Startseite Microstructure and mechanical properties of brazing joint of silver-based composite filler metal
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Microstructure and mechanical properties of brazing joint of silver-based composite filler metal

  • Hua Yu , Liangliang Zhang EMAIL logo , Fangfang Cai , Sujuan Zhong , Jia Ma , Li Bao , Yongtao Jiu , Bingli Hu , Shizhong Wei und Weimin Long EMAIL logo
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 24. Oktober 2020
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Nanotechnology Reviews
Aus der Zeitschrift Nanotechnology Reviews Band 9 Heft 1

Abstract

In this article, environmental friendly BAg25Cu40Zn34Sn (BAg-25) and BAg30Cu37Zn32Sn (BAg-30) flux-core solder metal capable of facilitating automatic production of brazing manufacturing processes were prepared. The butt and lap induction brazing tests were carried out on the substrate with BAg-25 and BAg-30. Wettability, microstructure and mechanical properties of the solders on the base metal were studied by field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM-EDS), electron backscattering diffraction (EBSD), tensile testing machine and microhardness tester. Results indicated that the wetting property of BAg-30 with 30% silver content was better than that of BAg-25 with 25% silver content. At the same time, besides copper and silver-based solid solutions, the brazed joint of BAg-30 solder also contain Cu + Ag eutectic phase. In the brazed joint of BAg-25 solder, the grain size is smaller, which makes the tensile strength and the shear strength of the joints better. Therefore, the BAg-25 flux-core solder metal will further reduce the industrial cost and meet the requirements of mechanical properties.

Keywords: composite filler metal; induction brazing; wettability; microstructure; grain refinement

1 Introduction

Ag–Cu–Zn brazing filler metal is widely used to weld various steels, high temperature nickel-based alloys, copper-based alloys, and other materials [1] due to its good electrical conductivity [2], thermal conductivity [3], low melting point [4], high strength and corrosion resistance [5]. The addition of Cu element in the silver base solder can reduce the melting temperature of Ag base solder [6], and at the same time, a variety of elements can be fixed to form a solid solution rather than brittle phases [7]. The addition of Zn and other metal elements in the silver base filler metal is beneficial to form a ternary alloy [8], which can further reduce the liquidus temperature of the filler metal and improve the brazing performance of the filler metal [9]. However, as a precious metal for silver, lots of additions in Ag–Cu–Zn solder limit its widespread applications on braze welding. Therefore, Yijie et al. [10] prepared the Ag–Cu–Zn–Cd solder by adding the element Cd to lower the Ag content. It was concluded that adding Cd effectively reduced the liquidus temperature of the solder and helped to only form Ag-based and Cu-based solid solutions instead of hard brittle phases, obtaining the enhanced plastic processing performance of the solder [11]. However, Cd was listed as the seventh hazardous substance to human health by the World Health Organization. Hence, Schnee et al. [12] synthesized Ag–Cu–Zn–Sn filler metal by using Sn instead of Cd and found that Sn could reduce the solidity and liquidus of the filler metal and improve the wettability of the filler metal. Daniel S of Umicore also prepared BAg43CuZnMnSn solder [13]. However, with the increase of the Sn content, there is a certain proportion of brittle phase in the microstructure of brazing filler metal, which seriously affects the mechanical properties of brazed joint [14]. Therefore, controlling the content of Sn in solder is a hot spot in the field of brazing research [15].

However, during the brazing process, the composite application form of brazing filler metal and brazing flux is usually the use of solid brazing flux immersion. This method increases the prewelding procedure and operation time, and the controllability gets worse, which affects the consistency and the quality stability of the welding [16]. Moreover, to ensure the quality of brazing, excessive brazing agent has to be added, which cause other nonnegligible problems such as polluting the air, endangering the health of operators and excessive consumption of brazing agent [17]. Therefore, the new silver-based composite filler metal Ag–Cu–Zn–Sn recommended in this study meets the requirements of green manufacturing and is suitable for automatic and intelligent welding technology [18]. Related research shows that compared with traditional filler metals, flux filler metals can improve production efficiency and brazing quality [19].

