was also found that the hydrogel system containing 0.21 wt% crosslinker and KO (1:13.5 by weight) showed the best performance in the swellability in the higher saline water (9 g L −1 CaCl 2 ).

This study investigated the environmental impact and health challenges of poorly managed solid waste materials. During this study, soil specimens were sampled at five spatial points (within a radius of 250 m) from the active and passive unlined dumpsites. Thereafter, the electrical properties and microbiology levels of the heavy metals, cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), and arsenic (As) sampled specimens were evaluated in accordance with approved International standards. Also, the environmental air quality was measured using a portable gas detector. The results obtained revealed that the dumpsite activities substantially increased the soil’s heavy metal concentration, while the total bacterial count in the contaminated soils ranged from 7.54 × 10 6 to 128.30 × 10 6 cfu/g. Likewise, the soil’s electrical conductivity and electrical resistivity varied from 21.31 to 76.02 mS/m and 7.61 to 17.23 Ω m, respectively. Exceptionally, the SO 2 , NO x, and NH 3 levels around the active dumpsite vicinity were greater than the level approved by the World Health Organization. Furthermore, the contamination factor and pollution load index results indicated that the dumpsite neighborhood soils were contaminated with toxic metals. The findings of this study have highlighted the necessity of proper waste management approaches to avoid toxic metal toxicity, epidemic diseases, and disruption of telecommunication services.

Quantitative structure–property relationship (QSPR) frameworks leverage topological indices to model the physicochemical attributes of molecular structures. In this study, we introduce the concept of upsilon degree and define the Zagreb upsilon indices based on this concept. Our findings demonstrate that the second Zagreb upsilon index exhibits the highest predictive accuracy for the π–electron energy of benzenes, surpassing existing degree-based topological indices with correlation coefficients exceeding 0.93. This accuracy was measured using statistical correlation analysis, and a direct comparison with the Randić and geometric-arithmetic indices further supports the superior performance of the second Zagreb upsilon index. Furthermore, structural sensitivity and abruptness analyses, which assess the stability and variation of an index across different molecular structures, indicate that Zagreb upsilon indices offer superior performance compared to alternative indices. These results suggest that Zagreb upsilon indices have significant potential as a new and effective tool for QSPR research.

A series of coastal development initiatives have been recently implemented in the East Harbor area of Tieshan Harbor, Guangxi Province, China. However, the ecological impacts of these reclamation activities on toxic metal pollution levels in shallow mangrove sediments within the intertidal zones adjacent to Langen Village, Tieshan Bay (Beibu Gulf), remain poorly understood. This study investigated the distribution patterns, ecological risks, and potential sources of seven toxic metals (Pb, Cu, Zn, As, Cr, Cd, and Hg) in surface sediments collected from 26 sampling locations across dead mangrove zones, severely degraded mangrove areas, and currently intact mangrove ecosystems near Langen Village during April 2022. We employed multiple assessment metrics including the pollution load index (PLI), geoaccumulation index ( I geo ), sediment quality guidelines, individual potential ecological risk factors, and potential ecological risk index (RI) to evaluate contamination status and associated ecological hazards. Results indicate moderate contamination and medium ecological risk according to I geo , PLI and RI in intertidal sediments, with significantly higher toxic metal concentrations in dead and severely degraded mangroves than in temporarily undamaged areas. Total unit toxic index analysis revealed generally low biological toxicity from surface sediment metals, with Hg, Cd, and As identified as dominant ecological hazard factors. These findings provide a critical scientific basis for enhancing mangrove conservation strategies and developing targeted management protocols.

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder of the carbohydrate pathway, resulting in high blood glucose levels, an increase in thirst as well as urination, problems in vision, weight loss, and high ketone body excretion in urine. Diabetes also affects the endocrine, neurological, and circulatory systems, raising blood pressure and lowering high-density lipoprotein levels with subsequent increases in the low-density lipoprotein level. Helicteres isora (H. isora) is a promising medicinal plant having both anti-oxidant and anti-diabetic potentials. Herein, we investigate the protective effect of H. isora extracts (crude and fractions) on paracetamol-induced hepatorenal toxicities in animal models. The extracts were initially screened for in vivo antidiabetic potential using the alloxan-induced diabetic model. The experimental rats treated with 150 mg/kg b.w. (body weight) dose of Hi-Chl extract decreased the creatinine level to 0.48 ± 0.07 mg/dL, blood urea to 19.64 ± 1.22 mg/dL, and uric acid to 2.23 ± 0.21 mg/dL, indicating the hepatorenal protective functions of the extract. Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase and alkaline phosphatase were also normalized by the extract to 73.10 ± 4.40 mg/dL and 174.6 ± 2.81 mg/dL, respectively. The Hi-Chl extract exhibited promising anti-diabetic potential with blood glucose normalizing effect from 494.8 ± 2.52 to 159.6 ± 2.67 to 125.6 ± 3.72 mg/dL at doses of 75 and 150 mg/kg, respectively.

This study evaluated the extraction methods for optimizing lipid and phenolic yields from Juglans regia L. (walnut) green husk and assessed the extracts’ cytotoxic effects on cancer cells (liver cancer cell line, HepG2) and normal human cells (HUVEC). Among the various lipid extraction techniques, the Bligh and Dyer method was most efficient (3.4% dry weight), followed by Soxhlet extraction with n -hexane (2.4%), Folch (2.3%), and sonication (1.7%). For phenolic extraction, sonication with 70% ethanol achieved the highest yield (18.8%), with Soxhlet extraction close behind (17.7%). Total phenolic content varied, with reflux extraction yielding 0.07 ± 0.05 mg GAE/g and hexane Soxhlet extraction at 0.023 ± 0.03 mg GAE/g. Cytotoxicity assays showed dose-dependent inhibitory effects on HepG2 cells for both 70% ethanol maceration and Bligh and Dyer extracts, with IC 50 values of 277.3 and 237.5 μg/mL, respectively. The Bligh and Dyer extract had an IC 50 of 185.3 μg/mL on HUVEC cells. Microscopy and DAPI staining indicated apoptotic changes in HepG2 cells, while DCFH-DA staining revealed elevated ROS levels, suggesting oxidative stress. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry identified unique compounds with potential bioactivity, and molecular docking highlighted 5-hydroxy-1-tetralone as a strong binder with protein 3TZM (−8.0 kcal/mol). This study underscores the influence of extraction methods on yield and bioactivity.