In this article, the wettability, microstructure and phase evolution were studied, and the enhancement performance and the corresponding mechanism were analyzed.

2 Experimental procedures

The matrix material Q235A used for the wettability test was 40 × 40 × 3 (mm), and the matrix material used for induction brazing test was 70 × 20 × 3 (mm). The components of BAg-25 and BAg-30, the new type of solders used in the test, are presented in Table 1. Before induction brazing, the wettability of the solder on the base metal was measured to obtain the best wettability. The heating treatment was conducted for 30 s in a box-type resistance furnace (SX2-10-12G) with a heating temperature rating of 1,200, a power of 10 kW and a voltage of 380 v. According to the standard GB/t 11364-2008, the wettability of solder was tested. The dosage of solder and brazing agent are 0.2 and 0.15 g, respectively. Before brazing, the surface of the substrate is polished with sandpaper to remove oily impurities and oxides, which are considered to affect the wettability of substrate [20] and then cleaned in the acetone solution by ultrasonic. At the same time, mark a scale on the filler metal at intervals of 20 mm to quantify the filler metal in the welding process.

Table 1

Chemical composition of silver-based composite filler metals

Materials Ag Cu Zn Sn
BAg25TS 25 40 34 1
BAg30T 30 37 32 1

For induction brazing, butt joint and lap joint are adopted. The lap length of the joint is 5 mm, and the base material was fixed on the special fixture according to the lap length and butt joint. After the joint is heated to the optimum wetting temperature and kept for 10 s, the brazing is carried out in an induction brazing machine. After the joints are cooled to room temperature in air, the residual brazing flux on the joint surface is removed by mechanical cleaning [21].

The tensile strength and the shear strength of joints were tested on a precision universal electronic tensile testing machine (AG-I250KN SHIMADZU). Scanning electron microscope (SEM, JSM-560LV) and energy dispersive spectrometer were used to study the interface morphology and phase evolution of the brazed joint. The hardness of the cross section of brazed joints was measured on a microhardness tester.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Wettability of silver based composite solder

Wetting and spreading experiments were carried out on the base metals of BAg-25 and BAg-30 for 30 s at 800, 825, 850 and 875, respectively. Figure 1(a) shows that the wettability of BAg-30 on the base metal is better, and the overall spreading area is larger than that of BAg-25. The wetting areas of the two kinds of solder alloys reached the maximum at 850°C, being 374 and 275 mm2, respectively. When the temperature is lower than 850°C, the wetting areas of the two kinds of filler metals increase with the increase of temperature, and when the temperature exceeds 850°C, the wetting areas decrease sharply. It can be seen from the image of wetting and spreading of BAg-30 solders on the base metal in Figure 1(b), BAg-30 was proved to have good wettability, which was proved by a bright white precursor film outside the metal filling. The filler metal with wider precursor film has lower viscosity and better fluidity. Preferential spreading of the precursor film reduces the surface tension between the solder and the base metal, which makes the spread area of the filler metal for BAg-30 welding larger [22]. When the temperature continues to increase, the temperature in the furnace is higher than the flux protection temperature, which leads to flux failure and serious oxidation of basic filler metal, resulting in poor wettability of the flux filler material [23].

Figure 1 (a) Wetting area curve and (b) wetting and spreading image of brazing joints.
Figure 1

(a) Wetting area curve and (b) wetting and spreading image of brazing joints.

3.2 Microstructure of brazing joint of silver-based composite filler metal

The SEM images of BAg-25 and BAg-30 brazing joints of silver-based composite filler metals are shown in Figure 2. The left substrate Q235 and the right brazing joint are welded and fused together, forming a good intersecting surface without microcracks and slag inclusion. In Figure 2(a), gray-black clusters with the size of 6–12 µm are irregularly surrounded by small-sized gray-black phases. In Figure 2(b), except for the presence of larger-sized gray-black and gray-white phases, the needle substance was found to be interwoven with gray-white phase. In the range of 8–20 μm, the size of gray-black clusters is larger than that shown in Figure 2(a). The chemical compositions of the three phases by the energy spectrum analysis are listed in Table 2. The lumpy gray-black phase shown in Figure 2(a) and (b) is the Cu-based solid solution [24], while the gray-white phase and needle-like substance are analyzed as Ag-based solid solution and (Cu + Ag) eutectic phase, respectively, which is consistent with Ref. [25].