Background Medicinal plants have been used against diseases due to their protective and curative role since undocumented history. Approximately 50% of anticancer drugs are based on phytoconstituents of medicinal plants. Many bioactive substances with diverse pharmacological activities identified from Catharanthus roseus medicinal plant are actively used against cancer. Aim The aim of this study is to identify and analyze the potential of terpenes as natural inhibitors of breast cancer targeted receptors, which are required for identification of new compounds with enhanced specificity and improved efficacy. Understanding the potential of in silico interactions of selected terpene phytocompounds against breast cancer targets were assessed. Methods The selected identified terpenes from essential oil of Catharanthus roseus were assessed against estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor2 by molecular docking, molecular dynamic simulation analysis and by in vitro cytotoxicity analysis. Terpene phytocompounds, which have best docking affinity with breast cancer receptors, were preferable for further MD simulation study. Results After examining the pharmacokinetic characteristics and the outcomes of the toxicity prediction, it was shown that some selected terpene compounds have good potency without toxicity. According to the molecular dynamic simulations, the selected ligands demonstrated dynamical alteration for their particular initial positions at the protein’s catalytic site. The receptor–ligand complex similarly displayed minimal changes as compared to the free receptors. Thus, the terpene compounds are highlighted by these data as hits and potential leaders in the medicinal war against breast cancer. The absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion properties and AMES toxicity parameters were predicted using the Swiss-ADME system, while the bioavailability radar plots indicated relevant medicinal properties. Gamma terpinene, terpinen-4-ol, and limonene were therefore suggested as prospective lead compounds for additional research in the medication development process with breast cancer receptors against cancer. Conclusion These findings unequivocally demonstrate the high affinity of these terpene compounds for breast cancer targets, which further needs in vivo model testing and pre-clinical trials for cancer treatment.

The Sakarya Basin is an important area for water resources and dams in the Northern Anatolia Region, and it also draws attention due to its high population density. Within this context, it is crucial to consider specific criteria such as natural influences and topographic features in the selection of dam sites. This study aims to propose an effective methodology for selecting a site for a new dam in a first-degree earthquake zone, which constitutes the main challenge in the site selection process. The locations of seven dams situated in the Northern Anatolia Earthquake Zone have been evaluated based on six criteria: earthquake, geological and geotechnical properties, valley characteristics, expropriation, environmental impacts, and climate and meteorological conditions. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and the Vlse Kriterijumska Optimizacija Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR) method have been used together as multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) techniques. The AHP was employed to systematically determine the weights of the criteria based on expert opinions. The VIKOR method provided a foundation for evaluating alternative solutions. The optimal solution closest to the ideal has been achieved. A sensitivity analysis was performed by adjusting the weight of the earthquake criterion, which is of great significance for the study area, by approximately ±10%. The analysis revealed that the criterion weights significantly affect the rankings of the alternative regions. The research findings demonstrate that MCDM can effectively identify the most sensitive areas in the region. It is believed that incorporating the results obtained from MCDM methods into disaster management and urban planning strategies could mitigate the negative impacts of future earthquakes.

Caffeine, a widely consumed stimulant found in beverages like coffee, tea, and energy drinks, frequently contaminates surfaces and wastewater. This study explores the use of biochar derived from kidney bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris ) husks as a sustainable and cost-effective adsorbent for caffeine removal from aqueous solutions. The adsorbent was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for functional group identification, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis for surface area and porosity, and scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy for morphological and elemental analysis. Batch adsorption experiments were optimized at an initial caffeine concentration of 50 mg/L, pH 7.0, 60 mg of adsorbent in 50 mL solution, and a contact time of 90 min. Kinetic modeling showed a strong fit to the pseudo-second-order model ( R ² = 0.999), suggesting chemisorption as the dominant mechanism. Isotherm analysis revealed monolayer adsorption behavior consistent with the Langmuir model ( R ² = 0.999), with a maximum adsorption capacity of 40.32 mg/g. These results demonstrate that kidney bean husk-derived biochar is an effective and environmentally friendly adsorbent for removing caffeine from water, offering promising applications in wastewater treatment.

Although mobile phones that work with RFR provide very important benefits for our lives, they may have negative effects. Namely, side effects, such as headaches, sleep disorders, dizziness, lower sperm quality, changes in brain potentials, an increase in oxidative stress levels, and a decrease in antioxidant parameters, have been reported due to mobile phone use. Accordingly, the aim of this research is to investigate the effects of acute and chronic 2100 MHz radiofrequency radiation (RFR) exposure on the auditory brainstem response (ABR) in adult rats. Study groups ( n = 10 rats): Sh-1: sham for 1 week; Sh-10: sham for 10 weeks; 2100-1: 2100 MHz for 1 week; and 2100-10: 2100 MHz for 10 weeks. RFR groups were applied for 2 h/day (5 day/week) 2100 MHz RFR, whereas sham groups were kept under identical circumstances without RFR. ABR were recorded, and biochemical and ultrastructural examinations in the rat brain were carried out. In the acute RFR group, the latencies of all ABR waves were prolonged compared to the sham group. In the acute RFR group, brain 4-hydroxynonenal, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and protein carbonyl content levels increased and catalase and superoxide dismutase activities decreased compared to the acute sham group. Edema in acute RFR group neurons, astrocytes, astrocytic end-feet, and mitochondrial damage in astrocytes were observed. Our data imply that acute exposure to 2100 MHz RFR may have adverse impacts on the auditory system, while chronic exposure with certain rest days has no harmful effects.

Helminthiasis is a global parasitic disease, and current anthelmintics like albendazole are costly, toxic, and increasingly ineffective due to resistance. Marine organisms, such as Holothuria polii , rich in bioactive compounds, are emerging as alternative therapeutic sources. This study evaluated the anthelmintic and anti-inflammatory effects of Holothuria polii extract (HpE) and identified potential molecular targets through docking studies. Allolobophora caliginosa was used as a model worm. Five groups were tested: three HpE doses (100, 200, and 400 mg/ml), a distilled water control, and albendazole (20 mg/ml). HpE’s chemical composition was analyzed via gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC–MS). HpE induced rapid paralysis and death of worms, outperforming albendazole. GC–MS identified 20 bioactive compounds. Histological and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses showed cuticle damage in HpE-treated worms. HpE also inhibited nitric oxide production by 44.4, 46, and 49% at increasing doses. Molecular docking revealed that 1-(3-hydroxy-4-methylphenyl)-1,3,3,6-tetramethyl-5-indanol had the highest affinity for the tubulin β-chain of Parelaphostrongylus tenuis , surpassing albendazole in docking score (−5.704 vs −3.656). HpE exhibits potent in vitro anthelmintic and anti-inflammatory activity, supporting further investigation as a novel anthelmintic therapy.

This study investigates the biological potential of novel resveratrol-based derivatives targeting the MDM2 protein, a critical regulator of the tumour suppressor p53 in cancer therapy. We synthesized and characterized four derivatives of ( E )-2,4-dimethoxy-6-(4-methoxystyryl) benzaldehyde using mass spectrometry, proton nuclear magnetic resonance, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. These derivatives were specifically designed to enhance binding affinity, stability, and selectivity compared to inhibitors like Nutlin. Biological evaluation through MTT assays revealed varying antiproliferative activities against HCT-116 cancer cells. AMJ3 exhibited the strongest activity, with an IC50 value of 22.69 ± 2.47 µg/mL, outperforming that of the reference compound Nutlin (IC50: 62.72 ± 3.15 µg/mL). MDM2-p53 inhibitory activity confirmed AMJ3 as the most potent inhibitor (IC50: 0.24 ± 0.02 µM), followed by AMJ5 (IC50: 0.48 ± 0.04 µM), both surpassing Nutlin (IC50: 0.39 ± 0.03 µM). Molecular docking studies for AMJ3 and AMJ6 achieved superior glide scores of −5.6 and −4.9, respectively. Molecular dynamics simulations validated these findings, showing that AMJ3 formed a stable hydrogen bonding interaction with Leu33 of the MDM2 protein and hydrophobic interactions with Ile40 and Tyr79, while Nutlin-3a showed weaker interactions overall. These results highlight AMJ3 and AMJ5 as promising MDM2 inhibitors with enhanced specificity and efficacy and better activity than Nutlin.

A crucial worldwide concern is the development of drug-resistant bacteria; another problem is protecting the environment by reducing waste generation. This study aimed to explore antibacterial components from Musa acuminate fruit peel waste products. The powder was extracted by maceration using 70% ethanol and analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The bacterial susceptibility test was performed against standard strains of Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli by well diffusion method. The phytoconstituents were in silico analyzed to determine their binding affinities to the target bacterial proteins and the pharmacokinetic characters. GC–MS investigation indicated the occurrence of steroids, triterpenes, and sugars. The extract inhibited bacterial growth of all strains at concentrations as low as 125 mg/mL. 9,19-Cyclolanost-23-ene-3,25-diol (3.beta., 23E) and stigmasterol displayed a good binding affinity with the P. aeruginosa quorum sensing regulator, S. aureus enoyl-acyl carrier reductase, and E. coli dihydrofolate reductase proteins with docking scores comparable to the reference compounds. Also, they exhibited favorable pharmacokinetic characteristics. The results determined the beneficial antibacterial effects of banana peel waste products with diverse components that can likely be employed as a potential alternative to antibacterial agents. Further research is recommended to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of banana peel components.

Maluku, Indonesia, has essential oil (EO) producing plants, namely eucalyptus ( Melaleuca leucadendron ), which are spread throughout the island. This study aims to determine the effect of geographical location on EO’s yield and chemical composition. The eucalyptus oil isolation method uses steam distillation and chemical composition analysis using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The results showed that the yield of EO from wilted leaf samples on Buru Island for point B1 = 1.35%; B2 = 1.19; B3 = 1.52; B4 = 1.88%; B5 = 2.13% and from Seram Island for point S1 = 0.71%; S2 = 1.02%; S3 = 0.78; S4 = 0.8%; and S5 = 1.01%. The yield of EO in the lowlands is higher on Buru Island in the lowlands (23.04 masl) and on Seram Island (46 masl). The levels of 1,8-cineole in EO for both island plains ranged from 26.89 to 47.32% and α-pinene levels between 3.84 and 43.45%. Minor compounds found on both islands are d -limonene, β-pinene, and cymene. There are minor compound components that are only found on each island. The geographical conditions of eucalyptus plants affect the quality and quantity of EOs. At higher locations, temperatures tend to be lower, which affects plant metabolism and produces less oil. The eucalyptus plantation area on Seram Island has high humidity, so the yield of EO is lower.

Azadirachta indica , commonly known as neem or Mim in Chad, is recognized for its significant biological activities and is used for medicinal purposes. This study quantifies phenolic content, analyzes chemical composition via high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, and evaluates the antioxidant activity of Mim leaf extracts with ethanol (ELE) and water (WLE). The analysis identified bioactive compounds with strong radical scavenging activity and conducted in silico studies by molecular docking with AutoDock Tools. Crystal structures were sourced from the Protein Data Bank, and the Swiss absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion platform analyzed the pharmacokinetic properties. Results indicated that WLE had a higher phenolic content (264.7 ± 0.03 µg gallic acid equivalent [GAE]/mg) compared to ELE (135.3 ± 0.05 µg GAE/mg). Flavonoid content was greater in ELE (138.33 ± 0.002 µg catechin equivalent [CE]/mg) than in WLE (83.38 ± 0.002 µg CE/mg). Major compounds identified through high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry included diethyl phthalate in ELE (92.31%) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) in WLE (28.12%). Antioxidant activities measured by 2,2-di-phenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), and ferric-reducing power assays showed promising results for both extracts. BHT demonstrated a better affinity for glutathione reductase and lipoxygenases, while vanillin showed a strong affinity for cyclooxygenase. Most compounds exhibited high intestinal absorption and are not P-glycoprotein substrates, indicating potential for oral medication. Finally, Mim extracts contain diverse compounds that contribute to their notable antioxidant activity.

Understanding the stability of metal–ligand complexes is essential for advancing applications in environmental, industrial, and biomedical chemistry; however, titanium coordination systems remain underexplored, particularly with organic ligands of chelating properties. This study aims to evaluate and compare the stability constants of titanium ( iv ) complexes with propanoic acid and citric acid to better understand their coordination behavior. A multi-method computational approach was employed, integrating point-wise calculation, half-integral, linear plot, and least-squares methods to enhance the accuracy and reproducibility of proton–ligand dissociation constants (p K a ) and metal–ligand formation constants (log  K ). The titanium–propanoate complexes showed moderate stability (log   K 2 = 4.7564, log   K 3 = 4.1015), influenced by steric and electronic factors, while the titanium–citrate complex exhibited a higher binding affinity (log  K 1 = 7.8351), indicating strong chelation capacity. The consistency across all computational and graphical methods validates the reliability of the findings. These insights provide a dependable framework for evaluating titanium-based coordination compounds and may guide future research into their potential applications in environmental and biomedical fields.