Figure 2 SEM images of (a) BAg25TS brazing joint; (b) BAg30T brazing joint; (c and d) BAg25TS, BAg30T brazing joint line scanning position and (e and f) line scan results.
Figure 2

SEM images of (a) BAg25TS brazing joint; (b) BAg30T brazing joint; (c and d) BAg25TS, BAg30T brazing joint line scanning position and (e and f) line scan results.

Table 2

Mass phase energy spectrum of brazing joint of silver-based composite core filler metal

Point W(Ag) W(Cu) W(Zn) W(Sn) W(other)
1 15.1 57.2 27.7 — —
2 71.8 5.9 22.3 — —
3 57.8 19.5 19.7 2.5 0.5

The scanning results of the energy spectrum of the brazed joint are shown in Figure 2(c–f). According to the phase diagrams of Cu–Fe and Fe–Zn at 850°C, both Cu and Zn can dissolve in the base metal Fe, where the solid solubility of Zn is higher than that of Cu [26]. However, Ag in the solder cannot dissolve in α-Fe [27]. The comparison of the line scanning results in Figure 2(e) and (f) shows that the degree of diffusion of Cu, Ag and Zn in the brazed joint of BAg-30 is higher than that of Cu, Ag and Zn in the brazed joint of BAg-25. At the same time, the scan results of the energy spectrum show that the step-like scanning area where copper element can be higher than silver element is copper-based solid solution [28]. However, in the results of energy spectrum scanning, the concave–convex scanning area where the silver element is higher than the copper element is the silver-based solid solution. In Figure 2(f), which is a typical Ag–Cu eutectic region [29], is not only the linear scanning region corresponding to Cu-based solid solution and Ag-based solid solution but also the region corresponding to the peak value of Ag and the lowest value of Cu energy spectrum scanning curve [30].

To clearly illustrate the formation modes of Cu-based solid solution and Ag-based solid solution in the brazing process, Figure 3 shows the crystal cell model of the two solid solution forming processes. In the periodic table, Cu and Zn are in the same element period, while Ag and Zn are in different element periods. The difference in atomic diameter percentage between Cu and Zn is smaller than that of Ag and Zn, and the solid solubility of Zn in Cu is greater than that of Zn in Ag [31]. Therefore, as the temperature decreases, the solid solution composed of Cu and Zn with high melting point crystallizes first [32]. With the solidification process going on, the content of residual Cu and Zn atoms in the liquid phase decreases. Finally, Cu and Zn are dissolved in Ag with low melting point, forming silver-based solid solution. When the temperature drops to the eutectic point, the remaining liquid phase forms (Cu + Ag) the eutectic structure [33]. Figure 4 shows the EBSD micrographs of the solder joint, and Figure 4(a) and (b) shows the texture direction of the joint. Figure 5 is the pole diagram of each phase in the brazed joint. Different colors can show different texture directions. Figure 4(c) and (d) are the inverse pole figure of each phase in Figure 4(a) and (b). It can be seen from the figure that the two kinds of brazing filler metals do not form texture with specific orientation during brazing [34], and the grain size in the brazing joint of BAg-30 is significantly larger than that in the brazing joint of BAg-25 [35].

Figure 3 EBSD images of samples of (a) BAg25TS; (b) BAg30T and (c and d) inverse pole figure.
Figure 3

EBSD images of samples of (a) BAg25TS; (b) BAg30T and (c and d) inverse pole figure.