The study aimed to explore the potential of Kromalgin , a cost-effective and readily available dental material, as a sustainable solution for the removal of U( VI ) metal ions from aqueous solutions. In this context, Kromalgin , a single-use dental impression material discarded after each application, was employed for uranium adsorption, addressing the environmental concern of radioactive pollution while simultaneously providing a method for recycling dental waste. The parameters affecting the adsorption of U( VI ) ions on the adsorbent, such as pH, amount of adsorbent, concentration of uranium ions, temperature, and contact time, were examined. Under optimum conditions, a 94.56% adsorption efficiency was achieved. The experimental results of adsorption of U( VI ) ions on Kromalgin were evaluated by applying the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm models. According to the obtained data, the adsorption of U( VI ) ions on Kromalgin complies with all three isotherm models. Thermodynamic parameters such as enthalpy change (Δ H 0 ), free energy change (Δ G 0 ), and entropy change (Δ S 0 ) were calculated, indicating that the adsorption process is spontaneous and endothermic in nature. The results indicate an adsorption capacity of 142.86 mg g −1 and an adsorption energy of 17.81 kJ mol −1 . The abundance, cost-effectiveness, and highly effective results of Kromalgin have positioned it as a reasonable option for U(VI) removal.

This study focuses on synthesizing a 1,2,4-triazine derivative, 5-(5-bromo-2-hydroxybenzylidene)-6-oxo-3-phenyl-5,6-dihydro-1,2,4-triazine-2(1H)-carbothio-amide (termed as HL), and the subsequent use of this ligand to capture three metal ions: Co( ii ), Ni( ii ), and Cu( ii ). The objectives included the synthesis of the ligand from 5-bromosalicylaldehyde and hippuric acid; the preparation of its metal complexes with the three transition metal ions; the verification of complexation stoichiometry using CHN and gravimetric analysis; the characterization of the ligand and complexes via spectroscopic techniques; the determination and comparison of their thermal properties through thermogravimetric (DTG) measurements; and the examination and comparison of their microstructures using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Spectral, elemental, conductivity, and thermal data suggest general compositions of [CoL(H 2 O) 4 ]‧Cl·6H 2 O for the Co( ii ) complex, [NiL(H 2 O) 4 ]·Cl·4H 2 O for the Ni( ii ) complex, and [CuL(H 2 O)Cl]·2H 2 O for the Cu( ii ) complex. TEM images revealed that the initially rod-like morphology of the ligand particles transformed into a stone-like appearance upon coordination with the Co( ii ), Ni( ii ), and Cu( ii ) ions. Finally, the antibacterial activity of the synthesized complexes was evaluated against five microbial strains to assess the impact of complexation on the antibacterial profile of the free ligand. The screening data indicated that the complexes exhibited improved antibacterial potency compared to the free ligand.

Freshwater fish demonstrate decreased survival in high-salinity environments, and effective strategies to improve it are lacking. We exposed goldfish ( Carassius auratus ) to saline conditions (0.36% NaCl), along with gentle music for 30 min daily. We then evaluated their survival rate and analyzed their liver antioxidant responses and gene expression. Salt stress exposure for 4 weeks significantly reduced the goldfish’s survival rate, body weight, and food intake. It also worsened oxidative damage to lipids and proteins and increased hydrogen peroxide accumulation. Moreover, it reduced the glutathione (GSH)/oxidized glutathione ratio, GSH and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid contents, and superoxide dismutase and catalase activities but increased glutathione peroxidase activity. Finally, it altered the gene expression of the aforementioned antioxidant enzymes. Nevertheless, music exposure effectively mitigated these detrimental effects of salt stress. Moreover, under standard environmental conditions, music significantly improved the survival rate and weight gain in goldfish. Thus, exposure to music may enhance the overall health status of goldfish in high-salinity environments, potentially via the activation of their antioxidant defense mechanisms. The current study provides a novel nonchemical approach to enhance fish welfare in aquaculture under salinity stress.

The coincidence of hypertension and diabetes mellitus represents a significant medical challenge in clinical settings. This relates to high risks of target organ damage and increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Therefore, there is an urgent demand for developing pharmaceutical formulations containing drug combinations with potential synergistic effects. A combination of dapagliflozin (DPA) and candesartan cilexetil (CND) was proposed due to their complementary mechanisms in managing both conditions. To ensure quality control of this combination, a novel ultra performance liquid chromatography method was developed and validated for simultaneous quantification of both drugs using Quality by Design approach. The impact of flow rate (0.2–0.4 mL/min) and aqueous phase ratio (55–65%) on chromatographic parameters was evaluated using Design of Experiment Central Composite Design. The optimized conditions with 0.2 mL/min flow rate and 55% aqueous phase ratio achieved effective separation with retention times of 1.46 and 4.30 min for DPA and CND, respectively, using C18 Acquity BEH column (2.1 mm × 50 mm, 1.8 µm). The method demonstrated linearity over 0.3–50.0  μg/mL for DPA ( R 2 = 0.9999) and 0.1–50.0 μg/mL for CND ( R 2 = 0.9999). Lower limits of quantification were 0.9 and 0.5 μg/mL for DPA and CND, respectively. Intra-day and inter-day precision values were below 8% relative standard deviation, with accuracy ranging from 94.2–104.4%. The validated method was successfully applied to quantify both drugs in marketed tablet formulations, demonstrating its practical utility for pharmaceutical quality control.

In this study, cellulose hydroxyapatite nanocomposite (CBG@HAP) is used effectively to adsorb dyes such as methylene blue (MB), crystal violet (CV), brilliant green (BG), and Congo red (CR). The X-ray diffraction investigation of CBG@HAP confirms the crystalline structure of CBG@HAP. The surface area investigated by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) for CBG@HAP is 16.1995 m 2 /g, indicating a mesoporous structure. The adsorption efficiency of CBG@HAP was based on factors such as pH (2–10), contact time (5–240 min.), concentration (10–100 mg/L) of adsorbate, and temperature (298–308 K). The CBG@HAP exhibits a monolayer sorption capacity of 99.009 mg/g for MB at pH 7, 69.44 mg/g for CV at pH 6, 192.32 mg/g for BG at pH 6, and 120.48 mg/g for CR at pH 6. The CBG@HAP was accurately fitted by the Langmuir isotherm and exhibited kinetics of McKay and Ho order at an equivalence point of 120 min for all the dyes. The CBG@HAP exhibits endothermic, spontaneous, and physisorption toward all the dyes. Using central composite design response surface methodology, the experimental data were statistically optimized. The analysis revealed that the concentrated sodium hydroxide solution effectively desorbs MB (93.67%), CV (97.65%), and BG (91.21%), whereas the 0.1 M HCl solution effectively desorbs CR (98.43%). Graphical abstract

Nitrogen and boron co-doped carbon dots were synthesized using boric acid and triammonium citrate as precursors. N,B-CDs are effective in detecting both mercury ions and biothiols. The linear detection range of mercury ion and biothiols is 0–150 and 0–100 μmol/L, respectively. The detection limit for mercury ions is 18 nmol/L, and for the three kinds of biothiols, it is 13.42, 23.13, and 28.74 nmol/L, respectively. N,B-CDs have proven effective for detecting both in tap water and in human serum samples. N,B-CDs have low cytotoxicity and can be used for HeLa cell imaging. Beyond their detection capabilities, N,B-CDs also possess antifungal activity, effectively eliminating Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida albicans . The findings indicate that N,B-CDs could be used as multifunctional probes for cellular labeling and hold potential in the development of antifungal drugs.