Figure 4 Pole figures of Cu-based solid solution (Cu), Ag-based solid solution (Ag), α-Fe phase (Fe) in BAg25TS and BAg30T brazing joints.
Figure 4

Pole figures of Cu-based solid solution (Cu), Ag-based solid solution (Ag), α-Fe phase (Fe) in BAg25TS and BAg30T brazing joints.

Figure 5 Cell model diagram of the formation process of copper and silver-based solid solutions.
Figure 5

Cell model diagram of the formation process of copper and silver-based solid solutions.

The scanning results of the energy spectrum of the brazing joint of the silver base filler metal are shown in Figures 6 and 7. By comparing the distribution of the Sn element in Figures 6(d) and 7(d) at the interface of the brazing joint, it can be found that the Sn element is evenly distributed at the interface of the brazing joint. By observing distribution of copper and silver elements in brazed joints and comparing Figure 6(e) and (f) with Figure 7(e) and (f), it can be found that the interface Cu element in the brazing joint using BAg-25 brazing filler metal is distributed in a cluster, while Ag element is closely distributed around the cluster Cu element and connected to each other. However, in the brazed joint using BAg-30 brazing filler metal, the clubbed Cu element is not as uniformly distributed as shown in Figure 6(f), which is consistent with the phenomenon that the size of Cu-based solid solution is smaller in the brazing joint using BAg-25 filler metal shown in Figure 2(a). By comparing Figures 6(g) and 7(g), it can be found that the Zn element is uniformly distributed in the Cu-based solid solution, Ag-based solid solution and (Cu + Ag) eutectic phase without segregation [36].

Figure 6 EDS distribution diagram of brazing joints interface at BAg25TS brazing joint. (a) cross section morphology of brazed joints; (b) surface scanning; (c) Fe; (d) Sn; (e) Ag; (f) Cu; (g) Zn; (H) C.
Figure 6

EDS distribution diagram of brazing joints interface at BAg25TS brazing joint. (a) cross section morphology of brazed joints; (b) surface scanning; (c) Fe; (d) Sn; (e) Ag; (f) Cu; (g) Zn; (H) C.

Figure 7 EDS distribution diagram of brazing joints interface at BAg30T brazing joint. (a) Cross section morphology of brazed joints; (b) surface scanning; (c) Fe; (d) Sn; (e) Ag; (f) Cu; (g) Zn; (H) C.
Figure 7

EDS distribution diagram of brazing joints interface at BAg30T brazing joint. (a) Cross section morphology of brazed joints; (b) surface scanning; (c) Fe; (d) Sn; (e) Ag; (f) Cu; (g) Zn; (H) C.

3.3 Mechanical properties of brazing joint with silver-based composite filler metal

The microhardness of the brazed joint was measured by a HV-1000 microhardness tester. The test load was 200 gf, and the loading time was 10 s. The microhardness curve of brazed joints and interface are shown in Figure 8. Figure 8 shows that the hardness values of the brazing joints in the two brazing joints are significantly higher than that of the base metal. The mean microhardness of the highest point of BAg-25 is 132.8 HV, while that at BAg-30 is 125.8 HV. The microhardness of BAg-25 is higher than that of BAg-30.

Figure 8 Microhardness of brazing joint of silver base composite filler metal.
Figure 8

Microhardness of brazing joint of silver base composite filler metal.

AG-I250KN SHIMADZU precision universal electronic tensile testing machine was used to test the tensile strength and the shear strength of the brazed joint. The results of the tensile test are shown in Figure 9(a), and the shear strength and the tensile strength are shown in Figure 9(b). During the process of the shear test, the specimen with the overlapping length of 5 mm finally broke at the overlapping surface. Figure 9(a) and (b) show that the average tensile strength of the brazing joint of BAg-25 is 206 MPa, which is higher than the average 172 MPa of the brazing joint of BAg-25, and the shear strength of BAg-25 is 116 MPa, which is significantly higher than the shear strength of BAg-30 brazing joint. However, the experimental results are discrete. To quantitatively analyze its mechanical properties, a two-parameter Weibull distribution model is introduced [37]:

(1) P ( X ) = 1 − exp − x β α

where β are the ruler parameter, indicating the characteristic strength of the material; α is the Weibull modulus, reflecting the intensity dispersion. The statistical sample size for each experiment was about 20. In the ascending order of tensile strength and shear strength, the corresponding probability of fracture is P i = i n + 1 , where i is the ordinal number of the ascending order and n is the total number of samples. When the Weibull function is fitted to the sample, equation (1) can be transformed into

(2) ln ln ( 1 − p ) − 1 = α ln x − α ln β .