Sulphonamides exhibit broad-spectrum antibacterial effects. However, their extensive use poses health risks, such as antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, advanced and accurate analytical techniques are needed to monitor the presence of sulphonamide residues. In this study, a mixture of eight sulphonamides was separated on a C12-diol mixed-mode column containing both a hydrophobic C12 chain and a hydrophilic diol group. The influence of various experimental parameters, including pH, buffer concentration, mobile phase composition, temperature, and flow rate, on the separation efficiency of the column was investigated. All eight sulphonamides were separated within 20 min via gradient elution with an acetonitrile/phosphate buffer (pH 6.5, 40 mM KH 2 PO 4 /K 2 HPO 4 ) solution at 15°C and a detection wavelength of 250 nm. Examination of the retention times of the analytes at different pH values ranging from 3 to 7 revealed that the sulphonamides were significantly affected by the acidity of the medium, thus enabling a detailed discussion of the mixed-mode separation mechanism. The interaction mechanism between the eight sulphonamides and the C12-diol mixed-mode column was explored using quantitative structure–retention relationship parameters such as log D , log S , and p K a . Although the interaction of the sulphonamides with the C12-diol mixed-mode column partly showed the classic reverse-phase feature, polar interactions played a major role, and the mixed-mode interaction mechanism was dominated by polar and apolar interactions. The results obtained were compared with a commercial ODS-C18 column in terms of both separation performance and retention behaviour.

The current study explores some of the physicochemical characteristics of pectin extracted from Citrus limon cultivated in Fort Beaufort (FBP) and Peddie (PP) regions in South Africa and in different years (2023 and 2024). Pectin was extracted from the lemon peels. Differential scanning calorimetry was used for thermal analysis. The colour analysis of pectin showed that commercial P had a shade (brightness L * = 69.96), which suggests a preference for colours in food products, whereas PP 2024 had a darker shade (brightness L * = 61.03). Moreover, FBP 2023 exhibited a yellow hue (chromaticity C * = 24.50); in contrast, PP 2023 had a lower chromaticity. The ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of pectin revealed structural features like aliphatic carbons, methoxyl groups, and arabinose. The energy-dispersive X-ray analysis showed that all pectin samples had key elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Additionally, the reducing power of pectin samples revealed their potential antioxidant properties; however, ascorbic acid exhibited the highest reducing capacity. These results indicate that pectin possesses antioxidant properties. These findings help to provide a thorough understanding of pectin’s thermal, compositional, and functional attributes, enhancing its application potential in food, pharmaceuticals, and other industries.

Per- and polyfluoroalkylated substances (PFAS) are a group of anthropogenic chemicals used in a multitude of applications. Nevertheless, PFAS are considered emerging contaminants, posing significant threats to human health as a consequence of their stability, persistence in the environment, and potential toxicity. Probe electrospray ionization in conjunction with tandem mass spectrometry (PESI-MS/MS) presented in this study provides an alternative analytical method for simultaneous and rapid analysis of 19 short and long-chain PFAS in honey. The method was validated with criteria meeting all requirements of the method validation guidelines. Fourteen PFAS were detected at least once in 23.8% of more than 40 honey samples, in the concentration range of 0.05–0.77 ng/g. Health risk assessment using the herein produced data showed that consumption of the specific honey samples did not pose a threat to the health of adults and children.

An effective complex aroma was obtained using a solvent-assisted flavor evaporation pretreatment method, and volatile flavor substances were obtained by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The nine attribute flavor characteristics determined by quantitative descriptive analysis in mainstream cigarette smoke were compared with those determined by GC–MS by odor activity value analysis. The sensory evaluation data and overall impressions of five cigarette samples were processed and analyzed using the social statistics software package. Pearson correlation coefficients between the taste attributes and overall impressions of the cigarette samples were determined, revealing differences in product characteristics between different sensory styles. Heatmap and correlation network analyses demonstrated compound-specific sensory modulation: phthalide and 2,5-dimethylphenol enhanced salty/bitter/sour notes but suppressed sweetness, whereas styrene inversely regulated sweetness and sourness.

Breast cancer is the second leading cause of mortality among women, accounting for 12.5% of all new cancer cases worldwide. By 2030, the estimated number of deaths will escalate to 11.4 million. The research objective is to design and synthesize safe and effective anti-breast cancer agents. A series of substituted chromone-2-carboxamide derivatives ( 5a–n ) were synthesized in moderate to high yields. These compounds’ ( 5a–n) antiproliferative activity was evaluated against human ER(+) MCF-7 (breast), ER(−) MDA-MB-231 (breast), and Ishikawa (endometrial) cancer cell lines using CellTiter-Glo assay at concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 100,000 nM. Seven compounds showed significant cytotoxicity against at least one cancer cell line with an IC 50 value of 25.7–87.8 µM. Compound 5g showed high activity on MCF-7 (IC 50 = 25.7 µM), MDA-MB-231 (IC 50 = 48.3 µM), and Ishikawa (IC 50 = 25.7 µM) cell lines. The newly synthesized molecules were docked in the active sites of the human estrogen receptors (ERs), ER-α (7KBS), and ER-β (2FSZ) crystal structures to determine the locations of the active compounds’ probable binding sites (bioactive conformations).

This study investigates the influence of hydroisodewaxing process parameters, specifically pressure and feed space velocity, on the performance characteristics of diesel fuel, including the cold filter plugging point and pour point. The experiments were performed using bifunctional catalysts – Ni/MAS-H-bentonite, Mo/MAS-H-bentonite, and Ni–Mo/MAS-H-bentonite – developed for this purpose. The process was carried out at a fixed temperature of 320°C, with feed space velocity varying from 0.5 to 2.0 h −1 and pressure ranging from 1.0 to 3.0 MPa. Among the tested catalysts, the bimetallic Ni–Mo/MAS-H-bentonite exhibited superior performance, achieving an optimal balance between product yield and low-temperature properties under operating conditions of 2.0 MPa and a feed space velocity of 1.0 h −1 . These findings highlight the potential of the Ni–Mo/MAS-H-bentonite catalyst for enhancing the cold flow properties (CFPs) of diesel fuel while maintaining high efficiency in hydroisodewaxing processes. This study highlights significant environmental and practical benefits by introducing cost-effective, environmentally friendly catalysts. Utilizing locally sourced bentonite from Kazakhstan reduces reliance on imports and minimizes the carbon footprint. By employing inexpensive and abundant nickel and molybdenum as promoters for the catalysts, the optimized hydroisodewaxing process enhances CFPs of diesel fuels and minimizes yield losses, improving fuel efficiency and lowering maintenance costs.