Figure 9 (a) Force–displacement curve of brazing joint and (b) columnar diagram of tensile strength and shear strength of brazing joint. Weibull distribution of (c) tensile strength and (d) shear strength of brazed joint.
Figure 9

(a) Force–displacement curve of brazing joint and (b) columnar diagram of tensile strength and shear strength of brazing joint. Weibull distribution of (c) tensile strength and (d) shear strength of brazed joint.

According to the experimental data, the Weibull distribution parameters β and α are obtained by using the least square method [38]. The results of the tensile test and the shear test of brazed joints using BAg-25 and BAg-30 solder were statistically analyzed, and the Weibull fitting results are shown in Figure 9(c) and (d). In the shear and tensile tests, the scale parameters of BAg-25 are larger than those of BAg-30. BAg-25 has higher shape parameters in the tensile test than BAg-30, but lower shape parameters in the shear test. The results show that BAg-25 has higher breaking strength and smaller breaking dispersion in the tensile test. However, in the shear experiment, BAg-25 has a larger shear strength value and the fracture strength dispersion is higher than BAg-30.

The results show that the mechanical properties of BAg-25 brazed joint are obviously better than those of BAg-30 brazing joint. Because the size of the Cu-based solid solution in BAg-25 brazing joint is smaller than that in BAg-30 brazing joint, which is equivalent to grain refinement, there is no (Cu + Ag) eutectic phase formation in BAg-25 brazing joint [39].

4 Conclusion

The experimental results and analysis show that the mechanical properties of the new type BAg-25 flux-cored solder with lower silver content are better than those of BAg-30 flux-cored solder, which will further reduce the industrial cost.

The wettability of BAg-30 filler metal on the substrate increases with the increase in temperature and decreases after exceeding 850°C, which is better than BAg-25 in general. The maximum wetting areas of two kinds of metals appear at 850°C, that of BAg-30 is 374 mm2 and that of BAg-25 is 275 mm2. Both kinds of filler metals can achieve a good metallurgical bonding with substrate Q235, without microcracks and slag inclusion. However, both BAg-25 and BAg-30 are composed of copper-based and silver-based solid solutions, but the latter has a larger size microstructure interwoven with a small amount of needle-like eutectic silver-copper eutectic. Compared with the base metal, the microhardness of BAg-25 brazed joint is significantly increased, reaching 132.8 HV, and that of BAg-30 brazed joint is 125.8 HV. The tensile strength and the shear strength of BAg-25 brazed joint are generally higher than those of BAg-30 brazed joint, but the fracture dispersion of BAg-30 brazed joint in the shear test is better than that of BAg-25 brazed joint.

These authors contributed equally to this work and should be considered first co-authors.

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge the funding from the Key Projects of Strategic International Scientific and Technological Innovation Cooperation (grant no. 2016YFE0201300); project (SKLABFMT201902) supported by the State Key Laboratory of Advanced Brazing Filler Metals and Technology, Zhengzhou Research Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Zhengzhou, China; project (20A430013) supported by the Education Department of Henan Province, China.