The acid-etching behavior and mechanism of basalt fiber in an acid solution determine the modification and application of basalt fiber. The effects of acid etching time, sulfuric acid concentration, acid etching temperature, and liquid–solid ratio on the acid etching process of basalt fiber were studied using a single-factor experiment. The chemical composition, phase, structure, and morphology of basalt fiber before and after acid etching were analyzed by XRF, XRD, SEM-EDS, and spectrophotometry. The dissolution mechanism of the iron component was speculated. The results showed that the dissolution of iron components could be promoted by increasing the acid etching time, sulfuric acid concentration, acid etching temperature, and liquid–solid ratio. When the sulfuric acid concentration was 1 mol L −1 , the acid etching temperature was 90°C, the liquid–solid ratio was 20 mL g −1 , and the reaction time was 4 h, the dissolution rate of iron components could reach 1.66%. During the acid etching process, the phase change of the basalt fiber was not obvious. Due to the dissolution of the iron component, the surface of the fiber could be chapped, resulting in the phenomenon of ravines and delamination, reducing the lattice distortion rate of the material.

Oxidative stress has been identified as a significant contributing factor in developing retinal degeneration and subsequent vision loss. Hence, compounds possessing antioxidant characteristics significantly mitigate the detrimental impacts exerted on the neurological system by reactive oxygen species and free radicals. This experimental investigation assessed the neuroprotective effectiveness of rutin-mediated cerium oxide nanoparticles (R-CeO 2 NPs) in a diabetic retinopathy animal model. In this study, the synthesis of R-CeO 2 NPs was accomplished using rutin via a straightforward green chemistry method. The findings derived from utilizing UV–visible, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and Zetasizer techniques provided evidence of the nanoscale characteristics of the biosynthesized nanoparticles. The XRD data provide evidence for the crystallization of R-CeO 2 NPs in a face-centered fluorite cubic system with the Fm3m space group. Specifically, we sought to determine whether nanoceria retains its neuroprotective properties when administered after the onset of retinal degeneration. The biological evaluations showed that the synthesized R-CeO 2 NPs are biocompatible and exhibited potent antioxidant activities. Animal studies revealed that the administration of the synthesized R-CeO 2 NPs indicated a protective effect on retinal oxidative stress and inflammation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. These findings indicate that the green synthesized CeO 2 NPs can be applied as protective agent against diabetic retinopathy. Graphical abstract

Anxiety is a typical emotional response, however, it becomes pathological and triggers psychiatric and cardiovascular disorders when it reaches a severe level. Benzodiazepines are the most frequently prescribed allopathic drugs for treating anxiety disorders, despite their numerous systemic side effects. Boswellia thurifera extract was employed in creating green zinc nanoparticles (ZnNPs) to address anxiety in albino mice by following the light and dark exploration (LDE) as well as plus maze tests. The resulting ZnNPs were subjected to UV-Vis, EDX, XRD, and FE-SEM analyses. The synthesized nanoparticles in this study had sizes of 30–60 nm. A UV-Vis spectrophotometry analysis was conducted to quantify the absorbance of nanoparticles in the 200–800 nm range. The anxiolytic effects of ZnNPs were assessed using two established methods: LDE and elevated plus maze tests. The mice were divided into five groups, with each group containing ten mice for both models. The efficacy of ZnNPs was evaluated at three distinct doses: 50, 100, and 200 µg/kg. These doses were compared to the control group and diazepam (1 mg/kg). The evaluation took place 1 h after the drug was administered. The observed alterations in the behavior in both paradigms indicate a reduction in anxiety, a decrease in sensitivity to light, and an increase in exploratory behavior in the animal. These changes were similar to the effects produced by the standard drug diazepam, thus supporting the conclusion that ZnNPs possess anxiolytic properties. The best results were seen at a dose of 200 µg/kg nanoparticles. ZnNPs show promise for clinical use in treating anxiety disorders. It is imperative to perform additional studies on the action mechanisms of the ZnNPs, along with identifying the active substance(s) responsible for their medical effects.

Specific surface area (SSA) and doped nitrogen (N) atom content are crucial physical properties for improving the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity of natural biomass-derived N-doped carbon catalysts. Herein, this work proposes an efficient and environment-friendly yeast porogen, which can not only effectively increase the SSA without a tedious/harmful process but also enhance the doped N atom content. Among them, the SSA (779 m 2 g −1 ) of yuba fermented by the yeast-derived N-doped carbon catalyst is increased by 157 and 7%, respectively, compared with that of catalysts non-activated (302 m 2 g −1 ) and activated by ZnCl 2 (728 m 2 g −1 ). The SSA (942 m 2 g −1 ) of the fermented spinach leaf-derived N-doped carbon catalyst is about 65 and 14%, respectively, higher than that of catalysts not activated (570 m 2 g −1 ) and activated by ZnCl 2 (810 m 2 g −1 ). Besides, the doped N atom content of fermented yuba (3.35%)- and spinach leaf (5.33%)-derived N-doped carbon catalysts also enhanced by about 19 and 27%, respectively, compared with that of catalysts activated by ZnCl 2 (2.81 and 4.19%). As a result, the fermented yuba- and spinach leaf-derived N-doped carbon catalysts exhibit superior ORR activity to the catalysts non-activated and activated by ZnCl 2 . This yeast-mediated approach provides a sustainable alternative to energy-intensive activation techniques, aligning with green catalyst design principles. Graphical abstract

Molecular descriptors are fundamental to the fields of cheminformatics, drug discovery, and materials science, serving as quantitative representations of molecular structures that facilitate the prediction of various properties and activities. In this article, we introduce three matrix-based descriptors, D 1 , D 2 {{\mathscr{D}}}_{1},{{\mathscr{D}}}_{2} , and D 3 , {{\mathscr{D}}}_{3}, engineered from distance and degree matrices of hydrogen-suppressed molecular graphs, aimed at capturing structural and topological information with minimal dimensionality. To validate their powers, we use two machine learning models, a graph neural network (GNN) and XGBoost, to predict two physicochemical properties, boiling points, and enthalpy of vaporization of alkanes. We observe that both the models remain successful in relating the molecules in terms of their describing vectors to their properties. A comprehensive cross-validation reveals that the proposed descriptors, particularly D 2 {{\mathscr{D}}}_{2} and D 3 {{\mathscr{D}}}_{3} , consistently outperform the traditional matrix-based representations, the Coulomb matrix, and the signless Laplacian matrix. Notably, D 3 {{\mathscr{D}}}_{3} , with only ten features, achieves comparable accuracy to the high-dimensional descriptors, reflecting excellent generalization and interpretability. The GNN model demonstrates enhanced performance stability and robustness to descriptor variance, while XGBoost provides complementary insights into descriptor importance and error behavior. Our findings underscore the utility of low-dimensional, structurally informed descriptors in driving accurate and scalable property prediction models and offer a versatile foundation for future quantitative structure–property relationship applications across diverse molecular domains.