  1. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

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Received: 2020-09-07
Revised: 2020-09-23
Accepted: 2020-09-29
Published Online: 2020-10-24

© 2020 Hua Yu et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  78. High-efficiency method for recycling lithium from spent LiFePO4 cathode
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  113. Advances in layered double hydroxide-based ternary nanocomposites for photocatalysis of contaminants in water
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  120. From materials to devices using fused deposition modeling: A state-of-art review
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https://doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2020-0083
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
composite filler metal; induction brazing; wettability; microstructure; grain refinement
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Research Articles
  2. Generalized locally-exact homogenization theory for evaluation of electric conductivity and resistance of multiphase materials
  3. Enhancing ultra-early strength of sulphoaluminate cement-based materials by incorporating graphene oxide
  4. Characterization of mechanical properties of epoxy/nanohybrid composites by nanoindentation
  5. Graphene and CNT impact on heat transfer response of nanocomposite cylinders
  6. A facile and simple approach to synthesis and characterization of methacrylated graphene oxide nanostructured polyaniline nanocomposites
  7. Ultrasmall Fe3O4 nanoparticles induce S-phase arrest and inhibit cancer cells proliferation
  8. Effect of aging on properties and nanoscale precipitates of Cu-Ag-Cr alloy
  9. Effect of nano-strengthening on the properties and microstructure of recycled concrete
  10. Stabilizing effect of methylcellulose on the dispersion of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in cementitious composites
  11. Preparation and electromagnetic properties characterization of reduced graphene oxide/strontium hexaferrite nanocomposites
  12. Interfacial characteristics of a carbon nanotube-polyimide nanocomposite by molecular dynamics simulation
  13. Preparation and properties of 3D interconnected CNTs/Cu composites
  14. On factors affecting surface free energy of carbon black for reinforcing rubber
  15. Nano-silica modified phenolic resin film: manufacturing and properties
  16. Experimental study on photocatalytic degradation efficiency of mixed crystal nano-TiO2 concrete
  17. Halloysite nanotubes in polymer science: purification, characterization, modification and applications
  18. Cellulose hydrogel skeleton by extrusion 3D printing of solution
  19. Crack closure and flexural tensile capacity with SMA fibers randomly embedded on tensile side of mortar beams
  20. An experimental study on one-step and two-step foaming of natural rubber/silica nanocomposites
  21. Utilization of red mud for producing a high strength binder by composition optimization and nano strengthening
  22. One-pot synthesis of nano titanium dioxide in supercritical water
  23. Printability of photo-sensitive nanocomposites using two-photon polymerization
  24. In situ synthesis of expanded graphite embedded with amorphous carbon-coated aluminum particles as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries
  25. Effect of nano and micro conductive materials on conductive properties of carbon fiber reinforced concrete
  26. Tribological performance of nano-diamond composites-dispersed lubricants on commercial cylinder liner mating with CrN piston ring
  27. Supramolecular ionic polymer/carbon nanotube composite hydrogels with enhanced electromechanical performance
  28. Genetic mechanisms of deep-water massive sandstones in continental lake basins and their significance in micro–nano reservoir storage systems: A case study of the Yanchang formation in the Ordos Basin
  29. Effects of nanoparticles on engineering performance of cementitious composites reinforced with PVA fibers
  30. Band gap manipulation of viscoelastic functionally graded phononic crystal
  31. Pyrolysis kinetics and mechanical properties of poly(lactic acid)/bamboo particle biocomposites: Effect of particle size distribution
  32. Manipulating conductive network formation via 3D T-ZnO: A facile approach for a CNT-reinforced nanocomposite
  33. Microstructure and mechanical properties of WC–Ni multiphase ceramic materials with NiCl2·6H2O as a binder
  34. Effect of ball milling process on the photocatalytic performance of CdS/TiO2 composite
  35. Berberine/Ag nanoparticle embedded biomimetic calcium phosphate scaffolds for enhancing antibacterial function
  36. Effect of annealing heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of nonequiatomic CoCrFeNiMo medium-entropy alloys prepared by hot isostatic pressing
  37. Corrosion behaviour of multilayer CrN coatings deposited by hybrid HIPIMS after oxidation treatment
  38. Surface hydrophobicity and oleophilicity of hierarchical metal structures fabricated using ink-based selective laser melting of micro/nanoparticles
  39. Research on bond–slip performance between pultruded glass fiber-reinforced polymer tube and nano-CaCO3 concrete
  40. Antibacterial polymer nanofiber-coated and high elastin protein-expressing BMSCs incorporated polypropylene mesh for accelerating healing of female pelvic floor dysfunction
  41. Effects of Ag contents on the microstructure and SERS performance of self-grown Ag nanoparticles/Mo–Ag alloy films
  42. A highly sensitive biosensor based on methacrylated graphene oxide-grafted polyaniline for ascorbic acid determination
  43. Arrangement structure of carbon nanofiber with excellent spectral radiation characteristics
  44. Effect of different particle sizes of nano-SiO2 on the properties and microstructure of cement paste
  45. Superior Fe x N electrocatalyst derived from 1,1′-diacetylferrocene for oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline and acidic media
  46. Facile growth of aluminum oxide thin film by chemical liquid deposition and its application in devices
  47. Liquid crystallinity and thermal properties of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane/side-chain azobenzene hybrid copolymer
  48. Laboratory experiment on the nano-TiO2 photocatalytic degradation effect of road surface oil pollution
  49. Binary carbon-based additives in LiFePO4 cathode with favorable lithium storage
  50. Conversion of sub-µm calcium carbonate (calcite) particles to hollow hydroxyapatite agglomerates in K2HPO4 solutions
  51. Exact solutions of bending deflection for single-walled BNNTs based on the classical Euler–Bernoulli beam theory
  52. Effects of substrate properties and sputtering methods on self-formation of Ag particles on the Ag–Mo(Zr) alloy films
  53. Enhancing carbonation and chloride resistance of autoclaved concrete by incorporating nano-CaCO3
  54. Effect of SiO2 aerogels loading on photocatalytic degradation of nitrobenzene using composites with tetrapod-like ZnO
  55. Radiation-modified wool for adsorption of redox metals and potentially for nanoparticles
  56. Hydration activity, crystal structural, and electronic properties studies of Ba-doped dicalcium silicate
  57. Microstructure and mechanical properties of brazing joint of silver-based composite filler metal
  58. Polymer nanocomposite sunlight spectrum down-converters made by open-air PLD
  59. Cryogenic milling and formation of nanostructured machined surface of AISI 4340
  60. Braided composite stent for peripheral vascular applications
  61. Effect of cinnamon essential oil on morphological, flammability and thermal properties of nanocellulose fibre–reinforced starch biopolymer composites
  62. Study on influencing factors of photocatalytic performance of CdS/TiO2 nanocomposite concrete
  63. Improving flexural and dielectric properties of carbon fiber epoxy composite laminates reinforced with carbon nanotubes interlayer using electrospray deposition
  64. Scalable fabrication of carbon materials based silicon rubber for highly stretchable e-textile sensor
  65. Degradation modeling of poly-l-lactide acid (PLLA) bioresorbable vascular scaffold within a coronary artery
  66. Combining Zn0.76Co0.24S with S-doped graphene as high-performance anode materials for lithium- and sodium-ion batteries
  67. Synthesis of functionalized carbon nanotubes for fluorescent biosensors
  68. Effect of nano-silica slurry on engineering, X-ray, and γ-ray attenuation characteristics of steel slag high-strength heavyweight concrete
  69. Incorporation of redox-active polyimide binder into LiFePO4 cathode for high-rate electrochemical energy storage
  70. Microstructural evolution and properties of Cu–20 wt% Ag alloy wire by multi-pass continuous drawing
  71. Transparent ultraviolet-shielding composite films made from dispersing pristine zinc oxide nanoparticles in low-density polyethylene
  72. Microfluidic-assisted synthesis and modelling of monodispersed magnetic nanocomposites for biomedical applications
  73. Preparation and piezoresistivity of carbon nanotube-coated sand reinforced cement mortar
  74. Vibrational analysis of an irregular single-walled carbon nanotube incorporating initial stress effects