A nutraceutical self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (nutraceutical-SNEDDS) fortified with turmeric oil was developed in the present study to enhance dapagliflozin (DG) dissolution and provide additional antidiabetic benefits. To achieve these objectives, different nutraceutical-SNEDDS formulations were prepared using various surfactants and cosurfactants. The prepared formulations were evaluated in terms of homogeneity, emulsification, and solubility. The selected optimum liquid formulation, composed of HCO 30, Imwitor 308, and turmeric oil (5:3.5:1.5), was solidified using different ratios of Neusilin US2 and UFL2. The optimum solid nutraceutical-SNEDDS was characterized using Zetasizer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffractometry (PXRD), and dissolution testing. The optimum formulation (S4) was prepared using a Neusilin US2 adsorbent (1:1). The dispersed S4 formulation showed nanometer-sized emulsion droplets (40.8 nm) with a negative zeta potential (−19.0 mV). SEM, FTIR, and PXRD analyses confirmed the successful adsorption of SNEDDS and drug amorphization without chemical interaction. Dissolution studies showed that S4 achieved comparable drug release to Forxiga with dissolution efficiency values of 88.7 and 90.8%, respectively. The prepared nutraceutical-SNEDDS is proposed as a potential enhancer of DG bioavailability and its therapeutic activity, leveraging the combined pharmaceutical and nutraceutical benefits of turmeric oil. Graphical abstract

A novel photocathode has been fabricated, featuring a highly porous ferric oxide-ferric oxychloride/poly- O -chloroaniline (Fe 2 O 3 -FeOCl/POCA) nanocomposite, integrated onto a poly-1 H pyrrole substrate. This photocathode was synthesized using a one-pot technique, which involves the oxidation of o -chloroaniline in the presence of iron sources, resulting in the incorporation of iron oxide and iron oxychloride within the polymer matrix. The photocathode exhibits broad optical absorption extending into the IR region and has a promising bandgap of 1.74 eV, making it a strong candidate for hydrogen gas generation within a constructed three-electrode cell. The photocathode’s performance in natural seawater is impressive, with an estimated hydrogen production rate of 20 µmol/h per 10 cm 2 . Electrochemical measurements indicate a current density of −0.015 mA/cm 2 under these conditions. When tested with artificial seawater that is free of heavy metals, the current density ( J ph ) is slightly lower at −0.013 mA/cm 2 . Furthermore, the photocathode demonstrates excellent sensitivity to various photon energies across wavelengths ranging from 730 to 340 nm, achieving J ph values of −0.0145 and −0.012 mA/cm 2 , respectively. The green chemistry approach used in this photocathode’s fabrication, combined with its environmentally friendly operation, highlights its potential for commercial applications. This development could pave the way for industrial-scale production of photoelectrodes designed to convert seawater into hydrogen gas, contributing to sustainable energy solutions.

A high-efficiency photocathode for green hydrogen generation from sanitation water without the use of a sacrificial agent has been fabricated using a bismuthyl chloride/poly- o -chlorobenzeneamine (BiOCl/P O CBA) core–shell nanocomposite with the inclusion of additional bismuth oxide (Bi 2 O 3 ) material. This combination results in a highly promising composite with excellent optical properties. The nanocrystalline size of the composite is evaluated at 15 nm. This nanocomposite exhibits strong photon absorbance across most of the optical spectrum and features a promising bandgap of 2.1 eV. The application of the BiOCl/P O CBA photocathode for hydrogen gas generation was tested using a three-electrode cell immersed in sanitation water, which acts as a promising self-sacrificing agent. The study was conducted under various light conditions, with the produced photocurrent measured at 0.016 mA cm −2 . The sensitivity of this photocathode was evaluated by testing the current density ( J ph ) under different photon energies ranging from 2.3 to 3.6 eV. The produced J ph varied significantly with these photon energies, from −0.024 to −0.019 mA cm −2 , respectively. When the photon energy decreased to 1.7 eV, the produced J ph reduced to −0.018 mA cm −2 . Given its great stability, potential for mass production, and eco-friendly nature, this photocathode is a promising candidate for the industrial-scale production of renewable energy from sanitation water.

This study compared key fruit quality parameters among seven commercially grown citrus cultivars (kumquat, limequat, Moro blood, Alacalı calamondin, Lem-onquat, pink lemon, Indio mandarinquat) from different species. Total phenolic content ranged from 92.37 to 550.28 mg gallic acid equivalent/g, and total antioxidant capacity varied from 65.03 to 92.74%. Sucrose was identified as the predominant sugar across all cultivars, with the highest content (63.66 g/kg) found in “Moro blood.” Citric acid was the major organic acid present in all varieties, with “Pink lemon” exhibiting the highest level (58.91 g/kg). l -Ascorbic acid, valued for its vitamin and antioxidant properties, reached its peak (1.03 g/kg FW) in the Moro blood variety. Volatile compound analysis was conducted using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with solid-phase micro extraction (SPME) fibres (blue, red, and grey) for both fruit peel and juice. Dl-Limonene was identified as the predominant volatile compound in both peel and juice extracts across all SPME fibres used.

Geographical and ecological variations lead to distinct chemical compositions, even among the same species of plant. Medicinal plants present promising alternatives for antiparasitic treatments. An analysis was conducted on total phenols, flavonoids, flavonols, and tannins present in the aqueous methanol extract of A. graecorum (AG). The antioxidant activity of extracts from stems and leaves of AG was evaluated in vitro by the DPPH assay, and the IC 50 values were established. In vitro, antiparasitic activity was assessed using five different concentrations of AG extracts (5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 mg/ml). The oocysticidal properties of the mixture were assessed at 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 h. The concentration of phenols (37.905 ± 0.9243) exceeded that of flavonoids, flavonols, and tannins, which were measured at 33.644 ± 0.3628, 10.057 ± 0.6421, and 21.160 ± 0.4310, respectively, in the extract of AG. The extract exhibited significant radical scavenging activity, showing inhibition rates between 85 and 15% across concentrations from 1,000 to 31.25 μg/ml, with an IC 50 value recorded at 240.48 μg/ml. The in vitro evaluation of the antiparasitic efficacy of the findings demonstrated the most significant inhibition of oocysts at concentrations of 80 and 40 mg/ml, and the reference drug.

The aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive overview of the botanical characteristics, chemical composition, pharmacological activities, toxicology, and metabolic pathways of the primary active compounds, especially flavonoids, found in Apocynum venetum and offer new insights and scientific evidence for further research on this plant. Information on A. venetum was obtained from traditional Chinese medicine books and electronic databases such as PubMed, CNKI, ScienceDirect, Scifinder, the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020), and the Flora of China. A. venetum , with a long history of use, was valuable across multiple. A total of 174 compounds were identified; flavonoids were the primary active constituents. Numerous pharmacological studies demonstrated the leaf extract’s antidepressant, hepatoprotective, antihypertensive, lipid-lowering, cardiotonic, anxiolytic, and antioxidant properties, with a high safety profile. A. venetum leaves contain diverse chemical constituents with broad pharmacological activities. Modern pharmacological research provides reliable evidence supporting the plant’s traditional uses, such as calming the liver and promoting diuresis. However, several issues remain unresolved. Further research on non-flavonoid compounds is needed. Additionally, the potential of A. venetum leaves in the treatment of epilepsy is discussed, highlighting future prospects for the plant’s development and utilization.

The pharmacological properties of Senna italica and Senna velutina are well-established; however, no comparative study has been performed between methanol S. italica seed extract (MSISE) and methanol S. velutina seed extract (MSVSE) for their antioxidant, anticancer, and antibacterial properties. The aim of the present study is to investigate the bioactive components and biological activities of MSISE and MSVSE. The antioxidant, anticancer, and antibacterial properties were investigated. In comparison to the MSVSE, the MSISE had a higher total phenolic content and total flavonoid content. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl technique showed higher antioxidant activity at high doses of MSISE than MSVSE with a half maximum inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) value of 113.41 and 162.42 μg/mL, respectively. The MSISE exhibits higher anticancer activity and potential anticancer effects at lower concentrations against Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7) and HepG2 cells than MSVSE. The MSISE IC₅₀ for MCF-7 and HepG2 were 146.12 and 95.82 μg/mL, respectively, whereas the MSVSE IC 50 were 141.95 and 196.12 μg/mL, respectively. The MSISE demonstrated a higher antibacterial efficacy, with 7.81–31.25 μg/mL minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), compared to 15.62–62.5 μg/mL MIC for the MSVS. These findings suggest that MSISE could have a potential impact on cancer and bacterial infection treatment; thus, further in vivo and clinical research is essential.

Brazil’s rich biodiversity includes a plethora of native plants that are renowned for their medicinal and aromatic properties, many of which are particularly rich in essential oils (EOs). These plants have demonstrated biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory and antimalarial effects, which render them promising candidates for the treatment of inflammatory diseases and the prevention of malaria. This review presents a comprehensive examination of studies investigating the anti-inflammatory and antiplasmodial activities of EOs derived from Brazilian plants, employing both in vitro and in vivo analytical approaches. The primary objective was to identify and evaluate the potential synergies among the principal constituents of these oils. While there is a greater quantity of literature on anti-inflammatory properties than on antimalarial effects, ongoing research in natural products demonstrates that this field is continuously evolving. Additionally, an in silico analysis was conducted using molecular docking to elucidate the interactions between the promising ligands and target receptors. Docking against plasmepsin 1 and 2 revealed that several compounds, including cyclocolorenone, sesquiphellandrene, and constituents of Guatteria friesiana , exhibited notable binding affinities, surpassing the standard antimalarial drug artemisinin in certain instances. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) profiling using Swiss ADME indicated that these compounds exhibit favorable pharmacokinetic and drug-likeness properties.

Purpose Catechins, the bioactive compounds found in green tea, are known for their beneficial health effects, but overconsumption may result in adverse effects. Thus, this study aimed to examine the influence of green tea ( Camellia sinensis L.) catechin extract (GTCE) on liver metabolism and structure in rats. Methods GTCE was phytochemically characterized by LC-MS spectrometry. An in vivo study was conducted on female rats separated into four groups of five each, i.e., a control group and three catechin-treated groups D1, D2, and D3 received, respectively, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 g/kg b.w./day of GTCE by gavage for 28 days. The effects of GTCE were monitored through the analysis of plasma lipid, oxidative stress markers, reduced glutathione (GSH) content, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, and malondialdehyde (MDA) level in the liver. Furthermore, histopathological examinations of liver tissue were conducted. Results LC-MS analyses of GTCE revealed the presence of five phenolic compounds with a predominance of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) at 60.1%. Exposure to catechins with an elevated dose (0.8 g/kg) caused oxidative damage in the liver, as indicated by a considerable increase ( p < 0.05) in MDA levels, a decrease in GSH content, and GPx activity ( p < 0.05), along with a decrease ( p < 0.05) in plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides, and total lipids in comparison to the control group. These changes were confirmed by histological examination. Conclusion Although catechins offer known health benefits, high doses may induce oxidative stress and liver damage. Graphical abstract

Background The traditional plant Trigonella foenum-graecum L. has been used in the regulation of low blood glucose levels since ancient ages. Objectives Our research claimed on the potential of T. graecum L. leaf extract in treating hypertension in diabetes mellitus through various targets via molecular docking studies. Methods Diabetes-associated hypertension was induced in all rats, except the normal control group, using freshly prepared dexamethasone sodium (10  mg/kg) administered subcutaneously to overnight starved rats. Diabetic rats were orally administered chloroform and hydroethanolic extracts of T. graecum L. leaves at varying concentrations for a duration of 45 days. Biochemical, histopathological, and computational studies were investigated at the end of the treatment. Result The results of the study revealed that the hydroethanolic extract exhibited excellent protective activity against diabetes-associated hypertension. At both intervals, hydroethanolic and chloroform extracts exhibited significant ( p <0.0001) reduction in systolic blood pressure levels. With respect to blood glucose levels, the chloroform (400 mg/kg) and hydroethanolic (200 mg/kg) extracts exhibited 45.7 and 47.3% reduction, respectively. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis confirmed the presence of quercetin in the serum samples of treated groups. Histopathological analysis revealed that groups treated with higher doses of extract showed cellular improvement and restoration of the normal morphological structure. Association of quercetin with PPAR-γ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma) and ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) gene was found to be positive for the treatment of diabetes-associated hypertension through computational analysis. Conclusions In conclusion, hydroethanolic and chloroform extracts of T. graecum L. leaves may provide novel options for the clinical management of type 2 diabetes-associated hypertension. The in silico study supports the therapeutic potential of its bioactive compounds, anticipating further pharmacological and clinical investigations. Graphical Abstract