  75. Study of the material engineering properties of high-density poly(ethylene)/perlite nanocomposite materials
  76. Single pulse laser removal of indium tin oxide film on glass and polyethylene terephthalate by nanosecond and femtosecond laser
  77. Mechanical reinforcement with enhanced electrical and heat conduction of epoxy resin by polyaniline and graphene nanoplatelets
  78. High-efficiency method for recycling lithium from spent LiFePO4 cathode
  79. Degradable tough chitosan dressing for skin wound recovery
  80. Static and dynamic analyses of auxetic hybrid FRC/CNTRC laminated plates
  81. Review articles
  82. Carbon nanomaterials enhanced cement-based composites: advances and challenges
  83. Review on the research progress of cement-based and geopolymer materials modified by graphene and graphene oxide
  84. Review on modeling and application of chemical mechanical polishing
  85. Research on the interface properties and strengthening–toughening mechanism of nanocarbon-toughened ceramic matrix composites
  86. Advances in modelling and analysis of nano structures: a review
  87. Mechanical properties of nanomaterials: A review
  88. New generation of oxide-based nanoparticles for the applications in early cancer detection and diagnostics
  89. A review on the properties, reinforcing effects, and commercialization of nanomaterials for cement-based materials
  90. Recent development and applications of nanomaterials for cancer immunotherapy
  91. Advances in biomaterials for adipose tissue reconstruction in plastic surgery
  92. Advances of graphene- and graphene oxide-modified cementitious materials
  93. Theories for triboelectric nanogenerators: A comprehensive review
  94. Nanotechnology of diamondoids for the fabrication of nanostructured systems
  95. Material advancement in technological development for the 5G wireless communications
  96. Nanoengineering in biomedicine: Current development and future perspectives
  97. Recent advances in ocean wave energy harvesting by triboelectric nanogenerator: An overview
  98. Application of nanoscale zero-valent iron in hexavalent chromium-contaminated soil: A review
  99. Carbon nanotube–reinforced polymer composite for electromagnetic interference application: A review
  100. Functionalized layered double hydroxide applied to heavy metal ions absorption: A review
  101. A new classification method of nanotechnology for design integration in biomaterials
  102. Finite element analysis of natural fibers composites: A review
  103. Phase change materials for building construction: An overview of nano-/micro-encapsulation
  104. Recent advance in surface modification for regulating cell adhesion and behaviors
  105. Hyaluronic acid as a bioactive component for bone tissue regeneration: Fabrication, modification, properties, and biological functions
  106. Theoretical calculation of a TiO2-based photocatalyst in the field of water splitting: A review
  107. Two-photon polymerization nanolithography technology for fabrication of stimulus-responsive micro/nano-structures for biomedical applications
  108. A review of passive methods in microchannel heat sink application through advanced geometric structure and nanofluids: Current advancements and challenges
  109. Stress effect on 3D culturing of MC3T3-E1 cells on microporous bovine bone slices
  110. Progress in magnetic Fe3O4 nanomaterials in magnetic resonance imaging
  111. Synthesis of graphene: Potential carbon precursors and approaches
  112. A comprehensive review of the influences of nanoparticles as a fuel additive in an internal combustion engine (ICE)
  113. Advances in layered double hydroxide-based ternary nanocomposites for photocatalysis of contaminants in water
  114. Analysis of functionally graded carbon nanotube-reinforced composite structures: A review
  115. Application of nanomaterials in ultra-high performance concrete: A review
  116. Therapeutic strategies and potential implications of silver nanoparticles in the management of skin cancer
  117. Advanced nickel nanoparticles technology: From synthesis to applications
  118. Cobalt magnetic nanoparticles as theranostics: Conceivable or forgettable?
  119. Progress in construction of bio-inspired physico-antimicrobial surfaces
  120. From materials to devices using fused deposition modeling: A state-of-art review
  121. A review for modified Li composite anode: Principle, preparation and challenge
  122. Naturally or artificially constructed nanocellulose architectures for epoxy composites: A review
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